evidence 2013 bar torregosa notes

8/10/2019 Evidence 2013 Bar Torregosa Notes

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EVIDENCE AT YOUR FINGERTIPS2013 Bar Pre-Week Notes

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EVIDENCE AT YOUR FINGERTIPS2013 BAR PRE-WEEK NOTES

I. PRELIMINARY MATTERS

A. Evid!" #$ d%!d &' () Rvi$d R*+$ ,! Evid!"

E!"e#$e "e%#e"& 'ea#s sa#$t!o#e" () t*e R+,eso Co+rt o as$erta!#!#. !# a /+"!$!a, ro$ee"!#. t*e tr+t*rese$t!#. a 'atter o a$t Se$t!o# 1 R+,e 1245

Ge#era, R+,e& T*e r+,es o e!"e#$e "o #ot a,) !# t*e o,,o6!#.$ases7ro$ee"!#.s& Se$t!o# 8 R+,e 1 199: R+,es o C!!,

Pro$e"+re5!5 E,e$t!o# $ases!!5 ;a#" re.!strat!o#!!!5 Ca"astra, ro$ee"!#.s!5 Nat+ra,!


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t*e test!'o#) or "eos!t!o# o a 6!t#ess $o#s!st!#. ot*e 6!t#ess er$et!o# o ast ee#ts or o$$+rre#$e(e!#. re$o,,e$te" () t*e 6!t#ess a#" $o''+#!$ate"to t*e $o+rt> !t !s a re$o#str+$t!o# o ast ee#ts'a"e () a 6!t#ess t*ro+.* ora, test!'o#)

"eos!t!o# or a#) 'o"es o e=ress!o# or$o''+#!$at!o#

6ii7 R+v#!( #(/i#+ #!d ",8(!( vid!"Relevant Evidence: E!"e#$e *a!#. a#) a,+e !# reaso# as te#"!#. to

roe a#) 'atter ro(a(,e !# a#) a$t!o#> ,o.!$a,re,at!o# o t*e e!"e#t!ar) a$t to t*e a$t !# !ss+e

!aterial Evidence: E!"e#$e "!re$te" to roe a a$t !# !ss+e> !t !s"eter'!#e" () 6*et*er t*e a$t !t !#te#"s to roe !s!# !ss+e or #ot> as to 6*et*er a a$t !s !# !ss+e or #ot!s !# t+r# "eter'!#e" () t*e s+(sta#t!e ,a6,ea"!#.s re-tr!a, or"er a#" () t*e a"'!ss!o#s

'a"e () art!es> $o#se+e#t,) e!"e#$e 'a) (ere,ea#t (+t 'a) (e !''ater!a, !# a $ase

"ompetent Evidence: E!"e#$e6*!$* !s #ot e=$,+"e" () t*e r+,es t*e stat+te or t*eCo#st!t+t!o#

6iii7 Di/"( #!d "i/"*$(#!(i#+ vid!"Direct Evidence: t*at 6*!$* roes t*e a$t !# "!s+te 6!t*o+t

t*e a!" o a#) !#ere#$e or res+'t!o#"ircumstantial Evidence: !#"!re$t,) roes a a$t !# !ss+e t*ro+.*

!#ere#$e or' ot*er esta(,!s*e" a$ts as a#e$essar) or ro(a(,e $o#se+e#$e

C,ass!%$at!o# o C!r$+'sta#t!a, E!"e#$e&15 ntecedent "ircumstances@ s+$* as 'ora, $*ara$ter *a(!t

$+sto's 'ot!e ,a# "es!.#25 "oncomitant "ircumstances @ s+$* as oort+#!t)

!#$o'at!(!,!t) a,!(! s+(se+e#t $!r$+'sta#$es !.*t$o#$ea,'e#t #ero+s#ess "esa!r %#.err!#t ootr!#tart!$,es ,et (,oo" sta!#s o?er o $o'ro'!se

6iv7 C**+#(iv #!d ",//,&,/#(iv vid!""orroborative Evidence: a""!t!o#a, e!"e#$e o a "!?ere#t k!#" a#"

$*ara$ter te#"!#. to roe t*e sa'e o!#t"umulative Evidence: a""!t!o#a, e!"e#$e o t*e sa'e k!#" te#"!#.

to roe t*e sa'e o!#t

6v7 P/i#/' #!d $",!d#/' vid!"Primary Evidence: t*at 6*!$* t*e ,a6 re.ar"s as a?or"!#. t*e .reatest

$erta!#t) o t*e a$t !# +est!o#> reerre" to !# t*er+,es as t*e (est e!"e#$e

Secondary Evidence: t*at 6*!$* !s !#er!or to t*e r!'ar) e!"e#$ea#" er'!tte" () ,a6 o#,) 6*e# t*e (est e!"e#$e !s#ot aa!,a(,e> reerre" to !# t*e r+,es ass+(st!t+t!o#ar) e!"e#$e

6vi7 P,$i(iv #!d !#(iv vid!"Positive Evidence: 6*e# 6!t#ess ar's t*at a $erta!# state o a$ts"oes e=!st or a $erta!# ee#t o$$+rre"

#e$ative Evidence: 6*e# 6!t#ess states t*at a $erta!# ee#t "!"#ot o$$+r or a $erta!# state o a$ts "oes #ot e=!st

6vii7 E98/( vid!"

Preare" ()&

ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C TORREGOSA

Professor- Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+

Partner@ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or To'a#e#. ;a6 O$esFormer Senior ssociate@ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$et!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6


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6viii7 P/i# #"i vid!" #!d ",!"+*$iv vid!"Prima facie Evidence: k!#" o e!"e#$e 6*!$* sta#"!#. a,o#e

+#re(+tte" !s s+$!e#t to s+ort a $o#$,+s!o#"onclusive Evidence: t*at $,ass o e!"e#$e 6*!$* t*e ,a6 "oes #ot

a,,o6 to (e $o#tra"!$te"

II. ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE

A. Di$(i!*i$) Adi$$i&i+i(' /, Wi)( #!d S*:"i!"'I# or"er or e!"e#$e to sere !ts +rose o as$erta!#!#. t*e tr+t* rese$t!#. a'atter o a$t !t *as to ass t*ro+.* t*e test o a"'!ss!(!,!t) a#" 6e!.*t a#"s+$!e#$)

dmissibility of evidence reers to t*e +est!o# 6*et*er $erta!# !e$es oe!"e#$e are to (e $o#s!"ere" at a,, E!"e#$e 'a) (e $o#s!"ere" () t*e $o+rt! !t !s re,ea#t a#" $o'ete#t It !s re,ea#t 6*e# !t *as te#"e#$) !# reaso# toroe or "!sroe a a$t !# !ss+e It !s $o'ete#t 6*e# !t !s e=$,+"e" () t*er+,es

%ei$&t and su'ciency of evidence reer to t*e +est!o# o 6*et*er t*ea"'!tte" e!"e#$e roes or "!sroes a# !ss+e It erta!#s to !ts te#"e#$) to$o#!#$e or ers+a"e

B. E+!($ , Adi$$i&i+i(' , Evid!"617 R+v#!"'@ ,o.!$a, re,at!o# o t*e e!"e#t!ar) a$t to t*e a$t !# !ss+e t*at!s 6*et*er t*e or'er te#"s to esta(,!s* t*e ro(a(!,!t) or !'ro(a(!,!t) o t*e,atter> !t !s .oer#e" () ,o.!$ $o''o# se#se a#" *+'a# e=er!e#$e627 C,8(!"' @ erta!#s to t*e !ss+e o 6*et*er or #ot t*e e!"e#$e !se=$,+"e" () t*e r+,es> !t !s .oer#e" () ,a6s or t*e r+,es

C. Ki!d$ , Adi$$i&i+i('617 M*+(i8+ Adi$$i&i+i('

See $ases o&U#!6!"e Sa,es s Ike"aPeo,e s Yat$o

627 C,!di(i,!#+ Adi$$i&i+i('637 C*/#(iv Adi$$i&i+i('

C+rat!e A"'!ss!(!,!t) or ($&tin$ (re )it& (re a,!es o#,) ! t*e art)a.a!#st 6*o' t*e !#$o'ete#t e!"e#$e !s erro#eo+s,) a"'!tte"o(/e$te" to !ts a"'!ss!o#

D. C,8(!"' , Evid!"E!"e#$e !s $o'ete#t 6*e# !t !s #ot e=$,+"e" () t*e r+,es ,a6 or t*e Co#st!t+t!o#

V#/i,*$ R*+$ , E9"+*$i,!;6A7 E9"+*$i,!#/' R*+$ *!d/ () C,!$(i(*(i,! 6A/(i"+ III 1C,!$(i(*(i,!7

*+, Ri$&t a$ainst unreasonable searc&es and sei-ures *Section .,P,8+ v$ M#/(iR!.*t a.a!#st +#reaso#a(,e sear$*es 'a) (e !#oke" o#,) a.a!#st

t*e StateT*e roert) !,,e.a,,) se!


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a.a!#st t*e a$$+se" (+t !#a"erte#t,) $o'es a$rosst*e !#$r!'!#at!#. o(/e$tP,8+ v$ M*$#O#$e t*e a,!" ort!o# o t*e sear$* 6arra#t *as(ee# e=e$+te" t*e ,a!# !e6 "o$tr!#e $a##ot

ro!"e a#) (as!s or +rt*er sear$*(c) I,,e.a,!t) '+st (e I''e"!ate,) Aare#t to t*e

o,!$e t*at t*e !te's t*at t*e) o(sere" 'a) (ee!"e#$e o a $r!'e $o#tra(a#" or ot*er6!ses+(/e$t to se!3= P,8+ v$ d+ R,$#/i,Po,!$e !#!tat!o# $o#st!t+tes $+sto"!a, !#est!.at!o#Po,!$e ,!#e-+ #ot art o $+sto"!a, !#est!.at!o# as !t *as #ots*!te" ro' !#est!.ator) to a$$+sator) sta.e t*+s !ra#"a r!.*ts#ot a,!$a(,eP,8+ v$ G*i++/,So#ta#eo+s state'e#ts or t*ose #ot e,!$!te" t*ro+.* +est!o#!#.() ,a6 e#or$e'e#t o$ers (+t .!e# !# or"!#ar) 'a##er are #ot

Preare" ()&





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$oere" () t*e !ra#"a "o$tr!#eP,8+ v$ P#'!,/R!.*ts reer o#,) to test!'o#!a, $o'+,s!o#P,8+ v$ d G*#! P,8+ v$ L#$i!!ra#"a "o$tr!#e "o #ot $oer ara# tests *oto.ra*!#.

*4, Ri$&t a$ainst self5incrimination *Section +6,P,8+ v$ M#+ii(

T*e ker#e, o t*e r!.*t !s #ot a.a!#st a,, $o'+,s!o# (+ttest!'o#!a, $o'+,s!o# It "oes #ot a,) 6*e# t*e e!"e#$eso+.*t to (e e=$,+"e" !s #ot a# !#$r!'!#at!#. state'e#t (+t a#o(/e$t e!"e#$eRi)( ##i!$( $+-i!"/ii!#(i,! d,$ !,( ",v/ ()

,++,i!;!5 s+(sta#$e e'!tte" ro' t*e (o")

o t*e a$$+se" s+$* as e=a'!#at!o# or .o#orr*ea US v$T#!(i!7

!!5 *a!r sa',es P8 v$ R,!d/,7

!!!5 DNA sa',es P8 v$ V#++/, P8 v$ Y#(#/7!5 %#.err!#t!#. *oto.ra*!#. a#" ara# test!#. P8 v$

G#++#/d75 re.#a#$) test Vi++#,/ v$ S*/$7Ri)( ##i!$( $+-i!"/ii!#(i,! 9(!d$ (, () ,++,i!;

!5 $o'+,s!o# or ro"+$t!o# o "o$+'e#ts aers a#" $*atte,s R#+# v$S#!di#!'#!7

!!5 a#) atte't to +r#!s* a se$!'e# o t*e a$$+se"s*a#"6r!t!#. !# $o##e$t!o# 6!t* rose$+t!o# or a,s!%$at!o#B+(/#! v$ S#$,!7

Ri)( #' & #ivd &';!5 a!,+re to !#oke !t t!'e,)

!!5 tak!#. t*e 6!t#ess sta#" a#"o,+#tar) test!%es !# 6*!$* $ase *e 'a) (e $ross-e=a'!#e"a#" aske" !#$r!'!#at!#. +est!o#s o# a#) 'atter *etest!%e" "+r!#. "!re$t e=a'!#at!o#

P,8+ v$ 4*d A'$,!W*!,e t*e a$$+se" 'a) test!) o# *!s o6# (e*a, s+(/e$t to $ross-e=a'!#at!o# *e 'a) 6*!,e test!)!#. re+se to a#s6er a se$!%$+est!o# t*e a#s6er to 6*!$* te#"s to !#$r!'!#ate *!' or so'e$r!'e ot*er t*a# t*at or 6*!$* *e !s (e!#. rose$+te"K+est!o# !s "ee'e" !#$r!'!#at!#. ! !t te#"s to e,!$!t a# a#s6er

t*at 6o+," e=ose t*e art)76!t#ess to oss!(,e $r!'!#a, ,!a(!,!t)T*+s ! +est!o# re,ates to a ast $r!'!#a,!t) or 6*!$* a 6!t#ess$a# #o ,o#.er (e rose$+te" as 6*e# !t *as a,rea") res$r!(e" or*e *as a,rea") (ee# a$+!tte" or $o#!$te" or 6*ere *e *as (ee#.ra#te" !''+#!t) t*e r!.*t !s #ot aa!,a(,e5, /i)( #' & 9/"i$d;*a, ccused in "riminal "ase@ a$$+se" 'a) re+se to take t*esta#" a,to.et*er a#" #ee" #ot 6a!t or a# !#$r!'!#at!#. +est!o#to (e aske"> reaso#& t*e +rose or $a,,!#. *!' !s re$!se,) to!#$r!'!#ate *!'*b, Party in "ivil "ase or dministrative "ase @ art) 'a) !#oket*e r!.*t as soo# as !#$r!'!#at!#. +est!o# 6!,, (e aske"

E=$et!o#&C!!, or a"'!#!strat!e $ase artakes o $r!'!#a,ro$ee"!#.s t*e art) 'a) re+se to take t*e sta#"a,to.et*er P#$"*#+ v$ Mdi"#+ B,#/d , E9#i!/$C#+ v$ K#8*!#!7

$5 %itness in any case@ r!.*t 'a) (e !#oke" 6*e# !#$r!'!#at!#.+est!o# !s roo+#"e"

Preare" ()&

ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C. TORREGOSA


Partner@ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es

Former Senior ssociate@ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$e$!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6


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6B7 E9"+*$i,!#/' R*+$ *!d/ S8"i#+ L#$*+, nti5%iretappin$ ct

E=$et!o# to A#t!-W!re Ta!#. ;a6 - RA

No93:2 T*e H+'a#Se$+r!t) A$t5

Se$t!o# : @ T*e ro!s!o#s o RA No8200A#t!-W!re Ta!#. ;a65 to t*e $o#trar) #ot6!t*sta#"!#. a o,!$eo ,a6 e#or$e'e#t o$!a, a#" t*e 'e'(ers o *!s tea' 'a)+o# or"er o t*e Co+rt o Aea,s ,!ste# to !#ter$et a#" re$or"6!t* t*e +se o a#) 'o"e or' k!#" or t)e o e,e$tro#!$ or ot*ers+re!,,a#$e e+!'e#t or !#ter$et!#. a#" tra$k!#. "e!$es or6!t* t*e +se o a#) ot*er s+!ta(,e 6a)s a#" 'ea#s or t*at+rose a#) $o''+#!$at!o# 'essa.e $o#ersat!o# "!s$+ss!o#or soke# or 6r!tte# 6or"s (et6ee# 'e'(ers o a /+"!$!a,,)"e$,are" a#" o+t,a6e" terror!st or.a#!


