• Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

EUT 440

ENGINEERS IN

SOCIETY

IR NABIL

i. Physical Hazards

ii. Chemical Hazards

iii. Biological Hazards

iv. Electrical Hazards

v. Radiation Hazards

vi. Psychological Hazards eg. workplace,

space, organizational culture, stress

Types of HAZARDS

Methods of Identifying HAZARDS

• Injury and illness records

• Trends & developments in workplace OSH

• Accidents, incidents and near-miss reports

• Feedback from employees (interview, survey)

• Inspection (formal, informal, spot check)

• Workplace audit and health surveillance

• Exposure monitoring (OEL, PEL, WEL, TLV

• Biological monitoring (ED, EC, TD, TC, LD, LC)

• Job Hazard Analysis (formerly known as JSA)

• Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP)

• Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

• Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)

Selecting jobs

Simple guidelines to select jobs to be analyzed:

1. Accident frequency2. Accident severity3. Judgment and experience (hazardous jobs)4. Jobs with high turnover5. New jobs6. Non routine jobs7. Routine jobs

• OSH Management System includes

- Identifying the hazards (that can cause harm)

- Assessing the risk (chance – high/low it can harm

you, if it can harm, how serious) – Risk Assessment

- Controlling the risk

• Eliminating the hazard, if possible

• Minimizing, if possible• Controlling the hazard

- Checking and Reviewing the risk control

RISK MANAGEMENT

RISK MANAGEMENT

• RISK = LIKELIHOOD X SEVERITY

• Category of harm – injury/death, reputation,

financial loss, loss of facilities, imprisonment

• Likelihood – based on frequency of exposure

or incident (case by case)

• Severity- seriousness of the injury, illness,

damage as a result of an accident / incident

RISK ASSESSMENT

A risk assessment - careful examination what could cause

harm to people, so that you can weigh up whether you have

taken enough precautions or should do more to prevent harm.

Workers and others have a right to be protected from harm

caused by a failure to take reasonable control measures.

The law does not expect you to eliminate or control all risk -

due to limited resources.

But you are required to protect people as far as ‘reasonably

practicable’.

RISK ASSESSMENT

• Don’t overcomplicate the process.

• In many organizations, the risks are well known and the

necessary control measures are easy to apply.

• Check that reasonable precautions have been taken to

avoid injury.

• If you run a small organization and you are confident

you understand what’s involved, you can do the

assessment yourself.

RISK ASSESSMENT

How to Assess the Risk?

Two approaches

- Qualitative - Subjective• Perception (personal judgment, tech knowledge, generalised data risk)• Likelihood and Consequences

- Likelihood: Very Often, Often, Seldom-- Consequence: Fatal, Major and Minor

- Quantitative - Objective• Historical data (scientific studies and measurements, compare with LV)

• Probability of occurrence (Frequency): Incidents/200,000 MH/Year• Consequence

- Direct and Indirect Cost

Level of Risk Assessment

Level 1

• Qualitative

• Quick and easy but result in fairly conservative risk rankings

• Initial pre-screening of risk

Level 2

• Semi-Quantitative (Intermediate method)

• Takes more time to accomplish

• More accuracy and avoid overly conservative risk rankings

Level 3

• Quantitative

• More detailed and more accurate method

• Calculates specific scores e.g. likelihood of failures, injuries etc

Risk Assessment Matrix

• Detailed descriptions of the consequences

of concern

• Clearly defined tolerable and intolerable

risk levels

• Clear guidance on what action is necessary

to mitigate

eg. Qualitative – risk matrix

Risk Assessment Matrix Hazard Categories

4 3 2 1Frequency of Occurrence

Catastrophic Critical Marginal Negligible

(5) Frequent 20 15 10 5

(4) Probable 16 12 8 4

(3) Occasional 12 9 6 3

(2) Remote 8 6 4 2

(1) Improbable 4 3 2 1

Hazard Risk Index

Risk Classification – WEIGH FACTOR: Risk Criteria:

