EuropeanImperialism Queen Victoria Imperialism or Nationalism ? In your group, decide whether the picture depicts imperialism or nationalism and tell why you chose as you did. Introduction Imperialism The social, Imperialism The social, economic, and political domination of one nation by another. Between 1815 and 1914, Between 1815 and 1914, the West (Europe and America) increased their control of the worlds land mass from 35% - 85% The 19 th Century was truly an age of Empire Why Imperialism? Empire Building Empire Building Economics Economics Political and Military Interests Political and Military Interests Power and Authority Power and Authority Nineteenth Century 1800s Nineteenth Century 1800s British Dominance - called the Victorian Era after Queen Victoria who ruled for 64 years British Dominance - called the Victorian Era after Queen Victoria who ruled for 64 years Introduction Western imperialism was not new; Europeans had been influencing or conquering part of the world since the 1400s Western imperialism was not new; Europeans had been influencing or conquering part of the world since the 1400s US grew from coast to coast during the 1700sUS grew from coast to coast during the 1700s Aggressive imperialism dominated the scene in the 1800s New ImperialismAggressive imperialism dominated the scene in the 1800s New Imperialism The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire Examine the map below and then decide in your groups what the title means. Forces Enabling African and Indian Imperialism European technological superiority European technological superiority SteamboatsSteamboats Automatic machine gunAutomatic machine gun LocomotiveLocomotive TelegraphTelegraph Europeans had the means to control their empires Europeans had the means to control their empires Easy travelEasy travel Wide spread communicationWide spread communication African and Indian disunity African and Indian disunity Huge variety of culturesHuge variety of cultures Fighting among culturesFighting among cultures Huge business interests and support from companiesHuge business interests and support from companies Remains one of the most controversial legacies of the Western world Although the Wests domination was impressive, and it made Europe and the US rich and powerful, there was a negative flip side Although the Wests domination was impressive, and it made Europe and the US rich and powerful, there was a negative flip side Bloodshed; racial prejudice, slavery, and violence often broke out vs. natives.Bloodshed; racial prejudice, slavery, and violence often broke out vs. natives. English Writer Joseph ConradEnglish Writer Joseph Conrad The conquest of the earth, which mostly means the taking away from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves is not pretty thing when you look into it too much. The conquest of the earth, which mostly means the taking away from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves is not pretty thing when you look into it too much. Heart of Darkness Causes of Imperialism Economic Economic Industrialization gave the West the ability to conquer other parts of the world, but more reasons to do so, too.Industrialization gave the West the ability to conquer other parts of the world, but more reasons to do so, too. Large-Scale industrial production made Western factories demand more raw materials, which could be seized from less powerful nations.Large-Scale industrial production made Western factories demand more raw materials, which could be seized from less powerful nations. Also, Western nations needed markets for goods produced.Also, Western nations needed markets for goods produced. Colonies would serve as Potential markets. Colonies would serve as Potential markets. Immense wealth allowed Western world to conquer far- flung placesImmense wealth allowed Western world to conquer far- flung places Causes of Imperialism Military Factors Military Factors Industrialization bestowed new weaponry of all types upon the armies and navies of the West: Ocean-going fleets Modern rifles and rapid-fire artillery. Occasions were rare that native populations could resist Western military forces. Growing need of Western nations to maintain bases and coal/oil stations around the world for naval and civilian fleets Ships required repairs and refueling stations at strategic locations globally. Causes of Imperialism Social factors Social factors Europes rapid population growth during the 1800s- played a role in prompting imperial activity.Europes rapid population growth during the 1800s- played a role in prompting imperial activity. Emigration to the Americas was an outlet Emigration to the Americas was an outlet Millions came to the Americas Millions came to the Americas Another outlet was to leave home for colonial life. Another outlet was to leave home for colonial life. Ambitious or desperate families attempted to make their fortunes this way.Ambitious or desperate families attempted to make their fortunes this way. Causes of Imperialism Role of science and Technology Role of science and Technology Instrumental in allowing West to conquer and colonize. Knowledge was power Advances in transportation, communication, and warfare brought by the I.R. enabled Western nations to build empires. New wave of exploration allowed for better knowledge of the geography of the world. Medical advances Made