european union election observation missioneeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/eueom/documents/eu-eo… ·...

European Union Election Observation Mission

United Republic of Tanzania

Final Report

General Elections 2015

UnitedRepublicofTanzania

FINALREPORT

GENERALELECTIONS25OCTOBER2015

EUROPEANUNION

ELECTIONOBSERVATIONMISSION

EuropeanUnionElectionObservationMissionsareindependentfromtheEuropeanUnioninstitutions.Thisreportwasproducedby theEuropeanUnionElectionObservationMission to theUnitedRepublicof Tanzaniaandpresents themission'sfindingsonthe25Octobergeneralelections.TheEuropeanUnioninstitutionsdonotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthisreport,anddonotacceptresponsibilityforanywayinwhichthesemaybeused.

TABLEOFCONTENTS

I. EXECUTIVESUMMARY........................................................................................................................5

II. INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................11

III. POLITICALBACKGROUND...............................................................................................................12

IV. LEGALFRAMEWORK.......................................................................................................................12

A. UniversalandRegionalPrinciplesandCommitments.............................................................12

B. NationalElectoralLegislation.................................................................................................13

C. TheElectoralSystem..............................................................................................................14

V. ELECTIONADMINISTRATION............................................................................................................14

A. StructureandComposition.....................................................................................................14

B. TheAdministrationofElections..............................................................................................15

C. DelimitationofConstituencies...............................................................................................17

D. VoterEducation.....................................................................................................................18

VI. VOTERREGISTER............................................................................................................................19

A. TheRighttoVote...................................................................................................................19

B. VoterRegistration..................................................................................................................19

VII. REGISTRATIONOFPOLITICALPARTIESANDCANDIDATES..............................................................21

A. RegistrationofPoliticalParties...............................................................................................21

B. RegistrationofCandidates.....................................................................................................22

VIII. ELECTIONCAMPAIGNANDPRE-ELECTIONENVIRONMENT............................................................23

A. ElectionCampaign..................................................................................................................23

B. UseofStateResources...........................................................................................................24

C. CampaignFinance..................................................................................................................24

IX. DOMESTICANDINTERNATIONALELECTIONOBSERVATION............................................................25

X. MEDIAANDELECTIONS...................................................................................................................26

A. MediaEnvironment...............................................................................................................26

B. LegalFramework....................................................................................................................28

C. ElectoralCoverageandEUEOMMediaMonitoring................................................................29

XI. PARTICIPATIONOFWOMEN,MINORITIESANDPERSONSWITHDISABILITIES.................................31

A. ParticipationofWomen.........................................................................................................31

B. ParticipationofMinorities......................................................................................................31

C. PersonswithDisabilities........................................................................................................32

XII. ELECTORALJUSTICE.......................................................................................................................32

A. ElectoralOffences..................................................................................................................32

B. TheEthicsCommittees...........................................................................................................33

C. ComplaintsandAppeals.........................................................................................................33

D. ElectionPetitions...................................................................................................................34

XIII. UNITEDREPUBLICELECTIONS-ELECTIONDAYANDPOSTELECTIONPERIOD.................................35

A. VotingandClosing.................................................................................................................35

B. CountingandTallyingofResults.............................................................................................36

C. AnnouncementofUnionResults............................................................................................37

D. Post-ElectionEnvironment.....................................................................................................39

XIV. ZANZIBARELECTIONS-ELECTIONDAYANDPOSTELECTIONPERIOD.............................................40

A. VotingandClosing.................................................................................................................40

B. CountingandTallyingofResults.............................................................................................40

C. NullificationofElectionsandPost-NullificationDevelopments...............................................41

XV. RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................................................................45

AnnexI:TableofRecommendations

AnnexII:EUEOMMediaMonitoringResults

EUElectionObservationMission–TANZANIAGeneralElections2015

FinalReportPage5of60

I. ExecutiveSummary

• On 25 October 2015, the United Republic of Tanzania held its fifth general elections since thereintroductionofmulti-partydemocracy in1992.Followingan invitation fromtheGovernmentof theUnitedRepublicofTanzania,theNationalElectoralCommissionandtheZanzibarElectoralCommission,theEuropeanUniondeployedanElectionObservationMission(EUEOM)thatwaspresentinTanzaniafrom 11 September to 8 December 2015. TheMission was led by Chief Observer, Judith Sargentini,Member of the European Parliament (MEP). In total, the EU EOM deployed across the country 141observers from the 28 EU Member States, as well as from Norway, Switzerland and Canada. AdelegationfromtheEuropeanParliament,headedbyInésAyalaSenderMEP,alsojoinedthemissiontoobserveelectionday.ThemandateoftheEUEOMwastoconductacomprehensiveassessmentoftheelectoral process, based on its own observations, in accordance with international and regionalcommitmentsfordemocraticelectionsandwiththelawsofTanzania.

• The 2015 elections were vigorously contested in both the Union and in Zanzibar. The incompleteconstitutionalreformprocess,ledtothemainoppositionparties,ChamaChaDemokrasiayaMaendeleo(CHADEMA)andtheCivicUnitedFront(CUF),forminganelectoralcoalition,knownasUmojawaKatibaya Wananchi (Ukawa), (the Coalition of Defenders of the Peoples' Constitution). In the course ofchoosing its presidential candidate, theChamaChaMapinduzi (CCM)embarkedon adivisive internalnomination process, from which respected minister of works John P. Magufuli was chosen. TheexclusionatanearlystageofleadingcandidateandformerCCMprimeministerEdwardN.LowassaledtothedefectionofLowassatoUkawaandhispromptnominationasUkawa’scandidateforpresident,officiallyrunningasthecandidateofCHADEMA.InadditiontoCCMandCHADEMA,afurthersixpoliticalpartiesputforwardcandidatesforpresidentoftherepublic.InZanzibar,14politicalpartiesnominatedpresidentialcandidates,amongwhichtheincumbentsPresidentAliMohammedSheinofCCMandFirstVice-PresidentSeifSharifHamad(MaalimSeif)ofCUF.Therewere1,218candidatescompetingforthe264directlyelectedseatsintheNationalAssembly,with10,879candidatescompetingforLocalCouncilseats.InZanzibar,therewere180candidatesforthe54HouseofRepresentatives’constituencies,and353candidatesforthe111LocalCouncils.

• Tanzania is a party to all major international and regional human rights instruments related todemocraticelections.ThelegalframeworkinboththeUnionandZanzibarprovidesareasonablebasisfor the conduct of democratic elections generally in line with the international and regionalcommitments subscribed toby theUnitedRepublicofTanzania.Nevertheless, thereareanumberofconstitutionallimitationsonpoliticalrightsandfreedomofassociation,and,inZanzibar,ontherighttoregisterasavoter,thathaveremainedunaddressedsincethepreviouselectionsandwhicharenot inaccordancewithinternationalprinciplesfordemocraticelections.Theseincludetheconstitutionalbanonindependentcandidatesatall levelsofelections inviolationoftherighttoparticipatefreely inthegovernmentof the country, freedomofassociation, including the rightnot toassociate (toapoliticalparty), the inability to challenge presidential election results, the lack of a remedy for unlawfullyrejected presidential nominations, the absence of legal provisions to form and register coalitions ofpoliticalparties,and,inthecaseofZanzibar,thestrictresidencerequirementforvoterregistration.

• TherearenounreasonablerequirementstoregisterasavoterfortheUnionelections.However,fortheZanzibarelections,thepre-requisiteofholdingaZanzibaridentificationcard,attachedtothe36-monthresidency requirement, and the related controversialdiscretionarypowersgiven to theshehas in theproofof the residency inaparticularconstituency, is consideredunreasonable.TheNECconductedanewvoterregistrationusingbiometric technologyforthe2015Unionelections.Atotalof22,751,292voterswereregistered.FortheZanzibarelections,theZECconductedanupdateofthepermanentvoterregister that included 503,860 registered voters. Both voter registers were released 10 days before



election day, in advance of the legal deadline. An earlier release of the voter registers allowing forproperverificationcouldhaveincreasedconfidenceintheirreliabilityandbetterenablepoliticalpartiesto be aware of their electorate for campaign purposes, especially given the recent alterations toconstituencyboundaries.

• Both the National Electoral Commission (NEC) and the Zanzibar Electoral Commission (ZEC) showedsufficient levels of preparedness for the administration of the electoral process and competence inconducting key operations such as the printing of ballot papers and the distribution of electoralmaterial. Despite the absence of a permanent structure of the NEC at lower levels, the EU EOMassesseditsperformanceasorganisedandwellprepared.Intheundertakingofthedifferentstagesoftheelectoralprocess, theNECandZECdidnotprovide for full transparency regarding theirdecision-making processes, and stakeholders’ access to scrutinise the commissions’ activities was not alwaysgranted. Although the NEC provided updates on electoral preparations through regular pressconferences,thesemeasureswere insufficienttobuildconfidenceamongstpoliticalpartiesabouttheNEC’stransparency.InZanzibar,thelackofinformationprovidedtopoliticalpartiesregardingthevoterregisterandconstituencyboundariesalsoaffectedtheconfidenceofpoliticalpartiesintheZECandintheelectoralprocess.

• The NEC and ZEC conducted a delimitation of constituency boundaries shortly before the 2015elections. The new boundaries do not take into account the principle of equal distribution of theelectorateamongst theconstituencies, falling shortofensuring theequalityof thevote. Somehighlypopulatedareasareunder-representedintermsofseatscomparedtolesspopulatedconstituencies.InZanzibar the late process, coupled with the unavailability of the exact new boundaries, impactednegativelyonthepoliticalparties’knowledgeoftheirelectorateforelectoralcampaignpurposesaswellasonvotersindeterminingtowhichconstituencytheybelonged.

• TheNECwasmandatedtocoordinateandsuperviseeventsconductedbycivilsocietyorganisationsandcommunity-based groups that were granted permission to carry out voter education activities. Inaddition to its cooperationwith49 local radio stations thatbroadcast votereducationmessages, theNECalsomadeuseofsocialmediaandpublishedguidebooksforvoters,politicalpartiesandabookleton frequently asked questions. However, EU observers reported a general lack of voter educationactivities inmost regions, particularly in rural areas and among pastoralist communities such as theMaasai.Intheabsenceofnon-partisanvotereducation,votersreliedonpoliticalpartiesforbasicvoterinformation,thuslimitingtheopportunityforvoterstomakeamoreinformedchoice.InZanzibar,votereducation was mainly conducted through regular ZEC announcements broadcast by the ZanzibarBroadcastingCorporation (ZBC)TVand radioandby community radios.While theZEC commissionedcivilsocietyorganisationstoconductvotereducationactivities,suchactivitieswerenotvisible.

• The EU EOM observed 139 campaign events. In those events, candidates and parties campaignedvigorously, andmostly respected the campaign regulations, including the avoidance of inflammatorylanguageandadherence to thehoursprescribed for campaigning. Theelection campaignwas largelycalmandpeaceful.Despite the generally positivenatureof electoral competitionon themainland, anumber of localised disputes betweensupporters of rival parties resulted in violence. While suchincidentshada limitedand localised impacton theelectoral environment, theydiddetract from thequalityofthecampaign.Politicalpartiesandcandidateswereabletocampaignfreelyinallpartsofthemainland.CCMcontinued tobenefit from itshistoric legacyas the rulingparty.Theparty’suseoforbenefit from what were formerly state resources and assets, such as public stadiums and sportsgrounds, which the EU EOM observed in Arusha, Dodoma, Katavi and Kigoma regions, provided anadvantage over other parties, and contributed to an imbalance in the electoral playing field. Theinaugurationofanumberofmajorprojects in theclosingweeksof thecampaign furtherblurred thedistinctionbetweenthestateandtherulingparty,reinforcingCCM’scampaignadvantage.



• InZanzibar,existingtensionsbetweenCCMandCUFledtoamoreheatedanddivisivecampaignthanthatseenonthemainland.Theaggressiverhetoricemployedbysomepartyleaderscontributedtothecampaign’soccasionally intolerant tone,and increasedcommunal tensions.Confidence in thepolicingofthecampaignwas lackingamongsomepoliticalparties,andisolatedincidentsofvoter intimidationinstigatedbythesecurityagenciesweredocumentedbytheEUEOM.However,despitetheseevents,andtheintensityofcompetition,thecampaigninZanzibarwasgenerallypeaceful.

• While freedomof expression is guaranteedby the Constitution, a number of laws, ofwhich the twomost recent are the Statistics Act and the Cybercrimes Act, include provisions that can be used toarbitrarily restrict freedom of expression, access to information and limit media functioning. Whilefreedomofexpressionwasgenerallyrespectedduringtheweeksprecedingtheelectionsandjournalistswere able to operate in an atmosphere of relative freedom, the Cybercrimes Act was perceived byinterlocutors from themedia communityas stronglygenerating self-censorshipon the internet. Soonafter the elections, it was also used against the Legal and Human Rights Centre (LHRC), where thedomestic observer group, Tanzania Civil Society Consortium on Election Observation (TACCEO), wascompiling and analysing the reports received from their election observers, as well as againstCHADEMA, in connection with their activities relating to compiling and analysing the observationfindings and election result forms. Further, on 11 November, the Zanzibar Broadcasting Commissionsuspended for twomonths the broadcasting licence of Zanzibar-based radio Swahiba FM for its livebroadcastofthe26OctoberpressconferenceofCUF’spresidentialcandidate.

• The state media failed to provide equitable and fair coverage of the campaigns. The TanzaniaBroadcastingCorporation(TBC)TVandradioandZanzibarBroadcastingCorporation(ZBC)TVandradioallocated significantly more airtime to CCM than to all other political parties combined. The state-ownedZanzibarLeoandtheDailyNewsalsodemonstratedbiastowardsCCM.Positively,someprivatemediashowedrelativelybalancedcoverageofthecampaigns, inparticularTVAzam2,RadioOneandITV,andthedailynewspapers,MwananchiandNipashe.

• Forthefirsttime,CCMnominatedawomanforthepositionofthevice-presidentwhowaslaterelectedtogetherwiththeCCMpresidentialcandidate.Therewasonewoman,nominatedbyACT,amongtheeightUnionpresidentialcandidates.AlthoughbothConstitutionsprovideforreservedseatsforwomenin the National Assembly and the House of Representatives, womenwere under-represented in thecontest for directly elected seats in both parliaments. For the National Assembly, 26 out of the 233femalecandidateswereelected:18fromCCM,sevenfromCHADEMAandonefromCUF.EUobserversreportedahighpresenceofwomenatcampaign rallies,especially theonesofCCM,however,withalow presence of women as candidates and as speakers in those meetings. In the polling stationsobserved, 40 per cent of presiding officers and 51 per cent of polling assistants were women. CCMappointed the largest percentage of women as party agents at 31 per cent of the total number,followedbyCHADEMAwith16percent,ACTwith12percentandCUFwithninepercent.

• Inmostconstituencies,EthicsCommitteeswereestablishedandperceivedbythepoliticalpartiesasaneffectivemechanismtoresolveminordisputes.Nevertheless, theireffectivenessasanadhocdisputeresolution mechanism was often questioned and, in some parts of the country, campaign-relateddisputeswereeithersettledbetweenthe involvedpartiesandelectoralofficialswithout theneedforthese committees to be established, or through the mediation of other authorities such as districtcommissioners.Atthetimeofwriting,51parliamentaryelectionpetitionshavebeensubmittedtotheUnionHighCourt.

