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Solar Energy

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Review

Evaluation of energy-efficient design strategies: Comparison of the thermalperformance of energy-efficient office buildings in composite climate, India

Farheen Bano⁎, Vandana SehgalFaculty of Architecture, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Tagore Marg, Lucknow 226007, India

A R T I C L E I N F O

Keywords:Energy efficiencyOffice buildingEnergy consumptionEnergy performance indexComposite climate

A B S T R A C T

The aim of this paper is to examine the energy consumption of and determine energy-efficient design strategiesfor mid-rise and high-rise office buildings in composite climate. For this purpose, a comparative study is per-formed of six energy-efficient office buildings in composite climate in India. The selected energy-efficient officebuildings are situated in the major cities (Delhi, Gurgaon, and Hyderabad) of India with a composite climate.This study investigates the effectiveness of different design strategies for reducing the heating, ventilation, andair-conditioning (HVAC) and lighting loads of the six buildings. The effect of factors such as the building form,envelope configuration, placement of the service core, window-to-wall ratio (WWR), and percentage of air-conditioned space on the HVAC load are analyzed. Similarly, the effect of the plan depth and WWR on thelighting load is also determined. Finally, the findings of the study are used to recommend effective designstrategies for high-rise office buildings in composite climate. Moreover, the energy performance data arecompared with the national energy consumption benchmarks for composite climate. The comparison indicatesthe design strategies performed well, that lead to a decrease in the energy consumption of high-rise officebuildings in composite climate.

1. Introduction

To make Indian cities sustainable and smart, the energy consump-tion of buildings must be reduced (Ministry of Urban Development,Government of India, 2015). Energy-conscious design requires the in-tegration of climate-responsive design with the functionality of thebuilding. Several studies have investigated the effect of design strate-gies on the energy consumption of high-rise office buildings. Ismail(2007) conducted a comparative study of six Malaysian high-rise officebuildings (three bioclimatic and three typical) and found that biocli-matic high-rise office buildings provide a superior working environ-ment for their users. These buildings also provide a high level ofcomfort with low energy usage. Zhang and Zhu (2013) analyzed fourenergy-efficient office buildings in four climate zones of China anddetermined the breakdown of the energy consumption patterns of thesebuildings. They reported that lighting and cooling account for the lar-gest proportions of energy consumption in office buildings. Moreover,Raji et al. (2016) stated that additional considerations must be made inthe design of high-rise buildings in tropical climate because the energyconsumption of sustainable buildings is relatively higher than the en-ergy benchmarks for a good-practice building.

The literature indicates that air conditioning and lighting are the

main components of energy consumption in high-rise office buildings.The air-conditioning and lighting consumption can be reduced by in-corporating climate-responsive features in the design. Moreover, therecurrently exists a lack of in-depth research on the influence of designstrategies on the energy consumption of high-rise buildings in tropicalclimate (Raji et al., 2016). Therefore, in this study, appropriate designstrategies for reducing the energy consumption of high-rise officebuildings in composite climate (a type of tropical climate) are describedby analyzing case studies of energy-efficient office buildings.

2. Methodology

India has various types of tropical climates due to its large land area,which spans a wide range of latitudes (Bureau of Energy Efficiency,Ministry of Power, 2016). According to the Energy conservationbuilding code (ECBC) (2011) and National Building Code (NBC, 2016),India can be divided into five climate zones, namely hot and dry, warmand humid, composite, temperate, and cold, in terms of the thermaldesign of buildings. The composite zone covers the largest area in India(Fig. 1). Consequently, in this study, six sustainable high-rise officebuildings located in different cities (New Delhi, Gurgaon, and Hyder-abad) of India in the composite climate zone are considered as case

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.10.057Received 20 June 2018; Received in revised form 15 October 2018; Accepted 18 October 2018

⁎ Corresponding author.E-mail addresses: [email protected] (F. Bano), [email protected] (V. Sehgal).

Solar Energy 176 (2018) 506–519

0038-092X/ © 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

T

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studies for analyzing the energy consumption patterns and designstrategies used for energy efficiency in buildings. The energy data anddesign strategies of the selected high-performance buildings are col-lected through a literature review. The performance of the buildings iscompared to analyze the effectiveness of the various design strategiesused in the buildings. Finally, the inferences obtained from the casestudies are used to define appropriate design measures for reducing theenergy consumption of buildings situated in composite climate.

The energy performance index (EPI), which is expressed in kWh/m2/year, is commonly used to compare the energy use of buildings. TheEPI is obtained by dividing the annual total energy consumed by abuilding in kilowatt hours by the gross floor area of the building insquare meters (Eq. (1); Tahir et al., 2015). The EPI is expressed asfollows:

=EPITotal Energy Consumed in a year kWh

Total Floor Area of the building m( )( )2 (1)

The methodology adopted for the review of design strategies com-prises the following steps (Fig. 2):

1. Case studies are selected according to the selection criteria de-scribed in Section 3.

2. The case studies are summarized to obtain insight regarding theselected projects. The summary includes the year of completion,significance of the project, energy rating, and sustainable designstrategies employed in the building. (Table 1).

