everything about aviation charts
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Everything about Aviation Charts
History, Evolution, Early Usage, Current Usage, Usage Techniques and Tips, Availability and Using
Charts in Flight Planning(AHSAN_ BS. Aviation Management 11332_3A_FP)
![Page 2: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
With an aeronautical chart in hand:
• Plan flights• Plot your progress• Use dead reckoning• Practice recognizing symbols on the chart
• But:– Chart reading skills and General Navigation
Abilities required!
![Page 3: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Charles Lindbergh was known for his methodical navigation: – His eyes moved from map, to landmarks below,
to instrument panel, to map, and so on. – He continuously practiced dead reckoning. – Every moment he compared what he saw on the
map to the world beneath his wings.
With an aeronautical chart in hand:
![Page 4: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Old fashioned Navigation
• Pilotage• Reading Charts• Dead Reckoning• Navigating with a Compass
![Page 5: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Early flight instructions might have read:
– "From the runway follow the train tracks below, keeping the river and a large red barn on your left. Then fly toward a tall evergreen tree and a small town with a white train depot at the intersection of two roads..."
Old fashioned Navigation
![Page 6: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The sky was truly the limit!!!
• Pilots could fly virtually anywhere without permission from anyone; there were few flight regulations.
![Page 7: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Drivers or Pilots?
• During aviation's early years, pilots flew by simply observing and following visual elements on the landscape, such as lakes, rivers, roads, and train tracks—a navigational technique called pilotage.
![Page 8: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Reason for Development:
• As aviation evolved, however,– pilots and navigation got more sophisticated, – the skies got more crowded, – airports developed, and – the need arose for detailed aeronautical charts.
![Page 9: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Until the 1920s:
• Few official aeronautical maps existed.• Aeronautical bulletins:– that included information about airfields, – flight instructions, which outlined airfield
approaches and air routes between towns and cities.
– Compiled from pilots' notes
![Page 10: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Strip Maps
• In 1926, Congress passed the Air Commerce Act, which produced the first list of aviation regulations and required pilots to have licenses.
• Also, in 1926 and 1927, the Department of Commerce began publishing maps of civil airways.
• This program created airway charts, or "strip maps,“
![Page 11: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Strip Maps
• Covered 330 miles of flight information. • The strip maps were a scale of 1:500,000—
or about 8 miles per inch—the same scale aviation sectional charts use today.
![Page 12: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Who was Jeppesen?
• Elrey Jeppesen’s license was signed by Orville Wright.
• He spent time barnstorming, became a flight instructor, and later worked in aerial surveying.
• During the winter of 1930 and 1931 his fellow flyers were killed, he felt their loss was largely due to the lack of published flight information.
![Page 13: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Jeppesen set out to change things. • In a black notebook, he recorded field lengths
and notes on lights and various obstacles. • He drew airport layouts and included the
phone numbers of farmers who could report weather conditions.
• Soon, pilots asked Jeppesen to share his flight information so often that he began selling copies of his black notebook for $10.
Who was Jeppesen?
![Page 14: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Today, Jeppesen remains the most respected source for instrument aeronautical charts, GPS NavData, and flight planning software.
• The larger a chart's the scale, the more area it covers. At the same time, larger-scale charts include less detail.
Who was Jeppesen?
![Page 15: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
1st of the Aeronautical Charts
• The first United States government aeronautical charts were printed in three colors and included – airfields, – occasional navigational aides, – topographical features, and – prominent landmarks.
![Page 16: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Today!
• Today's complex aviation charts contain nearly – 150 symbols for cultural and topographical
information, as well as – 100 symbols for aeronautical information.– They reflect the mosaic of open and restricted
airspaces, – controlled and uncontrolled airports, – and myriad features such as VOR beacons, dams,
airways, compass roses, and radio antennae.
![Page 17: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Reading the Chart
• Pilotage and chart-reading are a natural pair.
• The general trick:– is learning the chart symbols and recognizing
their real-world counterparts.
![Page 18: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Kneeboards?
