evolution
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Evolution. TIME. 13-1 Evolution and Life’s Diversity. Evolution is a theory, like many other scientific theories Scientists have accumulated significant evidence that modern organisms were produced by change over time. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Evolution
TIME
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13-1 Evolution and Life’s Diversity
• Evolution is a theory, like many other scientific theories
• Scientists have accumulated significant evidence that modern organisms were produced by change over time.
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• Evolution: the process by which a species changes over time resulting from environmental pressure.
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Who was Darwin?• Lived 1809-1882• Well educated in biology and
natural history• Traveled the world by sea• The plant and animal life he saw
on many of the remote islands he visited, peaked his curiosity.
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• Darwin: “Why is it that way?” –famous for the theory of Natural Selection:•Survival and reproduction by individual organisms based on their respective fitness in changing environments.•“Survival of the Fittest”
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Diversity of Life• Diversity – a variety of living
things• Estimates for # of species on
Earth range from 3 to 20 million.• More than 99.9% of the species
that have inhabited Earth are now extinct.
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What is Fitness?• Fitness- An organism’s ability to
survive and reproduce in a given environment based on its physical traits and behaviors.
• An organism with favorable traits and behaviors is more likely to survive, and pass those traits on to subsequent generations
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Principle of Common Descent
• Darwin’s theory that species have shared or common ancestors.
• Just as each individual organisms comes from previous organisms, each species has developed from previous species.
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Adaptation• Adaptation: any inherited
characteristic that allows an individual to better survive and reproduce in a given environment–Tiger’s camouflage stripes–Polar bear’s thick fur and fat–Eagle’s talons and beak
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Evidence in Living Organisms
• Similarities in Early Development–Embryology
• Similarities in Body Structure–Homologous Structures
• Similarities in Biochemistry
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Early Development
• Embryology- study of organisms at early stages of development
• Vertebrates (for example) show significant similarities during early development
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Which one is human?
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Which one is human?
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• Homologous Structures - structures that develop from the same body parts
Ex: Human arm, dolphin fin, bat wing,
bird wing….
Body Structures
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• Analogous Structures - Structures that are not homologous, but serve similar purposes:• Ex: trachea tubes vs lungs• Ex: bird wings vs dragonfly wings
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• Vestigial Structures - organs or structures that serve no purpose–wisdom teeth, appendix, snake legs–whale pelvis
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Biochemistry• DNA/RNA structure identical
throughout all organisms• ATP found in all living systems• Complex proteins (cytochrome c)• Closely related organisms have
almost identical biochemistry
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6.5 EvolutionHow Change Occurs
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14-1 Evolutionary Theory• A collection of
carefully reasoned and tested hypotheses about how evolutionary change occurs.
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Early Explanationsof Evolutionary Change
• Lamarck (1744-1829)–Natural urge to better themselves
–Use and disuse–Passing on acquired traits
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Shaping Darwin’s Thinking:• Charles Lyell- Understood that Earth was very old.
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Shaping Darwin’s Thinking• Malthus- Babies are being born faster than people are dying.
• Population must be limited• Darwin realized that plant and animal populations must be controlled against growth.
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14-2 Evolution by Natural Selection
•Natural Selection- Survival and reproduction by individual organisms based on their respective fitness in changing environments.
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14-2 Evolution by Natural Selection
Four Main Parts1. Overpopulation- more individuals born than can survive
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2. Variation- Each individual is genetically different.
3. Competition- Individuals compete for resources:
Food, water, space, mates
“Survival of the fittest”
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Natural selection- Individual with best traits (adaptations) to the environment will survive and reproduce.
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Kettlewell and the
Peppered Moths
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Kettlewell and the
Peppered Moths
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14-3 Genetics and Evolution
Evolution happens through changes in genes
The environment dictates which adaptations (phenotypes) are favorable.
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An individual’s phenotype is controlled by it’s genes (genotype)
The total amount of genes found in a population is the GENE POOL
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Changes in the Gene Pool can cause the population to evolve
Changes in the gene pool are caused in many ways
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Causes of Change1. Mutations in the genes (DNA) of individuals allowing new adaptations2. Geographic Isolation- population is split by some physical barrier: river, mountain, ocean
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3. Reproductive Isolation: individuals unable to breed together: behavior or physical characteristics
4. Temporal Isolation:
changes in mating cycles
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The formation of a new species from a preexisting population is SPECIATION.
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Some species evolve to new environments with new adaptations-
divergent evolution
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The environment also causes different creatures to become similar looking-
Convergent Evolution
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4-5 Evolutionary Theory Evolves
Genetic Drift is because of evolution by random chance
No Natural Selection
Happens by accident
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2 types of Genetic Drift
1. Bottleneck Effect- Competition is killed and is a random act2. Founders Effect- No competition in new environment – the evolution of a new Island.
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Rates of evolution
1. Gradualism- Slow steady evolution of species
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2. Punctuated Equilibrium- long periods of no evolution, then brief periods of change
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End Here
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13-2 The Age of the Earth
• Earth’s age is estimated at 4.6 billion years.
• James Hutton in 1788- proposed that features of the earth were influenced by volcanoes, erosion, etc.. These things all act very slowly
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• In 1830, Charles Lyell agreed that the earth had been shaped over a long period of time…but also stressed the importance of explaining theory in terms of scientific method.
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Geologic Time Scale• Relative Dating- the age of
some rocks “relative” to others based on their position.
NEWER: RECENTLY DEPOSITED
OLDER: DEPOSITED EARLIER
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• Absolute Dating: using scientific techniques to find the approximate actual age of artifacts.
• Radioactive Dating: using the known rate of decay to calculate the age of artifacts. (14C)
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Element Half Life
Rubidium-87 50 billion years
Thorium-232 13.9 billion years
Uranium-238 4.5 billion years
Potassium-40 1.3 billion yearsUranium-235 713 million years
Carbon-14 5770 years
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13-3 The Fossil Record• Fossils- preserved remains of
ancient organisms• Formation of fossils- when
animals are buried in some medium that prevents decay–mud, sand, silt, tar pits–Sedimentary Rock
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• Specific conditions are required for fossils to form –mountains vs. rivers and streams–many organisms never fossilize
• Not all fossils have been found
Problems with the Fossil Record:
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• The quality of fossils varies greatly
• As a result, the fossil record is not as complete as paleontologists would like
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Cabrian: 500 million
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Triassic:
250 million
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Jurassic: 200 million
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Trilobite
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The Fossil Record• Collectively, the millions of
fossils that have been collected make up The Fossil Record
• Many pieces are missing• Scientists have been able to
construct detailed paths of change through time for many species
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• Evidence indicates that Earth’s climate has changed significantly over time
• Evidence also shows that species of plants and animals changed to fit those environments, or perished.