Potential invaders to the Baltic Sea from seas and lakes - remnants of

Paratethys. Their salinity tolerance and osmoregulation capacities.

Aladin N.V., Plotnikov I.S., Chuikov Yu.S., Lemesko N.A., Dianov M.B.

Second HELCOM / BSRP Thematic Workshop on the risks related to the ballast water mediated introductions of non-

indigenous species in the Baltic SeaHelsinki, Finland19-21 April 2006

Palaeohydrography of South-Eastern Europe and South-Western Central Asia in the late Miocene-Pleistocene

A

D

B

C

E

G

H

• At present the main source of immigrants to the Baltic Sea from seas and lakes - remnants of Paratethys are: Black Sea, Sea of Azov, Caspian Lake.

• The average salinity of all this water bodies is very close to those of Baltic Sea: Black Sea – 18 ‰, Sea of Azov – 10 ‰, Caspian Lake – 12 ‰.

2.241.67

1.100.56

E

10 30

10 30

A1

10 30

C2

10 30

D2

D4

10 30 50 70> 100

1.67

1.10

0.56

2.24D3

1.671.10

0.56

2.24 D1

1.671.100.56

2.24 C1

1.67

1.10

0.56

2.24B2

1.67

1.10

0.56

2.24 B1

1.671.100.56

2.24 A3

1.67

1.100.56

2.24 A2

30

1.67

1.100.56

2.24

10

A0

Evolution of all known types of osmoregulation

A0 – Hypothetic ancestral osmoconformer

A1 – Stenohaline marine hydrobionts (osmoconformers I)

A2 – Marine hydrobionts (osmoconformers II)

A3 – Euryhaline marine hydrobionts (osmoconformers III)

B1 – Widely euryhaline marine hydrobionts (confohyperosmotics I)

B2 – Brackish water hydrobionts of marine origin (confohyperosmotics II)

C1 – Freshwater hydrobionts (hyperosmotics I)

C2 – Brackish water hydrobionts of freshwater origin (hyperosmotics II or secondary confohyperosmotics)

D1 – Some Caspian Brackish water hydrobionts (amphiosmotics I)

D2 – Some euryhaline Australian hydrobionts of freshwater origin (amphiosmotics II)

D3 – Euryhaline hydrobionts of freshwater origin (amphiosmotics III)

D4 – Widely euryhaline hydrobionts of freshwater origin (amphiosmotics IV)

E – Euryhaline marine hydrobionts of freshwater origin (hypoosmotics)

1.671.100.56

2.24 A3

10 30

Euryhaline marine hydrobionts (osmoconformers III)

All over Baltic Sea, excluding strongly freshened areas of

estuaries

1.67

1.10

0.56

2.24 B1

10 30

Widely euryhaline marine hydrobionts(confohyperosmotics I)

All over Baltic Sea including estuaries

1.67

1.10

0.56

2.24B2

10 30

Brackish water hydrobionts of marine origin (confohyperosmotics II)

All over Baltic Sea including estuaries

1.671.100.56

2.24 C1

10 30

Freshwater hydrobionts (hyperosmotics I)

Only in estuaries and strongly freshened gulfs of the Baltic Sea

1.67

1.10

0.56

D32.24

10 30

Euryhaline hydrobionts of freshwater origin (amphiosmotics III)

All over Baltic Sea including strongly freshened estuaries

2.241.67

1.100.56

E

10 30

Euryhaline marine hydrobionts of freshwater origin (hypoosmotics)

All over Baltic Sea excluding strongly freshened estuaries

Recent invader to the Baltic Sea Evadne anonyxParthenogenetic female with developing embryos on initial stages in the closed

brood pouch

1.671.10

0.56

2.24D1

10 30

Some Caspian Brackish water hydrobionts (amphiosmotics I)

This recent invader could spread all over Baltic Sea, except of strongly freshened areas of

estuaries and saline Danish straits

Recent invader to the Baltic Sea Evadne anonyxParthenogenetic female with developing embryos on final stages in the closed

brood pouch

“Old” invader to the Baltic Sea

Cercopagis pengoi

(Photo by Dr. Flinkman)

Brackish water hydrobionts of freshwater origin (hyperosmotics II or secondary

confohyperosmotics)

10 30

C21.67

1.10

0.56

2.24

This old invader already spread nearly all over Baltic Sea including

estuaries, but excluding saline Danish straits

In the nearest future one more Cladocera could appear in the Baltic Sea:

Podonevadne captonyx.

It has the same type of osmoregulation as Evadne anonyx.

• When you are looking for possible invaders to the Baltic Sea you need to know their osmoregulation capacities.

• Availability of resting stage is increasing the risk of invasion.

• Representatives of populations from Sea of Azov have the most close living conditions to those of the Baltic Sea and risk of their invasion is the highest.

Thank you for your attention