• FortheUnionelections,theconductofvotingwasassessedbyEUobserversaspositive.Politicalpartyrepresentatives were present in almost all of the polling stations observed. Voting procedures wereconsistently followed in the polling stations visited, providing adequate safeguards to ensure the



integrityof thevoteand transparencyof theprocess.Counting started immediatelyafter closingandwasconductedinthepresenceofpoliticalpartyagentswhoreceivedcopiesoftheresultsforms.Therewas, however, deterioration in the levels of transparency and credibility of the tallying process ascomparedtothevotingprocess.TheNECwasnotabletoensureaconsistentimplementationoftallyingprocedures throughout the regions,with clear guidelinesonhow to conduct the tallying andhow todealwitharithmeticaldiscrepanciesnotalwaysbeingtransmittedtoconstituencyreturningofficers.EUobserversratedtheoverallconductofthetallyingprocessasverygoodorgoodinonly64percentofthe centres observed. National observers were present only in 41 per cent of the centres visited.PoliticalpartyagentsofCCMandCHADEMAwerepresentat80percentofthecentresobservedandwereoftenabletocheckthedatabeforetheformswereprocessedelectronically.

• Immediately after election day, the raiding of CHADEMA offices and the national observers groupTACCEO/LegalandHumanRightsCentre(LHRC)bythepolice,whereanalysisofelectoraldataincludingresultswasbeingconducted,andtheconsequentarrestsandconfiscationofequipmentanddocumentsundersection16oftheCybercrimesAct,raisedconcernsovertheuseandimplementationoftheact.TheCybercrimesActof2015receivedconsiderablecriticismfrompoliticalpartiesandcivil society fornon-compliancewith international principles on freedomof expression,with serious concerns raisedoveritsimplementation,especiallywithregardstothedisproportionatesanctionsandexcessivepowersgiven to thepolice to conduct search and seizureoperations. TheHeadsofMissionof the EuropeanUnion, Switzerland, Canada, Norway and the United States issued a Joint Local Statement, on 9November,expressingconcernsovertheuseoftheCybercrimesActinawaythatinfringesfundamentalfreedoms,andlimitsthescopeofactionforcivilsocietyorganisationsanddomesticobservers.

• InZanzibar,almostallpollingstationsobservedopenedontimeandopeningproceduresweregenerallyfollowed. The conduct of votingwas positively assessed in the polling stations observed. Votingwasconducted in a generally calm atmosphere,with a few cases of campaign activities in the vicinity ofpolling stations. Political party representatives were present in almost all of the polling stationsobserved.Countingstartedimmediatelyafterclosinginallpollingstationsvisited.Inthetallyingcentresobservedby theEUEOM,political party agentsofCCM,CUF,CHADEMAandAlliance forDemocraticChange (ADC) were present during the aggregation of results. National observers were absent.Returning officers tabulated the election results and provided a certificate of election to all electedcandidates for the House of Representatives. During the central tallying of presidential results inZanzibar,membersoftheZECandarepresentativeofeachcontestingpoliticalpartywerepresent.Thetabulationprocess at ZEC central levelwas, in general, transparent in the first twodays, afterwhichobservershadnolongeraccessuntiltheZECchairman’sdecisionof28Octobertonullifytheelections.

• FollowingtheannouncementbytheZECchairmanthatZanzibarelectionresultswerenullified,theEUEOMandtheinternationalobservermissionsoftheAfricanUnion,theSouthernAfricanDevelopmentCommunity and the Commonwealth issued a joint statement, which expressed great concern at thedecisiontonullifytheresultsoftheZanzibarelections.ThemissionsrequestedtheZECspecifyinwhichpollingstationstherehadbeenirregularitiesandappealedtotheZECtoactwithfulltransparencyinitsdecisiontonullifytheelections.

• Immediatelyafter theannouncement tonullify theelections,discussionserruptedwithin civil societyandthelegalcommunityregardingthelegalityofthisdecisionandrespectfortheZECdecision-makingprocedures. However, on 1 November, the ZEC held a meeting with all commissioners and decidedretrospectively to approve the nullification of the elections that was subsequently published in theofficialGazetteon11November.Whether thedecisionhadbecomeprocedurallyvalid, thepower tonullify an entire election or the entire electoral process remained disputed, as there is no explicitprovisionforthisinthelaw.



• On9November,CCMandCUFinitiatedtalksinwhatwasthefirstofaseriesofninemeetingsbetweenthetwoleadingpresidentialcandidates,AliMohammedSheinofCCM(PresidentofZanzibar)andSeifSharifHamadofCUF(FirstVice-PresidentofZanzibar).TalksfocusedonthelegalityoftheZECdecision.A request fromCUF tobring theZECchairman to themeetingswas rejectedbyCCMon thegroundsthat they had no authority to summon the chairman. After several meetings, both political partiesmaintainedtheirinitialpositions:CCMreiterateditssupportforZEC’scallfornewelections,whileCUFconsideredthenullificationofelectionresultsillegalandrejectedanysuggestionthatnewpollsshouldbe held, and called for the resumptionof the tallying and consequent announcement of presidentialresults.TheEUEOMnotedthattheoutcomesofthediscussionsbetweenCCMandCUFwerenotmadeavailabletothepublicandthattherewasaclearattempttolimitpublicaccesstothisinformation.Thislackofinformationtothepublic,togetherwiththehighlyvisiblemilitarypresenceontheisles,broughtabout a situation in which some sectors of the population believed the military had taken overgovernmentaffairsuntilapoliticalsolutionwasfound.

• TheEUEOMremained inTanzaniauntil 8December,maintaininga regularpresence inZanzibarandholdingregularmeetingswithkeystakeholdersontheisles.Despiteseveralrequests,theEUEOMwasunabletoholdameetingwiththeZECchairmanorvice-chairman.Sincethenullificationdecision,theZECchairmanwasunreachableand theZEC,as the institution responsible for theadministrationandsupervisionoftheelectoralprocess,becameinvisible.NofurtherpublicstatementswereissuedbytheZEC to inform voters about the electoral process or to clarify or present evidence of the claimedirregularitiesthatledtothenullificationofelections.TheEUEOMnotedtheZECdemonstratedaclearlackofaccountability.Thiswasfurtherrevealedbythefactthatdespitebeingthebodyresponsiblefortheelectoralprocess,theZECwasexcludedfromthemeetingsbetweenthetwomainpoliticalparties,inwhichsolutionstotheimpassewerediscussed.

• TheEUEOMconcludedthatupuntilthetimeof itsdepartureon8December,theZEChadnotactedwith transparency in its decision to nullify the elections and had not provided the mission or anyelectoralstakeholderwithevidenceoftheirregularitiesthatjustifiedthenullificationofelections.On8December,before its temporaryrelocationtoEurope, theEUEOMissuedapressreleasestatingthatthe EU remained committed to the electoral process in Zanzibar and that the mission would beredeployed once an agreement for the resumption of the electoral processwas reached in linewithinclusive,transparent,periodicandcredibleelections.

• DespitethefactthatmeetingscontinuedbetweentheZanzibarCCMandCUF leadership intoJanuary2016,noagreementwasreachedregardingtheelectoralimpasseinZanzibar.On22January,beforeanydecisiontoofficiallyhaltbilateralmeetings,theZECchairmanannounced20March2016asthedateforare-runoftheZanzibargeneralelections.On28January,CUFofficiallydeclaredthatthepartywouldnotparticipateinthere-run.Followingtheseevents,on29January,theheadsofdiplomaticmissionsofthe European Union and of European Union member states, Norway, Switzerland, Canada and theUnitedStates issueda joint localstatement,whichreaffirmedtheirbeliefthatthepolitical impasse inZanzibarwouldbebestaddressed throughamutuallyacceptableandnegotiated solution,andurgedPresidentMagufulitoexerciseleadership,soastoensureapeacefuloutcomeandtheintegrityoftheelectoralprocess.

• There-runoftheZanzibarelectionstookplaceon20March.Theelectionswereboycottedbynineofthe 14 political parties that participated in the previous October elections, including CUF. Despiteparties writing to the ZEC to inform of their refusal to participate, the ZEC did not remove theboycottingcandidates’namesorpoliticalpartyaffiliationsfromtheballotpapers,basingtheirdecisiononproceduralarguments.Politicalpartiesparticipatinginthere-runwerenotallowedtoconductanycampaignpriortotheelections.TheEUEOMdidnotobservethe20Marchelectionsas itconsidered



the conditions, and context in which the re-run was taking place, were not conducive to inclusive,genuineandcredibleelections.

Enhancementofmanyaspectsoftheelectoralprocess,includingareviewoftheUnionandZanzibarlegalframeworks,isrequiredforthefullrealisationoffundamentalrightsofindividualsandgroups,asprovidedfor in international and regionalprinciples fordemocratic elections. In this regard, the followingpriorityrecommendationsareoffered forconsiderationandactionto theGovernmentof theUnitedRepublicofTanzania, the Government of Zanzibar, the National Electoral Commission, the Zanzibar ElectoralCommission, political parties, civil society and the international community. Many of theserecommendations were included in the 2010 EU EOM Final Report and remain valid. Discussions onimplementation of the following priority recommendations should be considered as early as possible inordertoaddressinatimelymannertheshortcomingsidentifiedinthe2015electoralprocess.AdetailedtableofrecommendationscanbefoundinAnnexItothisreport.

1. Therighttostandforelectionshouldnotbelimitedtoparty-nominatedcandidates.Inthisregard,therulingoftheAfricanCourtonHumanandPeoples’Rightsshouldbeimplemented.IndependentcandidatesshouldhavetherighttostandforanyUnionorZanzibarelectionasestablishedbytheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsandtheAfricanCharterofHumanandPeoples’Rights.Theimplementationoftherightofindependentcandidatestostandforelectionsdoesnothave implications on the First-Past-the-Post (FPTP) electoral system used in the Union and inZanzibar.

2. Therightofpoliticalparties to formandregisterelectoralcoalitionsandto field jointcandidatesshould be explicitly provided in law, specifically in the case of the Union presidential electionswheretwocandidatesarenominatedonthesameticketforpresidentandvice-president.

3. Both the Constitutions of the Union and of Zanzibar currently deny the right to challenge thepresidential election results. The right to petition presidential elections results should beestablished by law in accordance with international principles for the conduct of democraticelections.

4. TheapplicationofcertainprovisionsoftheCybercrimesActhasthepotentialto limit freedomofexpressionandleadtoarbitraryarrests.ImplementationrulesshouldbeadoptedtoprovideforaproportionateandpredictableapplicationoftheAct.PersonschargedwithoffencesunderthisActshould not be deprived of the right to defend themselves before court as section 38 of the Actstipulatesthatproceedingsforhearingofanapplicationshallbeexparteandincamera.

5. Seriouseffortsshouldbemadetolimittheinvolvementofgovernmentaladministrativestructuresintheorganisationandimplementationoftheelectoralprocess.Thedevelopmentofapermanentindependent structure of the NEC at regional level should be envisaged as well as a temporaryindependent structure at constituency levels during the period of elections, abandoning itsdependenceonlocaladministrativestructures.TheappointmentofNECcommissionersshouldberevisedinordertoincreaseconfidenceintheNEC'sindependenceamongallstakeholders.

6. In regard to the Zanzibar voter registration process, the pre-requisite of holding a Zanzibaridentificationcard,attachedtothe36-monthresidencyrequirement,shouldbereviewedinlightofthedifferenceoftreatmentbetweenTanzaniancitizensregisteredonthemainlandandZanzibar.The discretionary powers attributed to local authorities (the shehas) in the proof of residencyshould also be reviewed to increase confidence in the process. The voter register should beinclusiveandresidencyrequirementsshouldbeshortened.

7. Inordertotimelyandeffectivelyinformcitizensonthevotingprocessandtheirelectoralchoices,theelectoralcommissionsshouldconsidertakingmeasuresfor improvedplanning,budgetingand



implementationofvotereducationactivities.Activitiesshouldaimat inclusiveness,withtargetedinformationaddressingspecificgroupssuchastheyouthandfirsttimevoters,women,andpeoplewithdisabilities.

8. Clearinstructionsregardingtheaggregation,transmissionandannouncementofresultsproceduresshouldbeissued,thusavoidingthediscretionaryinterpretationofreturningofficers.Trainingofallelectoralofficersonprocedures for countingand tallying,namely the fillingof thevarious formsand particularly the result forms, could be strengthened. Instructions and procedural manualsshouldbemadelargelyavailabletoelectionstaffandstakeholdersinadvanceofelectionday.

9. Thejudiciaryshouldhaveaclearoversightroleontheperformanceanddecisionsoftheelectoralcommissions.DecisionsoftheNECandtheZECshouldbeexplicitlysubjecttochallengeincourtbyway of judicial review immediately after the period for the nomination of candidates, andthroughouttheentireprocess.Aggrievedpartiesshouldnothavetowaituntiltheannouncementofresultstoseekrecoursetojustice.

10. National broadcastmedia, the TanzaniaBroadcastCorporation (TBC) and the ZanzibarBroadcastCorporation(ZBC)shouldbetransformedintopublicservicebroadcastersenjoyingfulleditorialandfinancialindependencefromgovernment.

11. Freeairtimegrantedforcontestants’politicalbroadcastsshouldbeprovided inafairmanner,onthe basis of transparent and objective criteria. Provisions pertaining to free airtime could bepreciselydefined.

12. Media regulatory bodies should consider amending the Broadcasting Services (Content) (ThePolitical Party Elections Broadcasts) Code to stipulate less strict obligations, in particular for theprivatemedia.TheTanzaniaCommunicationsRegulatoryAuthority(TCRA)shouldreviewthecodeinan inclusivemannerconsidering theviewsofmediastakeholderswhotested itsprovisions forthefirsttimeduringtheseelections.

II. Introduction

Following an invitation from theGovernment of theUnited Republic of Tanzania, theNational ElectoralCommissionandtheZanzibarElectoralCommission,theEuropeanUnionElectionObservationMission(EUEOM) was present in Tanzania from 11 September to 8 December 2015. TheMission was led by ChiefObserver Judith Sargentini,Member of the European Parliament (MEP). In total, the EU EOM deployedacrossthecountry141observersfromthe28EUMemberStates,aswellasfromNorway,SwitzerlandandCanadatoassesstheentireelectoralprocess inaccordancewithinternationalandregionalcommitmentsfor democratic elections and with the laws of Tanzania. A delegation from the European Parliament,headedbyInésAyalaSenderMEP,alsojoinedthemissiontoobserveelectionday.

TheEUEOMisindependentinitsfindingsandconclusionsandadherestotheDeclarationofPrinciplesforInternational Election Observation commemorated at the United Nations in October 2005. This reportpresentsadetailedassessmentofthefindingsoftheMissiononthevariousstagesoftheelectoralprocess,andincludesaseriesofrecommendationsfortheimprovementoftheprocessinfutureelectionsbasedonthesefindings.

TheEUEOMwishestoexpressitsappreciationtotheGovernmentoftheUnitedRepublicofTanzania,theNationalElectoralCommission,theZanzibarElectoralCommission,politicalparties,civilsociety,media,aswellasthepeopleofTanzaniafortheircooperationandassistanceinthecourseoftheobservation.TheEUEOMisalsogratefultotheDelegationoftheEuropeanUniontoTanzaniaandtheEuropeanUnionMemberStates’diplomaticmissionsinTanzaniafortheirsupportthroughout.



III. PoliticalBackground

On25October2015,theUnitedRepublicofTanzaniahelditsfifthmulti-partygeneralelectionssincetheabolitionoftheone-partysystemin1992.Tanzaniaisastatethatcomprisestwogovernments:theUniongovernment, which rules mainland Tanzania and administers Union affairs, as determined by theConstitution, and theRevolutionaryGovernmentof Zanzibar. Elections forpresident,NationalAssemblyandLocalCouncilswereheldsimultaneouslyfortheUnionandforZanzibar,whichhasitsownpresident,parliament(HouseofRepresentatives)andLocalCouncils.TheUnionpresident,JakayaKikwete,completedhissecondandfinalterminoffice.

The 2015 elections were vigorously contested in both the Union and in Zanzibar. The incompleteconstitutionalreformprocess,whichoppositionpartiesperceivedasbeing influencedbytherulingparty,theChamaChaMapinduzi(CCM,PartyoftheRevolution), ledtothemainoppositionparties,ChamaChaDemokrasiayaMaendeleo(CHADEMA,PartyforDemocracyandProgress)andtheCivicUnitedFront(CUF),to form for the first time an electoral coalition, known asUmojawa Katiba yaWananchi (Ukawa), (theCoalitionofDefendersofthePeoples'Constitution).TheNationalConventionforConstructionandReform(NCCR-Mageuzi)andtheNationalLeagueforDemocracy(NLD)alsoparticipatedintheUkawacoalition.

