european union .pro

7/25/2019 European Union .Pro

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1.INTRODUCTION

European Union

The European Union(EU) is a politico-economicunion of

28 member statesthat are primarilylocated in Europe. The EU operates through a system

of supranationalindependent institutions and intergovernmentalnegotiated decisions bythe member states. Institutions of the EUinclude the Europeanommission! the ouncil of the European Union! the European ouncil!the ourt of "ustice of the European Union! the European entral #an$!the ourt of %uditors! and the European &arliament. The European&arliament is elected every 've years by EU citiens.

The EU traces its origins from the European oal and teel

ommunity(E) and the European Economic ommunity(EE)! formedby the Inner i*countries in +,+ and +,8! respectively. In theintervening years! the community and its successors have gron in sieby the accession of ne member statesand in poer by the addition ofpolicy areas to its remit. The /aastricht Treatyestablished the EuropeanUnion under its current name in +,,0. The latest ma1or amendment to theconstitutional basis of the EU! theTreaty of isbon! came into force in233,.

The EU has developed a single mar$etthrough a standardised system oflas that apply in all member states. 4ithin the chengen %rea! passport

controls have been abolished. EU policies aim to ensure the freemovement of people! goods! services! and capital! enact legislation in1ustice and home a5airs! and maintain common policies ontrade! agriculture!'sheries! and regional development.

The monetary unionas established in +,,, and came into full force in2332. It is currently composed of +8 member states that use the euro astheir legal tender. Through the ommon 6oreign and ecurity &olicy! theEU has developed a role in e*ternal relationsand defence. The unionmaintains permanent diplomatic missionsthroughout the orld andrepresents itself at the United 7ations! the 4T! the 98! and the 9-23.

4ith a combined population of over 33 million inhabitants! or :.0; of theorld population! the EU in 23+2 generated a nominal gross domesticproduct (9 trillion U dollars! constituting appro*imately20; of global nominal 9


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2.History

History of the European Union and History of Europe

?obert chumanproposingthe oal and teel ommunityon , /ay+,3.

%fter 4orld 4ar II! moves toards European integration ere seen bymany as an escape from the e*treme forms of nationalism that haddevastated the continent. The +,>8 @ague ongressas a pivotalmoment in European federal history! as it led to the creation ofthe European /ovement Internationaland also of the ollege of Europe! a

place here EuropeAs future leaders ould live and study together. +,2sa the creation of the European oal and teel ommunity! hich asdeclared to be Ba 'rst step in the federation of EuropeB! starting ith theaim of eliminating the possibility of further ars beteen its memberstates by means of pooling the national heavy industries. The foundingmembers of the ommunity ere #elgium! 6rance! Italy!u*embourg!the 7etherlands! and 4est 9ermany. The originators and supporters ofthe ommunity include %lcide


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states. In +,8=! the European Fagbegan to be used by theommunity and the ingle European %ctas signed.

The euroas introduced in 2332! replacing +2 national currencies. i*countries have since 1oined the latest entrant! atvia! in 23+>.

In +,,3! after the fall of the Eastern #loc! the former East9ermanybecame part of the ommunity as part of a reunited9ermany. 4ith further enlargement planned for former communiststates! yprus! and /alta! the openhagen criteriafor candidate membersto 1oin the EU ere agreed upon in "une +,,0.

The European Union as formally established hen the /aastricht TreatyGhose main architects ere @elmut Dohland6ranHois /itterrandGcameinto force on + 7ovember +,,0. In +,,! %ustria! 6inland!and eden1oined the EU. In 2332! euro ban$notes and coins replacednational currencies in +2 of the member states. ince then!

the euroonehas increased to encompass +8 countries. In 233>! the EUsa its biggest enlargement to datehen yprus! the ech?epublic! Estonia!@ungary! atvia! ithuania! /alta! &oland! lova$ia!and lovenia1oined the Union.

Europe


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held! leading to the second #arroso ommission! and by "uly! Icelandformally applied for EU membership! but has since suspendednegotiations.

n +


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The EUAs member states cover an area of >!>20!+>: sJuare $ilometres(+!:3:!:8: sJ mi). The EUAs highest pea$ is /ont #lancin the 9raian %lps!>!8+3.> metres (+!:82 ft) above sea level. The loest point in the EUis Kuidplaspolderin the 7etherlands! at : m (20 ft) belo sea level.LcitationneededMThe landscape! climate! and economy of the EU are inFuenced by its

coastline! hich is =!,,0 $ilometres (>+!33= mi) long.Including the overseas territories of 6rance hich are located outside ofthe continent of Europe! but hich are members of the union! the EUe*periences most types of climatefrom %rctic(7orth-East Europe) totropical (6rench 9uyana)! rendering meteorological averages for the EU asa hole meaningless. The ma1ority of the population lives in areas ith atemperate maritime climate(7orth-4estern Europe and entral Europe)!a/editerranean climate(outhern Europe)! or a arm summer continentalor hemi borealclimate (7orthern#al$ansand entral Europe).

The EUAs population is highly urbanised! ith some :; of inhabitants

(and groing! pro1ected to be ,3; in seven member states by 2323)living in urban areas. ities are largely spread out across the EU! althoughith a large groupingin and around the #enelu*. %n increasingpercentage of this is due to lo density urban spral hich is e*tendinginto natural areas. In some cases! this urban groth has been due to theinFu* of EU fundsinto a region.

3.1 Memer states

Member state of the European Union

The folloing 28 sovereign states(of hich the map only shos territoriessituated in and around Europe) constitute the unionN

!ist o" European Union memer states y popu#ation

Rank

Country(or

dependent territory)

July 1,2013

projection

% ofpop.

Averae

relativeannualro!t"

(%)

Averaea#$olut

eannualro!t"

$ti&ated

dou#linti&e

('ear$)

Alternative

fiureate ource

1 Germa

ny80,640,000 15.99 0.24 196,000 285 80,493,000

September 30, 2012

Official estimate

2 France 66,616,416 13.21 0.49 309,000 143 65,834,000 Janary 1, Official estimate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graian_Alpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_levelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuidplaspolderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiborealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Bananahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-European_Networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/Zensus_Geschlecht_Staatsangehoerigkeit.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=NATnon02145http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graian_Alpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_levelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuidplaspolderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiborealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Bananahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-European_Networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/Zensus_Geschlecht_Staatsangehoerigkeit.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=NATnon02145


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Rank

Country(or


July 1,2013

projection

% ofpop.