From 10 to 20 Unacceptable

From 6 to 9 Undesirable

From 3 to 5 Acceptable with review

From 1 to 2 Acceptable without review

Qualitative Approach

Frequency of Occurrence - definition

DESCRIPTION CATEGORY MISHAP - DEFINITION

Frequent 5 Likely to occur frequently

Probable 4 Will occur several times during thelife of an item

Occasional 3 Likely to occur sometime in the lifeof an item

Remote 2 Unlikely, but may be possible occur

in life of an item

Improbable 1 So unlikely, it can be assumed that

the hazard will not occur

DESCRIPTION CATEGORY MISHAP - DEFINITION

Catastrophic 4 Death or system loss

Critical 3 Severe injury, occupationalillness, or system damage

Marginal 2 Minor injury, occupational

illness, or system damage

Negligible 1 Less than minor injury,

occupational illness, or system

damage

Hazard Categories - definition

Quantitative Approach

Quantitative ApproachFREQUENCY AND SEVERITY RATES

i. Frequency Rate – to determine the frequency of accidents or

injury or severity of injury

The methodologies are similar in all cases, but the bases used

may differ

If A - the event for which the frequency rate is to be computed;

B – numerical base

C – exposure, then:

Frequency Rate = (A * B)/C (B – is the base that differs)

Quantitative Approach

Frequency Rate = (A * B)/C (B how it - differs)

1. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE

(ANSI)

B = 1,000,000 man-hours

2. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

USE BASE (B) AS 100 FULL-TIME

EMPLOYEES WOULD WORK 200,000

HR/YR ( ie 100 WORKER 40

HR/WEEK/WORKER, 50 WEEKS/YR)

Quantitative ApproachIF A PLANT HAD 18 ACCIDENT/YEAR (= A) DURING WHICH EMPLOYEE

WORKED A TOTAL 1,200,000 HOURS (=C)

IF DURING THE SAME PERIOD THERE WERE 6 DISABLING INJURIES

1. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI)

B = 1,000,000 MAN-HOURS

i. ACCIDENT FREQ RATE = 18 * 1,000,000 = 15.0 PER MILLION MAN-HRS

1,200,000

ii. INJURY FREQ RATE = 6 * 1,000,000 = 5.0 PER MIL MAN-HRS

1,200,000

2. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS (BLS)

B = 200,000 HR/YR

i. ACCIDENT FREQ RATE = 18 * 200,000 = 3.0 PER 200,000 MAN-HRS

1,200,000

ii. INJURY FREQ RATE = 6 * 200,000 = 1.0 PER 200,000 MAN-HRS

1,200,000

Quantitative Approach

SO WHEN FREQUENCY RATES

ARE CITED, IT IS NECESSARY

TO KNOW THE BASE

Quantitative Approach

ISSUES IN SEVERITY RATE:

SOME INDUSTRY - RATES MAY BE HIGH

BUT INJURY MAY BE MINOR

OTHER INDUSTRY, FEW ACCIDENTS

(LOW RATES) BUT INJURY IF OCCUR

MAY BE SEVERE

Quantitative Approach

ANSI USES TIME CHARGES IN DISABLING INJURY SEVERITY

RATE

eg. FATALITY OR PERMANENT TOTAL DISABILITY – TIME

CHARGE = 6000 DAYS (THIS IS BASED ON LIFE

EXPECTANCY OF AN AVERAGE WORKER x THE NUMBER

OF WORKING DAYS/YR)

TIME CHARGES FOR:

LOSS OF EYE = 1,800 DAYS

LOSS OF BOTH EYE = 3,000 DAYS

TABULATED IN ANSI STANDARDS

Quantitative ApproachAS IN THE PREVIOUS EXAMPLE (ANSI):

IF 6 DISABLING INJURY RESULTED IN 240 DAYS LOSS:

DISABLING INJURY SEVERITY RATE CAN BE CALCULATED

TOTAL DAYS CHARGE * 1,000,000 = 240 * 1,000,000 = 200.0 DAYS PER

EMPLOYEE HRS OF EXPOSURE 1,200,000 MILLION MAN-HRS

THE AVERAGE SEVERITY PER INJURY CAN ALSO BE CALCULATED – 2 WAYS

AVG DAYS CHARGED = TOTAL DAY LOSS OR CHARGE = 240 = 40

TOTAL NUMBER OF DISABLING INJURY 6

OR

= INJURY SEVERITY RATE = 200 = 40

INJURY FREQUENCY RATE 5

PREVIOUS CALCULATION

TO CALCULATE COSTS (USING BLS METHOD)

Example, fall = 10 incidents/200,000 MH/Year; andin average one fall accident costs USD 1000.