In the course of choosing its presidential candidate, CCM embarked on a divisive internal nominationprocess, fromwhichrespectedministerofworksJohnP.Magufuliwaschosen. Theexclusionatanearlystage of leading candidate and former CCM primeminister Edward N. Lowassa led to the defection ofLowassatoUkawaandhispromptnominationasUkawa’scandidateforpresident,officiallyrunningasthecandidate of CHADEMA. Lowassa’s decision also led to the defection of other CCM figures to Ukawa,includinganotherformerprimeministerandotherseniorpoliticians.InadditiontoCCMandCHADEMA,afurthersixpoliticalpartiesputforwardcandidatesforpresidentoftherepublic.

FortheNationalAssembly,CCMwastheonlypartytocontestallseats.Ukawacoalitionpartiesagreedtonominate a single candidate for each parliamentary constituency, but differences between coalitionmembersresultedincompetingcandidatesinanumberofseats.

InZanzibar,thetwoprincipalfiguresintheGovernmentofNationalUnity(GNU),PresidentAliMohammedSheinofCCMandFirstVice-PresidentSeifSharifHamad(MaalimSeif)ofCUF,and12othercandidatescontestedthepresidentialrace.

On29October,theNECannouncedUnionpresidentialresults,withMagufuliwinning58.46percentofthevote to Lowassa’s 39.97 per cent. Lowassa and Ukawa rejected the official results, alleging massiveirregularities andelectoral rigging, and interferencewithNEC’s technical systemsbygovernment-alignedoperators. However,withno legal recourse toblocking the results, andwith theNEC rejectingUkawa’scomplaints,Magufuliwascertifiedasthewinnerofthepresidentialraceon30Octoberandsworninon5November. As of the time ofwriting this report, the electoral crisis triggered by the nullification of theZanzibar election by the Zanzibar Electoral Commission, on 28 October, had yet to be resolved andPresidentSheinremainedinoffice.However,hislegitimacytoremaininofficewasbeingregularlydisputedbyCUFandsomemembersofthelegalcommunity.

IV. LegalFramework

A. UniversalandRegionalPrinciplesandCommitments

Tanzaniaisapartytoallmajorinternationalandregionalhumanrightsinstrumentsrelatedtodemocraticelections. These include the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the 1979



Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination againstWomen (CEDAW) and its OptionalProtocol, the 1966 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination(ICERD),the2006ConventionontheRightsofPersonswithDisabilities(CRPD)andthe1952ConventionofthePoliticalRightsofWomen(CPRW).Asamemberof theUnitedNations (UN),AfricanUnion (AU), theCommonwealth, the SouthernAfricanDevelopment Community (SADC) and the EastAfricanCommunity(EAC),Tanzaniahasobligationstoadheretothe1948UNUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,the1981AfricanCharterofHumanandPeoples’Rights (ACHPR), the2002AUDeclarationofPrinciplesGoverningDemocraticElectionsinAfrica,theSADCPrinciplesandGuidelinesGoverningDemocraticElectionsadoptedin2015andtheEACProtocolonGoodGovernance.

B. NationalElectoralLegislation

Thelegalframeworkgoverningthe2015generalelectionsintheUnitedRepublicandinZanzibarremainslargelyunchangedsincethepreviousgeneralelections.TheUnionpresidentialandparliamentaryelectionsaregovernedbyanumberoflegaldocumentsincludingtheConstitutionoftheUnitedRepublicofTanzaniaof 1977, the National Elections Act of 1985, the Local Authorities (Elections) Act of 1979, the PoliticalPartiesActof1992andtheElectionExpensesActof2010.Relevantprovisionsregardingelectoraloffencesare also to be found in the Penal Code. The National Electoral Commission (NEC) issued a number ofregulations for the 2015 electoral process that include the National Elections (Presidential andParliamentaryElections)Regulations,theLocalAuthorities(Councillors’Elections)Regulations,theCodeofConduct for Presidential, Parliamentary and Councillors’ Elections, and the Guidelines for Local andInternationalObservers.

The legal framework inZanzibar includes theConstitutionof Zanzibarof1984, theElectionActNo.11of1984, the Political Parties Act No.5 of 1992, the Zanzibar Electoral Commission Act No.7 of 2005, theRegistrationofZanzibarisResidentActNo.7of2005and theZanzibariActNo.5of1985.ZEC regulationsincludetheZECRegulationsof2015,theZECRegulationsof InspectionoftheVoterRegisterof2010,theGuidelinesforPoliticalPartiesCodeofEthicsforthe2015Election,andtheGuidelinesandCodeofConductforLocalandInternationalObserversof2015.

The legal framework in both the Union and Zanzibar provides a reasonable basis for the conduct ofdemocratic elections generally in linewith the international and regional commitments subscribed tobythe United Republic of Tanzania. Both constitutions and election-related legislation guarantee politicalrights and fundamental freedoms as well as the right to access justice and legal remedies in line withinternationalandregionalcommitments.Nevertheless,thereareanumberofconstitutionallimitationsonpolitical rightsandfreedomofassociation,and, inZanzibar,ontheright toregisterasavoter, thathaveremained unaddressed since the previous elections and which are not in accordance with internationalprinciplesfordemocraticelections.Theseincludetheconstitutionalbanonindependentcandidatesatalllevelsofelectionsinviolationoftherighttoparticipatefreelyinthegovernmentofthecountry,freedomof association, including the right not to associate (to a political party),1 the inability to challengepresidential election results, the lack of remedy for unlawfully rejected presidential nominations, theabsenceoflegalprovisionstoformandregistercoalitionsofpoliticalparties,and,inthecaseofZanzibar,thestrictresidencerequirementforvoterregistration.Also,therighttotimelyappealadecisionoftheNECor ZEC refusing the nomination of a parliamentary candidate is not ensured as appeals on nomination

1AfricanCourtofHumanandPeoples’Rights,JudgmentApplication009-011-2011,RevChristopherMtikilavTanzania.Therighttofreedom of association, the right to participate in public affairs by prohibiting independent candidates to contest presidential,parliamentaryandLocalCouncilelectionswassuccessfullychallengedattheAfricanCourtonHumanandPeoples’Rights.In2013,thecourtfoundthebanimposedonindependentcandidatesviolatedfourarticlesoftheAfricanCharteronHumanandPeoples’Rights(ACHPR).2Article25ICCPR,UnitedNationsHumanRightsCommission,GeneralCommentNo.25,paragraph20:“Anindependentelectoralauthority should be established to supervise the electoral process and to ensure that it is conducted fairly, impartially and in



refusalscanonlybesubmittedafterthedeclarationofresults.TheinconsistenciesbetweenTanzania’slegalframework and its international commitments can only be addressed through amendments to both theConstitutionoftheUnitedRepublicandtheConstitutionofZanzibar.

C. TheElectoralSystem

FortheUnionpresidentialelections,politicalpartieshavetosubmittwocandidatessimultaneously,oneforpresidentandanotherforvice-president.Byconvention,ifapresidentialcandidateisfromthemainlandoftheUnitedRepublic,therunningmateshouldbefromZanzibar,andviceversa.AGovernmentofNationalUnity(GNU),inlinewiththeAugust2010amendmenttotheConstitutionofZanzibar,wasformedaftertheOctober2010generalelections,withthepartyinsecondplaceappointingthefirstvice-presidenttoservealongside the elected president. The GNU mechanism, enshrined in the Constitution of Zanzibar, is toremaininplaceafterthe2015elections.

BoththepresidentoftheUnitedRepublicofTanzaniaandthepresidentofZanzibarareelectedforafive-yearterminasingle-roundelectionbysecuringthehighestnumberofvotescast.ThepresidentislimitedbytheConstitutiontotwotermsinoffice.Afirst-past-the-postsystemisalsoapplicablefortheelectionofmembersofboththeNationalAssemblyoftheUnionandtheHouseofRepresentativesofZanzibar.

TheNationalAssemblycomprises264directlyelectedseats(214fortheMainlandand50forZanzibar),anincreaseof26constituenciesfromthe2010elections.TheUnionpresidentalsoappointsupto10membersand two ex officio members. Five other seats are allocated to members of the Zanzibar House ofRepresentatives.Finally,theNationalAssemblyalsocomprisesindirectlyelectedseatsreservedforwomenamounting,since2010,to40percentofthetotalnumberofdirectlyelectedandappointedparliamentaryseats.Thesereservedseatsareallocatedthroughtheproportionalrepresentationsystemaccordingtothepercentageofvoteseachpartyobtainedintheparliamentaryelections.Thelistsoffemalecandidatesforthereservedseats intheNationalAssemblyandHouseofRepresentativeswerenotmadepublicbyNECandZECbeforeelections.

In addition to the Union presidential and parliamentary elections, the Zanzibar electorate voted for thepresidentofZanzibar,forthe54directlyelectedseatsoftheHouseofRepresentatives,andfor111localcouncillors. A total of 22 seats, also 40 per cent, are reserved for women through proportionalrepresentation to theHouse of Representatives. The president of Zanzibar appoints 10members to theHouseofRepresentatives,ofwhomtwoareappointedbythepresidentinconsultationwiththeoppositionleader.

V. ElectionAdministration

A. StructureandCompositionNationalElectoralCommission(NEC)TheConstitutionestablishestheNationalElectoralCommission(NEC),composedofsevencommissionersappointedbytheUnionpresidentforafive-yearmandate.Boththechairpersonandvice-chairpersonmustbejudgeseitherfromtheCourtofAppealorfromtheHighCourt.Ifthechairpersonisfromthemainland,thevice-chairpersonisfromZanzibar,orviceversa.Thecurrentchairmanwasappointedin2011andisaretired judge of the Court of Appeal. As for the remaining five commissioners, one is selected from theTanganyikaLawSociety,andfourcommissionersshouldhaveexperienceintheconductandsupervisionofelections or other qualifications the president considers necessary to perform the respective tasks. Thepresidentmayremoveamemberforfailingtodischargeher/hisfunctionsduetoillness,misconductortheloss of necessary qualifications. The NEC issues regulations, directions and notices and its decisions aretakenbymajorityvotewithaquorumoffourmembersincludingthechairperson.



Appointedby thepresident fromamongsenior civil servantsand recommendedby theCommission, theNEC’s chief executive is the director of electionswho also serves as the secretary to the commission. Asecretariat,comprisinganumberofspecialiseddepartments, isestablishedonlyatthenational levelandoperatesatlowerlevelsduringelectionsthroughtheappointmentofgovernmentalofficers.

TheConstitutionprovides for the independenceof theNECasan institution.2However, theNECremainsdependent at lower levels on the Prime Minister’s Office for Regional Administration and LocalGovernment,foritsinfrastructureandpersonnelaswellasforbudgetallocation.Thecommissionappointsa number of regional election officers from among the regional or district administration and localgovernmentexecutiveofficialswhoareunderthePrimeMinister’sOffice.TheNECfurtherdependsoncityand town directors, and district executive directors to act as returning officers and assistant returningofficers. This dependency, already noted by the EU EOM 2010, impacts negatively on stakeholders’perceptions regarding the impartiality and neutrality of the commission. TheNEC employed 30 regionalelectioncoordinators,972returningofficersand7914presidingofficersduringtheelectionperiod.

ZanzibarElectoralCommissionTheConstitutionprovides for ZEC tobe an independent commission free fromgovernment andpoliticalparty interference. ZEC’s mandate includes the overall supervision of presidential, House ofRepresentativesandLocalCouncilelections inZanzibar.ThesevenmembersoftheZECareappointedbythepresidentofZanzibar.TheZECchairpersonisappointedbythepresident,twomembersareappointedon the recommendation of the leader of government, while two othermembers are appointed on therecommendationoftheoppositionleaderintheHouseofRepresentatives.OnepresidentialappointeehastobeajudgeoftheHighCourt,andoneappointmentisatthediscretionofthepresident.ThepresidentcanonlyremoveamemberoftheZECforfailuretoperformhisfunctions.ThepresidentappointstheZECdirector of elections upon recommendation of the ZEC. These appointment provisions are perceived bystakeholdersasunabletoguaranteetheindependenceoftheZECinlinewithconstitutionalprovisionsandinternationalprinciples.3

The current seven-member commission was appointed by the Zanzibar president in 2013 and did notinclude anywomen. All commissioners, including the chairperson,were newly appointed except for thetwomembersrecommendedbytheopposition.Zanzibar increasedthenumberofadministrativedistrictsfrom ten to eleven, hence for the 2015 elections, ZEC had eleven permanent district offices - seven onUngujaandfouronPemba.

B. TheAdministrationofElections

TheconductofUnionelectionsforthePresidency,NationalAssemblyandLocalCouncilsinthemainlandissolelytheresponsibilityoftheNEC.OnZanzibar,theNECandZECadministerseparatelytheUnionandtheZanzibar elections. The ZEC is responsible for the conduct of the three Zanzibar elections – presidential,HouseofRepresentativesandLocalCouncils–whileNECisresponsibleforthetwoUnionelectionsontheisles–presidential andNationalAssembly.Whileonelectiondayboth commissionsoperatedwithin thesamepollingvenues,alllogisticalandhumanresourceswereseparate.

Both the National Electoral Commission (NEC) and the Zanzibar Electoral Commission (ZEC) showedsufficient levels of preparedness for the administration of the electoral process and competence in

2Article25ICCPR,UnitedNationsHumanRightsCommission,GeneralCommentNo.25,paragraph20:“Anindependentelectoralauthority should be established to supervise the electoral process and to ensure that it is conducted fairly, impartially and inaccordancewithestablishedlawswhicharecompatiblewiththeCovenant.”3Article25ICCPR,UnitedNationsHumanRightsCommission,GeneralCommentNo.25,paragraph20:“Anindependentelectoralauthority should be established to supervise the electoral process and to ensure that it is conducted fairly, impartially and inaccordancewithestablishedlawswhicharecompatiblewiththeCovenant.”



conductingkeyoperationssuchastheprintingofballotpapersandthedistributionofelectoralmaterial.Despite the absence of a permanent structure of the NEC at lower levels, the EU EOM assessed itsperformanceasorganisedandwellprepared.EUobserversreportedthat,inmostregionsonthemainland,meetingsbetweenelectoralofficialsandpoliticalpartieswereconductedregularly.WithintheZEC,therewas insufficient communication between the ZEC and the district officials, namely in Pemba,whooftenlackedinformationonthestatusofelectoralpreparations.OnmainlandTanzania,communicationbetweentheNECanditslowerlevelsappearedtobemoreefficient.InZanzibar,coordinationamongZECandNECstaffseemedtobelimited,butwithbothcomplyingwiththeirrespectivetimetables.

PoliticalpartieshelddifferentviewsontheindependenceandtransparencyoftheNECandZEC.WhileCCMrepresentativestrustedthefunctioningandeffectivenessoftheelectoralmanagementbodies,oppositionparties were more sceptical about the impartiality of electoral officials because of their appointmentprocess.4 Concerns were expressed over the alleged lack of impartiality of returning officers in somedistrictsonthemainland,inparticularwherecomplaintsremainedunresolved.SomeseniorNECstaffwerereplacedclosetoelectionday, including thepreviousdirector forelectionsandthedirectorsof the legaldepartment,thevotereducationdepartment,informationandadministration.5Theselatechangesaswellas the appointment of two commissioners a month before election day raised concern amonginterlocutors. In the run-up to election day, the NEC repeatedly refuted allegations that the TanzaniaIntelligence and Security Services (TISS) had placed members at NEC’s data centre. Despite frequentrequests,avisittothecentraldatacentrewasnotgranted.InZanzibar,CCMrepresentativesappreciatedtheprofessionalconductofZECuntilshortlyafterelectionday,whileCUFrepresentativesconsideredthatZEClackedindependenceandfavouredCCM.

