evolution of evolution (1)

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Evolution of Evolution What is evolution? What was going on this time period? Who influenced the idea of evolution and how? What is natural selection? How did giraffes get such long necks?

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Page 1: Evolution of evolution (1)

Evolution of Evolution

What is evolution?What was going on this time period?

Who influenced the idea of evolution and how?

What is natural selection?

How did giraffes get such long necks?

Page 2: Evolution of evolution (1)

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Evolution – process by which modern

organisms have descended from ancient organisms…CHANGE OVER TIME

Scientific Theory – well-supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world

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Time Period – Most Europeans Believed… Earth was only a few thousand years old.

The world was geometrical and regimented and will never change.

Rocks, mountains, etc were created by catastrophic events that were rarely witnessed.

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Influences Carl Linneaus

If he could fine the pattern in nature he could get inside of God’s head.

Classified flowers into groups based on anatomical differences

Believed that the Earth was complete – no gaps, no failures

Buffon Was there a separate

creation for each variety?

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Influences William Smith

Believed that things had changed since creation

Hypothesized that different animals lived at different times

Georges Cuvier Used comparative anatomy

to create replicas of extinct animals in which only a few fossils were found

Hypothesized that animals became extinct due to catastrophes in history…BUT what about humans??

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Influences William Buckland

People were not wiped out by catastrophes because they were not there.

A giant flood seemed to explain all of the unexplainables. BUT why were many fish killed off?

George Stroke Volcanoes and old lava being cut

through by rivers was more evidence that Earth is older than the Bible predicts.

George Hutton Wind and water erosion take a

very long time, thus the Earth must be older than the Bible predicts.

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Lamarck’s Evolution Hypothesis One of the first to

realize that living things changed over time

Hypothesis – By selective use or

disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime. These traits (acquired or not) could be passed down to their offspring. Over time, this process led to a change in species.

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Lamarck’s Evolution Hypothesis Tendency Toward Perfection

All organisms have an innate tendency toward complexity and perfection. Organisms will continually change and acquire features that bring them closer to this goal.

Use and Disuse Organisms could alter the size or shape of

particular organs by using their bodies in new ways.

Inheritance of Acquired Traits Acquired characteristics could be inherited.

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Lamarck’s Evolution Hypothesis – Incorrect in Several Ways

Did not know how traits were inherited

Did not know that an organism’s behavior had no effect on its heritable characteristics

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Influences Charles Lyell

Hypothesized that geological processes were the same as they were in past as they are now

The rate at which things changed was very slow. Thus, in order for all of these slow processes to have taken place, the Earth must be older than a few thousand years.

“Principles of Geology” Very influential to

Charles Darwin

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Influences Thomas Malthus

The population had the potential to grow at a rate faster than food could be supplied. If the population kept growing at this rate, overpopulation was imminent unless reproduction and/or survival was stopped.

Struggle for Existence

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Charles Darwin

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Travels – Voyage of the Beagle Charles Darwin sailed around the world via the H.M.S. Beagle from 1831-

1836

Collected plant and animal species

Read latest scientific books (i.e. Lyell’s Principles of Geology)

Recorded his observations and thoughts throughout journey

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Galapagos Islands

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Observations Many plants and animals seemed remarkably well-adapted

to their environments.

Puzzled by where different species lived and did not live

If Earth could change over time, couldn’t life itself change over time?

Drew connections between Malthus’ work and his observations of plants and animals Malthus’ argument was stronger for plants and animals than for humans. An overwhelming number of offspring die, while only a few

surviving offspring succeed in reproduction. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/02/5/l_025_0

1.html

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Charles Darwin – Artificial Selection Artificial Selection –

nature provided the variation, and humans selected those variations that they found useful Examples – farmer

breeds his best livestock

Darwin artificially selected pigeons to show an analogous example of how his mechanism for evolution could have worked.

Reasoned that nature, given more than a million years, could surely achieve what he had artificially achieved in a short amount of time.

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Influences Alfred Russell Wallace

Collected beetles along the Malaysian coast and noticed variations in the beetles that corresponded with the habitat in which they were found

Made some conclusions and wrote a letter to Charles Darwin

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Conclusions – On the Origin of Species Proposed natural

selection (mechanism for evolution)

Presented evidence that evolution has been taking place for millions of years

Driven to publish his theory came from the fact that Wallace had come up with the same idea. Even though he was afraid

of the Church’s reaction to his ideas he wanted to get credit for his work.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/11/2/e_s_2.html

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Darwin v. Lamarck – How did giraffes get such long necks?