3. The heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) and lightingloads of the buildings are compared. The influence of the designvariables, such as the building plan configuration, building envelopematerials, window-to-wall ratio (WWR), shading devices, and per-centage of air-conditioned space (mix-mode ventilation), on theHVAC performance index is analyzed. The effect of the WWR andplan depth on the lighting performance index is assessed. The effectof the equipment and daylight sensor efficiency on the energyconsumption is also noted.

4. The overall EPI of the selected buildings is analyzed in light of theaforementioned parameters and conclusions are drawn to frameeffective passive design strategies for high-rise office buildings incomposite climate.

3. Selection criteria for the case studies

The selected buildings were already evaluated using one of the

rating systems or standards for high-performance buildings, and theirenergy performance data (metered or simulated) was available. Theselected buildings were occupied for at least 2 years and have at leastfive floors. To expand the analysis, six buildings with different planprofiles (square, rectangular, L-shape, and I-shape), energy-savingstrategies, and building envelope materials are selected.

The buildings selected for the case study are as follows (Fig. 3):

1. ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon2. Wipro Technologies, Gurgaon3. Infosys, Hyderabad4. Volvo-Eicher Corporate Headquarters, Gurgaon5. Indra Paryavaran Bhawan, New Delhi6. Skyview Corporate Park, Gurgaon

From the selected case studies except for Indra Paryavaran Bhawan(IPB), energy consumption data have been obtained through simulationwhile IPB building energy performance data has been acquired throughenergy audit of metered consumption.

4. Case studies

Table 1 lists the details of the energy consumption and designstrategies used in the selected buildings. However, to have the overviewof the case studies, they have been discussed in brief below.

4.1. ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon

ITC Green Centre, located in Sector 3, Gurgaon, was one of the firstbuildings in India to adopt green building practices and is still con-sidered a benchmark for green buildings (Fig. 4). ITC Green Centre,constructed in 2004, was the first platinum-rated building (scored 52out of 69 points) in India. ITC Green Centre achieved the twin aims ofallowing abundant natural light and reducing heat gain in the interiorsby using advanced high-performance glazing solutions (HPCB, 2010;ITC Green Centre, 2017).

With a built-in area of 15,799m2 (of which 9294m2 is air-condi-tioned and 6505m2 is non-air-conditioned), the ITC building includesfeatures such as solar thermal technology, reflective high-albedo roofpaint, minimal exterior lighting, separate smoking rooms with an ex-haust system, and zero water discharge (Fig. 5). More than 10% of thebuilding materials were refurbished from other sites, and 40% of thematerials were obtained from within 500 miles of the project site

Fig. 1. Climate zones in India.Source: Appendix E, ECBC, 2011.

F. Bano, V. Sehgal Solar Energy 176 (2018) 506–519

507

(HPCB, 2010; ITC Green Centre, 2017).

4.2. Wipro Technologies, Gurgaon

Wipro Technologies, Gurgaon, was honored by the US GreenBuilding Council in 2005 with a Leadership in Energy andEnvironmental Design (LEED) platinum award (57 points), whichmakes it the second-highest platinum-rated green building in the worldand the highest platinum-rated green building in India. The main focusof the design is the inverted cone strategically located at the crossjunction of two roads, which provides visibility to the building (Fig. 6).The open-to-sky landscape courtyard is the most striking feature of thebuilding, which keeps it cool during summers because the courtyardwalls receive mutual shade and remain cooler than the outside walls(Fig. 7). Moreover, all the open office spaces overlook the courtyard,which consequently allows appropriate access to daylight and max-imizes the outside view. The courtyard acts as a multifunction device,light well, microclimate generator, and social space (The 3C company,2017).

A reduced overall heat conductance from the envelopes and features

such as terrace gardens, high-performance glazing with optimum visuallight transmittance, exterior light shelves, overhangs on all the win-dows, efficient chillers, efficient lighting, and sufficiently daylit interiorspaces with photo sensor controls make Wipro Technologies an ex-emplary energy-efficient building (51% savings over the ASHRAE basecase; ASHRAE, 2013). Moreover, the wood used for the construction ofthe building was sourced from shipwrecks at Jamnagar port (Designand Development, 2016).

4.3. Infosys, Hyderabad

Software Development Block 1 (SDB-1) in the Infosys campus,Hyderabad, has two cooling systems, namely a variable air volume(VAV) system and a radiant cooling system with a dedicated outdoor airsystem (Fig. 8), in the two halves of the building. Thus, the Infosyscampus was the first radiantly cooled building in India, which resultedin the world’s largest HVAC side-by-side comparison. Therefore, thebuilding is highly instrumented to measure the influence of these twosystems. After two years of operation, the radiant system, which ismarginally cheaper than the VAV system, used 34% less energy and

Selection of case studies

Analysis

HVAC load Equipment load i n load

• Building plan con gu a on

• Building envelope- mate ials s ading devices and

• Mixed mode ven la on- of ai condi ons space.

ve vie of case studies

• • plan depth

ea of comple on signi cance ene gy a ng sustaina le design st ategies applied in the uilding.