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6r!t!#.7"o$+'e#t t*e +est!o# !s 6*at t*e "o$+'e#t sa)s5 t*e or!.!#a, o t*e6r!t!#.7"o$+'e#t '+st (e rese#te" W*at !s state" !# t*e "o$+'e#t $a##ot (eroe# () *oto$o) or ora, re$o,,e$t!o# o a 6!t#ess

R8*&+i" v$. I M#/",$-M#!,(, (. #+. G.R. N,.1>1>01 = F&/*#/' 2012

T*!s $ase !#o,es a $!!, a$t!o# or re$oer) o !,,-.otte# 6ea,t* a.a!#st t*e *e!rs ot*e ,ate Fer"!#a#t ar$os To roe t*at t*e reso#"e#ts *a" !#terests !# ar!o+s$ororat!o#s a#" *o6 t*e) +se" "+''!es !# a$+!r!#. a#" oerat!#. t*e (+s!#essest*e Re+(,!$ re#se#te" 'ere *oto$o!es "o$+'e#ts $o#s!st!#. o ,etters TSN oro$ee"!#.s (eore t*e PCGG a#" a"a!t o 6!t#esses T*e Re+(,!$ "!" #ot "e#)t*at 6*at s*o+," (e roe" are t*e $o#te#ts o t*ese "o$+'e#ts t*e'se,es It !st*+s !'erat!e to s+('!t t*e or!.!#a,s t*at $o+," roe t*e Re+(,!$s a,,e.at!o#s6!t*o+t 6*!$* t*e Re+(,!$ $o+," #ot roe t*at t*e reso#"e#ts $o,,a(orate" 6!t*or'er Pres!"e#t ar$os a#" I'e,"a ar$os a#" art$!ate" !# t*e ,atters a,,e.e"a$$+'+,at!o# o !,,-.otte# 6ea,t*

D. W)#( i$ ",!$id/d #$ ,/ii!#+ ,/ 8*/8,$$ , &$( vid!" /*+;

a5 6*e# t*e $o#te#ts o 6*!$* are t*e s+(/e$t o !#+!r) *e#$e a *oto$o) 'a)(e a# or!.!#a, or +roses o t*e r+,e

(5 "o$+'e#t !s !# t6o or 'ore $o!es e=e$+te" at or a(o+t t*e sa'e t!'e 6!t*!"e#t!$a, $o#te#ts a,, s+$* $o!es are e+a,,) re.ar"e" as or!.!#a,sP,8+ v$ 5,!. T#!A tr!,!$ate $o) ro"+$e" () t*e +se o $ar(o# !s a"'!ss!(,e 6!t*o+ta$$o+#t!#. or t*e ot*er $o!es

$5 6*e# t*e e#tr) !s reeate" !# t*e re.+,ar $o+rse o (+s!#ess o#e (e!#. $o!e"ro' a#ot*er at or #ear t*e t!'e o tra#sa$t!o# a,, t*e e#tr!es are ,!ke6!see+a,,) re.ar"e" as or!.!#a,s

E. I!$(#!"$ )! &$( vid!" /*+ d,$ !,( #88+' #!d () ,/ii!#+/i(i! !d !,( & 8/,d*"d;

(1) if t&e purpose is not to prove t&e contents of t&e )ritin$ but only to

s&o) t&at t&e document exists or &as been executed or delivered in suc& acase t&e oral testimony or ot&er secondary evidence is enou$& to prove t&eexistence issuance or delivery of t&e )ritin$P,8+ v$ T#!d,'A *oto$o) o t*e 'arke" eso (!,, !s a"'!ss!(,e s!#$e 6*at !s so+.*t to (eroe" !s t*e e=!ste#$e o t*e 'arke" 'o#e) a#" #ot t*e $o#te#ts t*ereoP#"i%", A/", v$ P,8+A *oto$o) o t*e $*e$k !s a"'!ss!(,e !# a $r!'!#a, rose$+t!o# or !o,at!o# oBP 22 (e$a+se t*e .raa'e# o t*e o?e#se !s t*e a$t o !ss+a#$e o a (+'

$*e$k t*+s t*e s+(e/$t o !#+!r) !s t*e e=e$+t!o# or t*e e=!ste#$e o t*e $*e$ka#" #ot !ts $o#te#ts*., if t&e )ritin$ or document is merely collateral or is connected in some )ay to

t&e fact in issue ot&er)ise >no)n as A"ollateral Fact RuleB*2, if t&e purpose is to prove a fact t&at &as an existence t&at is independent of

any )ritin$ even t&ou$& t&at fact &as been reduced to or evidenced by a)ritin$M#'/$ v$ USA test!'o#) o a 6!t#ess .!e# !# a $o''!ttee *ear!#. 'a) (e roe# () t*eora, test!'o#) o so'eo#e 6*o *ear" !t a,t*o+.* t*e test!'o#) 6as re$or"e"t*+s t*e rese#tat!o# o t*e tra#s$r!t o t*e 6!t#ess test!'o#) !s #ot!#"!se#sa(,e

*4, )&en t&e terms or contents of t&e document are not disputedC,!$,+id#(d B#! #!d T/*$( C,8#!' v$ D+ M,!( M,(,/,/$W*e# t*e ter's7$o#te#ts o a "o$+'e#t are #ot "!s+te" or are a"'!tte" ()t*e art!es

*8, )aiverD+# C/* v$ C,*/( , A88#+$Des!te #o#-$o',!a#$e 6!t* t*e re+!s!tes or !#tro"+$t!o# o se$o#"ar)

Preare" ()&






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e!"e#$e a se$o#"ar) e!"e#$e ! #ot o(/e$te" to (e$o'es a"'!ss!(,e a#" !sas $re"!(,e as t*e or!.!#a,

*?, if t&e subject of inuiry is not t&e contents of t&e document but anot&er matterindependent from t&e contents of t&e documentCA(i!# v$. B,#/d , Mdi"i! #!d Si,$,! G.R. N,.1>>0> < F&/*#/'

2011T*e s+(/e$t o !#+!r) !# t*!s $ase !s 6*et*er reso#"e#t "o$tors are ,!a(,e or.ross #e.,!.e#$e !# re'o!#. t*e r!.*t +#$t!o#!#. k!"#e) o E"!t*a !#stea" ot*e ,et #o#-+#$t!o#!#. k!"#e) #ot t*e roer a#ato'!$a, ,o$at!o#s o E"!t*ask!"#e)s T*+s !t !s #ot #e$essar) to rese#t t*e or!.!#a,s o t*e M-Ra) Re+estFor' Bes!"es t*e a$t so+.*t to (e esta(,!s*e" () t*e a"'!ss!o# o t*esee=*!(!ts =-ra) re+est or's5 t*at *er k!"#e)s 6ree (ot* !# t*e!r roera#ato'!$a, ,o$at!o#s at t*e t!'e o t*e oerat!o# #ee" #ot (e roe" as !t !s$oere" () 'a#"ator) /+"!$!a, #ot!$eTi!(# C)i"#+ v$. M#/' A!! O", G.R. N,.1>3 F&/*#/'

2013T*e s+(/e$t o !#+!r) !s #ot t*e a)ro,, s*eet o Te.e'!#ta rat*er t*e

t*r+st o t*!s $ase !s t*e a(+#"a#$e o e!"e#$e rese#t to roe t*e a,,e.at!o#t*at O$o a(a#"o#e" *er /o( () (e!#. o# AWO; Co#se+e#t,) a# e',o)er$a##ot (e ,e.a,,) st+'e" () a a)ro,, s*eet (+t '+st (e a(,e to s+('!ttest!'o#!a, a#" ot*er !e$es o "o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e ,!ke ,eae or's o$e'e'os 6ar#!#. ,etters a#" #ot!$es to (e a(,e to roe t*at t*e e',o)eea(a#"o#e" *er 6ork

F. E9"8(i,!$ (, B$( Evid!" R*+;*+, ori$inal is lost destroyed or cannot be produced )it&out bad fait& on t&e

part of t&e o3erorD V/# v$. A?*i+#/I t*ere are 'ore t*a# o#e 15 or!.!#a, a,, t*e or!.!#a,s '+st (e a$$o+#te" or

(eore se$o#"ar) e!"e#$e 'a) (e !#tro"+$e" De Vera s A.+!,ar5C,*!(/' B#!/$ I!$*/#!" v$. L##! G.R. N,.1=> 13 4*+' 2011

W*e# t*ere are 'ore t*a# o#e 15 or!.!#a, $o) e=!sts !t '+st aeart*at a,, o t*e' *ae (ee# ,ost "estro)e" or $a##ot (e ro"+$e" !# $o+rt(eore se$o#"ar) e!"e#$e $a# (e .!e# o a#) o#e A *oto$o) 'a) #ot (e+se" 6!t*o+t a$$o+#t!#. or t*e ot*er or!.!#a,s

*., ori$inal is in possession of adverse partyEd$# 5,(+ v$. BF C,/8,/#(i,!

T*e #ot!$e to t*e a"erse art) 'a) (e !# t*e or' o a5 a 'ot!o# ort*e r"+$t!o# o t*e or!.!#a, R+,e 2:5> or (5 'a"e !# oe# $o+rt !# t*erese#$e o t*e a"erse art)> or $5 !a s+(oe#a "+$es te$+' ro!"e" t*ea"erse art) !s .!e# s+$!e#t t!'e to ro"+$e t*e or!.!#a,

*2, ori$inal is a public record in t&e custody of a public o'cer or recorded in apublic o'ce )&ic& may be evidenced by a certi(ed true copy t&ereof

*4, ori$inal consists of numerous accounts or voluminous documentsC,8#!i# M#/i(i# v$. A++id F/ W,//$

T*e o,+'!#o+s re$or"s '+st (e 'a"e aa!,a(,e7a$$ess!(,e to t*e a"erseart) so t*at t*e $orre$t#ess o t*e s+''ar) o t*e o,+'!#o+s re$or"s 'a)(e teste" o# $ross-e=a'!#at!o#

U#"er t*e ore.o!#. e=$et!o#s 6*ere t*e or!.!#a, 6r!t!#. !s #ot aa!,a(,e or o#ereaso# or a#ot*ert*e #e=t (est e!"e#$e to roe !ts $o#te#ts 6!,, (e t*e o,,o6!#.se$o#"ar) e!"e#$e !# t*!s or"er&

15 $o) o t*e 6r!t!#.25 a#ot*er "o$+'e#t re$!t!#. !ts $o#te#ts35 test!'o#) o a 6!t#ess 6*o *as rea" or k#o6s a(o+t !t

IV. PAROL EVIDENCE RULE

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S(#(!( , () R*+W*e# t*e ter's o a# a.ree'e#t *ae (ee# re"+$e" to 6r!t!#. !t !s

$o#s!"ere" as $o#ta!#!#. a,, t*e ter's a.ree" +o# a#" t*ere $a# (e (et6ee#t*e art!es a#" t*e!r s+$$essors !# !#terests #o e!"e#$e o s+$* ter's ot*ert*a# t*e $o#te#ts o t*e 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t6S"(i,!

!!5 t*e a!,+re o t*e 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t to e=ress t*e tr+e !#te#t a#"

a.ree'e#t o t*e art!esE!/i?* v$. R#,$ L#!d S((+!(Dv+,8!( C,/8,/#(i,! v$. G#/"i#7

!!!5 t*e a,!"!t) o t*e 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t !e $o#tra$ts 6!t*o+t$o#s!"erat!o# or 6*ere $o#se#t !s !t!ate" () "+ress or$e a#"!#t!'!"at!o#>

T*e oerat!o# o t*e aro, e!"e#$e r+,e re+!res t*e e=!ste#$e o a a,!"6r!tte# a.ree'e#t It !s t*+s #ot a,!$a(,e !# a ro$ee"!#. 6*ere t*e

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a,!"!t) o s+$* a.ree'e#t !s t*e a$t !# "!s+te s+$* as 6*e# t*e$o#tra$t 'a) (e o!" or ,a$k o $o#s!"erat!o# Co#s!"er!#. t*at t*eDee" o Sa,e *as (ee# s*o6# to (e o!" or (e!#. a(so,+te,) s!'+,ate"a#" or ,a$k o $o#s!"erat!o# t*e *e!rs o A,o#so are #ot re$,+"e" ro'rese#t!#. e!"e#$e to 'o"!) e=,a!# or a"" to t*e ter's o t*e 6r!tte#

a.ree'e#tHeirs of )reta vs. Heirs of )reta, G.R. No.1*#!+, 1!epte('er %&115

!5 t*e e=!ste#$e o ot*er ter's a.ree" to () t*e art!es or t*e!r s+$$essors-!#-!#terest ater t*e e=e$+t!o# o t*e 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t as 6*e# as6*e# t*e art!es s+(se+e#t,) 'o"!%e" t*e ter's o t*e!r or!.!#a,a.ree'e#t C#!*(, v$. M#/i#!,5

W*ere t*e a"erse art) a!,s to o(/e$t o# t!'e aro, e!"e#$e 'a) (e a"'!tte" ()t*e $o+rt to ar) a,ter or 'o"!) t*e ter's o a 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t Wi++9 P+#$(i"I!d*$(/i$ C,/8. v$. C,*/( , A88#+$5

DISTINCTION BETWEEN BEST EVIDENCE RULE AND PAROL EVIDENCE RULE;

!5 I# t*e Best E!"e#$e R+,e t*e +est!o# to (e a#s6ere" !s - 6*at "oes t*e"o$+'e#t sa)> 6*!,e !# Paro, E!"e#$e R+,e t*e +est!o# !s @ 6*at *ae t*eart!es to t*e $o#tra$t a.ree" +o#

!!5 T*e Best E!"e#$e R+,e esta(,!s*es a reere#$e or t*e or!.!#a, oer ase$o#"ar) e!"e#$e> 6*!,e Paro, E!"e#$e R+,e !s #ot $o#$er#e" 6!t* r!'a$) oe!"e#$e (+t !t res+oses t*at t*e or!.!#a, !s aa!,a(,e 'ea#!#. t*e BestE!"e#$e R+,e *as to (e $o',!e" 6!t*>

!!!5 T*e Best E!"e#$e R+,e re$,+"es t*e a"'!ss!o# o t*e se$o#"ar) e!"e#$e !t*e or!.!#a, "o$+'e#t !s aa!,a(,e> 6*!,e t*e Paro, E!"e#$e R+,e re$,+"es t*ea"'!ss!o# o e!"e#$e ot*er t*a# t*e $o#te#ts o t*e "o$+'e#t to roe t*eter's o a 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t>

!5 T*e Best E!"e#$e R+,e $a# (e !#oke" () a#) ,!t!.a#t to a# a$t!o# 6*et*er or

#ot sa!" ,!t!.a#t !s a art) to t*e "o$+'e#t !#o,e"> 6*!,e t*e Paro, E!"e#$eR+,e $a# (e !#oke" o#,) a.a!#st a art) to t*e 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t a#" t*e!rs+$$essors-!#-!#terest>

5 T*e Best E!"e#$e R+,e a,!es to a,, or's o "o$+'e#ts> 6*!,e Paro, E!"e#$eR+,e a,!es o#,) to 6r!tte# $o#tra$ts a#" 6!,,s

V. EJTRA-4UDICIAL ADMISSIONS CONFESSIONS COMPROMISES AND RES INTERALIOS ACTA RULE

Ki!d$ , Adi$$i,!$;a5 +"!$!a, A"'!ss!o# Se$t!o# 8 R+,e 1295(5 E=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# Se$t!o# 2L R+,e 1305

Ki!d$ , E9(/#-*di"i#+ Adi$$i,!&6A7 Adi$$i,! &' # P#/('6Adi$$i,! A#i!$( I!(/$(7

Statement of t&e Rule:T*e a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# o a art) as to a#) re,ea#t a$t

'a)(e .!e# !# e!"e#$e a.a!#st *!' Se$t!o# 2L R+,e 1305Reason for t&e Rule!s !ts !#*ere#t re,!a(!,!t) or #o o#e 6o+," 'ake a# a"ersea"'!ss!o# a.a!#st *!'se, ! s+$* !s #ot tr+e

- Reers to a# e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# a#" t*e a"'!ss!o# !s a.a!#st t*e !#teresto t*e a"'!tter T*+s se,-ser!#. a"'!ss!o# !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e