Throughout the various stages of the electoral process, the NEC and ZEC did not provide for fulltransparency regarding their decision-making process, and stakeholders’ access to scrutinise thecommissions’ activitieswas not always granted. For theUnion elections, ballot papers, printed in SouthAfrica,arrivedon12October.Distributionstartedthefollowingdaytothefarthestregionsofthecountry.Accordingtopoliticalparties,theywerenotinvitedbyNECtoattendthearrivalofthesensitivematerials.TheNECwasreluctanttosharethisinformationforsecurityreasons.Incontrast,allstakeholders,includingtheEUEOM,wereinvitedtoobservethearrivaloftheballotpapersfortheZanzibarelections.

Problemsencounteredwiththefinalisationofthevoterregistersandwiththedelimitationofboundariesin theUnionand inZanzibar,aswellasdetailson the resultsmanagement system (RMS), for theUnionelections, were not fully disclosed on time to parties and to the public. Even though the NEC briefedpoliticalpartiesontheresultsmanagementsystem,itwasnotabletodispelconcernsexpressedbysomepolitical parties on the technical aspects and software used for the transmission of results. The Ukawapartieswere not satisfiedwith the presentation they received on the resultsmanagement system, andrequestedatechnicalauditoftheRMSsoftwareaswellasinformationonprevioususeofthesoftwareinother elections. The NEC refused to have a technical audit. The NEC provided updates on electoralpreparations through regular press conferences. However, these measures were insufficient to buildconfidenceamongpoliticalpartiesabouttheNEC’stransparency.

The lack of information provided to political parties regarding the voter register and constituencyboundariesalsoaffectedconfidenceintheZECandintheelectoralprocessintherun-uptoelectionday.TheZECheldanall-stakeholdermeetingon11Octobertobriefaboutelectoralpreparations.Severalissues

4 Section 2, Article 4 (e) of the African Union Declaration on the Principles Governing Democratic Elections in Africa, 2002:“Democraticelectionsshouldbeconducted[...]byimpartial,allinclusivecompetentandaccountableelectoralinstitutionsstaffedbywelltrainedpersonnelandequippedwithadequatelogistics.”SADCPrinciplesandGuidelinesGoverningDemocraticElectionsof2015, Section 5.1.3: “Establish impartial, professional, independent, all inclusive, competent and accountable EMBs staffed byeminent,non-partisanandcapablecommissioners,andefficientandprofessionalpersonnel”.5ThereasonsforthesereplacementswerenotprovidedtotheEUEOM.



wereraisedbypoliticalparties, includingthelateanduncleardelimitationofconstituencyboundariesfortheHouseofRepresentatives, thecollectionofvoter registrationcards, thesecurityof sensitiveelectionmaterials, the verificationof voters’ identity at polling stations, the votingof securitypersonnel and thetiming of the announcement of the presidential results. The ZEC made available maps of constituencyboundariesvery late intheprocesswhichhamperedthecapacityofpoliticalpartiestobeawareof theirelectorate for campaign purposes, especially given the recent alterations to constituency and localadministrative(shehia)boundaries.

C. DelimitationofConstituencies

ThedelimitationofconstituenciesconductedbyNECandZECshortlybeforethe2015electionsdonottakeintoaccounttheprincipleofequaldistributionoftheelectorateamongsttheconstituencies,fallingshortofensuringtheequalityofthevote.6

TheNECannouncedthestartofthedelimitationofconstituencieson28April2015,sixmonthsaheadofelection day.7 In demarcating constituencies, the NEC should ensure that constituencies containapproximately equal numbers of eligible voters by taking into account the population criteria,means ofcommunication, theeconomic statusof a constituencyand its geographic size. In total, 37 local councilsapplied for constituency status and 41 requests for new constituencies were received. After NEC’sassessment, 36 requests met the criteria, of which 21 corresponded to administrative boundaryrequirementsand15fulfilledthepopulationquota.8Alterationsmadeinthedelimitation,inthenumberofconstituenciesand/orofmembersofparliamentrepresentingthoseconstituencies,tookfulleffectforthe2015generalelections.

Somehighlypopulatedareasareunder-representedintermsofseatsintheNationalAssemblycomparedtolesspopulatedconstituencies.Thereareconstituencieswheretheweightofvoteis15timesmorethanthat of another constituency. This is the case inMadaba, Ruvuma region,with 27,502 registered voterscomparedwith417,612registeredvotersinTemeke,DaresSalaam.Thereareat leasttenconstituencieswithlessthan50,000registeredvotersandsevenconstituencieswithmorethan200,000registeredvoters.Thenationalaverageofvotersperconstituencyinthegeneralelectionwas85,853.TheTanzaniaElectionMonitoringCommittee(TEMCO), in its interimstatementonthe2015elections,statedthattheelectoralboundarydelimitationwas“properlyundertaken,usingtransparent, justifiableandconsistentprocedure,established by law”. TEMCO’s findings did not reveal evidence of ‘gerrymandering’,which could lead tomanipulationofelectoralresults.

On7August2015,theZECannouncedanincreasefrom50to54constituenciesinZanzibarfortheHouseofRepresentatives. The constituency delimitation processwas concluded just a fewweeks before electionday.TheZEC’sboundarydelimitationreportwasnotmadepublicbeforetheelections.Furthermore, theminister responsible for local government had previously increased the number of shehias (smallest

6Article25oftheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights(ICCPR),UnitedNationsHumanRightsCommission,GeneralCommentNo.25,paragraph21:“...withintheframeworkofeachState’selectoralsystemthevoteofoneelectorshouldbeequalto another. Thedrawingof electoral boundaries andmethodof allocating votes shouldnotdistort thedistributionof votersordiscriminateagainstanygroup.”7 A final report published in July 2015 listed the newly created constituencies. However, it did not provide a geographicaldescription of boundaries or population figures for these constituencies. For the 2010 general elections, the NEC had alreadyincreasedthenumberofconstituenciesfrom232to239.8AreportpublishedbyNECrefersto26newestablishedconstituencies,raisingthenumberto265.Thecommissionlaterreferredtoatotalof264constituencies.Regionswithnewconstituenciesare:Morogoro,Dodoma,Tanga,GeitaandArushawithonenewconstituencyeach;DaresSalaam,Shinyanga,Ruvuma,Njombe,Mbeya,andKataviwithtwonewconstituencieseach;andMara,MtwaraandTaborawiththreeconstituencieseach.



administrativeunit)andreducedthenumberofwardsinMay2015.9Thenon-transparentandlateprocess,pairedwith the unavailability of the exact new boundaries, impacted negatively on the political parties'knowledgeoftheirelectorateforelectoralcampaignpurposesaswellasonvotersindeterminingtowhichconstituencytheybelonged.

Theupdated finalvoter register forZanzibarcontained358,773votersonUngujaand145,087votersonPemba.The18constituenciesonPembahadanaveragevoterpopulationof8,060.OnUnguja,eachofthe36seatsrepresentedanaverageof9,966voters.Althoughtheconstituencydelimitationexerciseof2015resulted in fourmore constituencies onUnguja, the electorate of Pemba remained over-represented bytwoseatsintheHouseofRepresentatives.FurtherdiscrepancieswerenotedintheequalityofthevoteonUnguja. The constituency with the largest number of voters was Uzini with 15,069, while the smallestnumberwas inFuoniwithonly1,923voters.Thismeant thatavote inFuonihad7.8 timesmoreweightthanoneinUzini..10

TheNEC’s solution to the increasednumberof constituencies for theZanzibarHouseofRepresentativesfrom50to54wastosplitfourNationalAssemblyconstituenciesbetweeneightHouseofRepresentativesconstituencies.Apartfromtheseeightconstituencies,theremaining46ZanzibarHouseofRepresentativesconstituenciesareidenticaltotheonesfortheNationalAssembly.Thisresultsininequalityofthevoteforthe National Assembly seats. In the constituency of Fuoni 1,923 registered voters elected one NationalAssemblyrepresentative,whileinBububu,22,947registeredvotersalsoelectedonerepresentative.

At the Union level, Zanzibar has been historically over-represented in the National Assembly. WhileZanzibar voters represent only two per cent of the United Republic electorate, Zanzibar voters directlyelected50membersoftheNationalAssembly.TheotherfivemembersoftheNationalAssemblycomingfromZanzibarareelectedbytheHouseofRepresentatives.

D. VoterEducation

The NEC was mandated to coordinate and supervise activities implemented by 447 civil societyorganisationsandcommunity-basedgroupsgrantedpermissiontoconductvotereducation.Inadditiontoitscooperationwith49 localradiostationsthatbroadcastvotereducationmessages,theNECalsomadeuseofsocialmediaandpublishedguidebooksforvoters,politicalpartiesandabookletonfrequentlyaskedquestions.However,theseactivities,aswellastheactivitiesconductedbycivilsocietyorganisations,werefar from sufficient as voters had very limited access to information with regards to the procedures forcastingtheirballot, thesecrecyofthevote,the importanceofelectionsanddemocratic institutions,andalsolackedbasicunderstandingofthepartymanifestos.Radioprogrammeswerethemainsourceofvoterinformation.

EUobserversreportedagenerallackofvotereducationactivitiesinmostregions,particularlyinruralareasandamongpastoralistcommunitiessuchastheMaasai.Somenon-governmentalorganisationsconductedlimitedprojectsatlocalleveldirectedatwomen,youthandpersonswithdisabilities.Furthermore,theNECrelied on support from the UNDP-managed Democratic Empowerment Project (DEP) to conduct votereducation activities. A multimedia-based voter education campaign focusing on inclusive and peacefulelections, and specifically targeting rural populations, women, youth, first-time voters and people withdisabilities,wasplannedtobelaunchedtendaysaheadofelectionday.Theseactivitieswerehowevernotvisible. In the absence of non-partisan voter education, voters relied on political parties for basic voterinformation.

9Eachconstituencyiscomprisedofseveralshehias,smalladministrativeunits.Thenumberofshehias increasedfrom345to388and thenumberofwardsdecreased from141 to111.The43shehas (local authorities) for thenewly-createdshehiaswerenotappointedpriortotheelections.10TherewereotherexamplesofsignificantdiscrepanciessuchasTunguuwith14,326andMwerawith5,419voters.



InZanzibar,theZECcommissioned14civilsocietyorganisationstoconductvotereducation,butactivitiesstarted very late and were constrained by funding shortages. Voter education was therefore mainlyconductedthroughregularZECannouncementsbroadcastbytheZanzibarBroadcastingCorporation(ZBC)TV and radio and by community radios. ZEC voter education posters and flyerswere distributed to civilsocietyorganisations commissioned to conduct voter education, and tobusdrivers for displayonpublictransport and at bus stops. In addition, the commission planned to organise plays, concerts and sportseventsfocusingonvotersensitisation.WhiletheZECcommissionedcivilsocietyorganisations,suchastheZanzibarLegalServicesCentre, toconductvotereducationactivities, suchactivitieswerenotvisible.TheZanzibarInternationalFilmFestivalandcivilsocietyorganisationsworkingwithintheProjectinSupportofaPeaceful and Inclusive Electoral Process (PROPEL) toured a Film Caravan on Peaceful Elections with tenscreenings.VI. VoterRegister

A. TheRighttoVote

TherearenounreasonablerequirementstoregisterasavoterfortheUnionelections.Thelegalframeworkis in linewith international principles of universal suffrage and inclusiveness.11 Eligibility criteria includeholdingTanzaniancitizenshipandbeingat least18yearsoldon thedateofelections.TheNEC registersvotersfortheUnionelections,includinganypersoninZanzibarwhoisentitledtoberegisteredonlyfortheUnionpresidentialelections.

A separate voter register is used for the Zanzibar elections. Zanzibaris of 18 years old are entitled toregister.Apersonmusthavepermanentresidenceandhavelivedinagivenconstituencyforacontinuousperiodof36monthsbeforeelectionday.Anidentificationcardisalsorequiredinordertoobtainorrenewthevotercard.Theresidencyrequirementtoregisterasavoter,andtherelatedcontroversialdiscretionarypowers given to the shehas (appointed local authorities) to certify a voter’s 36 months continuousresidence in a particular constituency, is considered unreasonable and leads to the potentialdisenfranchisementofeligibleZanzibarivoters.12

MechanismsarenotinplacefortheparticipationoftheTanzaniandiaspora,detaineesorprisonersservingsentencesoflessthansixmonthswhoareentitledtovote.

B. VoterRegistration

UnitedRepublicWeaknesses in theopticalmark recognition (OMR) technologyused inpreviouselections resulted in theintroduction of a new biometric voter registration (BVR) for the 2015 Union elections. The governmentapprovedthefinalbudgetaryallocationinJanuary2015,followingapilotphaseoftheregisterthatraninDecember2014inthreeconstituenciesinDaresSalaam,KataviandMorogororegions.BetweenFebruaryandAugust2015,theNECwasabletoregister23,782,558voters,amountingto99.6percentoftheeligiblevoterpopulationprojectedbytheNECandtheNationalBureauofStatistics.TheEuropeanUniondeployedanElectionExpertMission(EEM)toTanzania,between8Mayand24July2015,toassesstheBVRprocess.TheEEMobservedthatprinciplesofuniversalsuffrageandfreeaccesstotheBVRweregrantedwithahighparticipationofcitizens.TheNECvoterregisterforZanzibarthatincludesnon-Zanzibarresidentsentitledto 11Article25ICCPR,UnitedNationsHumanRightsCommission,GeneralCommentNo.25,paragraph4:“Statesmusttakeeffectivemeasurestoensurethatallpersonsentitledtovoteareabletoexercisethatright.”12Article25ICCPR,UnitedNationsHumanRightsCommission,GeneralCommentNo.25,paragraph4:“Statesmusttakeeffectivemeasures to ensure that all persons entitled to vote are able to exercise that right.Where registration of voters is required, itshouldbefacilitatedandobstaclestosuchregistrationshouldnotbeimposed.Ifresidencerequirementsapplytoregistration,theymustbereasonable...”



voteonlyfortheUnionpresidencycontained48,182voters,ofwhom28,132wereonUngujaand20,050onPemba.

Theconcurrentwardboundarydelimitationprocessof622newwards,carriedoutbythePrimeMinister’sOffice,posedsomedifficultiesfortheNECduringthebiometricvoterregistration(BVR)exercise.TheNEChadtoreviewregistrationdata13whiletheBVRprocesswasongoing,thusdelayingtheregistrationprocessandrequiringtheproductionofupdatedmapsreflectingchangestowardboundaries.The2015BVRlikelyoffersthemostcurrent,accurateandinclusivedataevermadeavailableinTanzania.However,theNECdidnotefficientlymanageregistrants’expectationsforasmoothprocess.Longqueues,alimitedandunequalallocation of resources, a lack of transparency in conducting boundary delimitation, and an absence ofpublicoutreachcampaignshadanegativeimpactontheperceptionofthepublicwithregardtotheNEC’scapacitytocarryoutaninclusiveandreliableregistration.

The final voter register for the Union elections was made available 10 days before elections, two daysbeforethelegaldeadline. Atotalof22,751,292voterswereregistered.Ofthese,1,031,266entrieswereremovedfromtheprovisionalvoterregisterwith181,452identifiedasmultipleregistrations.Insuchcases,the NEC retained the last registration entry. The remaining 845,944 incorrect registrations related toentries introducedduring the trainingofbiometric registrationoperators. Inaddition,3,870registrationswere found to beof foreigners. TheBVRexercise captured96per cent of the estimatedeligible voters.Concerns regarding the final voter register led the NEC to issue guidelines foreseeing supplementaryinstancesinwhichvoterswouldbeallowedtocastaballot,inadditiontothecumulativeconditionofthename of the voter being on the voter list and the voter being in possession of a voter card. The otheradditionalconditionsseemedreasonableandinclusive.