possible for Europs and Americans to press into tropical regions. Quinine helped relieve symtoms of malaria and yellow fever. Causes of Imperialism Cultural Factors Cultural Factors Sense of racial superiority was widespread among Westerners.Sense of racial superiority was widespread among Westerners. Created a sense that Western nations were entitled to conquer and colonize areas that appeared backwards or primitive. Created a sense that Western nations were entitled to conquer and colonize areas that appeared backwards or primitive. Cecil Rhodes, Brisish imperialist, I contend that we are the finest race in the world, and the more of it we inhabit, the better.Cecil Rhodes, Brisish imperialist, I contend that we are the finest race in the world, and the more of it we inhabit, the better. Causes of Imperialism Cultural Factors Cultural Factors In some cases, the belief was justified in crude and prejudiced ways. In other ways, the theory of Social Darwinism was used to argue in favor of imperialism. Misguided application of survival of the fittest and natural selection. People who were tech. and culturally advanced were permitted to conquer those who were less. Causes of Imperialism Cultural Factors Cultural Factors Genuine conviction that it was the duty of white Westerners to teach and modernize the darker- skinned, supposedly primitive people of Africa and Asia.Genuine conviction that it was the duty of white Westerners to teach and modernize the darker- skinned, supposedly primitive people of Africa and Asia. English poet Rudyard Kipling, White mans Burden English poet Rudyard Kipling, White mans Burden Attitude was well-meaning and heartfelt, but also condescending.Attitude was well-meaning and heartfelt, but also condescending. Euro and American missionaries, doctors, and scientists, and colonial officials sometimes did much good in the places they visited.Euro and American missionaries, doctors, and scientists, and colonial officials sometimes did much good in the places they visited. Did so out of a subconscious sense of racial superiority, and often trampled on the beliefs and ideas of the natives. Did so out of a subconscious sense of racial superiority, and often trampled on the beliefs and ideas of the natives. Europes Overseas Empire Western Approaches Western Approaches Britains was the largest and most powerful colonial establishment.Britains was the largest and most powerful colonial establishment. France, Belgium, and the Netherlands also had sizable colonies. France, Belgium, and the Netherlands also had sizable colonies. Various approaches to governingVarious approaches to governing British considered to have most enlightened approach to colonization. British considered to have most enlightened approach to colonization. Did take their colonies by force and exploited them economically and were prone to the same sense of racial superiority as the others.Did take their colonies by force and exploited them economically and were prone to the same sense of racial superiority as the others. Yet, they interfered as little as possible with local customs. Yet, they interfered as little as possible with local customs. Introduced positive social reforms and scientific/tech. knowledge. Introduced positive social reforms and scientific/tech. knowledge. Territories Colonized by European Powers Europes Overseas Empire Various Approaches to governing Various Approaches to governing Portuguese and Belgians were known to be especially harsh, even cruel, masters, particularly in Africa.Portuguese and Belgians were known to be especially harsh, even cruel, masters, particularly in Africa. Germany and Italy were also brutal. Germany and Italy were also brutal. Europes Overseas Empire SE Asia SE Asia Colonized and influence by a variety of powersColonized and influence by a variety of powers Dutch controlled Indonesia.Dutch controlled Indonesia. Napoleon III led France into overtaking Indochina.Napoleon III led France into overtaking Indochina. British controlled Burma, Malay Peninsula, and Australia.British controlled Burma, Malay Peninsula, and Australia. Philippines was given to the US in 1898 after the Spanish-American War.Philippines was given to the US in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. Europes Overseas Empire India India Had been a source of conflict between France and Britain for much of the 18 th and 19 th century.Had been a source of conflict between France and Britain for much of the 18 th and 19 th century. Britain gained control of most of India by 1850; but was not directly ruled by the British government but the BEIC. Britain gained control of most of India by 1850; but was not directly ruled by the British government but the BEIC. Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, which shocked the British badly-convinced the government to assume full control over the colony.Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, which shocked the British badly-convinced the government to assume full control over the colony. Very important to Britain in terms of pride, strategic location, and economic benefitVery important to Britain in terms of pride, strategic location, and economic benefit British in India British East India company controlled much of India using sepoys. British East India company controlled much of India using sepoys. Sepoys Native Hindu or Muslim mercenary private police Sepoys Native Hindu or Muslim mercenary private police Crops: opium poppies for sale in China and cotton and tea for sale in the rest of the British empire Crops: opium poppies for sale in China and cotton and tea for sale in the rest of the British empire Cotton textile making outlawed in India Cotton textile making outlawed in India India was so profitable, it was called the Jewel in the Crown. India was so profitable, it was called the Jewel in the Crown. Imperialism and Empire - India The Sepoy Rebellion allowed British soldiers to invade and control all of India The Sepoy Rebellion allowed British soldiers to invade and control all of India The British established control of India and its neighbors by The British established control of India and its neighbors by The British controlled Australia, New Zealand and much of the far east. The worlds biggest empire! The British controlled Australia, New Zealand and much of the far east. The worlds biggest empire! Europes Overseas Empire China China Despite its vast size and immense population, China fell victim to nearly every Euro nation and the USDespite its vast size and immense population, China fell victim to nearly every Euro nation and the US Not technically colonized Not technically colonized Thanks to military defeat at the hands of the Brits and others, compelled to open its borders and trade with others in a highly disadvantageous setting. Thanks to military defeat at the hands of the Brits and others, compelled to open its borders and trade with others in a highly disadvantageous setting. Gave up territory (eg. Hong Kong to the British) Gave up territory (eg. Hong Kong to the British) British, French, Americans, Russians, Germans, and others were allowed to establish concessions on the Chinese coast. British, French, Americans, Russians, Germans, and others were allowed to establish concessions on the Chinese coast. Large districts where Western law prevailedLarge districts where Western law prevailed 1911: manchu dynasty, weakened b/c of foreign meddling, collapsed.1911: manchu dynasty, weakened b/c of foreign meddling, collapsed. Foreign ships could sail up rives as fast as they wantedForeign ships could sail up rives as fast as they wanted 1900: Chinese rose up in Boxer Rebellion to resist foreign domination.1900: Chinese rose up in Boxer Rebellion to resist foreign domination. Imperialism in China Because of repeated attempts at invasion, China distrusted foreigners and tried to remain isolationist. Because of repeated attempts at invasion, China distrusted foreigners and tried to remain isolationist. They were unsuccessful. They were unsuccessful. Britain gained spheres of influence in China through smuggling opium. Resulted in Opium War and Boxer Uprising. Britain gained spheres of influence in China through smuggling opium. Resulted in Opium War and Boxer Uprising. Europes Overseas Empire Japan Japan Was able to resist Western imperialismWas able to resist Western imperialism Isolated until 1853, when US Navy forced it to resume diplomatic and economic relation with the world.Isolated until 1853, when US Navy forced it to resume diplomatic and economic relation with the world. Japan chose to adopt the science, technology, and military know-how of the West.Japan chose to adopt the science, technology, and military know-how of the West. Not only avoided takeover, but began to build its own empire. Not only avoided takeover, but began to build its own empire : Defeated China : Defeated China : Defeated Russia : Defeated Russia Europes Overseas Empire The Middle East Had been in the hands of the Ottoman Empire for 100s of years. The Middle East Had been in the hands of the Ottoman Empire for 100s of years. Was collapsing Was collapsing The Eastern Question The Eastern Question How to fill in the power vacuum left by the Ottoman decline Became a central question in global politics During last half of 1800, large portions were seized by Euros (French and British) Europes Overseas Empire Middle East Middle East Perhaps most important territory was Egypt.Perhaps most important territory was Egypt. Became a British protectorate in 1880s. Became a British protectorate in 1880s. France and Britain both vied for Egypt, mainly b/c of the financing of the Suez Canal (1869). France and Britain both vied for Egypt, mainly b/c of the financing of the Suez Canal (1869). Control over the canal a vital link between Med. And Red Sea/Indian Ocean was crucial, British used eco. Pressure to gain more political control over Egypt.Control over the canal a vital link between Med. And Red Sea/Indian Ocean was crucial, British used eco. Pressure to gain more political control over Egypt. Persia too became important, namely between Britain and RussiaPersia too became important, namely between Britain and Russia Because of geo position and large petroleum reserves found in Because of geo position and large petroleum reserves found in 1908. Suez Canal Europeans needed a faster way to get from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean Europeans needed a faster way to get from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean The French and the Egyptians, with funding from France, began a canal to connect the two water bodies. The French and the Egyptians, with funding from France, began a canal to connect the two water bodies. Because Egypt could