• C of HVAC system • E ciency of ligh ng

xtu es and equipment

• igh ng senso s

ve all ene gy pe fo manceindex

Conclusions

• Evaluated using one of the a ng systems o standa ds fo high-pe fo mance uildings • Availa ility of uilding- elated ene gy pe fo mance data mete ed o simulated • if it as ne ly const ucted o ce uilding then it must have een occupied fo yea s

and it should have at least ve oo s • i e ent plan p o les squa e ectangula -shape and -shape ene gy-saving

st ategies and uilding envelope mate ials. EEC

CE

A A

A C

EA

VEV

E

CE

A

E ec ve design st ategies fo high- ise o ce uildingsin composite climate.

Fig. 2. Flowchart of the methodology used in the study.Source: Author.


508

Table1

Details

oftheselected

energy

-efficien

toffi

cebu

ildings.

ITC

Gre

en C

entr

e, G

urga

on

Wip

ro T

echn

olog

ies,

Gur

gaon

In

fosy

s,

Hyd

erab

ad

IPB

, N

ew D

elhi

V

EC

H,

Gur

gaon

Sk

yvie

w C

orpo

rate

Par

k,

Gur

gaon

ITC

WIPRO

INFO

SYS

IPB

VEC

HSK

YVIEW

Yearof

completion

2004

2005

2011

2014

2012

2015

Sign

ificanc

ePlatinum

-rated

byLE

ED52

/69

Platinum

-rated

byLE

ED57

/69

Platinum

-rated

byLE

EDPlatinum

-rated

byLE

EDFive

-star-rated

byGRIH

APlatinum

-rated

byLE

EDWorld

Architecture

Award

Platinum

-rated

byLE

ED

Ope

nplan

/Cellularoffi

ce60

%Cellularoffi

ce+

40%

Ope

nplan

Ope

nplan

Ope

n+

Cellular

Ope

n+

Cellular

Ope

nOpe

n

%of

air-co

nditione

dspace

5965

7038

100

100

Build

ingco

nfigu

ration

Orien

tation

Long

axis

ofthebu

ildingoriented

NE–

NW

Squa

replan

facade

sin

the

NE,

SE,N

W,a

ndSW

directions

N–S

orientation

N–S

orientation

NE–

SWorientation

NE–

SWorientation

Placem

entof

core

Cen

tral,E

ast,an

dWest

Cen

tral,Ea

st,a

ndWest

Cen

tral

Cen

tral

andWest

Cen

tral

Cen

tral

Typicalfloo

rarea

(m2)

2047

1726

4073

3150

1246

2730

Totalfloo

rarea

(m2)

15,799

16,258

24,730

31,400

9972

23,500

No.

offloo

rsab

ove

grou

nd6(2B+

G+

5)6(2B+

G+

5)6(G

+5)

8(G

+7)

6(2B+

G+

5)9(G

+8)

Floo

r-to-floo

rhe

ight

(m)

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.9

3.6

3.6

Aspectratio

1:1

1:1

1:2.4

1:1.3

1:2.6

1:1.6

Com

pactne

ssratio

(perim

eter/area)

9.9

9.5

9.7

1617

.510

Plan

depth(m

)ov

erall

2413

1815

1734

(13m

from

core)

Windo

wpa

rameters

Ove

rallWWR

(%)

3335

2520

8055

Shad

ingde

vice

Few

windo

wsshad

edwith

horizo

ntal

louv

ers

Horizon

tallouv

ers

Recessedwindo

wBo

xRecycledrailw

ays

sleepe

rsused

tomak

ethedo

uble-curve

dlouv

ers

Noshad

ing

Sillleve

l(m

)0.3

0.8

0.8

0.8

00

Windo

whe

ight

(m)

2.1

1.6

1.8

1.8

Fullleng

thFu

llleng

th

(con

tinuedon

next

page)


509

Table1(con

tinued)

ITC

Gre

en C

entr

e, G

urga

on

Wip

ro T

echn

olog

ies,

Gur

gaon

In

fosy

s,

Hyd

erab

ad

IPB

, N

ew D

elhi

V

EC

H,

Gur

gaon

Sk

yvie

w C

orpo

rate

Par

k,

Gur

gaon

ITC

WIPRO

INFO

SYS

IPB

VEC

HSK

YVIEW

Build

ingen

velope

materials

Walla

ssem

blyU-value

inW/m

2K

250-mm

AACbloc

kwith70

-mm

ston

eclad

ding

and12

.5-m

mplasterinside

U-value

:0.607

Fly-ash-ba

sedAACbloc

kbloc

ksU-value

:0.63

Wallinsulation

andcavity

wallwithinsulation

U-value

:0.36

AACbloc

kmason

rywallan

dfly-ash-ba

sedplasteran

dmortar

U-value

:0.34

Ston

ean

dferroc

emen

tjaalis

used

inthecirculationarea

Cav

itywallclad

with

tiles

U-value

:1.1

Cav

itywall

U-value

:1.166

Roo

fassemblyU-value

inW/m

2K

120-mm

RCCroof

witha76

-mm

ISO

boardin

theinterior

U-value

:0.335

75-m

mextrud

edpo

lystyren

eredu

ceshe

attran

smission

by50

%.