- T*e r+,e o# e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# +#"er Se$t!o# 2L R+,e 130 $o#te',ateso a s!t+at!o# 6*ere t*e "e$,ara#t !s #ot !# $o+rt (+t so'eo#e 6*o *a"*ear"7see# t*e a"'!ss!o# test!%es !# $o+rt as to t*e a"'!ss!o# 'a"e () t*e"e$,ara#t I# ot*er6or"s t*e "e$,ara#t *!'se, !s #ot t*e 6!t#ess (e$a+se t*e'o'e#t t*e "e$,ara#t $o'es or6ar" a#" test!%es a#" re!terates !# $o+rt *!se=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# t*e# s+$* a"'!ss!o# (e$o'es a /+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o#

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- S!#$e t*e 6!t#ess !s #ot t*e "e$,ara#t *!'se, t*e test!'o#) o s+$* 6!t#ess!#soar as t*e a"'!ss!o# 'a"e () t*e "e$,ara#t !s $o#$er#e" !s #e$essar!,,)*earsa) $o#s!"er!#. t*at t*e 6!t#ess *as #o erso#a, k#o6,e".e as to t*etr+t* or a,s!t) o t*e a"'!ss!o# a#" t*e "e$,ara#t 6*o !s #ot !# t*e 6!t#esssta#" $a##ot (e $ross-e=a'!#e" () t*e art) a.a!#st 6*o' t*e a"'!ss!o# !s

o?ere" !# e!"e#$e

- B+t 6*!,e a# e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# !s #e$essar!,,) *earsa) +#"er Se$t!o#2L R+,e 130 t*e sa'e !s a"'!ss!(,e a.a!#st t*e "e$,ara#t T*e reaso# 6*) a#a"'!ss!o# - ee# ! *earsa)- !s a"'!ss!(,e !s t*at t*e "e$,ara#t !s #ot e=e$te"to $ross-e=a'!#e *!'se, I# ot*er6or"s ! 6*at 'akes a# e=tra-/+"!$!a,a"'!ss!o# *earsa) !s t*e a(se#$e o o+rt+#!t) o t*e art) a.a!#st 6*o' t*ea"'!ss!o# !s o?ere" to $ross-e=a'!#e t*e erso# 6*o 'a"e t*e e=tra-/+"!$!a,a"'!ss!o# t*e# o(!o+s,) s+$* reaso# "oes #ot e=!st !# $ase o a# e=tra-

/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# s!#$e t*e erso# 6*o 'a"e t*e a"a'!ss!o# !s t*e sa'eerso# a.a!#st 6*o' t*e a"'!ss!o# !s o?ere" !# e!"e#$eEstra"a sDes!erto5

- W*!,e t*e e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# +#"er Se$t!o# 2L R+,e 130 !s #ot a'o#.t*ose e=$et!o#s to t*e *earsa) r+,e e#+'erate" +#"er Se$t!o#s 3: to 8: oR+,e 130 t*e S+re'e Co+rt $ate.or!$a,,) r+,e" !# Estra"a s Des!erto t*ata"'!ss!o# +#"er Se$t!o# 2L R+,e 130 !s a# e=$et!o# to t*e *earsa) e!"e#$er+,e

- W*!,e a"'!ss!o# +#"er Se$t!o# 2L R+,e 130 a#" De$,arat!o# A.a!#st I#terest+#"er Se$t!o# 34 R+,e 130 are (ot* e=$et!o#s to *earsa) e!"e#$e r+,e t*e)are "!st!#$t ro' ea$* ot*er

DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN ADMISSION UNDER SECTION 2AND DECLARATION AGAINST INTEREST UNDER SECTION 3=

!5 t*e a"'!ss!o# +#"er Se$t!o# 2L !s a"'!ss!(,e a.a!#st t*e "e$,ara#t o#,)>6*!,e "e$,arat!o# a.a!#st !#terest +#"er Se$t!o# 34 !s a"'!ss!(,e #ot o#,)a.a!#st t*e a"''!tter (+t a,so a.a!#st t*!r" art)>

!!5 !# a"'!ss!o# +#"er Se$t!o# 2L t*e "e$,ara#t #ee" #ot (e "ea" or +#a(,e totest!)> 6*!,e !# "e$,arat!o# a.a!#st !#terest +#"er Se$t!o# 34 a,!es o#,) !t*e "e$,ara#t !s "ea" or +#a(,e to test!)>

!!!5a# a"'!ss!o# +#"er Se$t!o# 34 'a) (e 'a"e at a#) t!'e ee# "+r!#. t*etr!a,> 6*!,e "e$,arat!o# a.a!#st !#terest !s 'a"e (eore t*e $o#troers)ar!ses

DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN EJTRA-4UDICIAL ADMISSION UNDER SECTION2AND 4UDICIAL ADMISSION UNDER SECTION RULE 2

Statement of t&e rule: T*e r!.*ts o a art) $a##ot (e re/+"!$e" () a#a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# o a#ot*er Se$t!o# 24 R+,e 1305Reason be&ind t&e rule:s!#$e t*e t*!r" art)-"e$,ara#t $a##ot (e $ross-

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e=a'!#e" () t*e art) a.a!#st 6*o' t*e a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# !so?ere" "+e ro$ess "e'a#"s t*at t*e ,atter s*a,, #ot (e re/+"!$e" ()t*e a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# o t*e or'er

- T*e res inter alios acta rule res+oses a# e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o#

(e$a+se t*e "e$,ara#t !s #ot t*e o#e test!)!#. !# $o+rt a#" t*ereore *e$a##ot (e $ross-e=a'!#e" () t*e art) a.a!#st 6*o' t*e "e$,arat!o# !so?ere" !# e!"e#$e It $o#te',ates o a s!t+at!o# 6*ere a#ot*er erso#6!t#ess5 test!%es !# $o+rt as to t*e a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# 'a"e ()a art) o+ts!"e o $o+rt T*e 6!t#ess !s a erso# 6*o $,a!'s to *ae*ear" or k#o6# o t*e e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# 'a"e () a art)"e$,ara#t5 I t*e "e$,ara#t *!'se, takes t*e 6!t#ess sta#" a#"re!terates !# $o+rt *!s e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# t*at *e 'a"e o+ts!"e o$o+rt *!s ot*er6!se e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# (e$o'es a /+"!$!a,a"'!ss!o# a#" as s+$* !t !s a"'!ss!(,e a.a!#st a#ot*er art) T*ereaso# !s o(!o+s @ t*at ot*er art) a.a!#st 6*o' t*e a"'!ss!o# !so?ere" !# e!"e#$e *as t*e o+rt+#!t) to $ross-e=a'!#e t*e "e$,ara#t

a#" t*ereore "+e ro$ess !s $o',!e" 6!t*

EJCEPTIONS TO RES INTER ALIOS ACTA RULEOF T5E FIRST BRANC5&6i7 Adi$$i,! &' ",-8#/(!/#!(,i!(-,!/,i!(-d&(,/ Se$

29 R+,e 1305Reason for t&e exception @ s!#$e art#ers $o-o6#ers a#" $o-"e(tors 6!t* rese$t to ea$* ot*er or a.e#t !# re,at!o# to *!sr!#$!a, ossess !"e#t!t) o !#terest a#" are s!'!,ar,)$!r$+'sta#$e" t*e) are "ee'e" () ,a6 as o#e a#" t*e sa'eart) s+$* t*at t*e a"'!ss!o# 'a"e a art#er /o!#t-o6#er /o!#t-"e(tor or a.e#t !s (!#"!#. a#" a"'!ss!(,e a.a!#st t*e ot*er

art#ers /o!#t-o6#ers /o!#t-"e(tors or r!#$!a, (e$a+se s+$*a"'!ss!o# $a##ot (e "ee'e" as a# a"'!ss!o# 'a"e () a t*!r"art) +#"er Se$t!o# 24 R+,e 1305 (+t a# a"'!ss!o# 'a"e () t*eart) *!'se, 6*!$* !s a"'!ss!(,e +#"er Se$t!o# 2L R+,e 130R?*i$i($ ,/ () 9"8(i,! (, #88+';a5 t*ere '+st (e a# a$t or "e$,arat!o# 'a"e () a art#er7/o!#t-

o6#er7/o!#t-"e(tor or a.e#t>(5 t*e a$t or "e$,arat!o# '+st (e 6!t*!# t*e s$oe o t*e

a+t*or!t) o t*e art#er7/o!#t-o6#er7/o!#t-"e(tor or a.e#t a#"'a"e "+r!#. t*e e=!ste#$e o t*e art#ers*!7/o!#t-o6#ers*!7/o!#t-"e(t7a.e#$)>

$5 t*ere '+st (e a# !#"ee#"e#t e!"e#$e o t*e e=!ste#$e o t*eart#ers*!7/o!#t-o6#ers*!7/o!#t-"e(t7a.e#$)

6ii7 Adi$$i,! &' # ",-",!$8i/#(,/Se$t!o# 30 R+,e 1305Reason for t&e exception@ sa'e as t*at o a# a"'!ss!o# () aart#er7/o!#t-o6#er7/o!#t-"e(tor7a.e#t5R?*i$i($ ,/ () 9"8(i,! (, #88+';a5 t*ere '+st (e a# a$t or "e$,arat!o# 'a"e () a $o-$o#s!rator>(5 t*e a$t or "e$,arat!o# '+st re,ate to t*e $o#s!ra$) a#" "+r!#.

t*e e=!ste#$e o t*e $o#s!ra$)T*+s t*e e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# 'a"e () a $o#s!rator atert*e $r!'e 6as $o#s+''ate" !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e a.a!#st t*eot*er $o-$o#s!rators re$!se,) (e$a+se s+$* a"'!ss!o# 6as

#ot 'a"e "+r!#. t*e e=!ste#$e o $o#s!ra$) P,8+ v$.*id#(, 2 SCRA 15> a#"$5 t*ere '+st (e a# !#"ee#"e#t e!"e#$e o t*e $o#s!ra$)

ot*er t*a# t*e a$t or "e$,arat!o# 'a"e () t*e $o#ess!#.$o#s!rator People vs. Guittap, G.R. No.1!!*%1, " Ma$%&&34 People vs. Michael 2o5ingo, G.R. No.1+#3*, 1&

August %&1156iii7Adi$$i,! &' P/ivi$Se$t!o# 31 R+,e 1305

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Reason for t&e exception@ s!#$e t*e s+$$essor 'ere,) stes !#tot*e s*oes o t*e re"e$essor t*e) are "ee'e" () ,a6 asossess!#. t*e sa'e !#terest a#" s!'!,ar,) $!r$+'sta#$e" 6!t*rese$t to t*e roert) a$+!re" () t*e or'er ro' t*e ,atters+$* t*at t*e re!o+s a"'!ss!o# 'a"e () t*e re"e$essor 6*!,e

st!,, *o,"!#. t!t,e to t*e roert) !s (!#"!#. a#" a"'!ss!(,e a.a!#stt*e re"e$essor 6*o !s rese#t,) *o,"!#. t*e t!t,e (e$a+se s+$*a"'!ss!o# $a##ot (e "ee'e" as a# a"'!ss!o# () a t*!r" art)ros$r!(e" +#"er t*e res !#ter a,!os a$ta r+,eR?*i$i($ ,/ () 9"8(i,! (, #88+';a5 t*ere '+st (e a# a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# 'a"e () a

re"e$essor-!#-!#terest>(5 t*e a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# re,ates to t*e roert) a#"

'a"e 6*!,e t*e re"e$essor "e$,ara#t5 6as st!,, *o,"!#. t!t,eto t*e roert)>

T*+s ! t*e a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# 6as 'a"e &,/t*ere"e$essor "e$,ara#t5 (e$a'e t*e o6#er o t*e roert)

Ci(' , M#!i+# v$. D+ R,$#/i,5 or #(/t*e re"e$essor*a" arte" 6!t* t*e o6#ers*! o t*e roert) to *!ss+$$essor-!#-!#terest Ci(' , M#!i+# v$. D+ R,$#/i,Gv/, v$. IAC5 t*e# s+$* a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# !s #ota"'!ss!(,e a.a!#st t*e s+$$essor

(c) t*e t!t,e to t*e roert) !s #o6 (e!#. tra#serre" to a#"

rese#t,) *e," () t*e s+$$essor-!#-!#terest

-'i(ilar Acts or Previous Con/uct Rule -Res 0nter Alios Acta Rule ofthe econ/ 2ranch

Statement of t&e rule- E!"e#$e t*at o#e "!" or "!" #ot "oa $erta!# t*!#. at o#e t!'e !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e to roe t*at *e "!" or "!"#ot "o t*e sa'e or s!'!,ar t*!#. at a#ot*er t!'eS"(i,! 3 R*+1305

Reason for t&e rule:E!"e#$e o s!'!,ar a$t s or o$$+re#$es$o'e,s t*e "ee#"a#t to 'eet a,,e.at!o#s t*at are #ot 'e#t!o#e" !# t*e$o',a!#t $o#+ses *!' !# *!s "ee#se ra!ses a ar!et) o re,ea#t!ss+es a#" "!erts t*e atte#t!o# o t*e $o+rt ro' t*e !ss+es!''e"!ate,) (eore !t He#$e t*e e!"e#t!ar) r+,e .+ar"s a.a!#stra$t!$a, !#$o#e#!e#$e o tr)!#. $o,,atera, !ss+es a#" rotra$t!#. t*etr!a, a#" ree#t s+rr!se or ot*er '!s$*!e re/+"!$!a, to ,!t!.a#ts C/*v$. C,*/( , A88#+$ G.R. N,.12>13 2> 4*+' 1!5 s$*e'e>!!5 *a(!t>!!!5 $+sto'>(ix) +sa.e> a#" t*e ,!ke S"(i,! 3 R*+ 1305

OFFER OF COMPROMISE 6S"(i,! 2> R*+ 1307A. I! Civi+ C#$$@ o?er o $o'ro'!se !s #ot a# a"'!ss!o# o ,!a(!,!t) a#" !s #ot

a"'!ss!(,e a.a!#st t*e o?erorReason for t&e rule: I# $!!, $ases t*e o,!$) !s to e#$o+ra.e $o'ro'!se

B. I! C/ii!#+ C#$$@ a# o?er o $o'ro'!se () t*e a$$+se" 'a) (e re$e!e" !#

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e!"e#$e as a# !',!e" a"'!ss!o# o .+!,tE9"8(i,!$;!5 !# +as!-o?e#ses7$r!'!#a, #e.,!.e#$e $ases!!5 $ases a,,o6e" () ,a6 to (e $o'ro'!se" s+$* as !# $ases !#o,!#.