Politicalpartiesreceivedanelectroniccopyoftheregister.Althoughthelawdoesnotprovideforanearlierpublication of the final voter list, an earlier release of the register could have increased the level ofconfidenceofstakeholdersinthereliabilityofthevoterregisterandbetterenabledpoliticalpartiestobeawareof their electorate for campaignpurposes, especially given recent alterations to constituency andwardboundaries.

Zanzibar

The ZEC undertook an update of the permanent voter register for the 2015 elections. The final registerincluded503,860registeredvoters,ofwhom269,073werefemaleand235,060weremale.Incomparisontothe2010register,thisrepresentedanincreaseof24percentor96,478voters.TheZECpublishedalistof7,751voterswhoweredeletedfromtheregister.Mostofthenamesremovedwerethoseofdeceasedpersons and double entries. The opportunity for eligible voters to register or update their details waslimited,aseligiblevotershadonlytwodaystoregisterinthecentresassignedneartheirplaceofresidence.The EU EEM assessed the voter registration process of 2015 as overly restrictive because of therequirementofholdinga Zanzibar ID for registration, combinedwith the controversial discretionary rolegiventotheshehas(appointedlocalauthorities)fortheissuingofIDcards.14

TheZECmadethevoterregisteravailabletothepoliticalpartieson7October.AsintheUnion,anearlierreleaseoftheregistercouldhaveincreasedthelevelofconfidenceofstakeholdersintheelectoralprocessand,inparticular,inthereliabilityofthevoterregister.

13 This was the case for Madaba district council, Ruvuma region, Mtwara town council in Mtwara region, district councilMpwimbwe,KataviregionandtowncouncilKondoainDodomaregion.14 Article 25 ICCPR, United Nations Human Rights Commission, General Comment No. 25, paragraph 4:“Where registration ofvotersisrequired,itshouldbefacilitatedandobstaclestosuchregistrationshouldnotbeimposed.Ifresidencerequirementsapplytoregistration,theymustbereasonable...”



TheZEChadtodeliverthevotercardsafterconductingaverificationprocess,unliketheNEC,whichprintedandhandedoverthevotercardsinthecentresimmediatelyuponregistration.Thedeliveryofvotercardsatdistrictelectoralofficescontinueduntilelectionday.TheZECalsodeliveredvotercards issuedin2010and2013.Therewas,however,confusionamongvotersas towheretheycouldcollect theirvotercards.Votercardsthatwerenotcollectedatdistrictofficesweretobereturnedto theZEC’smainofficeby19October.Beforethen,however,anumberofvoterswereunabletocollecttheircardsonpresentationofavoter card receipt at district offices. The ZEC broadcast a radio announcement stating that voters couldcollect their cardsuntil 24October at the ZECoffice.According to the ZEC, around8,000 voters didnotcollecttheircardbeforeelectionday.

TheEUEOMdirectlyobservedthat therequirementtopresentaZanzibar IDcardoravoterregistrationreceiptinordertocollectthevotercardwasnotalwaysadheredtobyZECofficials.On9October,atZECMagharibiBdistrict electoral officeonUnguja, EUobserverswitnessed fivebuses, organisedbya shehacommittee,transportingyouthstotheofficetocollecttheirvotercards.NoneofthosepresentshowedaZanzibarIDorvoterregistrationreceipt,theofficialrequirementstocollectacard.TheEUEOMobservedthat cardswere issuedwhen individuals simply stated their names, contrary to the procedure observedduringearliervisitstothesameZECoffice.Peoplewhoreceivedtheircardsgavetheirtelephonenumberstoadministratorsandtheirnamesweretickedoffalist.

VII. RegistrationofPoliticalPartiesandCandidates

A. RegistrationofPoliticalParties

Therequirementsfortheregistrationofpoliticalpartiesarereasonableandinlinewithinternationalandregionalcommitmentsrelatedtofreedomofassociation.15However,therightofpoliticalpartiestoformacoalitionisnotprovidedbylaw.Inpractice,politicalpartieswereabletopresentjointcandidatesfortheelectionsandreferredtothecoalitionintheircampaigns,butthenameofthecoalitioncouldnotbeusedontheballot.

The Political Parties Act sets out the conditions and procedures for the registration of political parties.Registration isbarredtopoliticalparties thatpromotereligious, tribalor regional interests thatadvocatetheseparationof theUnionor thatuseviolencetopursuepolitical interests.The lawfurtherestablishesthe Registrar of Political Parties, appointed by the president, as responsible for the registration of thepoliticalparties.Thedecisionoftheregistrarregardingthecancellationoftheregistrationofapartymaybeappealedincourtbywayofjudicialreview.

Threepoliticalpartiesappliedforregistrationforthe2015electionsandonlyoneacquiredfullregistration,the Alliance for Change and Transparency (ACT or ACT-WAZALENDO). The other two did not meet therequirementsforregistration.Inbothcases,theRegistrarofPoliticalPartiesprovidedpoliticalpartieswithdirections on the missing requirements. Consequently, on 9 November 2015, the Registrar of PoliticalPartiesissuedaprovisionalregistrationtotheTanzaniaPatrioticFront(TPF-Mashujaa),whichwasthefirstpartytoapplyforregistrationaftertheelections.

15 Article 22 and 25 ICCPR, United Nations Human Rights Commission, General Comment No. 25, paragraph 26: “The right tofreedom of association, including the right to form and join organizations and associations concernedwith political and publicaffairs, is an essential adjunct to the rights protected by article 25.” See also Article 10 of the African Charter of Human andPeoples’Rights1986andAfricanUnionDeclarationonthePrinciplesGoverningDemocraticElectionsinAfrica,IV.Elections:Rightsand Obligations, paragraph 5: “Every citizen shall have the freedom to establish or to be a member of a political party orOrganizationinaccordancewiththelaw.”



B. RegistrationofCandidates

Therequirementstostandforpresidential,parliamentaryandLocalCouncilelections,asprovided intheUnionandintheZanzibarconstitutionsandrespectiveelectorallaws,arereasonable,withtheexceptionoftheconstitutionalbanonindependentcandidates.Therequirementthatcandidatesmustbemembersofandproposedbyapoliticalpartyrestrictstherightandopportunityof individualstostandforofficeandlimitsthevoters’choiceofcandidates.16Althoughtheelectionlegislationdoesnotspecificallyprovideforcoalitions,politicalpartiesmaycoordinatetheirnominationsandlendsupporttoeachother’scandidates.

Presidential aspirants for the Union and for Zanzibar submit their nominations to the NEC and ZECrespectively, whereas nominations for the National Assembly of the Union and for the House ofRepresentatives of Zanzibar, and Local Councils are respectively dealt with by returning officers atconstituency levelandbyassistantreturningofficersatward level.Candidatesmaynotrunconcurrentlyforbothpresidentialandparliamentaryelections.Thereis,however,noprovisionprohibitingsimultaneouscandidaciesforparliamentaryandLocalCouncilelections.

Uponsubmissionofnominationpapers,politicalpartieshave topayadeposit to theNECor theZEC foreachnominee. The amount for theUnionpresidential andparliamentary candidates is respectively TZSsonemillion(€400)andTZSs50,000(€20).AdepositisalsorequiredforZanzibarpresidentialandHouseofRepresentatives’candidates,which is twiceasmuchastheamountofUnionelections’deposit,TZSstwomillionforpresidentialcandidates (€800)andTZSs100,000(€40) for theHouseofRepresentatives.Afternomination,theElectionExpensesActrequiresthepoliticalpartytodiscloseallfundsreceivedforelectionexpenses for thenominationprocessorelection campaigns,whetherasagift, loan, advance,depositordonation. Any political party or candidate that fails to disclose such information is disqualified fromparticipatingintheelection.

Eight candidates, with their running mates, were nominated for the Union presidential elections. InadditiontocandidatesfromCCMandtheUmojawaKatibayaWananchi(Ukawa)coalition,comprisingtheChamaChaDemokrasiayaMaendeleo(CHADEMA),theCivicUnitedFront(CUF),theNationalConventionfor Construction and Reform (NCCR-Mageuzi) and the National League for Democracy (NLD), six otherparties competed for the Union presidency. The presidential candidate for the Alliance for Change andTransparency(ACT)andtheCCMvice-presidentialcandidateweretheonlywomen.Twopartycandidaturesfrom the Tanzania Democratic Alliance (TADEA) and the Chama Cha Kijamii (CCK)were rejected for notcomplyingwithproceduralrequirements.Therewere1,218candidatescompetingfor264directlyelectedseatsintheNationalAssembly,and10,879candidatescompetingforLocalCouncilseats.

ObjectionsorcomplaintsregardingthenominationofcandidatesfortheNationalAssemblyandHouseofRepresentativesaresubmittedtotherespectivereturningofficer,whosedecisionmaybeappealedtotheNECandZEC.Rejectedparliamentarynominationsmayonlybeappealedbywayofelectionpetitionafterresultsareofficiallydeclared,thushamperingtherighttoatimelyremedyforaggrievedparties.Thereis,however,apossiblechannelforchallengingthisdecisionearlierbywayofjudicialreviewprovidedbybothConstitutions.Nevertheless,thecourtmayeventuallydismissthecaseonproceduralgroundsandinstructthecasetobepresentedbywayofelectionpetitionafterthedeclarationofresults.TheNECreceived56appealsagainstthedecisionsofreturningofficersonobjectionsandcomplaintsregardingthenominationofparliamentarycandidates,and223appealsinrelationtoLocalCouncilnominations.Mostobjectionsandcomplaints related toprocedural issues.Approximately50per centof thedecisionswereupheldand50percentreversedbytheNEC.

16 Article 25 ICCPR, United Nations Human Rights Commission, General Comment No. 25, paragraph 15: “The effectiveimplementationoftherightandtheopportunitytostandforelectiveofficeensuresthatpersonsentitledtovotehaveafreechoiceofcandidates.Personswhoareotherwiseeligibletostandforelectionshouldnotbeexcludedbyunreasonableordiscriminatoryrequirementssuchaseducation,residenceordescent,orbyreasonofpoliticalaffiliation.”



For the presidency of Zanzibar, 14 political parties, including CCM and CUF, nominated candidates. TheincumbentPresidentofZanzibar,AliMohamedSheinof theCCM, ran fora second term inoffice.Therewere180candidatesforthe54HouseofRepresentatives’constituencies,and353candidatesforthe111LocalCouncils.TheZECreceivedsixcomplaintsregardingcandidatenominationsandreversedadecisioninonecasetoendorseacandidacyforLocalCouncil.

VIII. ElectionCampaignandPre-ElectionEnvironment

A. ElectionCampaign

The electoral campaign began on mainland Tanzania on 22 August and in Zanzibar on 7 September. Avigorouscampaign,bothonmainlandTanzaniaand inZanzibar,wasfullyevident.Onthemainland,bothCCMandUkawaorganisednationwidecampaign tours, typically featuringmultiple rallieseveryday,andalmost always drawing large crowds of several thousand participants. ACT was the only other party tocampaignnationally,albeitusuallydrawingsmallercrowds.

TheEUEOMobserved139campaigneventsthroughoutthecountry,ofwhich53wereforCCM,67werefor CHADEMA, CUF, NCCR, NLD and/or Ukawa, 14 were for ACT and five were events of other smallerparties. In the observed campaign events, candidates and parties campaigned vigorously, and usuallyrespectedthecampaignregulations, includingtheavoidanceof inflammatory languageandadherencetothehoursprescribedforcampaigning.Theelectioncampaignwaslargelycalmandpeaceful,andascheduleofpresidentialandvice-presidentialcampaigneventswasamicablyagreedandrevisedamongtheparties.Inonlyone case, inKyengege in Singida region,did theEUEOMdirectlyobservepreferential treatmentofferedtoCCMintheschedulingofcampaignevents.

The few incidents that did occur, including the abduction of a CHADEMA parliamentary candidate inMtwaraon5October, the assault of CCMdefectors toCHADEMA in Sumbawangaon8October and anattackonpassingCHADEMAsupportersontheirwaytoanoppositionrallyon10Octoberinthesamearea,as well as fighting in Tabora, on 10 October between supporters of CUF and CCM, had a limited andlocalised impact on the electoral environment. Political parties and candidates were able to campaignfreely in all parts of the mainland, and most political parties generally commended the police for itsperformanceduringcampaignevents,but therewereanumberofcasesofCHADEMAandCUFaffiliatedcandidatesandactivistsbeingarrested forpublicorderoffences, including inDodoma, Iringa,Morogoro,KataviandMara regions.17 InBukoba,Kagera region,membersandsupportersof theCUFwerearrestedafterbeingaccusedbythepoliceofinvolvementinarsontargetingchurches.CUFallegedthatthearrestswere politically motivated, but the police denied targeting individuals on the basis of their politicalaffiliation.

Most campaign messaging focused on the need for change, and there was little in terms of policy todifferentiate themain parties, except in education,whereUkawa promised free access fromprimary totertiarylevel,whereasCCMconfineditscommitmenttofreeeducationtolowersecondarylevel.Inmanyevents,CCMdistanceditselffromitshistorical legacyastherulingparty,whileUkawapresenteditselfasthebestchancetoreplacethelongservingrulingregime.

While hopes were high for a first presidential debate amongst the leading candidates, both CCM andUkawa declined to participate in a face-to-face discussion, and the national presidential debate, whichoccurredon18October,onlyfeaturedcandidatesfromsmallerparties.

In comparison to themainland, in Zanzibar, the campaignwasmoreheated,with tensionsbetween thepartiesthatcomprisetheGovernmentofNationalUnity,CCMandCUF.Theaggressiverhetoricemployed 17SeesectionXII.ElectoralJustice:A.Electoraloffences,page32.



by some party leaders during the campaign was occasionally intolerant in tone, increased communaltensions, and could have been considered as incitement to violence. For example, the Alliance forDemocraticChange(ADC)stated inacampaignrally,on5October,onPembathat theCUFcouldnotbetrustedandthatavoteforthatpartywouldbringtoZanzibarconflictcomparabletoSomalia’s.AtaCCMrally inChake-Chake,Pemba,on11October,thesecondvice-presidentofZanzibardescribedCUFleadersas liars and as people who resembled witch doctors. He further accused CUF of stealing constituencydevelopmentfunds.

In Zanzibar, confidence in the policing of the campaignwas lacking amongst some political parties, andisolated incidents of voter intimidation instigated by the security agencieswere documented by the EUEOM, includingwhatappeared tobeaclearattempt to intimidateoppositionsupportersby thesecurityforcesontheeveningof1October,inSarayevo,Unguja,whenuniformedandplainclothessecurityofficersvisitedtheareaofanoppositionrallyheldearlierintheday,anddamagedpropertybeingusedbypeopleperceived as opposition supporters, leading to escalation of tension and the use of tear gas and liveammunition.However, despite these events, and the intensity of competition, the campaign in Zanzibarwasgenerallypeaceful.

Intheclosingdaysofthecampaign,therhetoricalbattlebetweentheoppositionandthegovernmentoverthe legalityanddesirabilityofcallingonvoterstoremain inthevicinityofpollingstationsto ‘defendthevote’aftercastingtheirballotscontributedtoanuncertainsecurityenvironmentintherun-uptothevote,onboththemainlandandinZanzibar,althoughtherewerefewdirectconsequencesonelectionday.

B. UseofStateResources

While the emergence of an opposition coalition helped the competitiveness of the electoral campaign,CCMcontinuedtobenefitfromitshistoriclegacyastherulingparty,andremainedthebestorganisedandbestfinancedparty.Theparty’suseoforbenefitfromwhatwereformerlystateresourcesandassets,suchaspublicstadiumsandsportsgrounds,whichtheEUEOMobservedinArusha,Dodoma,KataviandKigomaregions,providedanadvantageoverotherparties,andcontributedtoanimbalanceintheelectoralplayingfield. This sometimesmeant that other parties were relegated to far less desirable areas, as in Arusha,whereCHADEMAeventswereheldonswampygroundsoutsidetown.