Roo

ffinish

withhigh

-Refl

ection

material

Solarreflective

inde

x(SRI)

>78

U-value

:0.31

Roo

fwithinsulation

U-value

:0.33

Coo

lroof:

2.6millionft2area

cove

red

withawhite

roof

Red

uction

ofap

prox

imately5%

inthe

HVACen

ergy

150-mm

RCCslab

with

insulation

andlocalston

esU-value

:0.5

Roo

fga

rden

U-value

:0.25

Refl

ective

insulated

roof

U-value

:0.3

Glazing

type

U-value

inW/m

2K

Dou

ble-glazingwindo

w(6-12-6),S

C=

0.26

,an

dU-value

=1.81

W/m

2K

6-mm

glass+

12-m

mairga

p+

6-mm

high

-perform

ance

glass(ST1

50,light

blue

gray

,U

factor

of1.81

W/m

2K)

21%

reflectanc

ean

d39

%tran

smittanc

eRed

uction

inthehe

atga

inby

15–2

0%

Dou

ble-glazingwithargo

nga

sU-value

less

than

1.2W/m

2K

Low

SHGCwithlow-e

glass

SHGC:1

.8

Dou

ble-glasswindo

wswitha

high

efficien

cy,v

isible

light

tran

smission

(VLT

=0.6),a

ndU-value

(1.8)

Ligh

tshelve

sforallowingthe

entryof

diffused

sunlight

Dou

ble-glasswindo

ws

U-value

:2.1

SHGC=

0.69

7

Dua

l-pan

elow-e

glass

U-value

:1.8

SHGC=

0.62

9

(con

tinuedon

next

page)


510

Table1(con

tinued)

ITC

Gre

en C

entr

e, G

urga

on

Wip

ro T

echn

olog

ies,

Gur

gaon

In

fosy

s,

Hyd

erab

ad

IPB

, N

ew D

elhi

V

EC

H,

Gur

gaon

Sk

yvie

w C

orpo

rate

Par

k,

Gur

gaon

ITC

WIPRO

INFO

SYS

IPB

VEC

HSK

YVIEW

Occup

ancy

&en

ergy

consum

ption

Wor

king

hour

s10

h(5

days

perweek)

10h

(5da

yspe

rweek)

8.5h

(5da

yspe

rweek)

10am

–5pm

(5da

yspe

rweek)

10am

–5pm

(5da

yspe

rweek)

10am

–5pm

(6da

yspe

rweek)

Occ

upan

cyno

tav

ailable(N

A)

1305

peop

le26

00pe

ople

1000

peop

leNA

NA

HVACtype

andca

pacity

ECBC

reco

mmen

dsCOP:

5.4

Cen

tral,2

850kW

capa

city,

18m

2/T

RCOP:

6.1

Cen

tral,22

85kW

capa

city,

25m

2/T

RCOP:

6.5

Cen

tral,14

00kW

capa

city,

75m

2/T

RCOP:

7

Chille

dbe

amsystem

ofHVAC,

geothe

rmal

tech

nology

for

heat

rejection,

563kW

capa

city,4

5m

2/T

RCOP:

6.7

HVACun

derthefloo

rredu

cesen

ergy

consum

ptionby

30%

2335

kWcapa

city,

15m

2/T

RCOP:

6

High-effi

cien

cyfilters

intheHVACsystem

6357

kWcapa

city,

13m

2/T

RCOP:5

.4

Ligh

ting

fixtur

esT5

andCFL

lamps

(day

light

sensors)

Ligh

tshelve

s,T-5,

andCFL

Ligh

tshelve

s,T-5,

andLE

Dfixtures

(day

light

sensors)

Ligh

tshelve

s,T-5,

andLE

Dfixtures

(day

light

sensors)

Ligh

tsworkon

motion

sensorsan

d95

%are

LEDs

T-5an

dLE

Dfixtures

(day

light

sensors)

LPD

ECBC

reco

mmen

ds10

.8W/m

2

7.2W/m

25.4W/m

24.8W/m

25W/m

24W/m

29.5W/m

2

Metho

dof

acqu

iring

energy

cons

umption

data

(inav

ailable

literature)

simulated

simulated

simulated

metered

(ene

rgyau

ditrepo

rt)

simulated

simulated

Ligh

ting

perfor

man

ceinde

x(kWh/

m2/y

ear)