$r!'!#a, rose$+t!o# or !o,at!o# o t*e Nst!o#a, I#ter#a, Ree#+e Co"e

6*ere $o'ro'!se !s a,,o6e" +#"er Se$t!o# 208 t*ereo!!!5 A ,ea o .+!,t) ,ater 6!t*"ra6# or a# +#a$$ete" o?er o a ,ea o .+!,t)

to a ,esser o?e#se>!5 U#"er t*e Goo" Sa'ar!ta R+,e t*at !s a# o?er to a) or t*e a)'e#t

o 'e"!$a, *os!ta, or ot*er e=e#ses o$$ass!o#e" () a# !#/+r) !s #ota"'!ss!(,e !# e!"e#$e as roo o $!!, or $r!'!#a, ,!a(!,!t) or t*e !#/+r)

OT5ER FORMS OF OFFER OF COMPROMISE;!5 P,ea or or.!e#ess 'a"e () t*e a$$+se" or () a 'e'(er o *!s a'!,) or a t*!r"

art) 6!t* t*e !',!e" a$+!s$!e#$e or rat!%$at!o# o t*e a$$+se" P8 v$. DG*#!5>

!!5 O?er o 'arr!a.e 'a"e () t*e a$$+se" B+t ! t*e o?er o 'arr!a.e 6as 'a"e ()a t*!r" art) +s,!' I'a'5 6!t*o+t t*e !#o,e'e#t o t*e a$$+se" s+$* o?er

!s #ot a"'!ss!(,e as !',!e" a"'!ss!o# o .+!,tP,8+ v$. D#!!' G,d,'5>!!!5O?er o a)'e#t o 'o#e) or a#)t*!#. o a,+e ot*er t*a# or 'e"!$a, or *os!ta,

e=e#ses o$$ass!o#e" () !#/+r)>!5O?er o rest!t+t!o#

VI. 5EARSAY EVIDENCE RULE

eneral Rule: A 6!t#ess $a# test!) o#,) to t*ose a$ts 6*!$* *e k#o6s o *!serso#a, k#o6,e".e t*at !s 6*!$* are "er!e" ro' *!s o6# er$et!o# Se$t!o# 3LR+,e 1305

Reasons6*) *earsa) e!"e#$e !s !#a"'!ss!(,e 6E$(/#d# v$ D$i/(,7;15 ;a$k o $ross-e=a'!#at!o# s!#$e t*e 6!t#ess !s #ot t*e "e$,ara#t a#" t*e

"e$,ara#t !s #ot !# $o+rt25 A(se#$e o "e'ea#or e!"e#$e s!#$e t*e "e$,ara#t !s #ot t*e o#e test!)!#. !#

$o+rt35 A(se#$e o a# oat* s!#$e t*e "e$,ara#t !s #ot t*e o#e test!)!#. !# $o+rt

Se$t!o# 1 R+,e 1325

T*e "eter'!#at!o# o 6*et*er a# e!"e#$e !s *earsa) or #ot "ee#"s o# t*e +roseor 6*!$* t*e e!"e#$e !s o?ere"&a5 Hearsa) r+,e a,!es ! e!"e#$e !s or t*e +rose o ro!#. t*e tr+t* o t*e

assert!o#7"e$,arat!o#7state'e#t or ot*er6!se o?ere" or *earsa) +roses>(5 I t*e e!"e#$e !s o?ere" or #o#-*earsa) +roses re.ar",ess o t*e tr+t* or

a,s!t) o t*e assert!o#7"e$,arat!o#7state'e#t !t !s #ot *earsa) a#" t*ereorea"'!ss!(,e

A# e!"e#$e !s "ee'e" to (e o?ere" or #o#-*earsa) +roses ! !t !s o?ere" to roet*at a state'e#t7assert!o#7"e$,arat!o# 6as 'a"e a#" s+$*state'e#t7assert!o#7"e$,arat!o# !s re,ea#t to t*e $ase re.ar",ess o !ts tr+t* ora,s!t) ea#!#. to sa) s+$* state'e#t7assert!o#7"e$,arat!o# !s INDEPENDENT;YRE;EVANT TO THE CASE

A# assert!o#7"e$,arat!o#7state'e#t !s !#"ee#"e#t,) re,ea#t to t*e $ase re.ar",esso !ts tr+t* or a,s!t) 6*e#&a5 S+$* assert!o#7"e$,arat!o#7state'e#t !s t*e er) a$t !# !ss+e !# t*e $ase e.

rose$+t!o#s or t*e $r!'es o ,!(e, ora, "ea'at!o# t*reats> or(5 S+$* assert!o#7"e$,arat!o#7state'e#t !s a $!r$+'sta#t!a, e!"e#$e o a a$t !#

!ss+e s+$* as&a T*e 'e#ta, state e'ot!o#s k#o6,e".e (e,!e !#te#t!o# !,,-6!,, (!as o te*

"e$,ara#t>

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( P*)s!$a, $o#"!t!o# s+$* as !,,#ess o t*e "e$,ara#t>$ T*e 'e#ta, $o#"!t!o#7state o '!#" o t*e ,!ste#er>" State'e#t s*o6!#. $re"!(!,!t) o a 6!t#ess e. r!or !#$o#s!ste#t stae'e#t>e State'e#t 6*!$* 'a) esta(,!s*7!"e#t!) t*e "ate ,a$e a#" erso# !#

+est!o#

Cross-e=a'!#at!o# !s #e$essar) to "eter'!#e t*e +a,!t!es o a 6!t#ess () test!#. *!s&a5 Vera$!t) @ s!#$er!t) or 6!,,!#.e#ss to te,, t*e tr+t* t*at !s 6*et*er t*e 6!t#ess

*a" a#) reaso# to ,!e>(5 Co'ete#$) @ a(!,!t) to te,, t*e tr+t* 6*!$* "ee#"s o# t*ree 35 a$tors&

! o(serat!o# - t*e a(!,!t) to er$e!e t*e ee#t er$et!o#5- t*e +est!o# *ere !s "!" t*e 6!t#ess er$e!e 6*at *e"es$r!(es a#" "!" *e er$e!e a$$+rate,)

!! 'e'or) - t*e a(!,!t) to reta!# 6*at !s er$e!e"- t*e +est!o# *ere !s *as t*e 6!t#ess reta!#e" a# a$$+rate!'ress!o# o *!s er$et!o#

!!! tra#s'!ss!o# - t*e a(!,!t) to tra#s'!t *!s re$o,,e$t!o# o t*e ee#t

#arrat!o#5- t*e +est!o# *ere !s "oes *!s ,a#.+a.e $o#e) t*at!'ress!o# a$$+rate,)

He#$e !# or"er to e#$o+ra.e t*e 6!t#ess to "o *!s (est 6!t* rese$t to ea$* o t*esea$tors a#" to e=ose !#a$$+ra$!es 6*!$* 'a) e#ter !# t*e 6!t#ess s*a,, !"ea,,) (ere+!re" to test!)&

a5 +#"er oat*>(5 !# t*e erso#a, rese#$e o t*e tr!er o a$t "e'ea#or e!"e#$e5> a#"$5 +#"er $ross-e=a'!#at!o#

T*e r+,e a.a!#st t*e *earsa) !s "es!.#e" to !#s+re $o',!a#$e 6!t* t*ese !"ea,$o#"t!o#s a#" 6*e# o#e o t*e' !s a(se#t t*e *earsa) o(/e$t!o# (e$o'es ert!#e#t

T*e r+,e a.a!#st *earsa) e!"e#$e !s to resere t*e r!.*t o t*e art!es to $ross-e=a'!#e t*e or!.!#a, erso#s 6*o *ae k#o6,e".e o t*e tra#sa$t!o# or ee#t

EJCEPTIONS TO 5EARSAY&A7 DYING DECLARATIONSe$t!o# 34 R+,e 1305

Reasons for admissibility P8 v$ C/i++# G.R. N,. 1>>1> 2= N,v&/200>5&

a) #e$ess!t) @ t*e "e$,ara#ts "eat* re#"ers !t !'oss!(,e *!s tak!#. t*e

6!t#ess sta#" a#" !t ote# *ae#s t*at t*ere !s #o ot*er e+a,,)

sat!sa$tor) roo o t*e $r!'e A,,o6!#. a"'!ss!o# o a ")!#."e$,arat!o# t*ereore ree#ts a a!,+re o /+st!$eb) tr+st6ort*!#ess @ #o erso# a6are o *!s !'e#"!#. "eat* 6o+," 'ake a

$are,ess a#" a,se a$$+sat!o# Po!#t o "eat* !s so so,e'# a#" a6+,e+a, to a# oat*

R?*i$i($;Pp vs Cerilla, G.R. No. 11!, %+ Nove('er %&&4 People vs.alafranca, G.R. No.13!*, %% e'ruar$ %&1%4 People vs. 6e7illo, G.R.No.1+#&, 1& 6ece('er %&1%5&+, T&e declaration must concern t&e cause and surroundin$ circumstances of

t&e declarants deat& *not ot&er persons deat&, )&ic& refers not only tot&e facts of t&e assault itself but also to matters bot& before and after t&e

assault &avin$ a direct causal connection )it& itC T*+s state'e#ts!#"!$at!#. "e,!(erat!o# a#" 6!,,+,#ess !# t*e atta$k !#"!$at!#. t*e reaso# or'ot!e or t*e k!,,!#. /+st!)!#. t*e k!,,!#. or !#"!$at!#. t*e a(se#$e o$a+se or t*e a$t are a"'!ss!(,e

., t t&e time t&e declaration )as made t&e declarant must be under t&econsciousness of an impendin$ deat&C

T*e r+,e !s t*at a %=e" (e,!e !# !#e!ta(,e a#" !''!#e#t "eat* '+st (e

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e#terta!#e" () t*e "e$,ara#t It !s t*e (e,!e !# !'e#"!#. "eat* a#" #ot t*era!" s+$$ess!o# o "eat* !# o!#t o a$t t*at re#"ers t*e ")!#. "e$,arat!o#a"'!ss!(,e T*e test !s 6*et*er t*e "e$,ara#t *as a(a#"o#e" a,, *oes os+r!a, a#" ,ooke" at "eat* as $erta!#,) !'e#"!#. B+t take #ote o t*erat!%$at!o# "o$tr!#e 6*!$* states t*at a state'e#t 'a"e +#"er

$!r$+'sta#$es 6*!$* 6o+," #ot re#"er !t a"'!ss!(,e as a ")!#. "e$,arat!o#(e$o'es a"'!ss!(,e as s+$* ! aroe" or reeate" () t*e "e$,ara#t ater*e *a" a(a#"o#e" a,, *oe o re$oer) I# P8 v$ B#&i/# 62 P)i+ 7a,t*o+.* t*e state'e#t !# !tse, !s !#a"'!ss!(,e as a# ante mortem"e$,arat!o# !# as '+$* as t*ere !s #ot*!#. to s*o6 t*at at t*e t!'e *e'a"e !t Seer!#o Haro k#e6 or %r',) (e,!ee" t*at *e 6as at t*e o!#t o"eat* #eert*e,ess ater *a!#. rat!%e" !ts $o#te#ts a 6eek ,ater 6*e# *e6as #ear "eat* as a res+,t o *!s 6o+#"s sa!" "e$,arat!o# !s a"'!ss!(,e as aart o t*at 6*!$* *e 'a"e ante mortem

2, T&e declarant is competent as a )itnessCW*ere t*e "e$,ara#t 6o+," #ot *ae (ee# a $o'ete#t 6!t#ess *a" *es+r!e" t*e roerre" "e$,arat!o#s 6!,, #ot (e a"'!ss!(,e A$$or"!#.,)

"e$,arat!o# 'a"e () a $*!," too )o+#. to (e a $o'ete#t 6!t#ess or () a#!#sa#e !#$aa(,e o +#"ersta#"!#. *!s o6# state'e#ts are #ot a"'!ss!(,eHo6eer t*e res+'t!o# !s t*at "e,$ara#t 6o+," *ae (ee# $o'ete#tG/#+d, #!d A/i#( v$ P,8+ G.R. N,. 1>30= 20 N,v&/200=5

4, T&e declaration must be o3ered in any case )&ere t&e declarants deat& ist&e subject of inuiryG/#+d, #!d A/i#( v$ P,8+. G.R. N,. 1>30=20 N,v&/ 200=7Note& T*e r+,!#. !# Peo,e s Cer!,,a 6*ere t*e S+re'e Co+rt *e," t*at t*e"e$,arat!o# '+st (e o?ere" !# a $r!'!#a, $ase or *o'!$!"e '+r"er orarr!$!"e !# 6*!$* t*e "e$,ara#t !s a !$t!' !s o "o+(t+, a$$+ra$) (e$a+seSe$t!o# 3: R+,e 130 e=ress,) ro!"es t*at ")!#. "e$,arat!o# 'a) (e

re$e!e" !# a#) $ase 6*ere t*e "e$,ara#ts "eat* !s t*e s+(/e$t o !#+!r) ase!"e#$e o t*e $a+se a#" s+rro+#"!#. $!r$+'sta#$es o s+$* "eat*

D,"(/i! , C,8+(!$$ i! /+#(i,! (, d'i! d"+#/#(i,!P8 v$ D 4,'# G.R. N,. >02= = N,v&/ 1


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Reasons for exception:a5 Tr+st6ort*!#ess7re,!a(!,!t)(5 Ne$ess!t)

Pdi/reers to re,at!o#s*! a'!,) .e#ea,o.o) (!rt* 'arr!a.e "eat* t*e

"ate 6*e# a#" ,a$e 6*ere t*ese a$ts o$$+re" a#" #a'es o re,at!es

R?*i$i($;+, T&e declarant must be dead or unable to testify., T&e pedi$ree is in issue or is relevant t&ereto2, T&e person )&ose pedi$ree is in uestion must be related to t&e declarant

by birt& or marria$e4, T&e declaration must be made before t&e controversy iCeC ante litem

motam not only before commencement of suit but before any controversy&as arisen t&ereon

8, T&e relations&ip bet)een t&e declarant and t&e person )&ose pedi$ree is inuestion must be s&o)n by evidence ot&er t&an suc& declarationC

T*!s $o#te',ates o a s!t+at!o# 6*ere t*e art) $,a!'!#. $,a!'a#t5 seeksre$oer) a.a!#st a re,at!e $o''o# to (ot* $,a!'a#t a#" "e$,ara#t t*ere,at!o#s*! o t*e "e$,ara#t to t*e $o''o# re,at!e 'a) #ot (e roe" ()t*e "e$,arat!o# !tse,

T*!s a,!es 6*ere t*e s+(/e$t o t*e "e$,arat!o# !s t*e re,at!o#s*!e"!.ree5 o a re,at!e !s-a-!s a#ot*er re,at!e

E=a',e& I# a# a$t!o# to esta(,!s* t*e stat+s as a# !,,e.!t!'ate "a+.*tert*e $,a!'a#t 'a) !#tro"+$e !# e!"e#$e a# a$t or "e$,arat!o# 'a"e ()*er +rorte" +#$,es 6*o () a$t or "e$,arat!o# a$k#o6,e".e" t*e$,a!'a#t as a# !,,e.!t!'ate "a+.*ter o t*e!r (rot*er Here !#"ee#"e#te!"e#$e o e"!.ree !s #e$essar) (eore t*e a$t or "e$,arat!o# o t*e$*!,"s +rorte" +#$,es $a# (e a"'!tte" as a# e=$et!o# to *earsa)

A# exception to t&e reuirement of independent evidenceo e"!.ree !s6*ere t*e s+(/e$t o t*e "e$,arat!o# !s t*e "e$,ara#ts o6# re,at!o#s!* tot*e $,a!'a#t Here t*e $,a!'a#t seeks to esta(,!s* *!s re,at!o#s*! to t*e"e$,ara#t t*ro+.* t*e "e$,ara#ts o6# "e$,arat!o#

"ase s&o)in$ exception:Ti$,! v$ CA5T*e #!e$e7#e*e6 $,a!'a#ts5 so+.*t to esta(,!s* t*e!r re,at!o#s*! tot*e!r a+#t t*ro+.* t*e a+#ts o6# "e$,arat!o# !# s+ort o t*e!r $,a!'

oer a ort!o# o t*e estate o t*e a+#t 6*!$* t*e) $,a!' to *ae!#*er!te" Here t*ere !s #o #ee" or !#"ee#"e#t e!"e#$e o e"!.reeot*er t*a# t*e a+#ts o6# "e$,arat!o#

D7 FAMILY REPUTATION OR TRADITION REGARDING PEDIGREE Se$t!o# 80 R+,e1305

Reasons for t&e Exception:!5 tr+st6ort*!#ess7rea,!(!t) - s!#$e e"!.ree !#o,es 'atters k#o6# () a'!,)

'e'(ers 6*o are !# t*e (est os!t!o# to k#o6 t*e a$ts> t*e) aree=ress!o# o erso#s 6*o '+st k#o6 t*e tr+t*

!!5 #e$ess!t) - !t !s t*e (est e!"e#$e t*at t*e #at+re o t*e $ase a"'!tsa#" to ree#t '!s$arr!a.e o /+st!$e

T, 627 8#/($&4i$,! v$. C,*/( , A88#+$5!5 test!'o#) o a a'!,) 'e'(er> a#"!!5 a'!,) ossess!o#s

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R?*i$i($;P,8+ v$. A+/#d,5!5 t*ere '+st (e a $o#troers) !# rese$t to e"!.ree o a#) o a'!,)

'e'(ers>

!!5 t*ere '+st (e a re+tat!o# or a tra"!t!o# re.ar"!#. t*e e"!.ree o s+$*a'!,) 'e'(er 6*!$* e=!ste" r!or to t*e $o#troers)>

!!!5t*e 6!t#ess test!)!#. as s+$* re+tat!o# or tra"!t!o# '+st (e a 'e'(er ot*e sa'e a'!,) as t*e erso# 6*ose e"!.ree !s !# +est!o#

DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN ACT OR DECLARATION ABOUT PEDIGREE6S"(i,! 3


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M#/i(i H A++id S/vi"$5

T*e test !s t*e a(se#$e o t*e o+rt+#!t) to $o#$o$t or a(r!$ateDBP P,,+ v$. R#di, Mi!d#!#, N(,/

T*!s !#o,es a# !#s+ra#$e $,a!' a.a!#st a# !#s+ra#$e $o'a#) 6*o

!#oke" as a "ee#se t*e e=$ete" r!sk $,a+se o t*e o,!$) $o#te#"!#.t*at t*e %re 6as $a+se" () re(e,,!o# 6*!$* !s a# e=$ete" r!sk It 6as*e," t*at t*e test!'o#!es o t*e !#est!.ators t*at t*e %re 6as $a+se" ()CPP-NPA re(e,s (ase" o# test!'o#!es o so'e ()-sta#"ers are #ota"'!ss!(,e as art o res .estae !# !e6 o t*e stro#. oss!(!,!t) t*at t*e!#ter!e6 6as #ot 'a"e so#ta#eo+s,) a#" (eore t*e ()-sta#"ers *a"t*e t!'e to $o#tr!e or !#+e#$e" () ot*er a$tors ,!ke e=$*a#.e o!#or'at!o# se$+,at!o# or !",e ta,k

For t*!s e=$et!o# to a,) t*e "e$,ara#t '+st *!'se, (e $o'ete#t totest!) *a" *e (ee# rese#te" !# $o+rt so t*at ! t*e "e$,ara#t 'a"e astate'e#t #ot o# *!s o6# erso#a, k#o6,e".e (+t (ase" o# 6*at *e

*ear" ro' a#ot*er t*e test!'o#) o t*e 6!t#ess 6*o *ear" t*estate'e#t +ttere" () t*e "e$,ara#t !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e as art o res$estae BAR 20115

6ii7 V/+ A"($Statement of t&e rule State'e#ts a$$o'a#)!#. a# e+!o$a, a$t'ater!a, to t*e !ss+e a#" .!!#. !t a ,e.a, s!.#!%$a#$e 'a) (e re$e!e"as art o t*e res $estae S"(i,! 2 $",!d 8#/( R*+ 1305

G. ENTRIES IN T5E COURSE OF BUSINESSStatement of t&e rule: E#tr!es 'a"e at or #ear t*e t!'e o t*e

tra#sa$t!o#s to 6*!$* t*e) reer () a erso# "e$ease" or +#a(,e to test!)6*o 6as !# t*e os!t!o# to k#o6 t*e a$ts t*ere!# state" 'a)(e re$e!e" asr!'a a$!e e!"e#$e ! s+$* erso# 'a"e t*e e#tr!es !# *!s roess!o#a,$aa$!t) or !# t*e eror'a#$e o "+t) a#" !# t*e or"!#ar) or re.+,ar $o+rse o(+s!#ess or "+t)6S"(i,! 3 R*+ 1305

Reasons for t&e Exception:!5 tr+st6ort*!#ess - as t*e e#tr!es 6ere 'a"e !# t*e

or"!#ar) $o+rse o (+s!#ess t*e# t*e) are res+'e" to (e a$$+rate!!5 Ne$ess!t) - as t*e e#tr!es 6ere 'a"e !# t*e or"!#ar) $o+rse o(+s!#ess () erso# !# *!s roess!o#a, $aa$!t) or !# t*e eror'a#$e o"+t) s+$* e#tr!es are "ee'e" () ,a6 as t*e (est e!"e#$e aa!,a(,ea#" s!#$e t*e e#tra#t !s "ea" or +#a(,e to test!) a,,o6!#. t*e a"'!ss!o#

o s+$* e#tr!es as e!"e#$e ree#ts a a!,+re o /+st!$eR?*i$i($;(i) T&e person )&o made t&e entry must be dead or unable to testify

C#!?* v$. C,*/( , A88#+$To roe t*e a$t o "e,!er) o $erta!# $o#str+$t!o# 'ater!a,s SOCORa""+$e" !# e!"e#$e !ts Book o Co,,e$t!(,e A$$o+#ts as test!%e" to () !ts(ook keeer T*e S+re'e Co+rt r+,e" t*at t*e Book o Co,,e$t!(,eA$$o+#ts !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e as e#tr!es !# t*e $o+rse o (+s!#ess (e$a+se&

a5 t*e e#tra#t 6*o !s t*e (ook keeer *erse, !s #ot "ea" or+#a(,e to test!) as s*e !# a$t *a" test!%e"> a#"

(5 t*e 6!t#ess-e#tra#t-(ook keeer a"'!tte" to *a!#. #ok#o6,e".e o t*e e#tr!es 6*!$* 6ere (ase" o# t*e (!,,!#.s +r#!s*e"

*er () t*e ro/e$t e#.!#eer>N,/()$( Ai/+i!$ v$. C)i,!W*!,e t*ere !s #o #e$ess!t) to (r!#. !#to $o+rt a,, t*e e',o)ees 6*o!#"!!"+a,,) 'a"e t*e e#tr!es !# t*e Passe#.er a#!est a#" Passe#.erNa'e Re$or" !t !s s+$!e#t t*at t*e erso# 6*o s+er!se" t*e' 6*!,et*e) are 'ak!#. t*e e#tr!es test!) t*at t*e e#tr!es 6ere reare" +#"er*!s s+er!s!o# a#" t*at t*e e#tr!es 6ere re.+,ar,) e#tere" !# t*e $o+rse

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o (+s!#ess*ii, t&e entries )ere made at or near t&e time of t&e transaction to )&ic& t&ey

refer*ii, t&e entrant )as in a position to >no) t&e facts stated in t&e entries*iii, t&e entries )ere made in &is professional capacity or in a performance of a

duty*iv, t&e entries )ere made in t&e ordinary or re$ular course of business or dutyC

Fa!,+re to roe t*e e=!ste#$e o a,, t*e ore.o!#. e!"e#$e re#"ers t*ee!"e#$e !#a"'!ss!(,e +#"er *earsa) e!"e#$e r+,e6Patula vs. People, G.R.No.1*!!#, 11 April %&1%7

5. ENTRIES IN OFFICIAL RECORDSStatement of t&e rule9 E#tr!es !# o$!a, re$or"s 'a"e !# t*e

eror'a#$e o *!s "+t)() a +(,!$ o$er o t*e P*!,!!#es or () a erso# !#

t*e eror'a#$e o a "+t) ese$!a,,) e#/o!#e" () ,a6 are r!'a a$!e e!"e#$eo t*e a$ts t*ere!# state"6S"(i,! R*+ 1307

Reason for t&e Exception: !ts tr+s6ort*!#ess (ase" o# t*e res+'t!o#o re.+,ar!t) !# t*e eror'a#$e o o$!a, "+t)

R?*i$i($;*i, t&e entry )as made by a public o'cer or by a person

especially enjoined by la) to do so E=a',es o erso#s e#/o!#e" () ,a6 to 'ake reort&

(a) erso#s a+t*or!

(b) S*! Cata!#s (e$a+se t*e) are re+!re" () ,a6 to kee a ,o.(ook6*ere to re$or" a,, !#$!"e#ts o$$+rr!#. o# (oar" t*e esse, a#" a,,"e$!s!o#s t*at *e a"ote" A/(i"+ 12 C,d , C,/"5

*ii, t&e entry must be made by a public o'cer in t&e performance of &is dutiesor by suc& ot&er person in t&e performance of a duty especially enjoined byla) and*iii,t&at t&e public o'cer or ot&er person &ad su'cient >no)led$e of t&e factst&erein stated )&ic& must &ave been acuired by &im personally or t&rou$&o'cial information iCeC it must come from one under a le$al duty to submitt&e sameC

B#/"+,! R,9#$ S"*/i(i$ I!". v$. BIRTo roe ser!$e o t*e re+!re" Not!$e o Assess'e#t BIR rese#te" a BIRRe$or" Book $o#ta!#!#. ,!sts o ta=a)ers #a'es #at+re a#" a'o+#t o ta=t*e re.!str) #+'(er a#" "ate o 'a!,!#. o t*e Not!$e o Assess'e#t astest!%e" to () t*e re$or"s $+sto"!a# It 6as r+,e" t*at t*e BIR Re$or" Book !s#ot a"'!ss!(,e as e#tr!es !# o$!a, re$or"s (e$a+se&a5 t*e e#tr!es 'a"e 6ere #ot (ase" o# t*e erso#a, k#o6,e".e o t*e re$or"s

$+sto"!a#> a#"(5 t*e re$or"s $+sto"!a# "!" #ot attest to t*e a$t t*at s*e a$+!re" t*e reortsro' erso#s +#"er a ,e.a, "+t) to s+('!t t*e sa'e

P,8+ v$. S#! G#&/i+A sta((!#. !#$!"e#t o$$+rre" a#" a# e)e6!t#ess reorte" to t*e o,!$e stat!o#6*ere t*e o,!$e o# "+t) re$or"e" t*e !#$!"e#t !# t*e o,!$e (,otter a"a#$e

!#or'at!o# s*eet5 T*e a$$+se" ar.+e" t*at *e s*o+," (e a$+!tte" s!#$e *e!s #ot t*e o#e #a'e" !# t*e o,!$e (,otter (+t a#ot*er erso# It 6as r+,e" t*att*e o,!$e (,otter !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e as e#tr!es !# o$!a, (+s!#ess $o#s!"er!#.t*at&a5 t*e o,!$e o$er 6*o re$or"e" t*e !#$!"e#t !# t*e o,!$e (,otter *a" #oerso#a, k#o6,e".e o t*e a$ts t*ere!# state"> a#"(5 t*e a$ts state" !# t*e o,!$e (,otter 6ere #ot o(ta!#e" () t*e o,!$e o$ert*ro+.* o$!a, !#or'at!o# s!#$e t*e e)e6!t#ess 6*o reorte" t*e !#$!"e#t !s

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#ot a erso# ese$!a,,) e#/o!#e" () ,a6 to 'ake s+$* reortM#+#'#! I!$*/#!" C,8#!' v$. A+&/(, #!d R'$ G.R. N,.1!!5 s+$* state'e#t !s $o#ta!#e" !# t*e ,!st re.!ster er!o"!$a, or ot*er

+(,!s*e" $o'!,at!o#>!!!5s+$* $o'!,at!o# !s +(,!s*e" or t*e +se o erso#s e#.a.e" !# t*at

o$$+at!o#> a#"!5!t !s .e#era,,) +se" a#" re,!e" +o# () erso#s !# t*e sa'e o$$+at!o#

PNOC S)i88i! #!d T/#!$8,/( v$. C,*/( , A88#+$T*!s arose ro' a $o,,!s!o# (et6ee# t6o 25 esse,s res+,t!#. !# t*e "a'a.e a#"s!#k!#. o o#e o t*e $o,,!"!#. esse,s T*e o6#er o t*e s!#k!#. esse, s+e" or"a'a.es rerese#t!#. t*e re,a$e'e#t a,+e o t*e (oat a#" !ts e+!'e#t

To roe t*e re,a$e'e#t a,+e t*e ,a!#t!? rese#te" !ts .e#era, 'a#a.erto test!) o# so'e r!$e +otat!o#s ro!"e" () ar!o+s s+,!ers It 6as *e,"t*at t*e r!$e +otat!o#s are #ot a"'!ss!(,e as $o''er$!a, ,!sts (e$a+set*e) 6ere !ss+e" erso#a,,) to t*e ,a!#t!? 6*o re+este" or t*e' ro'"ea,ers o s!'!,ar e+!'e#t T*ese are #ot +(,!s*e" !# a#) ,!sts re.!sterer!o"!$a, or ot*er $o'!,at!o# o# t*e re,ea#t s+(/e$t 'atter oreoer t*e)are #ot sta#"ar" *a#"(ooks or er!o"!$a,s $o#ta!#!#. "ate o eer)"a)roess!o#a, #ee" a#" re,!e" +o# !# t*e 6ork o t*e o$$+at!o# T*e) are'ere,) ,etters reso#"!#. to t*e +er!es o ,a!#t!?s 'a#a.er

4. LEARNED TREATIESStatement of t&e rule: a +(,!s*e" treat!se er!o"!$a, or a'*,et o# a s+(/e$to *!stor) ,a6 s$!e#$e or art !s a"'!ss!(,e as te#"!#. to roe t*e tr+t* o t*e'atter state" t*ere!#S"(i,! R*+ 1305Reason for t&e Exception: tr+st6ort*!#ess !t (e!#. (ase" o# t*e 6orks oe=erts

P+(,!s*e" treat!se er!o"!$a,s or a'*,ets o# t*e s+(/e$t o *!stor) ,a6s$!e#$e or art are a"'!ss!(,e !&!5 t*e $o+rt takes /+"!$!a, #ot!$e o t*e'> or!!5 a 6!t#ess e=ert o# t*e s+(/e$t test!%es t*at t*e 6r!ter o t*e state'e#t !#

t*e treat!se er!o"!$a, or a'*,et !s re$o.#!


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*!'S"(i,! > R*+ 1305Reasons for t&e Exception-!5 Ne$ess!t) @ s!#$e t*e 6!t#ess7"eo#e#t !s a,rea") "ea" a#" +#a(,e to

test!) a,,o6!#. !ts a"'!ss!o# as e!"e#$e ree#ts a a!,+re o /+st!$e!!5 Tr+st6ort*!#ess @ s!#$e t*e a"erse art) *a" t*e oort+#!t) to $ross-

e=a'!#e t*e 6!t#ess7"eo#e#t

R?*i$i($;*i, t&e )itness/deponent is dead

T#! v$. C,*/( , A88#+$T*e S+re'e Co+rt r+,e" t*at s+(se+e#t a!,+re or re+sa, to aear att*e rese#t $ase or *ost!,!t) s!#$e test!)!#. at t*e %rst tr!a, "oes #ota'o+#t to !#a(!,!t) to test!) (+t s+$* !#a(!,!t) ro$ee"!#. ro' a .rae$a+se a,'ost a'o+#t!#. to "eat* as 6*e# t*e 6!t#ess !s o," a#" *as,ost t*e o6er o see$* Here t*e 6!t#ess !# +est!o# 6ere aa!,a(,eO#,) t*e) re+se" to test!) No ot*er erso# t*at ree#te" t*e' !s$!te"Certa!#,) t*e) "o #ot $o'e 6!t*!# t*e +r!e6 o t*ose +#a(,e to

test!)*ii, &is testimony or deposition )as $iven in a former case or proceedin$

judicial or administrative bet)een t&e same parties or t&ose representin$ t&esame interestsM#!+i"+i" v$. C#+#*!#!