Averae

relativeannualro!t"

(%)

Averaea#$olut

eannualro!t"

$ti&ated

dou#linti&e

('ear$)

Alternative

fiureate ource

2014

f!r Frenc"#epartements$it"!t%ay!tte&enssf!r %ay!tte an#t"e !'erseasc!llecti'ities(5)

3*nite#

+in#!m64,231,000 12.-3 0.-3 465,000 95 63,181,--5

%arc" 2-,2011

2011 censsreslt

4 taly 59,-89,000 11.85 0.35 206,000 201 60,-82,668/ecember

31, 2013%!nt"ly !fficialestimate

5 Spain 46,958,000 9.31 0.43 205,000 4-,059,533Janary 1,

2013Official estimate

6 !lan# 38,548,000 -.64 0.08 29,000 921 38,533,299/ecember

31, 2012Official estimate

- !mania

19,858,000 3.94 0.-- 155,000 20,121,641Oct!ber20, 2011

Final 2011censs reslt

8 et"erlan#s

16,-95,000 3.33 0.33 55,000 211 16,841,300Septembe

r 2, 2014Officialp!plati!n cl!c

9 elim

11,162,000 2.21 0.66 -3,000 106 11,156,136Jne 1,

2013%!nt"ly !fficialestimate

10 Greece 10,-58,000 2.13 0.13 14,000 10,815,19-%ay 24,

2011Final 2011censs reslt

11 !rtal

10,609,000 2.10 0.19 20,000 36- 10,562,1-8%arc" 21,

2011Final 2011censs reslt

12 &ec"epblic

10,519,000 2.09 0.23 24,000 303 10,512,800%arc" 31,

http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=NATnon02145http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=NATnon02145http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=NATnon02145http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=NATnon02145http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=NATnon02145http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?ref_id=populegalescomhttp://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?ref_id=populegalescomhttp://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?ref_id=populegalescomhttp://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?ref_id=populegalescomhttp://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?ref_id=populegalescomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_population#cite_note-populationINSEE-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.htmlhttp://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://demo.istat.it/bilmens2013gen/index_e.htmlhttp://demo.istat.it/bilmens2013gen/index_e.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://www.ine.es/prensa/np776.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LU_ludnosc_stan_struktura_31_12_2012.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdfhttp://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htmhttp://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fileadmin/user_upload/Registre/fr/statistiques_population/stat_1_f.pdfhttp://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fileadmin/user_upload/Registre/fr/statistiques_population/stat_1_f.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_GR.pdfhttp://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_GR.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://www.ine.pt/scripts/flex_definitivos/Main.htmlhttp://www.ine.pt/scripts/flex_definitivos/Main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://www.czso.cz/csu/csu.nsf/enginformace/coby061213.dochttp://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=NATnon02145http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=NATnon02145http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?ref_id=populegalescomhttp://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?ref_id=populegalescomhttp://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?ref_id=populegalescomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_population#cite_note-populationINSEE-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.htmlhttp://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://demo.istat.it/bilmens2013gen/index_e.htmlhttp://demo.istat.it/bilmens2013gen/index_e.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://www.ine.es/prensa/np776.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LU_ludnosc_stan_struktura_31_12_2012.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdfhttp://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htmhttp://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fileadmin/user_upload/Registre/fr/statistiques_population/stat_1_f.pdfhttp://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fileadmin/user_upload/Registre/fr/statistiques_population/stat_1_f.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_GR.pdfhttp://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_GR.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://www.ine.pt/scripts/flex_definitivos/Main.htmlhttp://www.ine.pt/scripts/flex_definitivos/Main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://www.czso.cz/csu/csu.nsf/enginformace/coby061213.doc


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Rank

Country(or


July 1,2013

projection

% ofpop.

Averae

relativeannualro!t"

(%)

Averaea#$olut

eannualro!t"

$ti&ated

dou#linti&e

('ear$)

Alternative

fiureate ource

137nar

y9,894,000 1.96 0.25 25,000 9,906,000

Janary 1,2013

Official estimate

14 S$e#e

n9,595,000 1.90 0.-6 -2,000 92 9,588,569

%ay 31,2013

%!nt"ly !fficialestimate

15 stria 8,4--,000 1.68 0.61 51,000 115 8,464,554pril 1,


16 lari

a-,261,000 1.44 0.59 43,000 -,282,041

/ecember31, 2012

Official estimate

1- /enmar

5,612,000 1.11 0.45 25,000 155 5,605,836pril 1,


18 Finlan# 5,436,000 1.08 0.44 24,000 15- 5,436,6-8Jne 31,

2013

%!nt"ly !fficial

estimate

19 Sl!'aia

5,413,000 1.0- 0.15 8,000 469 5,410,-28%arc" 31,


20 relan# 4,662,000 0.92 1.35 62,000 52 4,585,400 pril 2012 Official estimate

21 &r!atia 4,258,000 0.84 0.35 15,000 4,290,612%arc" 31,

20112011 censsreslt

22 it"an

ia2,956,000 0.59 1.30 39,000 2,955,986

Jly 1,2013

%!nt"ly !fficialestimate

23Sl!'eni

a2,062,000 0.41 0.24 5,000 286 2,063,693

September 2, 2014

Officialp!plati!n cl!c

24 at'ia 2,011,000 0.40 1.23 25,000 2,013,400Jne 1,

2013%!nt"ly !fficialestimate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaryhttp://portal.ksh.hu/pls/ksh/docs/eng/xstadat/xstadat_annual/i_wdsd003b.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____25897.aspxhttp://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____25897.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://www.statistik.at/web_de/presse/071726http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://www.nsi.bg/otrasal.php?otr=19&a1=376&a2=377&a3=378#conthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-befolkningsfremskrivning.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://www.stat.fi/til/vrm_en.htmlhttp://www.stat.fi/til/vrm_en.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=68588http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Irelandhttp://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/population/2012/popmig_2012.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatiahttp://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htmhttp://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuaniahttp://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=7743&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14=http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=7743&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveniahttp://www.stat.si/eng/tema_demografsko_prebivalstvo.asphttp://www.stat.si/eng/tema_demografsko_prebivalstvo.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviahttp://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.htmlhttp://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaryhttp://portal.ksh.hu/pls/ksh/docs/eng/xstadat/xstadat_annual/i_wdsd003b.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____25897.aspxhttp://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____25897.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://www.statistik.at/web_de/presse/071726http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://www.nsi.bg/otrasal.php?otr=19&a1=376&a2=377&a3=378#conthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-befolkningsfremskrivning.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://www.stat.fi/til/vrm_en.htmlhttp://www.stat.fi/til/vrm_en.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=68588http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Irelandhttp://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/population/2012/popmig_2012.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatiahttp://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htmhttp://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuaniahttp://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=7743&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14=http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=7743&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveniahttp://www.stat.si/eng/tema_demografsko_prebivalstvo.asphttp://www.stat.si/eng/tema_demografsko_prebivalstvo.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviahttp://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.htmlhttp://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.html


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Rank

Country(or


July 1,2013

projection

% ofpop.