1310

8.8

9.2

716

.9

HVACpe

rfor

man

ceinde

x(kWh/

m2/y

ear)

6458

32.25

2771

79

EPI(kWh/

m2/y

ear)

ECBC

energy

benc

hmark:

179kW

h/m

2/y

ear

93(48%

redu

ction)

85(53%

redu

ction)

51.85(71%

redu

ction)

45.25(75%

redu

ction)

96(46%

redu

ction)

112(37%

redu

ction)

Ren

ewab

leen

ergy

(kWp)

Photov

oltaic

cells

forem

erge

ncy

lighting

NA

44kW

pSP

Vpa

nels

930kW

pSP

Vpa

nels

NA

NA

Sources:

HPC

B(201

0)forITCGreen

Cen

tre,

Gurga

on.

The3C

compa

ny(201

7)an

dDesignan

dDev

elop

men

t(201

6)forWipro

Tech

nologies,G

urga

on.

GRIH

A(201

8),Sa

gar(201

3),a

ndSa

stry

(201

4)forInfosys,

Hyd

erab

ad.

Prasha

dan

dChe

tia(201

4)an

dGRIH

A(201

7)forIPB,

New

Delhi.

Kho

sla(201

7)an

dSing

hal(201

4)forVEC

H,G

urga

on.

Skyv

iew

Corpo

rate

Park

(201

7)forSk

yview

Corpo

rate

Park,G

urga

on.

NBC

(201

6)fortheU-value

ofthewall,roof,a

ndglazingassembly.


511

improved thermal satisfaction (Sagar, 2013).Other strategies adopted to reduce energy consumption include

suitably orienting the building (north–south orientation) and opti-mizing the WWR (

glass in fenestration to reduce heat transfer, use of recycled and locallyavailable materials, and a user-friendly built environment (Fig. 13;GRIHA, 2017).

4.6. Skyview Corporate Park, Gurgaon

Skyview Corporate Park is a multiphase project developed on a 21-acre site that faces National Highway 8 (NH-8). Phase I of the corporatepark was completed in 2015. The project achieved platinum certifica-tion under the Indian Green Building Council’s LEED India program in2015. The dual-pane, low-e, high-performance glass in the facade of thebuilding decreases heat transfer, and the air-conditioning system, whichincludes a microfilter, increases the comfort of the office space (Fig. 14;Skyview Corporate Park, 2017).

5. Comparison of the design strategies used in the selected officebuildings for energy efficiency

Table 1 presents the design strategies and energy consumption datafor the selected buildings in composite climate. Areas with compositeclimate experience a constant high temperature and intense radiationthroughout the year (excluding two or three months). Hence, designstrategies that restrict heat gains and maximize daylight into the in-teriors reduce the total energy consumption in office buildings (Banoand Tahseen, 2017). Minimizing the surface-to-volume ratio (com-pactness ratio), placing service areas as thermal buffers on the hot sides,constructing a low U-value and shaded building envelope, and opti-mizing the WWR and plan depth are some of the strategies that reducethe HVAC and lighting loads of an office building in composite climate(Raji et al., 2016). The case studies are analyzed to investigate the ef-fectiveness of the aforementioned strategies for reducing the HVAC andlighting loads of a building. Moreover, the ITC and Wipro; Infosys andIPB; and VECH and Skyview buildings were compared with each otherbecause they had similar shapes, plan configurations, and energy con-sumption (Table 1).

5.1. HVAC load

In composite climate, approximately 50–60% of the operationalenergy of an office building is used for cooling. A decrease in thecooling load reduces the electricity bill. The design strategies used inthe selected buildings for reducing the HVAC load are analyzed anddiscussed in the following text. The HVAC load is represented by theHVAC performance index (expressed in kWh/m2/year) in the Table 1.The HVAC performance is the total energy used by an HVAC system in1 year divided by total floor area of the building.

5.1.1. Building plan configurationThe ITC and Wipro buildings have a similar aspect ratio (nearly 1),

compactness ratio of the building plan (9.9 for ITC and 9.5 for Wipro),and orientation (plan rotated by 45°). Therefore, their design strategiesand energy consumption are compared. The solar radiation from theeast and west is reduced by mutual shading because of the L-shapedplan of ITC Green Centre, whose longer facades are in the northeast andnorthwest directions. By contrast, the Wipro building does not have anyspecific orientation. However, its compact square form reduces heatgains and losses from the building envelope (Raji et al., 2017). Thecourtyard of Wipro has multifaceted advantages. It acts as a light well,microclimate generator, and landscape element (Fig. 7). Moreover, itprovides mutual shading to the courtyard walls, which keeps themcooler than the outside walls (The 3C company, 2017). The placementof the service core at an appropriate location in both buildings furtherminimizes heat transfer and reduces unpleasant glare from the east andwest directions (Table 1). Moreover, the L-shaped plan of ITC GreenCentre and square plan of Wipro Technologies (with a courtyard in thecenter) reduces the width of the floor plate (24m for ITC Green Centreand 13m for Wipro Technologies), allows daylight to penetrate deepinto interior spaces, and provides an external view of almost every openoffice space (Figs. 4–7). The octagonal atrium has a side light at the top,which allows glare-free light to be directed into the interiors.