not pay their canal debts, they sold their shares to Great Britain Because Egypt could not pay their canal debts, they sold their shares to Great Britain 1882 Egyptian nationalists rebel against foreign influence. British make Egypt a protectorate and take over control of the canal Egyptian nationalists rebel against foreign influence. British make Egypt a protectorate and take over control of the canal. Scramble For Africa Scramble for Africa Scramble for Africa Experienced the most intense burst of Euro imperialism After 1880, African colonization moved away from gold and slave trade to one of taking over territory. Thanks to better maps, industrial era weapons and medicines, European armies and colonizers were able to penetrate every part of the Dark Continent. Almost led to war amongst the nations of Europe several times Berlin Conference of was held Presided over by Bismarck Laid down guidelines for African expansion and played a certain role in keeping the peace. Scramble for Africa Scramble for Africa Scramble for Africa Competition over African territory caused a number of diplomatic crises among the European powers.Competition over African territory caused a number of diplomatic crises among the European powers. Boer War ( ) Boer War ( ) Africans suffered greatly; tribe after tribe, country after country fell to the Europeans. Africans suffered greatly; tribe after tribe, country after country fell to the Europeans. By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia were independent.By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia were independent. Imperialism and Empire - Africa 1880 Most of Africa consisted of independent states 1880 Most of Africa consisted of independent states 1914 With the exception of Ethiopia and Liberia, all of Africa was controlled by Europeans 1914 With the exception of Ethiopia and Liberia, all of Africa was controlled by Europeans Imperialism in Africa King Leopold II of Belgium brought Sir Stanley into his services to acquire as much land in the Congo Basin as possible. King Leopold II of Belgium brought Sir Stanley into his services to acquire as much land in the Congo Basin as possible. South Africa share of world gold production increased from 0% to 25% from 1880 to South Africa share of world gold production increased from 0% to 25% from 1880 to In the early 1900, Tripoli became the target of imperialist expansion of Italy. In the early 1900, Tripoli became the target of imperialist expansion of Italy. Push back The Young Turks were a reformist and nationalist party that was founded in the latter part of the 19 th century and was the dominant political party in Turkey that fought against imperialism. The Young Turks were a reformist and nationalist party that was founded in the latter part of the 19 th century and was the dominant political party in Turkey that fought against imperialism. Ismail Pasha in Egypt refused to pay debts incurred during the war with Ethiopia and from building the Suez Canal. This brought more European intervention. Ismail Pasha in Egypt refused to pay debts incurred during the war with Ethiopia and from building the Suez Canal. This brought more European intervention. Imperialism in America Early imperialism called Manifest Destiny to expand from sea to shining sea. Indian wars, the Mexican War and the Civil War have been called examples of such imperialism. (page 609) Early imperialism called Manifest Destiny to expand from sea to shining sea. Indian wars, the Mexican War and the Civil War have been called examples of such imperialism. (page 609) Americans moved out into the Pacific Ocean in the nineteenth century (1800s). Took control of Hawaii. Americans moved out into the Pacific Ocean in the nineteenth century (1800s). Took control of Hawaii. Japan in 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry opened up trade with Japan by threatening military action (page 645). Japan in 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry opened up trade with Japan by threatening military action (page 645). Japanese opened up trade to everyone. By 1830, Japan itself was an imperialist power, taking control of the Pacific. This led to American involvement in WWII. Japanese opened up trade to everyone. By 1830, Japan itself was an imperialist power, taking control of the Pacific. This led to American involvement in WWII. Fought a war with Spain in Acquired the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico. (Spanish American War) Fought a war with Spain in Acquired the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico. (Spanish American War) The Age of Imperialism, To gain power, European nations compete for colonies and trade. Nationalism Europeans exerted influence over the economic, political, and social lives of people they colonized. Europeans believe they must spread their Christian teachings to the world. Missionary Spirit Demand for raw materials and new markets spurs a search for colonies. Economic Competition Causes The Age of Imperialism, Europeans control land and people in areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Colonization Christianity is spread to Africa, India, and Asia. Christianization Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economies. Colonial Economics Effects Europeans exerted influence over the economic, political, and social lives of people they colonized.