Averae

relativeannualro!t"

(%)

Averaea#$olut

eannualro!t"

$ti&ated

dou#linti&e

('ear$)

Alternative

fiureate ource

25 :st!nia

1,283,000 0.25 0.62 8,000 1,286,540Janary 1,


26 &yprs 888,000 0.18 1.95 1-,000 36 862,000/ecember

31, 2011Official estimate

2- ;em

b!r542,000 0.11 1.88 10,000 3- 53-,000

/ecember31, 2012

Official estimate

28 %alta 419,000 0.08 0.48 2,000 145 416,055!'ember

20, 2011reliminary 2011censs reslt

*otal+0,+-,00

0100.0

00.22 1,12,000 311

Through successive enlargements! the Union has gron from the si*founding statesG #elgium! 6rance! 4est 9ermany! Italy! u*embourg!and the 7etherlands G to the current 28. ountries accede to the unionby becoming party to the founding treaties! thereby sub1ectingthemselves to the privileges and obligations of EU membership. Thisentails a partial delegation of sovereignty to the institutions in return forrepresentation ithin those institutions! a practice often referred to asBpooling of sovereigntyB.

To become a member! a country must meet the openhagen criteria!de'ned at the +,,0 meeting of the European ouncil in openhagen.These reJuire a stable democracy that respects human rights and the ruleof la a functioning mar$et economy and the acceptance of theobligations of membership! including EU la. Evaluation of a countryAsful'lment of the criteria is the responsibility of the European ouncil. 7omember state has ever left the Union!although 9reenland(an autonomous provinceof


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#ragi veinsson! informed the European ommission that the nelyelected government intended to Bput negotiations on holdB. #osnia and@eregovinaand Dosovoare oOcially recognised as potentialcandidates! but none have submitted a membership application.


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The EU operates ithin those competencies conferred on it bythe treatiesand according to the principle ofsubsidiarity(hich dictatesthat action by the EU should only be ta$en here an ob1ective cannot besuOciently achieved by the member states alone). as made by the EUinstitutionsare passed in a variety of forms. 9enerally spea$ing! they canbe classi'ed into to groupsN those hich come into force ithout thenecessity for national implementation measures and those hichspeci'cally reJuire national implementation measures.

$.1 Constitutiona# nature

Treaties of the European Union

The classi'cation of the European Union in terms of international orconstitutional la has been much debated! often in the light of the degreeof integration that is perceived! desired! or e*pected. @istorically! at least!the EU is an international organisation! and by some criteria! it could beclassi'ed as a confederation but it also has many attributes of afederation! so some ould classify it as a (de facto) federation ofstates. 6or this reason! the organisation has! in the past! been termed suigeneris(incomparable! one of a $ind)! though it is also argued that thisdesignation is no longer true.

The organisation itself has traditionally used the terms BcommunityB! andlater BunionB. The diOculties of classi'cation involve the di5erencebeteen national la (here the sub1ects of the la include naturalpersons and corporations) and international la (here the sub1ectsinclude sovereign states and international organisations) they can also beseen in the light of di5ering European and %merican constitutionaltraditions. Especially in terms of the European constitutional tradition! theterm federationis eJuated ith a sovereign federal state in international

la so the EU cannot be called a federal stateor federationGat least! notithout Juali'cation. Though not! strictly! a federation! it is more than a
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free-trade association. It is! hoever! described as being based on afederal model or federal in nature. 4alter @allstein! in the original 9ermanedition of Europe in the Makingcalled it Ban un'nished federal stateB. The9erman onstitutional ourt refers to the European Union asan association of sovereign statesand aOrms that ma$ing the EU a

federation ould reJuire replacement of the 9erman constitution. thersclaim that it ill not develop into a federal state but has reached maturityas an international organisation.

$.2 Go'ernan&e

Institutions of the European Union and Legislature of theEuropean Union

The European Union has seven institutionsN the European &arliament!the ouncil of the European Union! the European ommission!the European ouncil! the European entral #an$! the ourt of "ustice ofthe European Unionand the European ourt of %uditors. ompetencies inscrutinising and amending legislation are divided beteen the European&arliament and the ouncil of the European Union hile e*ecutive tas$sare carried out by the European ommission and in a limited capacity bythe European ouncil (not to be confused ith the aforementioned ouncilof the European Union). The monetary policyof the euro oneis governedby the European entral #an$. The interpretation and the application of

EU la and the treaties are ensured by the ourt of "ustice of theEuropean Union. The EU budget is scrutinised by the European ourt of%uditors. There are also a number of ancillary bodies hich advise the EUor operate in a speci'c area.

European Union

This article is part of a serieson the

po#iti&s an( go'ernmento" the European Union

%ar#iament

European Coun&i#

Coun&i#
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Commission

Court o" )usti&e

Centra# *an+

Court o" ,u(itors

,gen&ies

Other o(ies

%o#i&ies an( issues

-oreign re#ations

E#e&tions

!a

T

E

European Coun&i#

The &resident of the European ouncil! @erman an ?ompuy

The European ouncil gives direction to the EU! and convenes at least fourtimes a year. It comprises the &resident of the European ouncil!the &resident of the European ommissionand one representativeper member state either itshead of stateor head of government. The

European ouncil has been described by some as the UnionAs Bsupremepolitical authorityB. It is actively involved in the negotiation of the treatychangesand de'nes the EUAs policy agenda and strategies.

The European ouncil uses its leadership role to sort out disputes beteenmember states and the institutions! and to resolve political crises anddisagreements over controversial issues and policies. It acts e*ternally asa Bcollective head of stateB and rati'esimportant documents (fore*ample! international agreements and treaties).

n +, 7ovember 233,! @erman an ?ompuyas chosen as the 'rstpermanent &resident of the European ouncil. n +


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divergences among members are tas$s for the &resident both during theconvocations of the European ouncil and in the time periods beteenthem. The European ouncil should not be mista$en for the ouncil ofEurope! an international organisation independent from the EU.

