Department of Elex. & Instru. Engg.Shri G.S. Institute of Tech & Sci Indore

A Seminar on

EVOLUTION OF PROCESSORSPresented by

Sandesh AgrawalBE (3rd Year )

Guided byMrs. S. V. Charhate

DEAN Academics

Objective : Brief history of computers

Various Technical Definition

Introduction of IC technology

Functions of Microprocessor

Various stages of development of Computer

Various leading Processor manufacturing companies

AUTOMATION

MICROPROCESSOR

MICRONTROLLER

WHY Μ-PROCESSOR ??????

MICROPROCESSOR

MICRONTROLLER

Process DATA Process DATA

Don’t have RAM ,ROM & other Peripherals

have RAM ,ROM & other Peripherals

Designed to perform specific task

Designed to perform Unspecific task

Clock Speed is quite highClock Speed is few MHz High Cost, Large size Low Cost, Small size

TECHNICAL TERMS -

Buses

ADDRESS BUS

DATA BUS CONTROL BUS

Program Counter (PC)

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Interrupt

Registers

What are microprocessors??? A microprocessor is a processor that

X

Y

Controlunit

IR

PC

ALU ACC

MAR

Data bus

Control bus

Address bus

A simple microprocessor architecture

contains the entire central processing unit of a computer on a single chip. Process bundle of Information

What are microprocessor-based systems???

Consisting of microprocessors, memories, I/O units, & other peripherals.

MemoryOutputunits

Inputunits

Bus

Microprocessor

Controlunit

Data path

ALU

Reg.

Microprocessors are the brains of the systems

The Electrical age: -Hollerith machine(1889) -ENIAC(Electronics Numerical Integrator & Calculator) -first general-purpose, programmable electronic computer -17,000 vacuum tube, 500 miles of wire, 6000 switches

-life of vacuum tube(3000 hours) : maintenance problem

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER

IBM 650, 1954

The Mechanical age: -abacus : 500 B.C. -calculator(with gears and wheels) : Pascal

First generation (1889-1954) -vacuum tube

Manchester University Experimental Transistor Computer

Bipolar Transistor : 1948, William Shockley, John Bardeen,

Walter H. Brattain at Bell labs(1956, Novel physics award)

Mainframe : describe CPU portion of computer

Mainframe computer : designed to handle large volumes of

data while serving hundreds of users simultaneously

Built on circuit boards mounted into rack panels(frame)

Second generation (1954-1959) -transistor

Integrated Circuit : 1958,Jack Kilby (Texas Instruments)

& Dr. Robert Noyce (Fairchild Semiconductor). IBM : 32-bit 360 series(1964) INTEL(Integrated Electronics) : 1968

Third generation (1959-1971) - IC

PDP-8, Digital Equipment Corporation

¾ Thanks to the use of ICs, the DEC PDP-8 is the least expensive general purpose small computer in 1960s

4- Bit processor- MCS-4 Family - 4004 (used in calculator), 4001, 4002,4003,4008,4009 MCS-40 Family- 4040, 4101,4207,4209 etc.8- Bit processor- 8008,8080,8085 etc16- Bit processor- 8086,8088,80186,80286 etc.32- Bit processor- 80386DX, 80386SX, 80376,pentium Pentium pro, II, etc.64- Bit processor- Intel Pentium, core i3, core i5,core i7,etc

Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor

Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

1

10

100

1000

10000

1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000

80808088

80286

80386Pentium

P IIP III

P 4

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000

8080

8088

80286

80386Pentium

P II P III P 41

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000

8080

808880286

80386

Pentium

P II

P IIIP 4

Number of transistors Minimum transistor sizes (µm)

Clock frequencies (MHz)

Description

8085Introduced in 1977

8-bit with 40-pin dual in line package

16-bit address bus

4500 transistors,2 MHz,8-bit word size

8086Introduced in 1978

20-bit address bus : access up to 1MB memory

16-bit Internal processor registers also can process 8 bit.

A separate BIU & EU: fetch & execute simultaneously

40-pin DIP package, 29k transistors,

8088

VDD (5V)

GND

CLK

20-bit address

8-bit data

control signals To 8088

control signals from 8088

8088 signal classification

8088Introduced in 1979, almost similar to 8086

20-bit address bus: access up to 1Mb memory

external 8-bit data bus, 16 bit Internal

8028624-bit address bus : 16M byte memory

added 16 new instructions

Identical to 8086 except the addressing and higher clock speed

134k transistors

6-12 MHz

Introduces “VIRTUAL MEMORY CONCEPT”

80386flexible 32-bit Microprocessor(1986) : data bus, registers

32-bit address bus(4G byte physical)64 terabyte virtual

4G maximum segment size

Support 16k segments

Concept of paging was introduced

Available in 20MHz to 33MHz

132-PIN grid array package

Pentium Increasing the complexity of the IC:

if every line could be shrunk in half, same circuit could be built in one-forth the area

Superscalar : support 2 instruction pipelines(5 stage)

actually execute two different instruction simultaneously

Pentium(1993) : originally labeled P5(80586)

- 60 - 66MHz(110MIPS)

-8K code cache, 8K data cache

-coprocessor : redesign(8-stage instruction pipeline)

-64 bit AB(higher data transfer rates)

Code named P6 : 1995

-basic clock frequency : 150-166MHz

Two chips in one : two separate silicon die Superscalar processor of degree three-

-12 stage Internal cache :

level one(L1) : 8K instruction and data cache level two(L2) : 256K(or 512K)

36-bit address bus : 64G byte memory has been optimized to efficiently execute 32-bit code

Pentium PRO

1. used faster core than Pentium is still P6 or Pentium pro processor

2. Two version : 1. slot 1 version mounted on a plastic cartridge

512K cache : one-half the clock speed

2. socket 370 version called flip-chip : looks like the

older Pentium package → Intel claim cost less

256K cache : clock speed

3. clock frequency : 1 GHz

Pentium III

Facts

44 Billion dollars worth of Microprocessors were made in 2003 as well as sold. Most was spent on laptop and or desktop computers it takes about 0.2 % of the CPU’s sold.

Almost 56% of CPUs sold are 8 bit microcontrollers.

Less the 10 % of CPUs sold are 32 bit or more. Most are sold in house hold appliances such as vacuums, TVs, Microwaves, toasters and so forth.

Case Study: Intel ProcessorsSlide 26

SUMMARY

104 increase in transistor count, clock frequency over 30 years!

J. L. Antonakos, "An Introduction to the Intel Family of Microprocessors," Third Edition, Prentice Hall, 1999

REFERENCES

Tanenbaum, A S, 1990, 'Structured Computer Organisation', Prentice-Hall.

Brian Bramer,  Faculty of Computing and Engineering Sciences De Montfort University, Leicester, UK, “Workstation and System Configurations”

Any Querrrry????

THANK-YOU !