T*e TSNs o t*e test!'o#!es o t*e 6!t#esses !# t*e $r!'!#a, $ase 6*oare #o6 +#aa!,a(,e to test!) !# t*e $!!, $ase5 are #ot a"'!ss!(,e $o#s!"er!#. t*at t*e e',o)er 6as #ot a art) to t*e $r!'!#a, $ase a#"*a" #o oort+#!t) to $ross-e=a'!#e t*ese 6!t#esses

*iii, t&e former case involved t&e same subject matter as t&at in t&e presentcase alt&ou$& on a di3erent cause of action*iv, t&e former case involved t&e same issue involved in t&e present case

*v, t&e adverse party &ad t&e opportunity to cross5examine t&e)itness/deponentC

L. ADMISSION AGAINST INTERESTStatement of t&e rule@ A# a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# o a art) as to a#)re,ea#t a$t 'a) (e .!e# !# e!"e#$e a.a!#st *!'S"(i,! 2 R*+ 1305Reasons for t&e Exception:!5 tr+st6ort*!#ess @ #o erso# 6o+," 'ake a state'e#t a"erse to *!'se,

+#,ess *e (e,!ees !t to (e tr+e!!5 t*e re+!re'e#t o $ross-e=a'!#at!o# "oes #ot a,) s!#$e t*e "e$,ara#t !s

#ot e=e$te" to $ross-e=a'!#e *!'se,

W*!,e #ot o#e o t*ose e#+'erate" +#"er t*e R+,es o Co+rt as e=$et!o#s to*earsa) e!"e#$e r+,e a"'!ss!o# a.a!#st !#terest +#"er Se$t!o# 2L R+,e 1306as "e$,are" () t*e S+re'e Co+rt as a# e=$et!o# to *earsa) !# t*e $ase oE$(/#d# v$. D$i/(,

M. 5EARSAY EJCEPTION IN C5ILDABUSE CASE Se$ 24 R+,es !# t*eE=a'!#at!o# o C*!," W!t#ess5

Statement of t&e rule- A state'e#t 'a"e () a $*!," 6!t#ess "es$r!(!#. a#) a$tor atte'te" a$t o $*!," a(+se #ot ot*er6!se a"'!ss!(,e +#"er t*e *earsa)r+,e 'a)(e a"'!tte" !# e!"e#$e !# a#) $r!'!#a, or #o#-$r!'!#a, ro$ee"!#.

s+(/e$t to t*e o,,o6!#. r+,es&a5 (eore s+$* *earsa) state'e#t 'a)(e a"'!tte" !ts roo#e#ts*a,, 'ake k#o6# to t*e a"erse art) t*e !#te#t!o# to o?er s+$*state'e#t a#" !ts art!$+,ars to ro!"e *!' a a!r oort+#!t) too(/e$t

(5 ! t*e $*!," !s aa!,a(,e t*e $o+rt s*a,, +o# 'ot!o# o t*ea"erse art) re+!re t*e $*!," to (e rese#t at t*e rese#tat!o#o t*e *earsa) e!"e#$e7state'e#t or $ross-e=a'!#at!o#

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$5 ! t*e $*!," !s +#aa!,a(,e t*e a$t o s+$* $!r$+'sta#$e '+st (eroe" () t*e roo#e#t B+t *!s *earsa) test!'o#) s*a,, (ea"'!tte" o#,) ! $orro(orate" () ot*er a"'!ss!(,e e!"e#$e

T) ")i+d i(!$$ $)#++ & ",!$id/d *!#v#i+#&+ *!d/ () ,++,i!

$i(*#(i,!$;!5 !s "e$ease" s+?ers ro' *)s!$a, !#%r'!t) ,a$k o 'e'or) 'e#ta,

!,,#ess or 6!,, (e e=ose" to seere s)$*o,o.!$a, !#/+r)> or!!5 !s a(se#t ro' t*e *ear!#. a#" t*e roo#e#t o *!s state'e#t *as (ee#

+#a(,e to ro$+re *!s atte#"a#$e () ro$ess or ot*er reaso#a(,e 'ea#s

F#"(,/$ (, ",!$id/ i! /*+i! ,! () #di$$i&i+i(' , $*") )#/$#'$(#(!(;

a5 6*et*er t*ere !s a 'ot!e to ,!e>(5 t*e .e#era, $*ara$ter o t*e "e$,ara#t $*!,">$5 6*et*er 'ore t*a# o#e 15 erso# *ear" t*e state'e#t>"5 6*et*er t*e state'e#t 6as so#ta#eo+s>

e5 t*e t!'!#. o t*e state'e#t a#" t*e re,at!o#s*! (et6ee# t*e "e$,ara#t$*!," a#" t*e 6!t#ess>

5 $ross-e=a'!#at!o# $o+," #ot s*o6 t*e ,a$k o k#o6,e".e o t*e "e$,ara#t$*!,">

.5 t*e oss!(!,!t) o a+,t) re$o,,e$t!o# o t*e "e$,ara#t $*!," !s re'ote> a#"*5 t*e $!r$+'sta#$es s+rro+#"!#. t*e state'e#t are s+$* t*at t*ere !s #o

reaso# to s+ose t*e "e$,ara#t $*!," '!srerese#te" t*e !#o,e'e#t ot*e a$$+se"

N. IN PROCEEDINGS INVOLVING WRIT OF AMPAROG!. Av+i!, R#,! ( #+. v$. M#/' 4#! T#i(i$ ( #+.G!e# t*e +#!+e e!"e#t!ar) "!$+,t!es rese#te" () e#or$e""!saeara#$es $ases t*e a!r a#" roer r+,e !s to $o#s!"er a#) e!"e#$eot*er6!se !#a"'!ss!(,e +#"er o+r +s+a, r+,es to (e a"'!ss!(,e ! !t !s $o#s!ste#t6!t* t*e a"'!ss!(,e e!"e#$e a""+$e" I# ot*er 6or"s 6e re"+$e" o+r r+,es tot*e 'ost (as!$ test o reaso#- !e to t*e re,ea#$e o t*e e!"e#$e to t*e !ss+eat *a#" a#" !ts $o#s!ste#$) 6!t* a,, ot*er !e$es o e!"e#$e a""+$e" T)*$v! )#/$#' vid!" "#! & #di((d i i( $#(i$%$ ()i$ $i"i!i* ($( A$$or"!#.,) t*e S+re'e Co+rt *e," !t "+,) esta(,!s*e" t*atCo, as!' !#or'e" t*e reso#"e#t a#" *er r!e#"s $d ,! ()i!,/#!($ +((/ t*at Ta.!t!s re+te",) a ,!aso# or t*e I a#" 6*o *a" (ee#+#"er s+re!,,a#$e s!#$e a#+ar) 200: 6as !# .oo" *a#"s a#" +#"er$+sto"!a, !#est!.at!o# or $o',!$!t) 6!t* t*e I ater *e 6as see# ta,k!#. to o#e

O'ar Pat!k a#" a $erta!# Sa#tos o B+,a$a#a Ba,!k-Is,a' $*ar.e" 6!t*terror!s' T*!s "es!te t*e a$t t*at t*e !#or'a#ts ,etter 6as a,,e.e",)a,rea") "estro)e" a#" t*e ro(at!e a,+e t*ereo 6as #ot (ase" o# t*eerso#a, k#o6,e".e o t*e 6!t#esses (+t o# t*e k#o6,e".e o so'e ot*ererso# #ot o# t*e 6!t#ess sta#" t*e !#or'a#t5

VII. TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCET$(i,!i#+ vid!" @ $o#s!sts o a 6!t#ess er$et!o# o ast ee#ts asre$o,,e$te" a#" $o''+#!$ate" () *!' ora,,) or !# s+$* ot*er or's o$o''+#!$at!o# It !s a re-$o#str+$t!o# o ast ee#ts 'a"e () a 6!t#ess

eneral rule& t*e test!'o#) o a 6!t#ess '+st (e .!e# ora,,) S"(i,! 1 R*+

1325Exceptions&S"(i,! 1 R*+ 1325

!5 6*e# 6!t#ess !s !#$aa$!tate" to seak>!!5 6*e# +est!o#s $a,, or a "!?ere#t 'o"e o a#s6er>!!!5 6*ere t*e r+,es a,,o6 test!'o#) to (e .!e# !# a"a!t or' s+$* as !# $ases

.oer#e" () t*e R+,es o# S+''ar) Pro$e"+re5

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UALIFICATIONS OF A WITNESS&!5 $a# er$e!e o(serat!o# a$+!re" ro' erso#a, k#o6,e".e5!!5 a#" !# er$e!!#. *e $a# 'ake k#o6# *!s er$et!o# to ot*ers 'e'or) a#"

$o''+#!$at!o#5!!!5 *e '+st take a# oat* or ar'at!o#

!5 '+st #ot ossess a#) o t*e "!s+a,!%$at!o#s !'ose" () ,a6 or t*e r+,es

T*e o,,o6!#. are NOT /,*!d$ ,/ di$?*#+i%"#(i,!o a 6!t#ess&a5 re,!.!o+s (e,!e>(5 o,!t!$a, a,!at!o#>$5 !#terest !# t*e o+t$o'e o t*e $ase>"5 $o#!$t!o# o a $r!'e 9"8(&

!5 a erso# $o#!$te" o t*e $r!'es o a,s!%$at!o# er/+r) or a,se test!'o#)!s "!s+a,!%e" ro' (e!#. a 6!t#ess !# a W!,, T*+s *e !s "!s+a,!%e" ro'test!)!#. !# a ro(ate ro$ee"!#.s>

!!5 a erso# $o#!$te" o a#) $r!'e !#o,!#. 'ora, t+r!t+"e !s "!s+a,!%e"ro' (e!#. a state 6!t#ess T*+s *e $a##ot test!) as a state 6!t#ess !# a

$r!'!#a, $ase %,e" a.a!#st *!' a#" *!s ot*er $o-a$$+se"

DISUALIFICATIONS OF A WITNESS;6A7 Di$?*#+i%"#(i,! &' /#$,! , !(#+ i!"#8#"i(' ,/ i!$#!i(' S"(i,! 21

R*+ 1305A erso# !#$aa(,e o 'ak!#. k#o6# *!s er$et!o# to ot*ers !s "!s+a,!%e" asa 6!t#ess ro!"e" t*e !#$aa$!t) or !#sa#!t) '+st e=!st at t*e t!'e o *!sro"+$t!o# or e=a'!#at!o#

I#$aa$!t)7!#sa#!t) at t*e t!'e o o(serat!o# o t*e ee#t t*at t*e 6!t#ess !saske" to test!) "oes #ot "!s+a,!) t*e 6!t#ess ro' test!)!#. so ,o#. as *e !s$o'ete#t at t*e t!'e o *!s ro"+$t!o# as a 6!t#ess (+t !t a?e$ts *!s

$re"!(!,!t)

6B7 Di$?*#+i%"#(i,! &' /#$,! , i#(*/i('S"(i,! 21 R*+ 1305 Reers to $*!,"re# 6*ose 'e#ta, 'at+r!t) !s s+$* as to re#"er t*e'&

!5 !#$aa(,e o er$e!!#. t*e a$ts rese$t!#. 6*!$* t*e) are e=a'!#e"> a#"!!5 o re,at!#. t*e' tr+t*+,,)

B+t +#"er t*e R+,es o# t*e E=a'!#at!o# o a C*!," W!t#ess A No00-0:-SC5 eer) $*!," !s res+'e" $o'ete#t T*+s t*e art) 6*o a,,e.es t*e$o#trar) '+st roe t*at t*e $*!," 6!t#ess !s "!s+a,!%e" () reaso# o *!s'e#ta, !''at+r!t)

6C7 Di$?*#+i%"#(i,! &' /#$,! , #//i# ,()/i$ !,! #$ #/i(#+di$?*#+i%"#(i,! /*+ ,/ $8,*$#+ i*!i('S"(i,! 22 R*+ 1305Purposes of t&e rule:

a5 resere 'ar!ta, re,at!o#s a#" ro'ote "o'est!$ ea$e> (5 ree#t er/+r)

R?*i$i($;*i, must be le$ally married

A+v#/ v$. R#i/

Ee# ! t*e so+ses are st!,, ,e.a,,) 'arr!e" (+t t*e!r re,at!o#s*! !sa,rea") stra!#e" t*e 'ar!ta, "!s+a,!%$at!o# r+,e or so+sa, !''+#!t)"oes #ot a,) a#" t*ereore t*e 6!e 'a) test!) a.a!#st *!s *+s(a#"

T*e reaso# or t*!s r+,e !s t*at 6*e# t*e so+ses are a,rea")estra#.e" t*ere !s #o 'ore "o'est!$ ea$e to resere

*ii, t&e )itness5spouse could eit&er be a party to t&e case or not but t&e ot&erspouse must be a party

*iii,t&e testimony may be for or a$ainst t&e party5spouse and

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*iv,t&e testimony is o3ered durin$ t&e marria$e not before and not after itsdissolutionC

A,!es to a#) $ase7a$t!o#7ro$ee"!#.s a#" $oers test!'o#!a, o(/e$t or"o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e T*+s e!t*er so+se 'a) #ot (e $o'e,,e" to ro"+$e

"o$+'e#ts or o(/e$t e!"e#$e 'a) (e !#$r!'!#ate t*e ot*er

T*e 'ar!ta, "!s+a,!%$at!o# r+,e or so+sa, !''+#!t) $eases +o# "!sso,+t!o#o t*e 'arr!a.e e!t*er () "eat* or ot*er .ro+#"s

E9"8(i,!$ (, M#/i(#+ Di$?*#+i%"#(i,! R*+ ,/ S8,*$#+ I*!i('&!5 !# a $!!, $ase () o#e so+ses a.a!#st t*e ot*er> a#"

!!5 !# a $r!'!#a, $ase !#o,!#. a $r!'e $o''!tte" () o#e so+se a.a!#st t*e6!t#ess-so+se or a.a!#st t*e "!re$t "es$e#"a#ts or as$e#"a#ts o t*e 6!t#ess-so+se

6D7 Di$?*#+i%"#(i,! &' R#$,! , D#() ,/ I!$#!i(' ,()/i$ !,! #$

() D#d M#! S(#(*( ,/ S*/viv,/$)i8 Di$?*#+i%"#(i,! R*+ 6S"(i,!23 R*+ 1307

Purpose of t&e rule:!5 to ao!" er/+r) s!#$e t*e ot*er art) !s a,rea") "ea" t*e te'tat!o# o#t*e art) o t*e s+r!!#. art) to resort to a,se*oo" !s *!.*>!!5 to ,ee, ,a)!#. %e," as t*e "ea" art) !s #o ,o#.er aro+#" to te,, *!s o6#ta,e a#" re+te t*at o t*e s+r!!#. art)

R?*i$i($;*i, t&e defendant in t&e case is t&e executor administrator or a representativeof t&e deceased or person of unsound mind

G*///, v$. S(. C+#i/ R#+(' ( #+.T*e Dea" a# Stat+te "oes #ot a,) a#" t*ereore a 6!t#ess 'a)test!) o# a a$t 6*!$* took ,a$e r!or to t*e "eat* o t*e "e$ease"$o#s!"er!#. t*at t*e "ee#"a#ts !# t*e $ase 6ere s+e" !# t*e!r erso#a,a#" !#"!!"+a, $aa$!t) as (+)ers o t*e ,ot !# +est!o# a#" #ot asrerese#tat!es o t*e "e$ease" ro' 6*o' t*e) +r$*ase" t*e s+(/e$t,ot

*ii, t&e suit is upon a claim by t&e plainti3 a$ainst t&e estate of t&e deceasedperson or of unsound mindC

Co#erse,) ! t*e estate o t*e "e$ease" erso# or t*e erso# o+#so+#" '!#" !s t*e $,a!'a#t or $o+#ter-$,a!'a#t t*e r+,e "oes #ota,)

T,!", v$. Vi#!,!Dea" a# Stat+te or S+r!ors*! D!s+a,!%$at!o# R+,e "oes #ot a,)s!#$e t*e ,a!#t!? or $,a!'a#t !s t*e estate o t*e "e$ease" *+s(a#"as rerese#te" () t*e e=e$+tor a#" t*e $ase or re$oer) o roert) !s%,e" a.a!#st t*e 6!"o6R#,! v$. IACDea" a# Stat+te or S+r!ors*! D!s+a,!%$at!o# R+,e "oes #ot a,)s!#$e t*e ,a!#t!? or $,a!'a#t !# t*e $ase !s t*e estate o t*e "e$ease"erso# a#" t*e $ase !s %,e" a.a!#st t*e "ee#"a#t to re$oer t*e s*areso sto$ks (e,o#.!#. to t*e "e$ease" #o6 (e!#. rerese#te" () *!sestateG,!i v$. C,*/( , A88#+$

Dea" a# Stat+te or S+r!ors*! D!s+a,!%$at!o# R+,e "oes #ot a,)(e$a+se t*e 6!t#ess test!%e" to s+(sta#t!ate t*e $o+#ter$,a!' o t*eestate o t*e "e$ease" a.a!#st t*e ,a!#t!? !# t*e $ase T*+s !#soaras t*e $o+#ter$,a!' !s $o#$er#e" t*e estate o t*e "e$ease" erso# !s"ee'e" to (e t*e $,a!'a#t a,t*o+.* !t !s t*e "ee#"!#. art) !#soaras t*e $o',a!#t o t*e ,a!#t!? !s $o#$er#e"

*iii, t&e )itness is t&e plainti3 or t&e assi$nor of t&at party5plainti3 or a

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person in )&ose be&alf t&e case is prosecutedC 1f t&e )itness is somebodyelse t&e rule does not applyC