Commission

The ommission &resident!"osR /anuel #arroso

The European ommissionacts as the EUAs e*ecutive armand isresponsible for initiating legislationand the day-to-day running of the EU.The ommission is also seen as the motor of European integration. Itoperates as a cabinet government! ith 28 ommissionersfor di5erentareas of policy! one from each member state! though ommissioners arebound to represent the interests of the EU as a hole rather than theirhome state.

ne of the 28 is the ommission &resident(currently"osR /anuel


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a set number of seats and is divided into sub-nationalconstituencieshere this does not a5ect the proportional nature of thevoting system.

The ordinary legislative procedureof the European Union.

The &arliament and the ouncil of the European Union pass legislation

1ointly in nearly all areas under the ordinary legislative procedure. Thisalso applies to the EU budget. 6inally! the ommission is accountable to&arliament! reJuiring its approval to ta$e oOce! having to report bac$ to itand sub1ect to motions of censure from it. The&resident of the European&arliamentcarries out the role of spea$er in parliament and represents ite*ternally. The E& &resident and ice-&residentsare elected by /E&s everyto and a half years.

Coun&i#

The ouncil of the European Union(also called the BouncilB andsometimes referred to as the Bouncil of /inistersB) forms the other half ofthe EUAs legislature. It consists of a government ministerfrom eachmember state and meets in di5erent compositions depending on thepolicy area being addressed. 7otithstanding its di5erent con'gurations!it is considered to be one single body. In addition to its legislativefunctions! the ouncil also e*ercises e*ecutive functionsin relations tothe ommon 6oreign and ecurity &olicy.

$.3 *u(get

Budget of the European Union

The 23++ EU budget (+>+., bn. in total commitment appropriations)N

ohesion and competitiveness for groth and employment (>;) itienship! freedom! security and 1ustice (+;) The EU as a global partner (=;) ?ural development (++;)


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The EU had an agreed budget of +23.: billion for the year 233: and8=>.0 billion for the period 233:Q23+0! representing +.+3; and +.3; ofthe EU-2:As 97Iforecast for the respective periods. #y comparison! theUnited DingdomAs e*penditure for 233> as estimated to be :, billion!and 6rance as estimated to have spent 83+ billion. In +,=3! the budget

of the then European Economic ommunity as 3.30; of 9+. billion! the largest single e*penditure item isBcohesion & competitivenessB ith around >; of the total budget. 7e*tcomes BagricultureB ith appro*imately 0+; of the total. BRuraldevelopment, environment and sheriesB ta$es up around++;. BdministrationB accounts for around =;. The BE! as a glo"alpartnerB and Bciti#enship, freedom, security and $usticeB bring up the rearith appro*imately =; and +; respectively.

The ourt of %uditorsaims to ensure that the budget of the EuropeanUnionhas been properly accounted for. The court provides an audit report

for each 'nancial year to the ouncil and the European &arliament. The&arliament uses this to decide hether to approve the ommissionAshandling of the budget. The ourt also gives opinions and proposals on'nancial legislation and anti-fraud actions.

The ourt of %uditors is legally obliged to provide the &arliament and theouncil ith Ba statement of assurance as to the reliability of the accountsand the legality and regularity of the underlying transactionsB. The ourthas refused to do so every year since +,,0! Jualifying their report of theUnionAs accounts every year since then. In their report on 233, theauditors found that 've areas of Union e*penditure! agricultureand

the cohesion fund! ere materially a5ected by error. The Europeanommission estimated that the 'nancial impact of irregularities as+!8=0 million.

$.$ Competen&es

EU member states retain all poers not e*plicitly handed to the EuropeanUnion. In some areas the EU en1oys e*clusive competence. These areareas in hich member states have renounced any capacity to enactlegislation. In other areas the EU and its member states share thecompetence to legislate. 4hile both can legislate! member states can onlylegislate to the e*tent to hich the EU has not. In other policy areas theEU can only co-ordinate! support and supplement member state actionbut cannot enact legislation ith the aim of harmonising national las.

That a particular policy area falls into a certain category of competence isnot necessarily indicative of hat legislative procedureis used forenacting legislation ithin that policy area.


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The distribution of competences in various policy areas beteen /embertates and the Union is divided in the folloing three categoriesN

/.!ega# system

European Union law, Treaties of the European Unionand Charterof undamental !ights of the European Union

The last amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU came into forcein 233, and as the isbon Treaty.

The EU is based on a series of treaties. These 'rst established theEuropean ommunity and the EU! and then made amendments to thosefounding treaties. These are poer-giving treaties hich set broad policygoals and establish institutions ith the necessary legal poers toimplement those goals. These legal poers include the ability to enactlegislation hich can directly a5ect all member states and theirinhabitants. The EU has legal personality! ith the right to sign

agreements and international treaties.Under the principle of supremacy! national courts are reJuired to enforcethe treaties that their member states have rati'ed! and thus the lasenacted under them! even if doing so reJuires them to ignore conFictingnational la! and (ithin limits) even constitutional provisions.

/.1 Courts o" )usti&e

The1udicial branchof the EUGformally called the ourt of "ustice of theEuropean UnionGconsists of three courtsN the ourt of "ustice! the 9eneral
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ourt! and the European Union ivil ervice Tribunal. Together theyinterpret and apply the treaties and the la of the EU.

The ourt of "ustice primarily deals ith cases ta$en by member states!the institutions! and cases referred to itby the courts of memberstates. The 9eneral ourt mainly deals ith cases ta$en by individualsand companies directly before the EUAs courts! and the European Unionivil ervice Tribunal ad1udicates in disputes beteen the European Unionand its civil service.


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hich the courts had long recognised as the fundamental principles of EUla. %lthough signing the European onvention on @uman ?ights(E@?)is a condition for EU membership! previously! the EU itself could notaccede to the onvention as it is neither a state nor had the competenceto accede. The isbon Treaty and &rotocol +> to the E@? have changed

thisN the former binds the EU to accede to the onvention hile the latterformally permits it.

