eusebius of nicomedia, arius of alexandria, and the marketing of arianism or: “…from a little...
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Eusebius of Nicomedia, Arius of Alexandria, and
the Marketing of ArianismOr:
“…from a little spark a large fire was kindled.”
-- Socrates Scholasticus
Arius, ~330 AD (with his IPad)
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Different Methods of Marketing Religious Beliefs in the 300s:
Eusebius of Nicomedia and Arius
Letter/Tract Writing
Use of Scripture
Public Debates
The Top-Down Method
Church Councils
Persecution of Rivals
Songs/Ditties
(Beautiful Buildings/Artwork)
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Background to Arianism:
“Arians”:• Arius—a priest• Bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia• Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea
“Nicenes”:• Bishop Alexander of Alexandria• Bishop Athanasius• Emperor Constantine (sometimes)• Eusebius of Caesarea (sometimes)
Alexandria
Caesarea
Constantinople
Nicomedia
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Arian Christianity Nicene (later Catholic) Christianity
The Father is eternal;The Son is emanated from or created by the Father (and therefore comes later)
The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are Eternal (homoousius==same nature)
“There was a time when the Son was not”
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Christianity is supposed to be Monotheistic (One God)
• The Nicenes solved this by believing that the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) is one nature, but has different roles
• The Arians solved this by having God eternal
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Letter Writing (most were designed to be public)
Bishops to Emperors
Letters to parishionersBishops to
fellow bishops
And
Emperors to Bishops
Admonitions
Demands
Requests
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Bottom up: the program looks for clusters of words in a text
The Top-Down method—you give it the keywords
Textual AnalysisTopic Modeling—using computational linguistics to search for clusters of words
Computational Historiography or Algorithmic Historiography
David Mimno “Computational Historiography: Data Mining in a Century of Classics Journals,”5, 1, Article 3 (April 2012), 19 pages. Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/~amahoney/02-jocch-mimno.pdf )
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Textisbeautiful.net
Wordle.net (just shows frequency of words)
The Stanford Natural Language Processing Group (useful for extremely large volumes of text)
MALLETT : MAchine Learning for LanguagE Toolkit (useful for extremely large volumes of text)
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Show word maps and association mapsThe Deposition of Arius, by Bishop AlexanderOf Alexandria (319 AD)
“Concept Cloud”
Shows Frequency of use represented by the size of the text.The Color shows groups
Text is Beautiful
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“Concept Web”
Concepts will be positioned closely to other concepts that they are highly related to.
The Deposition of Arius, by Bishop AlexanderOf Alexandria (319 AD)
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The Deposition of Arius, by Bishop AlexanderOf Alexandria (319 AD)
“Correlation Wheel”
Shows prominent relationships between concepts with high prominence scores.“Almost always together, rarely apart”
Not related to frequency
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The Deposition of Arius, by Bishop AlexanderOf Alexandria (319 AD)
“Correlation Wheel”
Shows prominent relationships between draws links between concepts with high prominence scores“Almost always together, rarely apart”
Not related to frequency
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O.k.—so what?
Can reveal new relationships of ideas/concepts/words within a text--very useful for large texts (up to 25,000 words, or 100 pages for textisbeautiful—much, much more for other programs)
Better than keyword searches
Example from Early American Studies: “Doing More with Digitization: An introduction to topic modeling of early American sources” by Sharon Block, www.common-place.org · vol. 6 · no. 2 · January 2006
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Use of Letter Metadata
a letter’s date, author, recipient, point of origin, point of reception
to create spatial analysis of intellectual correspondence networks.
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Alexander of Alexandria’s letters
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Eusebius of Nicomedia’s letters
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Letters of Emperor Constantine
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Letters of Athanasius of Alexandria
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Letters of Julius, Bishop of Rome
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“There was a time when the Son was not”
***Proverbs 8:22-5: “The Lord created me at the beginning of His ways…before the ages he founded me…before all the hills he begets me.”
Matt. 4:2 (cf. Luke 4:2) “Then Jesus was led up by the Spirit into
the wilderness to be tempted by the devil. 4:2 He fasted forty days and forty nights, and afterwards he was famished.”
Jn 8:42 Jesus said to them, "If God were your Father, you would love me, for I came from God and now am here. I have not come on my own; but he sent me.”
Use of Scripture: The Arian use of the Bible
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Nicene/Catholic use of the BiblePsalms 110:3 From the womb, before the morning have I begotten you?
John 1:1 In the beginning was the Word
John 1:18 …the only-begotten Son
John 1:3 …by Him were all things made
John 14:9 He who has seen Me has seen the Father?