G*///, v$. S#i!( C+#i/ R#+('Dea" a# Stat+te or S+r!ors*! D!s+a,!%$at!o# r+,e "oes #ot a,)s!#$e t*e 6!t#ess !s a# or"!#ar) 6!t#ess #ot t*e ,a!#t!? #or t*e

ass!.#or o t*e ,a!#t!? #or t*e erso# !# 6*ose (e*a, t*e $ase !srose$+te"Li")#*", v$. A(+#!(i" G*+Dea" a# Stat+te or S+r!ors*! D!s+a,!%$at!o# R+,e "oes #ot a,)s!#$e t*e ,a!#t!? !s a Cororat!o# a#" t*e 6!t#ess a,t*o+.* o$er ot*e Cororat!o# !s #ot t*e ,a!#t!? !tse,

O()/ i8,/(#!( 8/i!"i8+$ /+#(iv (, D#d M#! S(#(*( ,/S*/viv,/$)i8 Di$?*#+i%"#(i,! R*+;a5 O(/e$t!o# (ase" o# Dea" a# Stat+te or S+r!ors*! D!s+a,!%$at!o#

R+,e !s "ee'e" 6a!e" () a!,+re to o(/e$t t!'e,) or () $ross-e=a'!#!#.t*e 6!t#ess o# t*e 'atter ot*er6!se !#a"'!ss!(,e +#"er t*e r+,e

A&/#)# v$. R"(,-K#$(!5(5 T*e r+,e "oes #ot a,) ! t*e 'atter s+(/e$t o t*e test!'o#) o a#

ot*er6!se "!s+a,!%e" 6!t#ess reers to a tra#sa$t!o# or ee#t e#tere"!#to () t*e "e$ease" t*ro+.* a# a.e#t a#" t*e a.e#t !s st!,, a,!e T*ereaso# or t*!s r+,e (e!#. t*at s!#$e t*e a.e#t *as erso#a, k#o6,e".eo t*e tra#sa$t!o# *a!#. e#tere" !#to t*e sa'e o# (e*a, o t*er!#$!a, t*e a.e#t $a# er) 6e,, rote$t t*e !#terest o *!s r!#$!a,6*o !s #o6 "e$ease" a#" t*ereore t*e estate o t*e "e$ease" $a##ot(e "ee'e" to (e at a "!sa"a#ta.e as t*e a.e#t $a# a,6a)s $o#troert6*ateer a,se*oo" t*e s+r!!#. art) 'a) e"",e !# t*e $o+rt a(o+tt*e tra#sa$t!o# !# +est!o# G,!i v$. C,*/( , A88#+$5

$5 T*e "!s+a,!%$at!o# $oers test!'o#) re.ar"!#. a$ts t*at ,""*//d or

(/#!$8i/dr!or to t*e "eat* o t*e "e$ease" a.a!#st 6*ose estatet*e $ase !s %,e"> !t "oes #ot a,) ! t*e 6!t#ess 6o+," test!) t*at a$erta!# a$t or ee#t did !,( ,""*/ M!d,!# v$. Vd# D G,i(i#5

6E7 Di$?*#+i%"#(i,! &' R#$,! , P/ivi+ C,*!i"#(i,! 6S"(i,! 2R*+ 1307

Purpose/s of t&e rule:!5 to e#$o+ra.e +,, "!s$,os+re o !#or'at!o# #e$essar) or e?e$t!eeror'a#$e o "+t!es7o(,!.at!o#s>!!5 to resere a#" rote$t $o#%"e#t!a, !#or'at!o#

G!/#+ P/i!"i8+$ C,,! T, A++ Ki!d$ , P/ivi+C,*!i"#(i,!$;

*1, %&o may assert/invo>e t&e privile$eG!5 Be!#. erso#a, !# #at+re t*!s $a# o#,) (e $,a!'e" () t*e *o,"er ot*e r!!,e.e t*at !s t*e erso# 6*ose !#terest or re,at!o#s*! !s so+.*tto (e rote$te" !e $o''+#!$at!#. so+se $,!e#t at!e#t e#!te#t5>!!5 I# $ase t*e *o,"er !s a(se#t 6*e# t*e test!'o#) !s so+.*t t*e$o+rt or ot*er art) 'a) assert a,t*o+.* t*e r!!,e.e !s erso#a,>!!!5 t*e erso#s to 6*o' t*e r!!,e.e $o''+#!$at!o# 6as tra#s'!tte"t*e re$!!e#t so+se ,a6)er *)s!$!a# r!est5 ro!"e" t*e *o,"er!s a,!e a#" *as #ot 6a!e" t*e r!!,e.e

*11, T&e privile$e communication rule survives t&e deat& of t&e A&olderBC

*111, T&e privile$e communication rule cannot be invo>ed to perpetrate crimeor injusticeC

P/ivi+d C,*!i"#(i,!;6A7 M#/i(#+ P/ivi+ C,*!i"#(i,!

R?*i$i($;*a, spouses must be le$ally marriedC*b, t&e case involves communication oral or )ritten made durin$ t&e

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marria$eC*c, t&e communication )as made con(dentiallyCP8 v$. C#/+,$

T*e ,etter o t*e 6!e a""resse" to t*e *+s(a#" 6*!$* 6as se!


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ree#t!e treat'e#t T*+s a+tos) #ot $oere" a#" o#,) t*ete#or o t*e a"!$e treat'e#t or !#or'at!o# !s ro*!(!te" ro'(e!#. "!s$,ose" #ot t*e a$t o $o#s+,tat!o# Li v$. C,*/( ,A88#+$5*iii, t&e information sou$&t to be disclosed )ould tend to blac>en

t&e reputation of t&e patientC*iv, t&e privile$e is claimed or invo>ed only in civil cases or special

proceedin$s for t&e rule does not apply in criminal casesC

R+#(d P/,vi$i,!$ *!d/ R*+ 2= , () 1


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21J o t*e Fa'!,) Co"e test!'o#!a, r!!,e.e !s #ot a "!s+a,!%$at!o#r+,e (+t o#,) a r!!,e.e #ot to (e $o'e,,e" to test!) as a 6!t#ess

T*+s ! t*e *o,"er o t*e r!!,e.e 6!s*es to test!) t*e art) a.a!#st6*o' *!s test!'o#) !s o?ere" !# e!"e#$e $a##ot o(/e$t

VIII. OPINION RULE

enerally o!#!o# o a 6!t#ess !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e ection !+, Rule 13&5Reason - $ases s*o+," (e "e$!"e" (ase" o# a$ts

Exceptions to t&e $eneral rule:6i7 E98/( ,8i!i,!- t*e o!#!o# o a 6!t#ess o# a 'atter re+!r!#. se$!a,k#o6,e".e sk!,, e=er!e#$e or tra!#!#. 6*!$* *e !s s*o6# to ossess 'a)(ere$e!e" !# e!"e#$e ection !", Rule 13&5>

6ii7 O8i!i,! , ,/di!#/' i(!$$;a5 t*e o!#!o# o a 6!t#ess or 6*!$* roer (as!s !s .!e# 'a) (e re$e!e" !#e!"e#$e re.ar"!#. @

15 t*e !"e#t!t) o a erso# a(o+t 6*o' *e *as a"e+ate k#o6,e".e>25 a *a#"6r!t!#. 6!t* 6*!$* *e *as s+$!e#t a'!,!ar!t)> a#"35 t*e 'e#ta, sa#!t) o a erso# 6!t* 6*o' *e !s s+$!e#t,)

a$+a!#te"(5 t*e 6!t#ess 'a) a,so test!) o# *!s !'ress!o#s o t*e e'ot!o#

(e*a!or $o#"!t!o# or aeara#$e o a erso#

IJ. C5ARACTER EVIDENCE;

enerally e!"e#$e o a erso#s $*ara$ter !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e 6ection #1, Rule13&7. Reaso# - $ases s*o+," (e "e$!"e" (ase" o# t*e a$ts or o'!ss!o#s $o',a!#e"o a#" #ot o# t*e $*ara$ter or erso#a,!t!es o t*e art!es !#o,e"

Exceptions to t&e $eneral rule:6#7 I! C/ii!#+ C#$$;

15 T*e a$$+se" 'a) roe *!s .oo" 'ora, $*ara$ter 6*!$* !s ert!#e#t tot*e 'ora, tra!t !#o,e" !# t*e o?e#se $*ar.e">25 U#,ess !# re(+tta, t*e rose$+t!o# 'a) #ot roe *!s (a" 'ora,$*ara$ter 6*!$* !s ert!#e#t to t*e 'ora, tra!t !#o,e" !# t*e o?e#se$*ar.e">35 T*e .oo" or (a" 'ora, $*ara$ter o t*e o?e#"e" art) 'a) (e roe"! !t te#"s to esta(,!s* !# a#) reaso#a(,e "e.ree t*e ro(a(!,!t) o t*eo?e#se $*ar.e"

Corre,ate t*!s 6!t* t*e Rape hiel/ Rule +#"er RA No4J0J ot*er6!sek#o6# as Rae V!$t!' Ass!sta#$e a#" Prote$t!o# A$t o 1994 6*!$* ro!"est*at I# rose$+t!o# or rae e!"e#$e o $o',a!#a#ts ast se=+a, $o#"+$to!#!o# t*ereo or o *!s7*er re+tat!o# s*a,, #ot (e a"'!tte" +#,ess a#" o#,)to t*e e=te#t t*at t*e $o+rt %#"s t*at s+$* e!"e#$e !s 'ater!a, a#" re,ea#tto t*e $ase

6&7 I! Civi+ C#$$;E!"e#$e o t*e 'ora, $*ara$ter o art) !# a $!!, $ase !s a"'!ss!(,e o#,)6*e# ert!#e#t to t*e !ss+e o $*ara$ter !#o,e" !# t*e $ase

6"7 Evid!" , ,,d ")#/#"(/ , # i(!$$;E!"e#$e o t*e .oo" $*ara$ter o a 6!t#ess !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e +#t!, s+$*

$*ara$ter *as (ee# !'ea$*e" ection 1!, Rule 13%5Reason@ t*e .oo" $*ara$ter o a 6!t#ess !s res+'e"

J. PRESENTATION OF EVIDENCE;6A7 O/d/ i! () 9#i!#(i,! , #! i!divid*#+ i(!$$ ection !, Rule13%5&

!5 "!re$t e=a'!#at!o# () t*e roo#e#t>

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!!5 $ross-e=a'!#at!o# () t*e oo#e#t>!!!5 Re-"!re$t e=a'!#at!o# () t*e roo#e#t>!5 Re-$ross e=a'!#at!o# () t*e roo#e#t

6B7 R"#++i! # i(!$$@ ater t*e e=a'!#at!o# o a 6!t#ess() (ot* s!"es *as (ee# $o#$,+"e" t*e 6!t#ess $a##ot (e

re$a,,e" 6!t*o+t ,eae o $o+rt T*e $o+rt 6!,, .ra#t or6!t**o," ,eae as t*e !#terest o /+st!$e 'a) re+!re ection", Rule 13%5

6C7 O&"(i,!#&+ ?*$(i,!$;6i7 L#di! ?*$(i,!@ a +est!o# 6*!$* s+..ests

to t*e 6!t#ess t*e a#s6er 6*!$* t*e e=a'!#er "es!res !s#ot a,,o6e" S"(i,!10 R*+ 1325

Exceptions& A ,ea"!#. +est!o# 'a)(e a,,o6e"-15 O# $ross-e=a'!#at!o#>25 O# re,!'!#ar) 'atters>

35 6*e# t*ere !s "!$+,t) !# .ett!#. "!re$t a#"!#te,,!.!(,e a#s6er ro' a 6!t#ess 6*o !s !.#ora#t or a $*!," o

te#"er )ears or !s ee(,e '!#" or "ea-'+te>85 o a# +#6!,,!#. or *ost!,e 6!t#ess>J5 o a# a"erse art)- 6!t#ess

6ii7 Mi$+#di! ?*$(i,! @ a +est!o# 6*!$*ass+'es as tr+e a a$t #ot )et test!%e" to () t*e 6!t#essor $o#trar) to t*at 6*!$* *e *as re!o+s,) state" !s #ota,,o6e"

6D7 I8#")!( , #dv/$ 8#/('$ i(!$$ 6ection 11, Rule 13%7;A 6!t#ess 'a) (e !'ea$*e" () t*e art) a.a!#st 6*o' *e 6as $a,,e" ()&

!5 $o#tra"!$tor) e!"e#$e>!!5 e!"e#$e t*at *!s .e#era, re+tat!o# or tr+t* *o#est) or !#te.r!t)

!s (a"> or

!!!5 e!"e#$e t*at *e *as 'a"e at ot*er t!'es state'e#ts !#$o#s!ste#t6!t* *!s rese#t test!'o#)

A 6!t#ess 'a) !,((e !'ea$*e" () e!"e#$e o art!$+,ar 6ro#.+, a$te=$et t*at t*e 6!t#ess 'a) (e roe" to *ae (ee# $o#!$te" o a# o?e#se()&

!5 () t*e e=a'!#at!o# o t*e 6!t#ess re.ar"!#. t*e a$t o r!or$o#!$t!o#> or

!!5 () t*e re$or" o t*e $o+rt "e$!s!o# $o#!$t!#. *!' o a# o?e#se6E7 R?*i$i($ ,/ i8#")i! () i(!$$ , () #dv/$ 8#/(' &' vid!", i!",!$i$(!( $(#(!(;

!5 t*e state'e#t '+st (e re,ate" to *!' 6!t* t*e $!r$+'sta#$es o t*et!'es a#" ,a$es a#" t*e erso#s rese#t>!!5 t*e 6!t#ess '+st (e aske" 6*et*er *e 'a"e s+$* state'e#ts>!!!5 a#" ! a"'!ts t*at *e "!" so t*e# *e '+st (e a,,o6e" to e=,a!# t*e!#$o#s!ste#$) (et6ee# *!s r!or state'e#t a#" *!s rese#ttest!'o#)ection 13, Rule 13%5

6F7 A 8#/(' #' !,( i8#") )i$ ,! i(!$$ 6S"(i,! 12 R*+ 1327.Reason& () $a,,!#. t*e 6!t#ess to t*e sta#" t*e roo#e#t o+$*es to t*e$re"!(!,!t) a#" *o#est) o *!s 6!t#essExceptions& ection 1%, Rule 13%5

!5 ! t*e 6!t#ess !s *ost!,e or +#6!,,!#.> or!!5 ! t*e 6!t#ess !s t*e a"erse art) or t*e o$er "!re$tor 'a#a.!#.

a.e#t o a $ ororat!o# or art#ers*! or asso$!at!o# 6*!$* !s a#a"erse art)

JI. OFFER AND OB4ECTIONT*e $o+rt s*a,, $o#s!"er #o e!"e#$e 6*!$* *as #ot (ee# or'a,,) o?ere" T*e+rose or 6*!$* t*e e!"e#$e !s o?ere" '+st (e se$!%e" S"(i,! 2 R*+1325 I t*e +rose !s #ot se$!%e" t*e e!"e#$e '+st (e e=$,+"e" U!iidS#+$ v$. Ti(#!-Id#5

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Exception&As ,o#. as t*e e!"e#$e *as (ee# roer,) !"e#t!%e" () test!'o#) "+,) re$or"e" a#"!#$ororate" !# t*e re$or"s o t*e $ase t*e e!"e#$e 'a) st!,, (e $o#s!"ere" () t*e$o+rt ee# ! #ot or'a,,) o?ere"6P8 v$. Li&!#,7.

Reasons )&y t&e purpose must be speci(ed:!5 To e#a(,e t*e a"erse art) to 'ake !#te,,!.e#t o(/e$t!o# to t*e or'a,

o?er>!!5 To e#a(,e t*e $o+rt to r+,e roer,) o# t*e o(/e$t!o# s!#$e a# e!"e#$e'a)(e a"'!ss!(,e or o#e +rose (+t !#a"'!ss!(,e or a#ot*er +rose +#"ert*e r!#$!,e o '+,t!,e a"'!ss!(!,!t) U!iid S#+$ v$. Ti(#!-Id#5

Ti (, # # ,/#+ ,/ , vid!" S"(i,! 3 R*+ 1325 @ t*e t!'e to'ake a or'a, o?er "ee#"s o# t*e k!#" o e!"e#$e (e!#. or'a,,) o?ere"&*+, 1f evidence consists of oral testimony of )itnesses H t&e o3er must be made at

t&e time t&e )itness is called to testifyCK+er)& W*at !s t*e e?e$t ! t*e 6!t#ess 6as a,,o6e" to test!)