The Infosys and IPB buildings comprise twin blocks connected by avertical atrium and horizontal courtyard and have aspect ratios of 1:2.4

Fig. 5. Shading devices and central atrium of ITC Green Centre.Source: HPCB, 2010.

Fig. 6. West-side view, east-side view, and site plan of Wipro Technologies, Gurgaon.Source: Design and Development, 2016.


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and 1:1.3, respectively (Figs. 8 and 13). Both buildings are orientedaccording to the path of the sun’s rays, with the long axis oriented alongthe east–west direction to reduce solar heat gain. Moreover, they alsoprovide mutual shading because of their plan configurations. The ser-vice core of the IPB building is placed in the west direction. Thus, thecore acts as a buffer between the sun and the interior working area. Bycontrast, the service core of the Infosys building is placed centrally onthe east and west facades. The slender shape (plan depth of 18m for theInfosys building and 15m for the IPB building) of both the buildingsallows increased daylight penetration and a view of the scenic sur-roundings from most locations on the office floor plate (Prashad andChetia, 2014).

VECH and Skyview Corporate Park are rectangular in shape, withaspect ratios of 1:2.6 and 1:1.6, respectively (Figs. 10 and 14). Bothbuildings are oriented in the northeast–southwest direction. Thebuilding orientation and plan configuration of both the buildings ap-pear to be derived from the urban grid for maximizing the view. En-vironmental concerns were not taken into account in the design. Theservice core could have been used as a solar buffer on the hot east andwest sides; however, the core is placed centrally. This could be thereason for the high HVAC performance index of these two buildings.

5.1.2. Shaded energy-efficient building envelopeThe ITC and Wipro buildings have thermal-resistive building en-

velopes, which comprise 250mm aerated concrete (AAC) block wallswith a 70-mm-thick stone cladding, 12-mm-thick internal plaster (U-value of approx. 0.6W/m2/K), 75-mm thick extruded polystyrene slab(XPS) roof insulated on a 120-mm reinforced cement concrete (RCC)slab (U-value of approx. 0.3W/m2/K), and double-glazed window (U-value of 1.81W/m2/K) having a shading coefficient of 0.26.Consequently, the heat gain or loss and HVAC load of both the buildingsdecreases (HPCB, 2010). However, the HVAC performance index of ITCGreen Centre is higher than that of Wipro Technologies possibly be-cause only 20% of the windows are shaded and horizontal louvers areused in ITC Green Centre.

Similar to the ITC and Wipro buildings, the Infosys and IPB build-ings also include an energy-efficient building envelope that decreases

the HVAC load. A reflective roof, AAC block walls, a un-plasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) window with composite sections, and a high-performance glazing (double-glazed with low-e coating) are used inIPB, which lowers the thermal transfer through the envelope (Prashadand Chetia, 2014). Similarly, the building envelope of the Infosysbuilding allows a heat transfer of less than 0.75W/ft2 (Sastry, 2014).Moreover, a low WWR (28% for the Infosys building and 20% for IPB)and shaded (recessed) windows reduce the heat gain and requirementfor high-efficiency glass.

The VECH and Skyview office buildings are completely air-condi-tioned, with their facades almost completely covered with full-heighthigh-performance glass. The VECH and Skyview buildings have a WWRof 80% and 55%, respectively. Thus, the cooling load of the buildingsincreases because even a very-high-performance glazing allows ap-proximately one-third of the solar radiation (solar heat gain coefficient(SHGC)= 0.3) to enter the building. However, the service core, whichhas a thick concrete wall along the center of the southwest facade, actsas a thermal buffer on the hot side and reduces the cooling load ofVECH. Moreover, correctly angled doubly curved louvers restrict directradiation and allow evenly distributed indirect radiation in thebuilding. HVAC diffusers with a heat recovery system are installedunder the floor, which results in a 30% reduction in the energy con-sumption for cooling. Therefore, the cooling load of VECH (66 kWh/m2/year) is less than that of Skyview Corporate Park (74 kWh/m2/year).

5.1.3. Mixed-mode ventilation systemA mixed-mode (natural and mechanical) ventilation system can ef-

fectively reduce the HVAC load. Circulation areas with tolerable mar-ginal discomfort, such as lobbies and passages, can be naturally venti-lated to reduce the load on the HVAC system. A large number of spaces,such as corridors and lobbies, in the ITC, Wipro, Infosys, and IPBbuildings are non-air-conditioned spaces (Fig. 15a) with adequatenatural ventilation (through jaalis in IPB). IPB has the lowest HVACperformance index (27 kWh/m2/year) among the selected buildingsbecause of its non-dependency on the mechanical system (62% of itsarea is naturally ventilated; Fig. 15b). The ITC, Wipro, and Infosys

Fig. 7. View of the open-to-sky courtyard and terrace garden at Wipro Technologies, Gurgaon.Source: Design and Development, 2016.