![Page 19: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Type of Charts
• SIM Charts (Simulator Charts)– VFR/IFR– Designed for navigation in Flight Simulator
(entire world)
• Availability: – Jeppesen Online Stores
![Page 20: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Type of Charts
• Sectional Charts– VFR– Topographic, landmark, airport, radio, and
hazard information; 1:500,000 scale
• Availability: – Pilot supply stores (at airports and on the Web)
![Page 21: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Visual Navigation Charts (VNC)– VFR (Canada)– Topographic, landmark, airport, radio, and
hazard information; 1:500,000 scale
• Availability: – Pilot supply stores
Type of Charts
![Page 22: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• World Aeronautical Charts (WAC)– VFR– Same as sectionals but 1:1,000,000 scale
(United States and Caribbean).
• Availability: – Pilot supply stores
Type of Charts
![Page 23: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Global Navigation Charts (GNC)– VFR– Same as WACs but 1:5,000,000 scale (entire
world).
• Availability: – Pilot supply stores
Type of Charts
![Page 24: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Operational Navigation Charts (ONC)– VFR– Same as WACs but cover entire world.
• Availability: – Pilot supply stores
Type of Charts
![Page 25: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Jet Navigation Charts (JNC)– VFR– Same as WACs but 1:5,000,000 scale (entire
world).
• Availability: – Pilot supply stores
Type of Charts
![Page 26: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• Tactical Pilotage Charts (TPC)– VFR– Same as WACs but 1:5,000,000 scale (entire
world).
• Availability: – Pilot supply stores
Type of Charts
![Page 27: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Terminal Area Charts (TAC)– VFR– Depicts information similar to sectionals but in
1:250,000 scale in United States Class B airspace.
• Availability: – Pilot supply stores
Type of Charts
![Page 28: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Visual Terminal Charts (VTC)– VFR (Canada)– Depicts information similar to sectionals but in
1:250,000 scale in five Canadian terminal airspaces
• Availability: – Pilot supply stores
Type of Charts
![Page 29: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• Airport/Facility Directory– VFR/IFR– Specific airport information
• Availability: – Pilot supply stores
Type of Charts
![Page 30: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• Low Altitude Enroute– IFR– Airways, airspace boundaries, radio
navigational aids, airports with instrument approaches and more.
– For use below 18,000 feet MSL
• Availability: – Jeppesen
Type of Charts
![Page 31: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• High Altitude Enroute (jets)– IFR– Airways, airspace boundaries, radio
navigational aids, selected airports and more. – For use above 18,000 feet MSL
• Availability: – Jeppesen
Type of Charts
![Page 32: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
• Instrument Approach Procedures– IFR– Procedures for specific precision and non-
precision approaches
• Availability: – Jeppesen
Type of Charts
![Page 33: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• DP or Departure Procedures or Standard Instrument Departure (SID)– IFR– Procedures for specific routes– Used when departing selected airports
• Availability: – Jeppesen
Type of Charts
![Page 34: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• STARS (Standard Terminal Arrival Routes)– IFR– Procedures for specific routes used when
arriving at selected airports
• Availability: – Jeppesen
Type of Charts
![Page 35: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
• Aeroplanner.com– IFR
• Facility: – STARs, – DPs,– Approach procedures
• Availability: On the Web
Online Procedures
![Page 36: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The key is to:
• Using All the Navigational Methods All the Time
• Charles Lindbergh was known for his methodical navigation: – His eyes moved from map, to landmarks below,
to instrument panel, to map, and so on. – He continuously practiced dead reckoning.– Every moment he compared what he saw on
the map to the world beneath his wings.
![Page 37: Everything About Aviation Charts](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/55cd9eb3bb61eb5d4d8b45cd/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• Sources: – Federal Aviation Administration (US) FAA– IFR Charts & Regulations– Air Safety Institute, US– Aeronautical Information Manual– AOPA (Aircraft Owners & Pilot Association)
– Ask me more on: [email protected]
Questions?