%lthough! the EU is independent from ouncil of Europe! they sharepurpose and ideas especially on rule of la! human rights and democracy.6urther European onvention on @uman ?ightsand European ocialharter! the source of laof harter of 6undamental ?ightsare created byouncil of Europe. The EU also promoted human rights issues in the iderorld. The EU opposes the death penalty and has proposed its orldideabolition. %bolition of the death penalty is a condition for EU membership.

ati!nal ssembly!f 7nary. Since t"eisb!n ire member states t! ac"ie'e a certain reslt $"ile lea'in t"em#iscreti!n as t! "!$ t! ac"ie'e t"e reslt.


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0.)usti&e an( home aairs

"rea of freedom, se#urity and $usti#e

The borders inside the chengen %reabeteen 9ermany and %ustria

ince the creation of the EU in +,,0! it has developed its competencies inthe area of 1ustice and home a5airs! initially at an intergovernmental leveland later by supranationalism. To this end! agencies have beenestablished that co-ordinate associated actionsNEuropolfor co-operation ofpolice forces! Euro 1ustfor co-operation beteenprosecutors! and 6ronte*for co-operation beteen border control

authorities. The EU also operates the chengen Information ystemhichprovides a common database for police and immigration authorities. Thisco-operation had to particularly be developed ith the advent of openborders through the chengen %greementand the associated cross bordercrime.

6urthermore! the Union has legislated in areas such as e*tradition! familyla! asylum la! and criminal 1ustice. &rohibitions against se*ual andnationality discrimination have a long standing in the treaties. In morerecent years! these have been supplemented by poers to legislateagainst discrimination based on race! religion! disability! age! and se*ual

orientation. #y virtue of these poers! the EU has enacted legislation
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on se*ual discriminationin the or$-place! age discrimination! and racialdiscrimination.

.-oreign re#ations

oreign relations of the European Union, Common oreign and%e#urity &oli#y and European E'ternal "#tion %er(i#e

The @igh ?epresentative of the Union for 6oreign %5airs and ecurity&olicy! atherine %shton.
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% clic$able Euler diagramshoing the relationships beteen variousmultinational European organisations and agreements.

6oreign policy co-operation beteen member states dates from theestablishment of the ommunity in +,:! hen member states negotiatedas a bloc in international trade negotiations under theommon ommercial policy. teps for a more ide ranging co-ordinationin foreign relations began in +,:3 ith the establishment ofEuropean&olitical ooperationhich created an informal consultation process

beteen member states ith the aim of forming common foreign policies.It as not! hoever! until +,8: hen European &olitical ooperation asintroduced on a formal basis by the ingle European %ct. E& asrenamed as the ommon 6oreign and ecurity &olicy(6&) bythe /aastricht Treaty.

The aims of the 6& are to promote both the EUAs on interests andthose of theinternational communityas a hole! including the furtheranceof international co-operation! respect for human rights! democracy! andthe rule of la. The 6& reJuiresunanimity among the member states onthe appropriate policy to follo on any particular issue. The unanimity anddiOcult issues treated under the 6& sometimes lead to disagreements!such as those hich occurred over the ar in IraJ.

The EU participates in all 98and923summits. (923 summit in eoul)
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The coordinator and representative of the 6& ithin the EU is the @igh?epresentative of the Union for 6oreign %5airs and ecurity&olicy(currently atherine %shton) ho spea$s on behalf of the EU inforeign policy and defence matters! and has the tas$ of articulating thepositions e*pressed by the member states on these 'elds of policy into a

common alignment. The @igh ?epresentative heads up theEuropeanE*ternal %ction ervice(EE%)! a uniJue EU department that has beenoOcially implemented and operational since +


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The Euro 'ghter Typhoonand Euro copter are built by consortia ofcompanies based in EU member states.

The European Union does not have one uni'ed military. The predecessorsof the European Union ere not devised as a strong military alliancebecause 7%Tas largely seen as appropriate and suOcient for defencepurposes. 22 EU members are members of 7%T hile the remainingmember states follo policies of neutrality. The 4estern European Union!a military alliance ith a mutual defence clause! as disbanded in 23+3as its role had been transferred to the EU.

%ccording to the toc$holm International &eace ?esearch Institute(I&?I)!6rance spent more than >> billion (,bn) on defence in 23+3! placing itthird in the orld after the U and hina! hile the United Dingdom spentalmost V08 billion (8bn)! the fourth largest. Together! 6rance and theUnited Dingdom account for > per cent of EuropeAs defence budget! 3per cent of its military capacity and :3 per cent of all spending in militaryresearch and development. #ritain and 6rance are also oOciallyrecognised nuclear eapon statesand are the only to European nationsto hold permanent seats on the United 7ations ecurity ouncil. In 2333!the United Dingdom! 6rance! pain! and 9ermany accounted for ,:; of

the total military research budget of the then + EU member states.6olloing the Dosovo 4arin +,,,! the European ouncilagreed that BtheUnion must have the capacity for autonomous action! bac$ed by crediblemilitary forces! the means to decide to use them! and the readiness to doso! in order to respond to international crises ithout pre1udice to actionsby 7%TB. To that end! a number of e5orts ere made to increase the EUAsmilitary capability! notably the @elsin$i @eadline 9oalprocess. %fter muchdiscussion! the most concrete result as the EU #attlegroupsinitiative!each of hich is planned to be able to deploy Juic$ly about+33 personnel.

EU forceshave been deployed on peace$eeping missions from middle andnorthern %frica to 4estern #al$ansand estern %sia. EU militaryoperations are supported by a number of bodies! including the European


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The EU is a large contributor offoreign aid

The European ommissionAs @umanitarian %id and ivil &rotectiondepartment! or BE@B! provides humanitarian aidfrom the EUtodeveloping countries. In 23+2! its budget amounted to 8:> million!+; of the budget ent to %frica and 23; to %sia! atin %merica! thearibbean and &aci'c! and 23; to the /iddle East and /editerranean.

@umanitarian aid is 'nanced directly by the budget (:3;) as part of the'nancial instruments for e*ternal action and also by the European


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.E&onomy

9ross domestic product (9


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U,:!333). The di5erence beteen the richest and poorest regions (2:+7UT-2 regions of the 7omenclature of Territorial Units for tatistics)ranged! in 233,! from 2:; of the EU2: average in the region ofeveroapaden in #ulgaria! to 002; of the average in Inner ondonin theUnited Dingdom. n the high end! Inner ondon has :8!333 &&&per

capita! u*embourg =2!33! and #ru*elles-ap2!33! hile thepoorest regions! are everoapadenith =!>33 &&& per capita! 7ord-Estith =!,33 &&& per capita! everen tsentralenith =!,33andXuhen tsentralenith :!233.

tructural 6unds and ohesion 6undsare supporting the development ofunderdeveloped regions of the EU. uch regions are primarily located inthe states of centraland southern Europe. everal funds provideemergency aid! support for candidate members to transform their countryto conform to the EUAs standard (&hare! I&%! and %&%?