Civilservantswerealsooccasionallyobservedattendingpoliticalrallies inpartisancapacities, including inthe regionofMwanzaand inZanzibar,and therewere reportsof theuseofofficial vehicles forpartisanpurposes inanumberof regions.The inaugurationofsomemajorprojects, includingthe launchofagaspipelineproject inMtwaraon10October,theopeningofabranchofthecentralbank inDodomaon15October,thelayingofafoundationstoneforanewportatBagamoyoon16OctoberandtheinaugurationofasportsparkinDaresSalaamon17October,all intheclosingweeksofthecampaign,furtherblurredthe distinction between the government and the ruling party, reinforcing CCM’s campaign advantage.However,theuseofstateresourceswasseldommentionedbypoliticalpartiesandattractedlittlescrutinyfromthemediaorotherobservers.

PresidentKikwetedirectlyintervenedinthecampaignontheoccasionofNyerereDayon14Octoberwhenhecriticisedoppositioncalls toremain inthevicinityofpollingstations,onlycontributingtotheongoingrhetoricalbattlebetweenthegovernmentandtheopposition.

C. CampaignFinance

The 2010 Election Expenses Act, applicable to the Union general elections, regulates election expensesincurredduringinternalpartynominationprocessesandthecampaign.TheprimeministerbyGovernmentNotice325, issuedinAugust,prescribed limitsonelectionexpensesaccordingtothesizeoftheelectoralconstituencies, the type of election, the population and the communication infrastructure. These limits



havebeenincreasedbyapproximately10percentsincepreviouselections.Forthe2015Unionelections,the total limit of presidential election campaign expenses for each political partywas TZSs17 billion (€7million).

Donationstopoliticalpartiesmaybereceivedfromany individualororganisation inoroutsideTanzania,but foreign contributions are not allowed for a period of 90 days preceding election day. All contestingpoliticalpartiessubmittedtotheRegistrarofPoliticalPartiestheamountsintendedforelectionexpenses.Within60daysafterelectionday,eachcandidatemustsubmittothepoliticalpartythatsponsoredhim/heraverifiedreportofthefundsthecandidateused.Thepoliticalpartymustthenwithin180daystransmittothe Registrar of Political Parties the financial statement together with evidence of payment. As theinstitutionresponsibleforthesupervisionoftheexpensesincurredbypoliticalpartiesduringtheelectoralprocess, the Registrar of Political Parties has powers of inspection and demand of information, andcoordinatesitstaskswithanumberofgovernmentbodiesthatincludetheControllerandAuditorGeneral,the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau (PCCB), among others. At the time of writing thisreport,thepoliticalpartieswereyettosubmittheirexpensestotheRegistrarofPoliticalParties.

Thereisnopublicfundingofparties’electioncampaigns.AllpartiesrepresentedintheNationalAssemblyandintheZanzibarHouseofRepresentativesareallocatedfundsforoperationalexpensesinproportiontothe number of seats they hold.While all parties represented in parliament agreed that their campaignswerefinancedbysomeofthesefinancialresources,thescaleandintensityofthe2015elections,andthefigures disclosed by some parties, suggest that significant additional financing was obtained from othersources. Most opposition candidates were reliant on their own personal resources. CHADEMA, NCCR-MageuziandACT-WAZALENDOreportedthattheyspentfarmorethaninitiallyanticipated,andheldpublicfundraising events to supplement the costs of the presidential campaign. Parliamentary candidates areexpected to be self-supporting. CHADEMA also admitted it received sizeable donations from privateindividuals,butdeclinedtoquantifythesefigures.CCMdidnotdiscloseanydetailsofitscampaignbudgetorsourcesofcampaignfunding,althoughonthebasisofthesophisticationofitsadvertisingandoutreach,itappearedtobethebestresourcedandhighestspendingparty.

IX. DomesticandInternationalElectionObservation

The main national groups conducting election observation were the Tanzania Election MonitoringCommittee (TEMCO) and the Tanzania Civil Society Consortiumon ElectionObservation (TACCEO).18 TheCoalitiononElectionMonitoringandObservation inTanzania (CEMOT)brought theTEMCOandTACCEOplatforms together. TEMCO and TACCEO jointly deployed 350 long-term observers, and approximately7,500and2,100short-termobserversrespectively.TACCEOandTEMCOalsodeployedlong-termobserversto Zanzibar, in addition to the Muslim Leadership Organisation (MLO) with long-term observers in theislands. Under the CEMOT umbrella, they had at least one long-term observer in each district. The twoorganisations conducted training of their observers independently, based their findings on separatemethodologies and issued separate statements. CEMOT set up an Election Observation Centre whereelection data was collected and analysed. The centre included representatives from the NEC, ZEC, theOffice of the Registrar of Political Parties, the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau and thePolice. 18 The Tanzania Civil Society Consortium of Election Observation is a non-governmental, non-partisan and non-profit-makingconsortiumformedby17civilsocietyorganisations.Itwasestablishedbeforethe2010elections.TheLegalHumanRightsCentre(LHRC) coordinates the TACCEO observers most of whom have a paralegal background. The Tanzania Election MonitoringCommittee, established in 1995, works with over 172 organisations, including faith-based organisations that have grassrootsstructures inthecountry.Theuniversity-basedResearchandEducationforDemocracy inTanzaniaproject(REDET) isthe leadingagencyforTEMCOobservers.TEMCOactivitiesarefundedbyUSAID,RoyalDanishEmbassy,CanadianHighCommissionandbytheOpenSocietyInitiativeforEastAfrica.



TEMCO’s interim statement identified legal shortcomings in the electoral framework, including theappointment of NEC commissioners, questioning their capacity to work impartially. The lack of NEC’sstructurebelowthecentrallevel,thereliabilityofadhocappointedelectoralofficialstoactwithneutrality,thelackoflegalprovisionsforindependentcandidatures,theexclusionofthediasporatoregisterasvotersandtostandascandidates,andinadequaciesofthestructureandmechanismsforeffectiveenforcementoftheElectionExpensesActwerealsopointedout.TEMCO/CEMOTobserved6,579pollingstations.Instancesofvoters'namesmissing fromthe register in18per centof visitedpolling stationwerenoted.TEMCO’smain recommendations focused on the need for a comprehensive electoral reform to allow forindependentcandidacies,challengestopresidentialelectionresults,provisionsforpoliticalpartiestoformalliancesandcoalitions,anddiasporavoting.

CEMOTS’splatformassessedthattheelectionsweregenerallyfreeandthattheresultsreflectedthewillofthepeople. In theirview,despite isolatedshortcomings, theelections largelyadhered to theestablishedlegislation. Recommendations included the need for more transparency of the NEC, more stakeholderinvolvement,astrengthenedcommunicationstrategyandimprovedtimelypublicsharingofinformationontheelectoralprocess.

TheLegalandHumanRightsCentre(LHRC),theleadingorganisationwithinTACCEO,statedinapreliminaryreport that civic and voter education activities were not provided to voters, that therewas a need forelectoral reform to provide more transparency to the electoral process and a clear timeframe for theannouncementofresults.Thereportreferredtoallegationsofcorruptionduringintra-partynominationsaswell as some cases of misuse of public resources such as state vehicles in presidential campaigns.Furthermore, the LHRC noted that the increased police presence and riot deterrent trucks during theelection period created a climate of fear and intimidation that impacted negatively on voters' freeparticipationintheelectoralprocess.

TheLHRCissuedareportonthepostelectionsituationduetoapoliceraidtotheirElectionObservationCentre on 29 October.19 The centre was accused, under section 16 of the Cybercrimes Act of 2015, ofpublishinganddisseminatingfalse,deceptive,misleadingand/orinaccurateinformationordata.TheLHRCrequestedthe NECtopubliclydeclarethelegalityandrightsoftheobservationgroup.

According to the NEC, around 600 international observers were deployed for the general elections,including the bilateral diplomatic missions of the United States of America and the United Kingdom.International observation missions present in the country for the 2015 elections included that of theAfrican Union led by Armando Guebuza, former President of Mozambique; the Southern AfricanDevelopment Community (SADC) headed byOldemiro Baloi,Minister of ForeignAffairs ofMozambique;theCommonwealthObserverGroup(COG)ledbyGoodluckJonathan,formerPresidentofNigeria,andtheEastAfricanCommunity(EAC),headedbyformervice-presidentofKenya,MoodyAwori.

X. MediaandElections

A. MediaEnvironment

Tanzania has a diverse and livelymedia environment. Radio remains the key sourceof informationwithnationwidecoverage, followedbytelevisionandnewspapers.Aboutonefifthofthepopulationalsousestheinternet,primarilyviamobilephones.

OnmainlandTanzaniathereare84radiostationsand26televisionchannels,operatingatnational,regional

19TACCEOandLHRCpublishedastatementonthearrestofelectionobservers,seizureofelectionobservationpropertiesattheelectionobservationcentre,November2015.



anddistrict levels, includingsomecommunityradios,registeredbytheregulatorybodyforbroadcastandonline media, the Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority (TCRA). The media with the highestaudiencenationwidearethestate-ownedTVandradioTanzaniaBroadcastingCorporation(TBC)andnineprivateTVorradiostations.Thenewspaperdistributionsystemoutsidethemainurbanareasisweak.ThemostpopularKiswahilidailiesaretheprivateMwananchiandNipashe,withanestimateddailycirculationofupto40,000copieseach,andthestate-ownedDailyNewsinEnglish.

In Zanzibar, voters have fewer media options. The state-owned media, in particular the TV and radioZanzibar Broadcasting Corporation (ZBC) have a dominant position as there is no private Zanzibar TVchannel. The state-owned Zanzibar Leo is the only daily newspaper printed in Zanzibar. Nevertheless,privateTVchannelsbroadcastingfromthemainlandareavailable,aswellasseveralZanzibarprivateradiostations.However,theamountofcoveragetheyofferonpoliticaldevelopmentsinZanzibarislimited.

The state-ownedbroadcastmediaTBCandZBC,although foreseenaspublic institutionsby theTanzaniaCommunication Regulatory Authority Act, 2003, lack editorial independence from their respectivegovernments contrary to international principles on independence and freedom of the media.20 Thepresidentappointsthestatebroadcaster’sdirectorgeneral,andtheministerinchargeoftheinformationportfolioappoints theboardmembers,exceptonememberappointedbythestaffofTBCandZBC.Bothchannelsareperceivedasactingunderthegovernment.Thediversityofviews inthecountry is, tosomeextent, further narrowed by ownership being concentrated in a few major media houses controllingmultiplekeymediaoutlets,madeworsebylinksofpowerfulmediahousestopoliticalparties,inparticularto the ruling party. Advertising revenue is not sufficient to fully finance themedia sector,whichmakesmedia more vulnerable to compromise their editorial independence in exchange for financial benefits.Media interlocutorsof theEUEOMhaveadmittedahigh levelof self-censorshipbeingexercisedamongjournalistsinTanzania,especiallyinthestatemediaaswellasinthemediaaffiliatedtopoliticalparties.21

While freedom of expression is guaranteed by the Constitution, a number of laws can restrict thisfundamentalrightandareconducivetoself-censorship.TheNationalSecurityActof1970restrictsaccessto government information classified as confidential or secret, vaguely defining the procedure for suchclassification.TheNewspapersActof1976,governing theprintedmedia sector, criminalisesdefamation.The Public Service Act of 2002 prohibits disclosure of information by public servants to unauthorisedpersons.Other existing legislation, including theBroadcasting ServiceAct of 1993, the Public LeadershipCode of Ethics of 1995, and the labour and immigration laws, include provisions that can be used toarbitrarilyrestrictfreedomofexpressionandaccesstoinformation,andlimitmediaoperations.

Tworecentpiecesof legislationpertainingto freedomofexpressionandthemediaare theStatisticsActand the Cybercrimes Act, both adopted inMay 2015. The Statistics Act could prevent any organisation,includingnon-governmentalorganisations,fromcarryingoutstatisticalresearchwithoutpriorapprovalbythegeneraldirectoroftheNationalBureauofStatisticsandcriminalisesthepublicationof“falsestatistical

20InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights(ICCPR),UnitedNationsHumanRightsCommission,GeneralCommentNo.34,paragraph16:“Statespartiesshouldensurethatpublicbroadcastingservicesoperate inan independentmanner. In this regard,Statespartiesshouldguaranteetheirindependenceandeditorialfreedom.Theyshouldprovidefundinginamannerthatdoesnotunderminetheirindependence”;DeclarationofthePrinciplesonFreedomofExpressioninAfrica:PublicBroadcasting,articleVI.-“Stateandgovernmentcontrolledbroadcastersshouldbetransformedintopublicservicebroadcasters(…)begovernedbyaboardwhichisprotectedagainstinterference(...)publicbroadcastersshouldbeadequatelyfundedinamannerthatprotectsthemfromarbitraryinterferencewiththeirbudgets…thepublicserviceambitofpublicbroadcastersshouldbeclearlydefinedandincludeanobligationtoensurethatthepublicreceiveadequate,politicallybalancedinformation,particularlyduringelectionperiods.”21 Declaration of the Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa: Public Broadcasting article VII: “Any public authority thatexercises powers in the areas of broadcast or telecommunications regulation should be independent and adequately protectedagainstinterference,particularlyofapoliticaloreconomicnature(…).Theappointmentsprocessformembersofaregulatorybodyshouldbeopen and transparent, involve theparticipationof civil society, and shall not be controlledby anyparticular politicalparty.”



data”. The Cybercrimes Act includes provisions, such as section 16, criminalising publication of false,deceptive, misleading or inaccurate information through an electronic device, for instance a computer,whoseviolationresultsina“fineofnotlessthanfivemillionshillingsorimprisonmentforatermofnotlessthan threeyearsor toboth”,andgrantsexcessivepowers to lawenforcementagencies insearchingandconfiscatingdataorequipmentpriortoajudicialorder.

Earlierin2015,theparliamentalsodiscussed,butdidnotenact,theMediaServicesBillandtheAccesstoInformationBill,submittedtotheparliamentalongwiththeCybercrimesandtheStatisticsActs.Bothbillsarepending.Whilethereisneedforareviewofmedia legislation,forwhichmediaandcivilsocietyhavelonglobbied,especiallyforprogressivelegislationonaccesstoinformation,thecurrentversionsofthebillsas submitted to parliament include provisions that would hamper the freedom of the media and ofexpression,andlimitratherthanfacilitateaccesstoinformation.TheEUEOM’sinterlocutorsraisedseriousconcernsinregardtothesetwobills.

While freedom of expression was generally respected during the weeks preceding the elections andjournalistswereabletooperateinanatmosphereofrelativefreedom,theCybercrimesActwasperceivedby interlocutors from themedia community as stronglygenerating self-censorshipon the internet. Soonaftertheelections, itwasalsousedagainsttheLegalandHumanRightsCentre(LHRC),aswellasagainstCHADEMA, inconnectionwiththeiractivitiesrelatedtocompilingandanalysingobservationfindingsandelectionresultsforms(seesectionPost-ElectionEnvironmentintheUnion).Alsoaftertheelections,on11November, the Zanzibar Broadcasting Commission suspended for a two-month period the broadcastinglicenceoftheZanzibar-basedradio,SwahibaFM,foritslivebroadcastofthe26OctoberpressconferencebyCUF’spresidentialcandidateinwhichheclaimedhewonthepresidency.

B. LegalFramework

TheNationalElectionActandtheZanzibarElectionActgrantcontestantstherighttousethestate-ownedbroadcast media during the campaign. In addition, the Election Expenses Act requires state media(mainland and Zanzibar) to provide information about the electoral process without bias and that suchpublications shall not discriminate against any candidate. The Broadcasting Services Act stipulates thatduring the election campaign every broadcaster shall give reasonable and equal opportunity to allcontestingpoliticalpartiesforthebroadcastofelectioncampaigns.