John 14:10 I am in the Father, and the Father in Me
John 10:30 My Father and I are one
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Arius was known to publically debate (Theoderet, H.E. 1.1, 1.2)
Auxentius, an Arian bishop living in Milan, Italy (in the 380s)
In the late 300s there are a large number (both Arian and otherwise)
Public Debates
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The conversion of the Emperor/other bishops/local hierarchy
See Philostorgius 3.12: Athanasius and the Homoousian (Nicene) faith
Constantina
Emperor Constantius II
341(?) Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia becomes bishop of Constantinople, the most powerful see in the east
The Top-Down Method
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Church Councils
318-320—Church Council in Alexandria, Egypt: Arius was kicked out of the church320-322 Eusebius of Caesarea and Eusebius of Nicomedia held a council and said that Arius was Orthodox325 (early) Church Council at Antioch: Eusebius of Caesarea
was threatened with excommunication325 Council of Nicea 335 Council of Tyre (condemnation of Athanasius)343 Council of Sardica358 Council of Sirmium359 Council of Rimini359 Seleucia(16 different creeds during this period alone)
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Persecution of Rivals
“Heretics” and Exile
• Arius
• Eusebius of Nicomedia and Theognis of Nicea
• Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, was sent into exile five times between 328-373
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Persecution of Rivals
Charges:
Killings, charges of disrupting church services/destroying church paraphernalia, kidnappings, disrupting the official food supply to Constantinople , sexual exploits (mistresses, having children with prostitutes), confusing innocent virgins
Death of Arius in 336 (Socrates Scholasticus H.E. 1.38)
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Songs/Jingles
Philostorgius H.E. 2:2: Sailors, millers, travellers
“King Henry the Eighth,to six wives he was wedded.One died, one survived,two divorced, two beheaded.”
“Thalia” (The Banquet)—by Arius
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We Just Can’t Get Along…
We are never, ever, ever, getting back togetherWe are never, ever, ever, getting back togetherYou go talk to your friends, talk to my friends, talk to meBut we are never, ever, ever, ever, getting back together
--Taylor Swift (Or Athanasius talking to Arius/Eusebius)
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Use of Churches
Arian Baptistery Ravenna, Italy
Ambrose vs. Emperor Valentinian II and his wife Justina (in the 380s)
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A Walk-Through of St. Peter’s Basilica
Open up your 360Cities App
Search (the search-glass is in the upper left) for St. Peters Basilica
Along the top there is a Map button or a List button. Click on List.
Open up the one titled:
2011 05 18 13 54 Vatican St Peter High Resolution
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Did all of these techniques matter, and/or did they make an impression on the common people?
• Individuals fought each other• Cities were divided• Religious riots• Churches were burned or invaded by the other
side• Official Persecution• Natural Disasters (believed to be brought on by
God)
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Keeping Up with the (Ancient) Times using Modern Tech:
• ***Scoop.it (http://www.scoop.it/t/Arianism)• Google Scholar (which will email new scholarship to you)• Twitter (hardly anything on Arianism that is academic)• Blogs (not very many!)• Podcasts• JSTOR
Presentation of Research:• ThingLink/Aurasma/My personal website
www.digitalancienthistory.com ; Slideshare;
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Future Research Directions
• Rise of Christianity: History, Documents, and Key Questions (manuscript is due May 1, 2015). I’ll be using these categories (along with digital material—podcasts, videos, timelines, using Aurasma)
• A book on Eusebius and the part he played in spreading Arianism
• Digital mapping projects (using GIS—Geographical Information System): The spread of both Christianity and the “Barbarians” and incorporating this research on why and how they converted
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Different Methods of Spreading/Accepting Religious Beliefs:
***Eusebius of Nicomedia and Arius
Letter Writing
Use of Scripture
Public Debates
The Top-Down Method
Church Councils
Persecution of Rivals
Songs/Ditties
(Beautiful Buildings/Artwork)
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Appeal of Manichaeism
• Intellectual appeal• Duality• Art• Appeal to women
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Concept Cloud
History of the Arians--Athanasius
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Concept Web
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Eusebius of Nicomedia and Arius
Alexander of Alexandria Ossius of Cordova
Athanasius of Alexandria
Eusebius of Caesarea
George of Constantinople
Emperor Constantine
Emperor LiciniusEmperor Constantius II
Ulfila the GothEarly 300s AD
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Use of Art
The Baptism of Constantine by Pope Sylvester ----Raphael or Penni (1520s)
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Sylvester died in 335
Constantine died in 337
“Donation of Constantine” (torn apart by L. Valla)
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A mosaic in the Arian Baptistery,Ravenna, Italy (about 500 AD)
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Early Christianity databases
• Thesaurus Linguae Graecae: A digital library of Greek works
• The Unbound Bible
• All-in-One Biblical Resources Search
• American Theological Library Association religion database
• Windows contains a very simple data search that will look for specific words within a folder