Fig. 8. North-side view and plan of Infosys, Hyderabad.Source: Sagar, 2013; GRIHA, 2018.


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buildings have an air-conditioned area ranging from 60% to 70%(Fig. 15a). Thus, the HVAC loads in these buildings may vary because ofother reasons. However, the HVAC loads of the VECH and Skyviewbuildings are comparatively high possibly because the total area of thebuildings is mechanically ventilated.

5.2. Lighting load

The lighting load is represented in terms of the lighting performanceindex (expressed in kWh/m2/year). The lighting performance index isthe total energy used by the artificial lighting system in 1 year dividedby the total floor area of the building.

The VECH building has the highest transparency (WWR of 85%)among the six studied buildings, with a depth of 8.5m from the facadeto the center (Fig. 16a). The slender shape of the building and its highWWR results in approximately 95% daylit office space. Moreover, thecolumn-less building structure allows superior natural light penetrationthrough the building and flexibility in workstation layout. Doublycurved louvers inclined at a specific angle are installed for the deeppenetration and even distribution of daylight throughout the officespace. All the lights work on motion sensors, and 95% of the lights areLEDs. Consequently, the VECH building has the lowest electricity con-sumption for lighting (7 kWh/m2/year) among the selected buildings(Fig. 16b).

The Infosys and IPB buildings rank second and third, respectively,with regard to energy consumption for lighting (approximately 8.8 and9.2 kWh/m2/year, respectively). The Infosys and IPB buildings com-prise two environmentally oriented (N–S) parallel blocks with a centralvoid. The Infosys and IPB buildings have a plan depth (from the facadeto the center) of 9 and 7.5m, respectively. Thus, the offices in thesebuildings receive daylight from two sides. The WWR of the Infosys andIPB buildings are similar. However, the optimum plan depth of the IPBbuilding causes a higher reduction in its lighting load compared withthat of the Infosys building.

Similar to the Infosys and IPB buildings, the Wipro building has a

central courtyard, which reduces the plan depth and WWR to 6.5 m andless than 40%, respectively. However, the unsuitable orientation andlow central void width of the Wipro building may be cause of lowdistribution of natural light in the interior, which marginally increasesthe lighting performance index (10 kWh/m2/year).

In contrast to the other four buildings, the ITC and Skyview build-ings have deep plan offices, with plan depths of 12m from the centerand 13m from the service core, respectively. Although the Skyviewbuilding has a high WWR (55%), its broad plan with a central servicecore has the highest artificial lighting demand (16.9 kWh/m2/year).However, the placement of the service core on the external facade andnear the central atrium with clearstory vertical windows reduces thelighting load of the ITC building.

5.3. Fixtures and equipment

Efficient HVAC systems having a coefficient of performance (COP)higher than 6 and energy-efficient lighting fixtures with motion sensorsare installed in all the selected buildings. An energy-efficient chilledbeam system is used in the Wipro and IPB buildings for air con-ditioning, which reduces the cooling load by 40% (Prashad and Chetia,2014). In this air-conditioning system, the air flows around beamsthrough which chilled water is circulated. Furthermore, geothermaltechnology is used in the IPB building for heat rejection from the waterused for the cooling condenser. The radiant cooling system in the In-fosys building and the installation of diffusers with a heat recoverysystem under the floor in the VECH building reduces the energy con-sumption by 30% (Sagar, 2013). Cooled surfaces are used to remove thesensible heat by radiation and convection through the radiant coolingsystem.

5.4. Comparison of the EPI of the selected buildings

The EPI of IPB is the lowest (45.25 kWh/m2/year) among the se-lected buildings (Fig. 17) because of the passive features adopted in the

Fig. 9. External shading and light shelves used in SBD-1, Infosys, Hyderabad.Source: Sagar, 2013.

Fig. 10. Northeast-side view and typical floor plan of VECH, Gurgaon.Source: Romi Khosla Design Studio, 2017; Singhal, 2014.


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building design, namely the climate-responsive form and orientation,optimum plan depth and WWR, high percentage of naturally ventilatedspaces, service core acting as a buffer space, highly insulated andshaded building envelope and HVAC system, chiller beams, and geo-thermal heat rejection system. Moreover, solar photovoltaic cells with acapacity of 930 kWp are installed on the terraces and projections. Thesolar cells produce an energy of 14,91,000 kWh/year, which exceedsthe building’s consumption (14,21,000 kWh/year). Thus, IPB is an en-ergy-positive building.