In addition to the legal framework governingmedia coverage of the elections, scattered across variouspiecesoflegislation,theTanzaniaCommunicationsRegulatoryAuthority(TCRA)adopted,inJuly2015,theBroadcastingServices(Content)(ThePoliticalPartyElectionsBroadcasts)Code,asetofrulesapplicabletoall broadcast media, including the private media, for fair, equitable and balanced coverage of allcontestantsandpoliticaldiscussions.TheCodeincludesprovisionsconcerningonlinemediaandregulatescoverageofelections indifferentprogrammes,suchas inthenews,currentaffairsordebates.Whilethecodewasaimedatpreventingunbalancedcoverage,partsof itaretooprescriptive,andwereviewedbymanymediainterlocutorsasinterferingwitheditorialindependence.Examplesincludetherequirementtopostponeadiscussionprogrammeifoneoftwopartiesfailstoattend,andtheprovisionthatmediashouldconductpre-screeningofviewsofpeoplecalling induring liveshows, inorder tosecurebalancedviews.Lackofclarity in the interpretationof theCode’sprovisions,particularlywithregardto liveprogrammes,resulted insomeprivatemedia’sreluctancetoengagewith interactiveprogrammesandcontributedtoaratherformalisticcoverageoftheelections.

The Zanzibar Broadcasting Commission, the regulatory body for broadcastmedia in Zanzibar, adopted asimilarcodeincludinganalmostidenticalsetofprovisions,excludingsectionsthatdealwithonlinecontentwhichtheZBCdoesnotregulate.However,thecodewasnotusedduringtheelectioncampaign,andstate-ownedZBC,whichtheEUEOMmet,wasnotawareofitsexistence.



InSeptember2015,theZanzibarElectoralCommission(ZEC)issuedtheMediaCodeofConductstipulatingthe responsibilities of the media in Zanzibar during the campaign period, including requirements forobjectivereportingandtheobligationofstatemediatoensureequalaccesstoallcandidatesandpoliticalparties contesting elections in Zanzibar. The code of conduct provided free airtime and space tocontestants inthestatemediaduringthecampaignperiod,withascheduleagreedbetweenthepoliticalparties and the ZEC before the campaign started. Political parties contesting presidential electionswereentitledto25minutesoffreeairtimeonbothradioandTVeachweek,whiletheremainingpoliticalpartieswereentitled to15minutes eachweek. Each contestingpolitical partywas given the right tousehalf apageinthestatenewspaperseveryweek.Thepartiesdidnotseeminterestedinusingthefreespaceinthenewspapers,andsomedidnottakeadvantageeitherofthefreeairtimeavailableinthestateTVandradio.Zanzibar Broadcasting Corporation (ZBC) was, at times, airing the political parties’ campaign messagesoutsidetheagreedschedule,notfullyrespectingthetimeslotsagreedatthebeginningofthecampaign.CUFpointedoutthatthishadanegativeimpactonitsabilitytoreachaudiences.

Fortheelections intheUnitedRepublic,theNECdidnotadoptanycodeofconductformediacoverage,contrarytopreviouselections,anditwasnotdirectly involvedintheprocessofallocatingfreeairtimetocontestants.PortionsoffreeairtimewereprovidedbytheTanzaniaBroadcastingCorporation(TBC),whichalsopresentedshortbiographiesofthepresidentialcandidatesduringthetwoweeksprecedingelections.AccordingtotheTBC,politicalpartieswithpresidentialcandidateswereprovidedwiththreehoursoffreeairtimeatthestartofthecampaign.Failingtocomplywiththelawrequiringequalandfaircoverageofallcontestants,theTBCcoverageofthefinalcampaignrallies,featuringonlyCCMandCHADEMA,benefitedCCM as this final campaign event was aired extensively and at themost prominent time, compared tolimitedcoverageallocatedtothefinalcampaigneventofCHADEMA.Overall, theportionsoffreeairtimeallocated topartiesby theTBCwere rather limited,especially the timeallocated for thepresentationoflessprominentpartieslackingfundstopurchaseairtime/spaceinthemedia.

C. ElectoralCoverageandEUEOMMediaMonitoring

The EU EOM began itsmediamonitoring on 21 September. The sample of 16monitoredmedia outletsincludedthestate-ownedTVchannelsTanzaniaBroadcastingCorporation(TBC1)andTelevisionZanzibar,andtheprivateIndependentTelevision(ITV),Channel10,StarTV,andTVAzam2.Thestate-ownedradiostationsmonitoredwere the TanzaniaBroadcastingCorporation (TBCTaifa) andRadio Zanzibar, and theprivateRadio FreeAfrica andRadioOne. Thenewspapers included in the samplewere the state-ownedDaily News and Zanzibar Leo, and the private dailiesMwananchi and Nipashe, as well as the privateweekliesMwanaHalisiandRaiaMwema.

Elections,inparticularthepresidentialcontest,dominatedthecontentofbroadcastandprintmedia,witheditorialcoveragecentredonthecampaignsofthemaincandidates.Voterswereabletoaccessavarietyofviewsthroughthemedia,especiallyduetothediversityofthemediaenvironmentonmainlandTanzania.However,therewaslittlecriticalreportinganddiscussionofpoliticalplatforms,withthemajorityofmediasimply repeating the parties’ campaignmessages. A positive tone of coverage was characteristic of thereportingofcontestants’campaigns,especiallyinnewsprogrammes.Theintensivecampaignschedulesofthemainpartiesposedachallengeformediaoutlets.Onlyfewmediahouses,ifany,wereabletoprovidetheir journalists with the means required to follow parties’ campaign trails. Journalists are regularlyprovidedwithtransportationandperdiemsbypoliticalparties,andtheyareexpectedtosupplyfavourablecoverage.Thisexplains,atleastinpart,theoverallpositiveandnon-confrontationalportrayalofpartiesbythemedia.AttheendofSeptember,a journalistworkingforMwananchiwasremovedfromtheteamofreportersembeddedintheCCMpresidentialcampaignafterhepublishedastoryperceivedbytheCCMasunfavourable.

Withregardtopaidairtimeandspace,CCMhadaverydominantpositionasmonitored inthebroadcast



media. Ukawa parties also used the opportunity to place paid-for materials in the media, but to aconsiderablylesserextent.Sinceprogrammeswerenotlabelledassuch,itwasdifficultforviewerstoknowwhetheraprogrammewasproducedbyamedia’seditoralteam,orwhetheritwasapaid-forprogrammefromaparty

ThefindingsoftheEUEOMmediamonitoringrevealedthefailureofthestatemediatoadheretothelegalprovisionsonequitableandfaircoverageofthecampaigns,astheyprimarilyfocusedoncoverageoftherulingparty.TheTanzaniaBroadcastingCorporation (TBC)TVandradioallocated63percentand53percent,respectively,oftheirprimetimenewscoverageofpoliticalpartiesandotherpoliticalactorstoCCM.Similarly,ZanzibarBroadcastingCorporation(ZBC)TVandradioprovided70and72percent,respectively,ofnewscoveragetoCCM,whiletheotherpartiescombinedreceived15and11percent,respectively.TheremainingprimetimenewscoverageonbothTBCandZBCwasprovidedtostateofficials-presidents,vice-presidents and members of both governments, some of whom were candidates, - and their officialactivities.TBCTVandradioallocated18and29percent,respectively,andZBCTVandradio15and17percent, respectively,ofairtimeonnewsprogrammes to theseevents. In theotherprogrammesofferedbythestate-ownedTVchannels,theshareofcoveragededicatedtoCCMwasevenlarger(SeeAnnexII:MediaMonitoringResults).

On a positive note, some private media outlets demonstrated relatively balanced coverage of thecampaigns.Whilealsocentredonkeycontestants,CCMandCHADEMA, the shareof their coveragewasmoreequitable,andseveralotherpartieswerealsogivennotablesharesofairtime.TVAzam2allocated37percentofitsnewscoveragetoCCM,whileCHADEMAreceived25percent,ACTwasgiveneightpercent,andCHAUMMAfourpercentofsuchcoverage.Comparedtoallothermedia,TVAzam2offeredthemostextensivecoverageinspecialelectionprogrammestothevariouscontestants,includingthoserunningforparliament..Threeparties,ACT,CCMandCHADEMA,each receivedaboutonequarterof thecoverage intheseprogrammes.ITVandRadioOne,bothpartofIPPmedia,alsoofferedabalancedcoverageofpoliticalactors. ITVallocated toCCMandCHADEMA33and29percentof itsnewscoverage, respectively,whileRadioOneoffered27and20percent, respectively,ofsuchcoverage intheirnewstobothparties. ITV’sothereditorialprogrammesofferedasimilarlybalancedpicture,althoughqualitativeanalysesshowedthatsomejournalistswereleaningtowardsCHADEMA.

StarTVandRadioFreeAfricaofferedsimilarcoveragetotheoneprovidedbythestatemedia.BothlargelyfocusedonCCM,whichreceived50and63percentofnewscoverage,respectively,whileCHADEMAwasprovided10percentofnewscoverageineachofthetwomediaoutletscontrolledbySaharaMediaGroup.Channel 10 also gave CCM the largest share of its news coverage, with 42 per cent, while CHADEMAreceived 23 per cent, and most of the remaining news coverage was dedicated to the activities ofgovernment officials. Channel 10’s other editorial programmes offeredmore balanced coveragewith 38percentoftheairtimeeachtoCCMandCHADEMA.

Thestate-owneddailynewspaper,ZanzibarLeo,devotedthelargestshareofitscoverage,71percent,toCCM,while the other political parties combined received 10 per cent. The state-ownedDailyNews alsofocused on CCM, though its coverage of other parties combined was more noticeable, 27 per cent. Incomparison, the private dailyNipashe distributed a roughly even coverage to CCM and the oppositionparties,whiletheprivateMwananchiprovidedamorediverseportrayalofcontestants.TheprivateweeklyRaia Mwema also offered relatively diverse coverage of key political actors, while the private weeklyMwana Halisi clearly leaned towards CHADEMA being critical of CCM. Both weeklies offered a moreanalyticalreportingstyleincomparisontoothermonitoredmedia.

TheTCRAreceivedasmallnumberofcomplaintsrelatedtothemedia’sconductduringtheelections,butdetailswerenotmadeavailabletotheEUEOM.WhilethemediawereobligedtoinformtheTCRAoftheirplansregardingthepresentationoftheelections,astheTCRAwasmonitoringthemediaandfocusingon



electioncoverage,theTCRAremainedrather inactiveduringthecampaignperiodandfailedtochallengetheclearbiasincoveragebythestateandsomeprivatemedia.

XI. ParticipationofWomen,MinoritiesandPersonswithDisabilities

A. ParticipationofWomen

Womenrepresent53percentoftheregisteredelectorateinTanzania.OneoftheeightUnionpresidentialcandidateswasfemale,nominatedbyACT.Forthefirsttime,CCMnominatedawomanforthepositionofvice-president who was later elected together with the CCM presidential candidate. Although theConstitutionprovidesforwomentobe indirectlyelectedtothereservedseats intheNationalAssembly,currently a minimum of 40 per cent amounting to 114 seats,22 women were under-represented in thecontestfordirectlyelectedseats.Therewere233womenoutof1,218candidatescompetingforthe264directly elected seats in theNational Assembly and 679womenout of 10,879candidates contesting forLocalCouncils.FortheNationalAssembly,26outofthe233femalecandidateswereelected:18fromCCM,seven fromCHADEMAandone fromCUF. Thepercentageof female candidateshas increasedonly veryslightlyfromthelastelections,18.4percentto19.1percent.

There was no female presidential candidate in Zanzibar. Twenty-nine women out of a total of 180candidates, representing 16 per cent, contested the 54 directly elected seats in the House ofRepresentatives.WomenarealsoindirectlyelectedtothereservedseatsintheHouseofRepresentatives.The Alliance for Democratic Change (ADC) nominated nine, the highest number ofwomen, followed byCCMwithsevenfemalecandidatesandCUFwithfive.ACTnominatedthree,TanzaniaDemocraticAlliance-TADEAandDemokrasiaMakininominatedtwoeach,andCHAUMMAone.

Specialreservedseatsareproportionallyallocatedtothepartiesthatcrossthethresholdof5percentofvotesobtainedfortheNationalAssemblyand10percentfortheHouseofRepresentatives.FollowingtheNationalAssemblyelectionresults,CCMobtained64reservedseats,CHADEMA36andCUF10seats,whiletheremainingthreeseatsweretobeallocatedaftertheholdingofelectionsthatwerepostponedineightconstituencies.TheresultsfortheZanzibarelectionswerestillunknownatthetimeofwritingthisreport.

EU observers reported a high presence of women at campaign rallies, especially in the ones of CCM,however,witha lowpresenceofwomenascandidatesandasspeakers inthosemeetings. Inthepollingstationsobserved,40percentofpresidingofficersand51percentofpollingassistantswerewomen.CCMappointedthelargestpercentageofwomenaspartyagentsat31percent,followedbyCHADEMAwith16percent,ACTwith12percentandCUFwithninepercent.B. ParticipationofMinorities

TheruralMaasaicommunityencounterssignificantchallengeswith regards to their inclusion inelectoralprocessesand ingeneralaccesstoandrepresentation indecision-makingbodies.Theirnomadic lifestyle,the remoteness of Maasai settlements and the language barrier, as few speak Kiswahili, effectivelyexcluded the ruralMaasai population from receiving adequate information about the elections.Maasai,andparticularlywomen from this group, arepoorly represented innational and regional administration.Therewere10Maasaicandidates,includingoneMaasaiwoman,contestingNationalAssemblyseats.

22SADCDeclarationonGenderandDevelopment,1997,articleH(i):SADCmemberstates[arecommittedto]“Ensuringtheequalrepresentation ofwomen andmen (...) and the achievement of at least 30 per cent target ofwomen in political and decisionmakingstructuresbyyear2005.”



C. PersonswithDisabilities

TanzaniahasratifiedtheConventionontheRightsofPersonswithDisabilities(CRPD)andenactedin2010thePersonswithDisabilitiesAct (PWDAct),ensuring therightof thedisabledtovoteandtobeelected.The Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance (CHRAGG), actively following the electoralprocess, received complaints from peoplewith disabilities on the lack of voter education, especially fordeaf people. This was also a concern during the registration process as there were no sign languageinterpreters at registration centres. Tactile ballots were made available for the visually impaired andassistedvotingisprovidedbythelaw.Nospecialregistrationorvotingfacilitieswereavailabletopersonswhosedisabilityhamperstheirphysicalaccesstoregistrationandvotingcentres.

XII. ElectoralJustice

UnderTanzania'stwo-tierconstitutionalstructure,theUnionandZanzibarhaveseparate judicialsystemsexceptfortheCourtofAppealthatservesboth.ThelegalsystemislargelybasedontheEnglishcommonlawsystemwhilealsoaccommodatingIslamicandcustomarylaws.

The five-memberCourtofAppealof theUnitedRepublicof Tanzania, chairedby theChief Justice,dealswithappealsfromtheUnionHighCourtaswellastheZanzibarHighCourt,exceptincasesrelatingtotheinterpretationof theConstitutionofZanzibarandmattersof Islamic lawapplicable inZanzibar.TheHighCourtsoftheUnionandofZanzibarexerciseoriginaljurisdictiononmattersofaconstitutionalnatureandalso hear election petitions and appeals from subordinate courts related to the Union and Zanzibarelections,respectively.

A. ElectoralOffences

Electoral offences are set out in chapter VI of theNational Elections Act for theUnion elections and inchapter VII of the Elections Act no. 11 related to the elections in Zanzibar. Offences include doubleregistration,falsestatementsregardingqualificationforregistrationornomination,misconductofelectionofficials, forging the registerof votersor voter cards, illegal possessionofballotpapers, violationof thesecrecyofthevote,bribery,impersonation,undueinfluenceovervoters,amongothers.Penaltiesincludeafineand/oruptofiveyearsimprisonment.