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non-EU member statesof Iceland! 7oray! iechtensteinand iterlandparticipate in the singlemar$et but not in the customs union. @alf the trade in the EU is coveredby legislation harmonised by the EU.

6ree movement of capital is intended to permit movement of investmentssuch as property purchases and buying of shares beteen countries. Untilthe drive toards economic and monetary unionthe development of thecapital provisions had been slo. &ost-/aastricht there has been a rapidlydeveloping corpus of E" 1udgements regarding this initially neglectedfreedom. The free movement of capital is uniJue insofar as it is grantedeJually to non-member states.

The free movement of persons means that EU citienscan move freelybeteen member states to live! or$! study or retire in another country.This reJuired the loering of administrative formalities and recognition ofprofessional Juali'cations of other states.

The free movement of services and of establishment allos self-employedpersons to move beteen member states to provide services on atemporary or permanent basis. 4hile services account for =3Q:3; of 9


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.3 Monetary union

Euro one and E#onomi# and Monetary Union of the EuropeanUnion

The euro one(in dar$er blue) is constituted by +8 member statesadopting the euro aslegal tender.

The European entral #an$in 6ran$furt governs the monetary policy.

The creation of a European single currencybecame an oOcial ob1ective ofthe European Economic ommunity in +,=,. @oever! it as only ith theadvent of the /aastricht Treatyin +,,0 that member states ere legallybound to start themonetary unionno later than + "anuary +,,,. n thisdate the euro as duly launched by elevenof the then + member states

of the EU. It remained an accounting currency until + "anuary 2332!hen euro notesand coins ere issued and national currencies began to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_tenderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Central_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Currency_Unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_eurohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_banknoteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_tenderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Central_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Currency_Unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_eurohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_banknotes


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phase out in the euroone! hich by then consisted of +2 member states.The euroone (constituted by the EU member states hich have adoptedthe euro) has since gron to +8 countries! the most recent being atviahich 1oined on + "anuary 23+>.

%ll other EU member states! e*cept


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The ity of ondon! one of the largest'nancial centresin the orld

The European ystem of 6inancial upervisorsis an institutionalarchitecture of the EUAs frameor$ of 'nancial supervision composed bythree authoritiesN the European #an$ing %uthority! the European

Insurance and ccupational &ensions %uthorityand the Europeanecurities and /ar$ets %uthority. To complement this frameor$! there isalso a European ystemic ?is$ #oardunder the responsibility of the E#.The aim of this 'nancial control system is to ensure the economic stabilityof the EU.

./ Energy

Energy poli#y of the European Union

EU energy pro(u&tion

$04 o" tota# EU primary energy use

7uclear energyLsM 2,.0;

oal Z lignite 2+.,;

9as +,.>;

?eneable energy +>.=;

il +0.>;

ther +.>;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_centreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_System_of_Financial_Supervisorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Banking_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Insurance_and_Occupational_Pensions_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Insurance_and_Occupational_Pensions_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Securities_and_Markets_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Securities_and_Markets_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Systemic_Risk_Boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Central_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union#cite_note-185http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_centreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_System_of_Financial_Supervisorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Banking_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Insurance_and_Occupational_Pensions_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Insurance_and_Occupational_Pensions_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Securities_and_Markets_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Securities_and_Markets_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Systemic_Risk_Boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Central_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union#cite_note-185


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Net imports o" energy

/$4 o" tota# primary EU energy use

il Z petroleum products =3.2;

9as 2=.>;

ther +0.>;

In 233=! the EU-2:had a gross inland energy consumption of +!82 milliontonnes of oil eJuivalent (toe). %round >=; of the energy consumed asproduced ithin the member states hile >; as imported. In thesestatistics! nuclear energy is treated as primary energyproduced in the EU!regardless of the source of the uranium! of hich less than 0; is producedin the EU.

The EU has had legislative poer in the area of energy policy for most ofits e*istence this has its roots in the original European oal and teelommunity. The introduction of a mandatory and comprehensiveEuropean energy policy as approved at the meeting of the Europeanouncil in ctober 233! and the 'rst draft policy as published in "anuary233:.

The EU has 've $ey points in its energy policyN increase competition inthe internal mar$et! encourage investment and boost interconnectionsbeteen electricity grids diversify energy resources ith better systemsto respond to a crisis establish a ne treaty frameor$ for energy co-operation ith ?ussia hile improving relations ith energy-rich states in

entral %sia and 7orth %frica use e*isting energy supplies more eOcientlyhile increasing reneable energy commercialisation and 'nally increasefunding for ne energy technologies.

The EU currently imports 82; of its oil! :; of its natural gas and ,:.>8;of its uranium demands. There are concerns thatEuropeAs dependence on?ussian energyis endangering the Union and its member countries. TheEU is attempting to diversify its energy supply.

.0 In"rastru&ture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_supply


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European Commissioner for Transport, European Commissionerfor Industry and Entrepreneurshipand European In(estment Ban-

The resund beteen =!:33 mi) of roads :8!333 $ilometres (>8!333 mi) of railays 003airports 2:3 maritime harbours and 2+3 internal harbours.

The developing European transport policies ill increase the pressure onthe environment in many regions by the increased transport netor$. Inthe pre-233> EU members! the ma1or problem in transport deals ithcongestion and pollution. %fter the recent enlargement! the ne states

that 1oined since 233> added the problem of solving accessibility to thetransport agenda. The &olish road netor$in particular as in poorconditionN at &olandAs accession to the EU! a number of roads needed tobe upgraded! particularly the %> autostrada! reJuiring appro*imately+0 billion.

The 9alileo positioning systemis another EU infrastructure pro1ect. 9alileois a proposed atellite navigationsystem! to be built by the EU andlaunched by the European pace %gency(E%)! and is to be operationalby 23+2. The 9alileo pro1ect as launched partly to reduce the EUAsdependency on the U-operated 9lobal &ositioning ystem! but also togive more complete global coverage and allo for far greater accuracy!given the aged nature of the 9& system. It has been criticised by somedue to costs! delays! and their perception of redundancy given thee*istence of the 9& system.