- Note: 200,000 = number of hours that 100 employees work in a year, which is 40 hrs per week x 50 weeks x 100

• If a construction site employs 200 workers• The estimate of fall related cost is

-200 x 40 x 50 / 200000 = 2 injuries- Estimated Cost = 2 x 1000 = USD 2,000 / year

Quantitative Approach

OUTCOME OF RISK ASSESSMENT

- RISK MATRIX

• Safety Management System includes

- Identifying the hazard (that can cause harm)

- Assessing the risk (chance – high/low it can harm

you, if it can harm, how serious) – Risk Assessment

- Controlling the risk

• Eliminating the hazard, if possible

• Minimizing, if possible• Controlling the hazard

- Checking and Reviewing the risk control

RISK MANAGEMENT

Risk Control

• The elimination or inactivation of a hazard

in a manner such that the hazard does not

pose a risk to workers who have to enter

into an area or work on equipment in the

course of work.

• Hazards should be controlled at their source

where the problem is created.

• Risk control involves evaluating, selecting

and implementing short-term or long-term

controls.

Consideration in Risk Control

• Review measures regularly; modify if

necessary

• Compliance with laws and regulations

• Reflect good management practice

• Consider current state of knowledge

• Include reports or information from

organizations like DOSH, etc.

Criteria for Assessing Risk Control• Cost

• Timing

• Leverage

• Administrative efficiency

• Continuity of effects

• Compatibility

• Jurisdictional authority

• Effects on the economy and environment

• Risk creation

• Equity

• Risk reduction potential reaction

• Political acceptability

• Public and pressure group

Risk Elimination

• This is the best solution, however sometimes

it is not practicable

Example

- Lead-based paint can cause lung cancer -

Solution: replace the type of the paint with water-

based paint

Risk Minimization

• Replace a hazardous substance or work

practice with a less hazardous one.

• Reduce the number of people exposed to the

hazard.

• Reduce the exposure of the hazards through

administrative control e.g. supervision and

training, job rotations, housekeeping and

maintenance programs, hygiene practice.

Risk Control

- Welding wear mask

- Vibration wear leather glove

- Chemical wear safety clothes

- Fall wear body harness

- Noise wear earmuff

• Isolate or contain the hazard from workers through

engineering control e.g. re-design, automation system or

mechanization, absorption device, barriers or dilution.

• Change with other types (equipment, procedures or work

practices) although new ‘safer’ hazards may occur.

• Use personal protective equipment when other control

measures are not feasible and where additional protection is

needed.

Review and Check

• Check the effectiveness of the safety riskmanagement

• Review new hazards and technology

In order for us to achieve the objectives

of managing the OSH at workplace, we

THEREFORE need to look at a

systematic process.

Risk Management Steps (HSE Approach)

Require a Systematic Process

The systematic process is HIRARC -

the basis of occupational safety and

health – in MALAYSIA –

Ministry of Human Resources

HIRARC Guidelines

45

HIRARC

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION,

RISK ASSESSMENT & RISK

CONTROL

WHY WE NEED TO MANAGE HAZARDS – THE RISK

MANAGEMENT?

1. RESPONSIBILITY TO COMPLY WITH LAW

- FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT 1967

- OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 1994 .

HIRARC

Mandatory under the law.

It is one of the general duties as prescribed under the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514) for the employer to provide a safe workplaces to their employees and other related person. ……. OSH ACT

THE ACTS

WHY WE NEED TO MANAGE HAZARDS – THE RISK

MANAGEMENT?

2. TO COMLPY WITH MANAGEMENT SYSTEM STANDARDS

(OHSAS 18001, ISO 14001, others.)

HIRARC

WHY WE NEED TO MANAGE HAZARDS – THE RISK MANAGEMENT? ………cont

3. TO ENABLE AN ORGANIZATION TO MANAGE HAZARDS

EFFECTIVELY

- especially when hazard appears to pose significant threat

- to identify all factors that may cause harm to employers & others

- to consider what are the chances of that harm could actually be

falling in the circumstances

- before implementing corrective or preventive measures

4. TO IDENTIFY WHETHER THE CURRENT CONTROL IS

SUFFICIENT AT ALL TIMES

- uncertain existing measures adequate ?.

HIRARC

.

HIRARC is a compound word, made up of 3

consecutive activities running one after the other.

The activities consist of Hazard Identification,

Risk Assessment and Risk Control.

HIRARC

Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control.

Hazard identification is the recognising of things which may

cause injury or harm to a person.

Risk assessment is the looking at the possibility of injury or harm

occurring to a person if exposed to a hazard.

Risk control is the introduction of measures which will eliminate

or reduce the risk of a person being exposed to a hazard.

HIRARC

HIRARC

HIRARC – process flow

Thank you