Despite possessing all the passive design features of IPB, the Infosysbuilding ranks second with regard to total energy consumption, whichmay be due to its high dependency on the air-conditioning system (70%

air-conditioned space; Fig. 17).The Wipro and ITC buildings have the same orientation, the same

plan aspect ratio, an optimum WWR, and a mixed-mode ventilationsystem. However, the EPI of Wipro Technologies (85 kWh/m2/year) islower than that of ITC Green Centre (90 kWh/m2/year) possibly be-cause Wipro Technologies has a compact square plan; a reduced plandepth (6.5 m from the center to the outer facade) due to the presence ofa central landscaped courtyard, a shaded external facade, and courtyardwalls; and an environmentally placed service core.

The VECH and Skyview buildings are completely air-conditionedand have a high WWR. Although the facade of VECH is almost com-pletely covered with full-height dual-pane glass (WWR 80%), its EPI

Fig. 11. Recycled wood used to clad columns and recycled railway sleepers used for making the louvers.Source: Singhal, 2014.

Fig. 12. North-side elevation and view of the central atrium of IPB.Source: Ministry of Environment and Forests, 2011.

Fig. 13. Site plan and section indicating cross ventilation in IPB.Source: Prashad and Chetia, 2014.


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(96 kWh/m2/year) is less than that of the Skyview building (112 kWh/m2/year) because the location of the service core, presence of an angleddoubly curved series of louvers shading the envelope, and location ofthe HVAC system under the floor reduce the HVAC load of VECH.Moreover, the slender plan and high transparency of the facade reducesthe lighting load of the VECH building. The working hours of theSkyview building (6 days per week) are higher than those of VECH(5 days per week), which may be one of the reasons for the higherenergy consumption in the Skyview building (Skyview Corporate Park,2017; Khosla, 2017).

6. Conclusions

Effective design strategies for high-rise office buildings in composite

climate are investigated through a comparative study of six sustainableoffice buildings. Although some design strategies reduce the lightingload, they increase the HVAC load of the building. Therefore, a linearbuilding may sometimes exhibit better energy performance than acompact building. This research aims to determine the most-effectivedesign strategies for reducing the HVAC and lighting energy con-sumption in energy-efficient mid- and high-rise office buildings incomposite climate. The effective design strategies for buildings incomposite climate are as follows:

1. Building envelope: The use of insulated (low U-value) walls, an in-sulated roof, high-performance dual-pane glass in fenestrations, andshaded windows can effectively reduce the HVAC load of buildingsin composite climate.

Fig. 14. Northeast-side view and typical floor plan of Skyview Corporate Park.Source: Skyview Corporate Park, 2017.

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Fig. 15. Influence of the air-conditioned area on the HVAC performance of the selected buildings.

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2. Building plan configuration: Placing service areas with limitedopenings as thermal buffers on the west side and minimizing thesurface-area-to-volume ratio are some of the strategies for control-ling the heat gain and consequently reducing the cooling load.Moreover, placing the service core along the facade allows naturalventilation and lighting.

3. Mixed-mode ventilation system: The mixed-mode ventilation systemcan effectively reduce the energy consumption for cooling. The ef-fectiveness of ventilation can be improved using special designelements, such as atriums and landscaped courtyards, which canincrease the penetration of daylight into the plan.

4. WWR: A very low WWR reduces the cooling load. However, it alsoreduces the availability of natural light inside the building, whichincreases the lighting and heating load. The case studies indicatethat the cooling and lighting loads of a building are reduced if theWWR is less than 40% and the maximum plan depth (between ex-ternal facades) is 15m.

The EPI of the six selected energy-efficient office buildings rangesfrom 45 to 112 kWh/m2/year. The EPI benchmark for conventionaloffice buildings in composite climate is 177 kWh/m2/year (Bassi,2015). Therefore, the energy savings of the selected buildings rangefrom 37% to 75%.

A comprehensive analysis of the energy consumption for heating,cooling, and lighting can be performed by determining the monthlyvolatility in the total energy consumption of the selected buildings.Moreover, the influence of occupancy on the EPI of the buildings can beexamined in future studies.

Conflict of interest

The authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.

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Evaluation of energy-efficient design strategies: Comparison of the thermal performance of energy-efficient office buildings in composite climate, IndiaIntroductionMethodologySelection criteria for the case studiesCase studiesITC Green Centre, GurgaonWipro Technologies, GurgaonInfosys, HyderabadVolvo-Eicher Corporate Headquarters (VECH), GurgaonIndira Paryavaran Bhawan (IPB), New DelhiSkyview Corporate Park, Gurgaon

Comparison of the design strategies used in the selected office buildings for energy efficiencyHVAC loadBuilding plan configurationShaded energy-efficient building envelopeMixed-mode ventilation system

Lighting loadFixtures and equipmentComparison of the EPI of the selected buildings

ConclusionsConflict of interestReferences

evaluation of energy-efficient design strategies comparison of the … of... · 2018. 6. 20. ·...

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