. ,gri&u#ture

Common "gri#ultural &oli#y
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Industry_and_Entrepreneurshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Industry_and_Entrepreneurshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Investment_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-European_Networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-European_Networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-European_Networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGV_Esthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9jus_Rail_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenner_Base_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Messina_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways_in_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A4_autostrada_(Poland)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Industry_and_Entrepreneurshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Industry_and_Entrepreneurshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Investment_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-European_Networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-European_Networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-European_Networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGV_Esthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9jus_Rail_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenner_Base_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Messina_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways_in_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A4_autostrada_(Poland)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy


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ineyards in ?omania EU farms are supported by the %&! thelargestbudgetarye*penditure.

The ommon %gricultural &olicy(%&) is one of the oldest policies of theEuropean ommunity! and as one of its core aims. The policy has theob1ectives of increasing agricultural production! providing certainty in food

supplies! ensuring a high Juality of life for farmers! stabilising mar$ets!and ensuring reasonable prices for consumers. It as! until recently!operated by a system of subsidies and mar$et intervention. Until the+,,3s! the policy accounted for over =3; of the then EuropeanommunityAs annual budget! and still accounts for around 0>;.

The policyAs price controlsand mar$et interventions led to considerableoverproduction! resulting in so-called "utter mountainsand %ine lakes.These ere intervention storesof produce bought up by the ommunity tomaintain minimum price levels. To dispose of surplus stores! they ereoften sold on the orld mar$et at prices considerably belo ommunityguaranteed prices! or farmers ere o5ered subsidies (amounting to thedi5erence beteen the ommunity and orld prices) to e*port theirproduce outside the ommunity. This system has been criticised for under-cutting farmers outside of Europe! especially those in the developingorld.

The overproduction has also been criticised for encouragingenvironmentally unfriendly intensive farming methods. upporters of %&say that the economic support hich it gives to farmers provides themith a reasonable standard of living! in hat ould otherise be aneconomically unviable ay of life. @oever! the EUAs small farmers receiveonly 8; of %&As available subsidies.

ince the beginning of the +,,3s! the %& has been sub1ect to a series ofreforms. Initially! these reforms included the introduction of set-asidein+,88! here a proportion of farm land as deliberately ithdran fromproduction! mil$ Juotas (by the /charry reforms in +,,2) and! morerecently! the Ade-couplingA (or disassociation) of the money farmersreceive from the EU and the amount they produce (by the 6ischler reformsin 233>). %griculture e*penditure ill move aay from subsidy paymentslin$ed to speci'c produce! toard direct payments based on farm sie.This is intended to allo the mar$et to dictate production levels! hilemaintaining agricultural income levels. ne of these reforms entailed the

abolition of the EUAs sugar regime! hich previously divided the sugar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incomes_policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_stock_schemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-asidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incomes_policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_stock_schemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-aside


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mar$et beteen member states and certain %frican-aribbean nationsith a privileged relationship ith the EU.

. En'ironment

European Commissioner for the En(ironmentand EuropeanClimate Change &rogramme

iru #og in ahemaa 7ational &ar$in Estonia! a protected habitat underthe @abitats


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uch dynamic developments are surprising in light of the legal andinstitutional conditions hich e*isted in the late +,3s and =3s. %ctingithout any legislative authority! European policy-ma$ers initiallyincreased the EUAs capacity to act by de'ning environmental policy as atrade problem. The most important reason for the introduction of a

common environmental policy as the fear that trade barriers andcompetitive distortions in the ommon /ar$et could emerge due to thedi5erent environmental standards. @oever! in the course of time! EUenvironmental policy emerged as a formal policy area! ith its on policyactors! policy principles and procedures. The legal basis of EUenvironmental policy as not more e*plicitly established until theintroduction of the ingle European %ct in +,8:.

Initially! EU environmental policy as rather introspective. /ore recently!hoever! the Union has demonstrated a groing leadership in globalenvironmental governance. The role of the EU in securing the rati'cation

and entry into force of the Dyoto &rotocolin the face of U opposition is ane*ample in this regard. This international dimension is reFected in theEUAs i*th Environmental %ction &rogramme! hich recognises that itsstrategic ob1ectives can only be achieved if a series of $ey internationalenvironmental agreements are actively supported and properlyimplemented both at an EU level and orldide. The entry into force ofthe isbon Treaty further strengthens the EUAs global environmentalleadership ambitions. The vast body of EU environmental la hich noe*ists has played a vital role in improving habitat and species protectionin Europe as ell as contributed to improvements in air and ater Jualityand aste management. @oever! signi'cant challenges remain! both to

meet e*isting EU targets and aspirations and to agree ne targets andactions that ill further improve the environment and the Juality of life inEurope and beyond.

ne of the top priorities of EU environmental policy is combatting climatechange. In 233:! member states agreed that the EU is to use23; reneable energyin the future and that it has to reduce carbondio*ide emissions in 2323 by at least 23; compared to +,,3 levels. Thisincludes measures that in 2323! +3; of the overall fuel Juantity used bycars and truc$s in EU 2:should be running on reneable energy suchas bio fuels. This is considered to be one of the most ambitious moves of

an important industrialised region to 'ght climate change.

5. E(u&ation an( s&ien&e
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change


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Edu#ational poli#ies and initiati(es of the EuropeanUnionand ramewor- &rogrammes for !esear#h andTe#hnologi#al .e(elopment

Erasmus &rogrammelogo! representing the humanist. The aims of EU policy inthis area are to co-ordinate and stimulate research. Theindependent European ?esearch ouncilallocates EU funds to Europeanor national research pro1ects. EU research and technological frameor$programmesdeal in a number of areas! for e*ample energy here it aimsto develop a diverse mi* of reneable energyfor the environment and toreduce dependence on imported fuels.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus_of_Rotterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus_of_Rotterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_Learning_Programme_2007%E2%80%932013http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus_of_Rotterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus_of_Rotterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_Learning_Programme_2007%E2%80%932013http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy


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16. Hea#th &are

Health#are in Europe

European @ealth Insurance ard.(6rench version pictured)

%lthough the EU has no ma1or competences in the 'eld of health care!%rticle 0 of the harter of 6undamental ?ights of the EuropeanUnionaOrms that B% high level of human health protection shall beensured in the de'nition and implementation of all Union policies andactivitiesB. %ll the member states have either publicly sponsored andregulated universal health careor publicly provided universal health care.The European ommissionAs


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11.Demographi&s

.emographi#s of the European Unionand Largest population#entres in the European Union

The combined population of all member states! e*cluding roatia! hich1oined the EU in 23+0! as forecast to be 30!=:,!:03 on + "anuary 23+2.