6!t*o+t t*e roo#e#t 'ak!#. a or'a, o?er o t*e roose"test!'o#) (+t t*e a"erse art) "!" #ot a,so o(/e$t t*ereto(eore t*e 6!t#ess 6as a(,e to test!) a#" $o',ete *!stest!'o#)

A#s6er& T*e test!'o#) !s a"'!ss!(,e as t*e a"erse art) 6as "ee'e" to*ae 6a!e" *!s r!.*t to t*e o(/e$t!o#

Concepcion Catuira vs. CAFa$ts& Cat+!ra 6as $*ar.e" 6!t* t6o 25 $o+#ts o Estafa or !ss+!#.(o+#$!#. $*e$ks D+r!#. t*e tr!a, t*e rose$+t!o# rese#te" t*er!ate $o',a!#a#t 6*o $o',ete" *er test!'o#) 6!t*o+t a or'a,o?er *a!#. (ee# 'a"e As soo# as t*e rose$+t!o# reste" !ts $ase t*ea$$+se" %,e" a De'+rrer to E!"e#$e o# t*e .ro+#" t*at t*e test!'o#)o t*e 6!t#ess !s !#a"'!ss!(,e !# e!"e#$e or ,a$k o or'a, o?er

R+,!#.&!5 T*e reaso# or re+!r!#. t*at e!"e#$e (e or'a,,) o?ere" !s to

e#a(,e t*e $o+rt to r+,e !#te,,!.e#t,) o# t*e o(/e$t!o# to t*e +est!o#saske"

!!5 As a .e#era, r+,e t*e roo#e#t '+st s*o6 !ts re,ea#$)'ater!a,!t) a#" $o'ete#$) W*ere t*e roo#e#t o?ers e!"e#$e"ee'e" () $o+#se, o t*e a"erse art) to (e !#a"'!ss!(,e or a#)reaso# t*e ,atter 'a) o(/e$t to !ts a"'!ss!o# B+t t*!s !s a 'ere

r!!,e.e 6*!$* $a# (e 6a!e" Ne$essar!,) t*e o(/e$t!o# '+st (e'a"e at t*e ear,!est oort+#!t) ,est s!,e#$e 6*ere t*ere !s oort+#!t)to seak 'a) oerate as a 6a!er o t*e o(/e$t!o#

!!!5 W*!,e !t !s tr+e t*at t*e rose$+t!o# a!,e" to o?er t*e+est!o#e" test!'o#) 6*e# r!ate $o',a!#a#t 6as $a,,e" to t*e6!t#ess sta#" t*e a$$+se" 6a!e" t*!s ro$e"+ra, error () a!,!#. too(/e$t at t*e aror!ate t!'e !e 6*e# t*e .ro+#" or o(/e$t!o#(e$a'e reaso#a(,) 'a#!est t*e 'o'e#t 6!t* 6!t#ess 6as $a,,e" totest!) 6!t*o+t a#) r!or o?er *a!#. (ee# 'a"e () t*e roo#e#t

*., Object/documentary evidence H t&e formal o3er must be made after t&epresentation of a partys testimonial evidence or )itnessesC

S+$* o?er '+st (e "o#e ora,,) +#,ess a,,o6e" () t*e $o+rt to (e 'a"e !#

6r!t!#.

Ti (, # ,&"(i,! S"(i,! 3 R*+ 1325 @ It "ee#"s o# t*e k!#" oe!"e#$e (e!#. o(/e$te" to&*+, 1f oral testimony:

!5 o(/e$t!o# to e!"e#$e o?ere" ora,,) '+st (e 'a"e !''e"!ate,) ater t*eo?er !s 'a"e C#(*i/# v$. CA5

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!!5o(/e$t!o# to +est!o# roo+#"e" !# t*e $o+rse o t*e ora, e=a'!#at!o# o a6!t#ess s*a,, (e 'a"e as soo# as t*e .ro+#"s t*ereore s*a,, (e$o'ereaso#a(,) 'a#!est

*., 1f object/documentary evidence:!5 o(/e$t!o# to o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e o?ere" ora,,) s*a,, (e 'a"e

!''e"!ate,) ater t*e o?er !s 'a"e>!!5 o(/e$t!o# to o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e o?ere" !# 6r!t!#. s*a,, (e 'a"et*ree 35 "a)s ater #ot!$e o t*e o?er +#,ess a "!?ere#t er!o" !s a,,o6e" ()t*e $o+rt

K+er)& W*at !s t*e e?e$t ! a# !#a"'!ss!(,e o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar)e!"e#$e 6as o(/e$te" to at t*e t!'e !t 6as !#tro"+$e" !"e#t!%e" a#"'arke" as e=*!(!t (+t #ot o(/e$te" to 6*e# or'a,,) o?ere"A#6er& T*e e!"e#$e ot*er6!se !#a"'!ss!(,e '+st (ea"'!tte"7$o#s!"ere" I!(/8#"i%" T/#!$i( I!". v$. Avi+$5Reason& O(/e$t!o# to o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e '+st (e 'a"eat t*e t!'e !t !s or'a,,) o?ere" #ot ear,!er O(/e$t!o# r!or to or'a,

o?er !s re-'at+re T*e !"e#t!%$at!o# o t*e o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar)e!"e#$e (eore !t !s 'arke" as a# e=*!(!t "oes #ot $o#st!t+te or'a,o?er O(/e$t!o# to t*e !"e#t!%$at!o# a#" 'ark!#. !s #ot e+!a,e#t too(/e$t!o# to t*e o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e 6*e# !t !s or'a,,)o?ere" W*at rea,,) 'atters !s t*e o(/e$t!o# 'a"e at t*e t!'e !t !sor'a,,) o?ere" as a# e!"e#$e

K+er)& W*at !s t*e e?e$t ! a# !#a"'!ss!(,e o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar)e!"e#$e 6as #ot o(/e$te" to "+r!#. !ts !#tro"+$t!o# !"e#t!%$at!o# a#"'ark!#. (+t 6as o(/e$te" to "+r!#. t*e or'a, o?er Does t*e a!,+re too(/e$t "+r!#. t*e !#tro"+$t!o# !"e#t!%$at!o# a#" 'ark!#. $o#st!t+te a6a!er o t*e r!!,e.e to o(/e$t res+,t!#. !# t*e e!"e#$e ot*er6!se

!#a"'!ss!(,e (e$o'!#. a"'!ss!(,eA#s6er& T*e o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e '+st (e e=$,+"e"M#"#$i/#' v$. P,8+ , () P)i+i88i!$5Reason& S!#$e o(/e$t!o# to o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e '+st (e'a"e o#,) ater t*e o?er !s 'a"e a#" #ot at a#) ot*er t!'e #o 6a!ero t*e r!!,e.e to o(/e$t s*a,, take ,a$e () t*e a!,+re to o(/e$t 6*e#t*e o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e 6as 'arke" !"e#t!%e" a#"!#tro"+$e" "+r!#. t*e tr!a, o(!o+s,) (e$a+se !t 6as #ot t*e roert!'e to 'ake o(/e$t!o#

K+er)& W*at '+st a# a"erse art) "o 6*e# !t (e$o'esreaso#a(,) aare#t !# t*e $o+rse o t*e e=a'!#at!o# o a 6!t#ess t*att*e +est!o#s (e!#. roo+#"e" are o t*e sa'e $,ass as t*ose to6*!$* o(/e$t!o# *as (ee# 'a"e 6*et*er s+sta!#e" or oerr+,e" () t*e$o+rtA#s6er& It s*a,, #ot (e #e$essar) to reeat t*e o(/e$t!o# (+t !t !ss+$!e#t to re$or" a $o#t!#+!#. o(/e$t!o# to s+$* $,ass o +est!o#sS"(i,! 3> R*+ 1325

K+er)& W*e# '+st t*e $o+rt 'ake a r+,!#. o# t*e o(/e$t!o#A#s6er& It '+st (e .!e# !''e"!ate,) ater t*e o(/e$t!o# !s ra!se"+#,ess t*e $o+rt "es!res to take reaso#a(,e t!'e to !#or' !tse, o# t*e+est!o# rese#te"S"(i,! 3= R*+ 1325

K+er)& a) t*e $o+rt s+se#" t*e r+,!#. () s!',) stat!#.t*at t*e o(/e$t!o# !s #ote" or t*at t*e o(/e$t!o# 6!,, (e $o#s!"ere"6*e# t*e $o+rt reso,es t*e $ase o# t*e 'er!tsA#s6er& No t*e reserat!o# or *o,"!#. !# a(e)a#$e o a r+,!#. o#a# o(/e$t!o# !s "!sa"a#ta.eo+s a#" re/+"!$!a, to t*e art) !#teros!#.t*e o(/e$t!o# W!t*o+t t*e "e%#!te r+,!#. t*e art) o(/e$t!#. 6o+," (e,et !# t*e "ark as to 6*at roer $o+rse o a$t!o# to take +#"er t*e

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$!r$+'sta#$es

K+er)& W*at !s t*e re'e") o t*e roo#e#t ! *!s roose"e!"e#$e !s e=$,+"e" () t*e $o+rtA#s6er& T*e roo#e#t 'a) resort to T!d/ , E9"+*dd

Evid!" ot*er6!se k#o6# as O/ , P/,, S"(i,! 0 R*+1325 !# t*e o,,o6!#. 'a##er&

!5 ! t*ee=$,+"e" e!"e#$e !so(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar) @ ()atta$*!#. !t to 'ak!#. !t art ot*e re$or"s o t*e $ase>

!!5 ! t*ee=$,+"e" e!"e#$e !s test!'o#!a,@ () stat!#. or t*e re$or" t*e#a'e a#" ot*er erso#a,$!r$+'sta#$es o t*e 6!t#ess

a#" t*e s+(sta#$e o t*eroose" test!'o#)

JII. AUT5ENTICATION AND PROOF OF DOCUMENTS&For +roses o t*e!r rese#tat!o# !# e!"e#$e "o$+'e#ts are e!t*er +(,!$ or

r!ate

T*e o,,o6!#. are P*&+i" D,"*!($& S"(i,! 1!!!5 +(,!$ re$or"s o r!ate "o$+'e#ts ket !# t*e P*!,!!#es

A P/iv#( D,"*!(!s o#e #ot a,,!#. +#"er a#) o t*e ore.o!#. e#+'erat!o#s o+(,!$ "o$+'e#ts

K+er)& W*at !s t*e ro(at!e a,+e o +(,!$ "o$+'e#ts as e!"e#$eA#s6er&

!5 "o$+'e#ts $o#s!st!#. o e#tr!es !# +(,!$ re$or"s 'a"e !# t*eeror'a#$e o a "+t) () a +(,!$ o$er are r!'a a$!e e!"e#$e ot*e a$ts state" t*ere!#>!!5 a,, ot*er +(,!$ "o$+'e#ts are e!"e#$e ee# a.a!#st a t*!r"

erso# o t*e a$t 6*!$* .ae r!se to t*e!r e=e$+t!o# a#" o t*e "ate ot*e ,atter

K+er)& Ho6 'a) a +(,!$ "o$+'e#t (e roe" !# $o+rtA#s6er& It "ee#"s o# t*e k!#" o +(,!$ "o$+'e#t so+.*t to (e roe" @

-a 0f it consists of :ritten o;cial acts or recor/s ofo;cial acts, it (a$ 'e prove/9

a5 () !ts o$!a, +(,!$at!o# 6*et*er t*e +(,!$ "o$+'e#t!s ket !# t*e P*!,!!#es or a(roa"> or

(5 ! !t !s ket !# t*e P*!,!!#es () !ts $ert!%e" tr+e $o)"+,) #(($(d() t*e ,e.a, $+sto"!a# t*ereo> or

$5 ! !t !s ket o+ts!"e o t*e P*!,!!#es () !ts $ert!%e"

tr+e $o) "+,) #(($(d () t*e ,e.a, $+sto"!a# a#" '+st (ea$$o'a#!e" () a $ert!%$at!o# !ss+e" () t*e P*!,!!#e Co#s+,arO$er stat!o#e" !# t*e $o+#tr) 6*ere t*e "o$+'e#t !s ket t*att*e $+sto"!a# !s ,e.a,,) a+t*or!


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A#s6er& T*e attestat!o# '+ststate !# s+(sta#$e t*at t*e $o) !s a $orre$t $o) ot*e or!.!#a, S"(i,! 2 R*+ 1325

K+er)& W*at '+st a $o#s+,ar $ert!%$at!o#

state7$o#ta!#A#s6er& It '+st state t*at t*e

o$er 6*o atteste" a $ert!%e" tr+e $o) o a +(,!$"o$+'e#t !s a# a+t*or!ecution an/ authenticit$ (ust 'e prove/ either&

15 () a#)o#e 6*o sa6 t*e "o$+'e#t e=e$+te" or 6r!tte#> or25 () e!"e#$e o t*e .e#+!#e#ess o t*e s!.#at+re

or *a#"6r!t!#. o t*e 'aker ection %%, Rule 13%5 to 6!t&a5 () a#) 6!t#ess 6*o (e,!ees !t to

(e t*e *a#"6r!t!#. o s+$* erso# (e$a+se *e *as see#t*e erso# 6r!te>

(5 () a#) 6!t#ess 6*o *as see#6r!t!#.s +rort!#. to (e t*ose o s+$* erso# +o# 6*!$*

t*e 6!t#ess *as a$te" or (ee# $*ar.e" a#" *as t*+sa$+!re" k#o6,e".e o t*e *a#"6r!t!#. o s+$* erso#>$5 () $o'ar!so# 'a"e () t*e $o+rt or a

6!t#ess 6!t*&!5 6r!t!#.s a"'!tte" or treate" as .e#+!#e () t*eart) a.a!#st 6*o' t*e e!"e#$e !s o?ere"> or!!5 6r!t!#.s roe" to (e .e#+!#e to t*e sat!sa$t!o#o t*e /+".e

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I!$(#!"$ )/ 8/iv#( d,"*!( #' & /"ivd i! vid!" i(),*(

#*()!(i"#(i,!;!5 I# $ase o a# a#$!e#t "o$+'e#t t*at !s a r!ate "o$+'e#t 'ore t*a# t*!rt)

305 )ears o," ro"+$e" ro' a $+sto") !# 6*!$* !t 6o+," #at+ra,,) (e o+#" !

.e#+!#e a#" !s +#(,e'!s*e" () a#) a,terat!o#s or $!r$+'sta#$es o s+s!$!o#ection %1, Rule 13%5>

!!5 6*ere t*e r!ate "o$+'e#t !s #ot o?ere" as a# a+t*e#t!$ "o$+'e#t !# 6*!$*$ase !t o#,) #ee"s to (e !"e#t!%e" as t*at 6*!$* !t !s $,a!'e" to (e ection%&, Rule 13%5

K+er)& W*at !s t*e r+,e ! a "o$+'e#t o?ere" !# e!"e#$e !s 6r!tte# !# a#+#o$!a, ,a#.+a.e #e!t*er !# E#.,!s* #or !# F!,!!#o5

A#s6er& T*e "o$+'e#t !s !#a"'!ss!(,e !# e!"e#$e +#,ess a$$o'a#!e" () atra#s,at!o# !#to F!,!!#o or E#.,!s* ection 33, Rule 13%5

JIII. WEIG5T AND SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE

5i/#/")' , Evid!";15 roo (e)o#" reaso#a(,e "o+(t @ a,!e" !# $r!'!#a, $ases25 reo#"era#$e o e!"e#$e @ a,!e" !# $!!, $ases35 s+(sta#t!a, e!"e#$e @ a,!e" !# a"'!#!strat!e $ases a#" !# ro$ee"!#.s

!#o,!#. Wr!t o A'aroection 1, A(paro Rule5K+er)& W*at !s t*e e!"e#t!ar) 6e!.*t o a# e=tra-/+"!$!a, $o#e

evidence 2013 bar torregosa notes

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