The EU contains += cities ith populations of over one million! the largestbeing ondon.

#esides many large cities! the EU also includes several densely populatedregions that have no single core but have emerged from the connection of

several cites and no encompass large metropolitan areas. The largestare ?hine-?uhrhaving appro*imately ++. million inhabitants(ologne! million)!6rance (.+ million)! the United Dingdom (>.: million)! pain (>.+ million)!Italy (0.2 million)! and the 7etherlands (+.> million).

11.1 !anguages

Languages of the European Union

!anguage Nati'e spea+ers Tota#

English +0; /14

9erman 104 2:;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_population_centres_in_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_population_centres_in_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine-Ruhrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colognehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randstadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrechthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Rhine-Mainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Rhine-Mainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbadenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Diamondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuvenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesian_metropolitan_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesian_metropolitan_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98resund_Regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_population_centres_in_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_population_centres_in_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine-Ruhrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colognehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randstadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrechthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Rhine-Mainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Rhine-Mainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbadenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Diamondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuvenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesian_metropolitan_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesian_metropolitan_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98resund_Regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language


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6rench +2; 2>;

Italian +0; +=;

panish 8; +;

&olish 8; ,;

?omanian ; ;

; ;

9ree$ 0; >;

@ungarian 0; 0;

&ortuguese 2; 0;

ech 2; 0;

edish 2; 0;

#ulgarian 2; 2;

lova$ +; 2;


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ithuanian +; +;

roatian +; +;

lovenian ]+; ]+;

Estonian ]+; ]+;

Irish ]+; ]+;

atvian ]+; ]+;

/altese ]+; ]+;

&ublished in "une 23+2.urvey conducted in 6ebruary Q /arch 23+2.7ativeN 7ative languageTotalN EU citiens able to hold a

conversation in this language

%mong the many languages and dialects used in the EU! it has 2> oOcialand or$inglanguagesN #ulgarian! roatian! ech!


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citiens are able to engage in a conversation in a language other thantheir mother tongue. /ost oOcial languages of the EU belong to the Indo-Europeanlanguage family! e*cept Estonian! 6innish! and @ungarian! hichbelong to the Uraliclanguage family! and /altese! hich is an %fro-asiaticlanguage. /ost EU oOcial languages are ritten in the atin

alphabete*cept #ulgarian! ritten in yrillic! and 9ree$! ritten in the9ree$ alphabet.

#esides the 2> oOcial languages! there are about+3 regionaland minority languages! spo$en by up to 3 million people ofthese! only the panish regional languages (atalan! 9alician! and#asJue)! cottish 9aelic! and 4elsh can be used by citiens incommunication ith the main European institutions. %lthough EUprogrammes can support regional and minority languages! the protectionof linguistic rightsis a matter for the individual member states.The European harter for ?egional or /inority anguagesrati'ed by most

EU states provides general guidelines that states can follo to protecttheir linguistic heritage.

The European 8;) &rotestantism (+2;) rthodo*y (8;) ther hristianity (>;) Islam (2;)

%theism[ %gnosticism(20;) ther [ don^t $no (0;)

The EU is a secularbody ith no formal connection to any religion.The %rticle +: of the Treaty on the 6unctioning of the EuropeanUnionrecognises the Bstatus under national la of churches and religiousassociationsB as ell as that of Bphilosophical and non-confessionalorganisationsB.

The preamble to theTreaty on European Unionmentions the Bcultural!

religious and humanist inheritance of EuropeB.


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proposals to mention hristianity or 9od or both! in the preamble of thete*t! but the idea faced opposition and as dropped.

hristians in the EU are divided among folloers of ?oman atholicism!numerous &rotestantdenominations! and the Eastern rthodo* hurch.ther orld religions are also represented in the EU population. In 233,!the EU had an estimated /uslim populationof +0 million! and anestimated"eish populationof over a million.

%ccording to ne polls about ?eligiosity in the European Union in 23+2by Euro barometer! hristianityis the largest religion in the EuropeanUnion. atholicsare the largest hristiangroup in EU! accounting for >8;EU citiens! hile &rotestantsma$e up +2;! and Eastern rthodo*sma$eup 8;! and ther hristians account for >; EU population.

Euro stat^sEuro barometeropinion polls shoed in 233 that 2; of EUcitiens believed in a 9od! 2:; in Bsome sort of spirit or life forceB! and

+8; had no form of belief. /any countries have e*perienced falling churchattendance and membership in recent years. The countries here thefeest people reported a religious belief ere Estonia (+=;) and theech ?epublic (+,;).The most religious countries are /alta (,;predominantly ?oman atholic)! and yprus and ?omania both ith about,3; of the citiens believing in 9od (both predominantly rthodo*).%cross the EU! belief as higher among omen! increased ith age! thoseith religious upbringing! those ho left school at + ith a basiceducation! and those Bpositioning themselves on the right of the politicalscale (:;).B
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Muslim_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurobarometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurobarometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Muslim_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurobarometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurobarometer


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12.Cu#ture an( sport

"rt of Europe, /estern #ulture, Cultural poli#ies of the EuropeanUnionand %port poli#ies of the European Union

%cropolisand olosseum! symbols of the 9raeco-?omanorld. %thens(9reece) and6lorence(Italy) ere the 'rst European

apitals of ulture.ultural co-operation beteen member states has been a concern of theEU since its inclusion as a community competency in the /aastrichtTreaty. %ctions ta$en in the cultural area by the EU include the ulture2333:-year programme! the /onth event! the /E


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movement of or$ers hich as at the core of the #osman ruling! hichprohibited national football leagues from imposing Juotas on foreignplayers ith European citienship. The Treaty of isbon reJuires anyapplication of economic rules to ta$e into account the speci'c nature ofsport and its structures based on voluntary activity. This folloed lobbying

by governing organisations such as the International lympicommitteeand 6I6%! due to ob1ections over the applications of freemar$et principles to sport hich led to an increasing gap beteen rich andpoor clubs. The EU does fund a programme for Israeli! "ordanian! Irish! and#ritish football coaches! as part of the 6ootball > &eace pro1ect.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosman_rulinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosman_rulinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA

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