Due to their criminal nature, electoral offences are dealtwith through the normal judicial channels, thedistrictcourtsbeingthefirst instancecourtwhoserulingsmaybeappealedtotheHighCourt.Morethan40casesrelatedtoelectoraloffenceswerefiledwiththeUniondistrictcourtsbeforeandimmediatelyafterthe elections. These referred mainly to allegations of abusive language, unlawful procession, doubleregistration,andthedestructionofcampaignmaterialbyCCMandCHADEMAcandidatesandsupporters.

Atthetimeofwritingthisreport,therewerealsoover40ongoingpoliceinvestigationsintoincidentsthatoccurredbeforeandaftertheelections,someofwhichresultedinthearrestsofpartysupporters(mainlyCHADEMA-affiliated)andCHADEMAcandidates,whoweresubsequentlyreleasedonbail.Althoughduringthe campaign periodmost political parties generally commended the police for its performance duringcampaign events, in some areas, opposition parties voiced concerns in response to the arrest anddetentionoftheircandidatesandsupportersforpublicorderoffences.

Beforeelectionday,sixCHADEMAparliamentarycandidateswerearrested inDodoma, Iringa,Morogoro,KataviandMararegions.TheDodomaUrbanparliamentarycandidate,BensonKigaila,wasarrestedon25September and released on bail for alleged unlawful demonstration and use of abusive and insultinglanguage.Tensupporterswerealsochargedwithunlawfulprocessionandassault,withtwoofthemalsocharged with assault causing actual bodily harm to a police officer. The Iringa Urban parliamentarycandidate, Rev. Peter Msigwa, was charged with inciting violence. The Mpanda Urban parliamentary



candidate, Jonas Kalinde, was charged with unlawful demonstration. The candidate later won theparliamentaryseat.TheMorogoroUrbanparliamentarycandidate,MarcossyAlbanieMathew,waschargedinSeptemberwithsettingupamilitarywingwithinhispartyandfordisturbingpublicorder.Thehearingofthiscase, initiallyset for9October,wasadjourned. At thetimeof thewriting,all theabovecaseswereawaiting trial. The Kilombero parliamentary candidate, Peter Lijuakali,was given a six-month suspendedprison sentence on 9 October for insulting a Local Council officer. The Bunda Urban parliamentarycandidate,EstherBulaya,wasarrestedonchargesofphysicalassaultandsomeofhersupporterswerealsochargedwitharmedrobbery.Shewasreleasedthreedayslaterwithoutcharges.

TheCriminalProcedureActleavesthepermittedperiodofdetentiontothediscretionofthepoliceofficerin charge, thus creating the possibility of long and arbitrary detentions. Further, the RegionalAdministrationActempowersdistrictcommissionerstoorderanarrestwithoutawarrantandforapersonto be taken into custody for 48 hours. The legal framework gives therefore extensive powers of civilianarresttobothpoliceandpoliticallyappointedadministrativeofficials.

B. TheEthicsCommittees

TheEthicsCommittees,stipulatedintheCodeofConductforPoliticalPartiesandcompetenttosupervisethe implementation of and respect for the code provisions, are established at ward, constituency andnational level. The Appeal Committee is responsible for hearing appeals from the National EthicsCommittee. The committees comprised NEC officials, representatives from government and politicalparties. A complaint could be filed at any of these levels and, if still dissatisfiedwith the outcome, themattercouldbetakentocourt.ThreecomplaintswerefiledwiththeNationalEthicsCommitteeoverthedestructionofcampaignmaterial,violationofthecampaigntimeframeandpleadingvotesonthegroundsofreligion.Allthreeweresettledandthedecisionswereadheredtobythepoliticalparties.

EUobservers reported that around25 complaintswere submitted to theEthicsCommittees throughoutthecountry,mainlyonissuessuchasthedestructionofcampaignmaterial,exceedingcampaignhoursandtheuseofabusivelanguageduringcampaignevents.Mostofthemweresettledandtherestreferredtothecompetentbodies,namelytheNEC, thePreventionandCombatingofCorruptionBureau(PCCB)andthepolice.

Inmostconstituencies,theEthicsCommitteeswereestablishedandperceivedbythepoliticalpartiesasaneffective mechanism to resolve minor disputes. Nevertheless, their effectiveness as an ad hoc disputeresolutionmechanismwasoftenquestionedand,insomepartsofthecountry,campaignrelateddisputeswere either settled between the involved parties and electoral officials without the need for thesecommittees to be established, or through the mediation of other authorities such as districtcommissioners.

C. ComplaintsandAppeals

TheNationalElectoralCommission(NEC)andtheZanzibarElectoralCommission(ZEC)areresponsibleforresolving complaints and appeals at all levels of the electoral administration in relation to civilmatters.Although both Constitutions and laws provide that the decisions of both electoral commissions areconsidered final, the twoConstitutionsalsoprovide forunlimited jurisdictionof theHighCourtsand thepossibility for judicial review over the legality of any decisionmade by public authorities, including theelectionmanagementbodies.Thisprocedurehas,however,neverbeenused,sothecourtshavenotbeenable to deliver a legal interpretation that could have enhanced certainty in relation to the possibility ofchallengingNECandZEC’sdecisions.

Accordingtothelaw,NECandZECdecisionsonthenominationofparliamentarycandidatesmayonlybeappealedtotherespectiveHighCourtafterthedeclarationofelectionresults.Thisprovisiondoesnotallow



foratimelyremedyforaggrievedparties.ThelegalframeworksfortheUnionandforZanzibardonotofferamechanismtoappealadecisionoftheNECandZECinrefusingthenominationofpresidentialcandidates.

ForhandlingcomplaintsrelatedtotheelectionsinZanzibar,theZEClackedstandardisedprocedures.CUFsubmitted 12 official complaints to the ZEC. These referred to access to a copy of the voter register inFebruary 2015; lack of clarification on the new boundary delimitation of shehias and wards; and acomplaintagainstanassistantregistrationofficer inMichewenidistrictongroundsofpartisanship.Othercomplaints related toone registrationcentreallegedly located in thecampof thevolunteer forces (KVZ)and another inside a military camp; alleged voter registration irregularities by registering unqualifiedpersons; and an alleged disturbance of a CUF meeting by CCM supporters. There were also concernsdirectedtotheZECaboutthecollectionofvotercardsandwhethervotercards’detailscorrespondedtonewconstituencyboundaries.On17September,CUFsubmittedanofficialcomplainttotheZECregardingtheallegeddistributionofvotercardsbytheshehaspriortotheofficialopeningofthedistributioncentres,accusingtheelectoralbodyoffavouringCCM.Additionally,uponcompletionofthethree-daydistributionofvoters’cards,CUFcomplainedthatmanyofitssupportersonPembadidnotreceivetheircardsdespitepresentingtheirZanzibarIDandthevotercard'sreceipt.TheZECrespondedtosomeofthesecomplaintsinwriting;inothercases,issuesweredealtwithinbilateralmeetingsorintheonlyethicscommitteemeetingthattookplace.

Around25complaintsweresubmittedtotheNECmainlyregardingnomination,malpracticesduringvoterregistrationandanallegedbiasedattitudeofreturningofficers.Onelectionday,veryfewcomplaintsweresubmitted at the polling stations observed by the EU EOM and these were handled according to theregulations. Two complaints were also reported after the elections on tabulation: one complaint wassubmittedbyaCCMcandidateonallegedmanipulationof results inBundaUrban,witha requestnot toannouncetheresultsbeforearecount–anelectionpetitionwasfiledchallengingtheseresults;andonebya CHADEMA candidate, TADEA agent and AFP agent alleging irregularities during tabulation inMusomaUrban.

A case was submitted to the High Court, on 16 October, by a CHADEMA candidate challenging theconstitutionalityof theannouncementmadebyNECabout thepublicnotallowedwithina radiusof200metresofthepollingstations.Thecandidatewasseeking interpretationoftheprovisionsoftheNationalElections Act invoked by theNEC, and claimed theNECwas violating the right tomonitor the electoralprocessandbepresentwhentheresultsareannounced.TheCourt issuedarulingon23October,whichvalidatedtheconstitutionalityoftheannouncementbytheNEC.

D. ElectionPetitions

The legal frameworks of both the Union and Zanzibar do not provide for the possibility to challengepresidentialelectionresults,contrarytointernationalprinciplesfordemocraticelectionsentrenchedintheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights(ICCPR).23OnlythevalidityoftheNationalAssemblyandHouseofRepresentatives’electionsmaybechallengedbywayofpetitionpresentedbeforetheUnionorZanzibarHighCourt,respectively,andinthecaseofpetitionsregardinglocalcouncillors’elections,beforethemagistratecourts.ElectionpetitionschallengingtheresultsoftheNationalAssemblyandtheHouseofRepresentativesmust be presentedwithin 30 and 14 days, respectively, after the official declaration ofresults. The High Courts have to decide on the matter within 12 months for the Union parliamentary

23 Article 2 ICCPR, United Nations Human Rights Commission, General Comment No. 25, paragraph 20: “There should beindependentscrutinyofthevotingandcountingprocessandaccesstojudicialrevieworotherequivalentprocesssothatelectorshave confidence in the security of the ballot and the counting of the votes.” and African Union Declaration on the PrinciplesgoverningDemocraticElectionsinAfrica,sectionIV.7,statingthat“Individualsorpoliticalpartiesshallhavetherighttoappealandtoobtaina timelyhearingagainstallprovenelectoralmalpractices to thecompetent judicialauthorities inaccordancewith theelectorallawsofthecountry”.



electionsandwithintwoyearsfortheZanzibarHouseofRepresentativeselections.ThetimeframeoftwoyearsfortheZanzibarHighCourttodeliverajudgmentonanelectionpetitionislengthyincomparisontothe12-monthperiodintheUnion.

The fees for submitting election petitions to the High Court amount to TZS200,000 (€86) and for theResidents’ Magistrates Court to TZS100,000 (€43). Further, the petitioner must make an application todeterminetheamounttobepaidasadeposit tosecurecostsofproceedingswithin14daysof filingthepetition.TheamountdeterminedbytheCourtmustnotexceedTZS5million(€2,100).Reliefsavailabletoapetitionerareadeclarationbythecourtthattheelectionisvoid,adeclarationofinvalidnominationorthedeclarationofanotherwinnerorascrutiny.

Atthetimeofwriting,51parliamentaryelectionpetitionshavebeensubmittedtotheUnionHighCourt,includingforIringaUrban,TangaUrban,BuyunguconstituencyinTabora,LongidoinArushaandMgagalainDar es Salaam. Other petitions were filed after the 30-day deadline. The court requested the NEC toconfirm thedatesof thedeclarationof results in the respectiveareas for furtherprocedure. Inaddition,155petitionschallengingLocalCouncilresultswerefiledatthemagistratecourtsintheUnion.

Training for judgeswas organised by theUNDP through theDemocratic Empowerment Project (DEP). Atotalof84judgesweretrainedonhowtoadjudicateelectionpetitionsinordertostrengthenthecapacityofthejudiciaryinelectoraldisputeresolution,andpromoteeffectiveandfastercourtproceedings.TrainingforMagistrates in charge of the ResidentMagistrates’ Courts and Registry officers took place after theelections,from16to19November.Theaimwastohandleallelectionpetitionswithinsixmonths.

XIII. UnitedRepublicElections-ElectionDayandPost-ElectionPeriod

A. VotingandClosing

On25October,votingtookplacefrom07.00to16.00hrs.TheNECincreasedthe51,572pollingstationsin2010to65,105duetothehighernumberofregisteredvoters.Thecentresusedforthevoterregistrationexercisewereusedaspollingstationsalongwithotherlocations.Amaximumof450voterswereallocatedperpolling station,with threepolling staff, onedirection clerk andone securityofficeroutside apollingstation.Politicalpartieswereallowedtoappointonepartyagentforeachpollingstation.

Onelectionday,EUobserversfollowedthevotingproceduresat625pollingstations inall regionsofthecountry.Theconductofvotingwaspositivelyassessed in96percentof thepollingstationsobservedbythe EU EOM. All polling stations observed opened on time. Voting was conducted in an organised andgenerally calm atmosphere despite long queues being reported throughout the day. Voting procedureswere observed to be consistent, allowing electors to vote in an overall efficient and organised way.Althoughtheestablishmentofanadequatelayoutatpollingstationwasmostlyimplemented,EUobserversstillreportedinadequateprotectionofthesecrecyofthevotein21percentofpollingstationsvisited,duetounintentionally inappropriatepollingstation layout.Therewerea fewcaseswherecampaignactivitieswereobservedinthevicinityofpollingstations.Politicalpartyrepresentativeswerepresentinalmostallofthe polling stations observed while at least one national observer was present in 22 per cent of thesestations.EUobserversreportedafewinstancesofpoliticalpartyrepresentativesacting inexcessoftheirmandate,aswellascasesofballotpapersnotbeingsufficientin11pollingstationsandprotocolsmissingin13stations.

Overall, voting procedures were consistently followed in the polling stations visited by EU observers,providingadequatesafeguardstoensuretheintegrityofthevoteandtransparencyofthevotingprocess.Polling and procedural safeguards put in place to protect the secrecy and integrity of the vote includedphotographs on the voter list, use of indelible ink tomark voters’ fingers and transparent ballot boxes.Additional precautions were the recording of the voter’s registration number on ballot stubs and the



stampingofballotsontwosides.Theperformanceofpollingstaffwasmostlyassessedtobegoodandverygood.

Therewere,however,somepollingstationswhereelectionshadtobepostponed.TheNECannouncedre-polling, on 26 October, for presidential and parliamentary elections to be held in 35 polling stations inKinondoni in Dar es Salaam, and for 15 polling stations in Sumbawanga in Rukwa region. In KinondonipollingstaffdestroyedballotpapersoverdisagreementswiththeNECregardingpaymentforelectiondayduties.InMitepawardinSumbawanga,citizensburnedballotspapersduetotheallegeddiscoveryoffakeballots.InZanzibar,theelectionshadtobesuspendedintwoNationalAssemblyconstituencies(Pangaweand Kijito Upele) due to a shortage of ballot papers. A lack of ballot paperswas further reported fromChukwaniandMombasaconstituencies.

Parliamentaryelectionswerealsopreviouslypostponedinsixconstituencies-Lushoto,UlangaEast,ArushaUrban,Masasi,LudewaandHandeni-andinanumberofwardsduetodeathsofcandidates.Theelectorallawstipulatesthatthereturningofficershouldcanceltheelectionfortheconstituency,andthattheNECistoprovideanewdate,within30daysofcancellation, for the relevantpoliticalparty tonominateanewcandidate. The other candidates are not required to re-submit their nomination. In addition, in twoconstituencies, Lulindi and Masasi town in Mtwara region, parliamentary elections for the Union werepostponedduetolackofballotsandmisprintedballots.

B. CountingandTallyingofResultsCountingstartedimmediatelyafterclosingin86percentofthepollingstationsvisitedandwasconductedin the presence of political party agents and observers. The integrity of the counting process wassufficientlyprotected.Copiesof the result formswerepubliclydisplayedandgiven toparty agents. Theoverallassessmentoftheclosingandcountingprocesswasgoodorverygoodin83percentofthepollingstationsobservedby theEUEOM,with the transparencyof theprocessbeingassessedas goodor verygood in 88 per cent of the polling stations observed. A number of polling station locations lackedelectricity,whichpresenteddifficultiesinconductingthecounting,eveniftheywereequippedwithlamps.

Therewaslesstransparencyandcredibilityinthetallyingprocesscomparedtothevotingprocess.TheNECwasnotable toensureaconsistent implementationof tallyingprocedures throughout theregions.ClearguidelinesonhowtoconductthetallyingandhowtodealwitharithmeticaldiscrepancieswerenotalwaystransmittedbytheNECtoconstituencyreturningofficersortopoliticalpartyrepresentatives.Discretionarypowerswere exercised by returning officers and their capacity and proficiency varied greatly, impactingnegativelyon theorganisationandmanagementof theprocess.Different levelsofaccess to theprocesswerealsograntedtopoliticalpartyrepresentativesandobserversatthevarioustallyingcentres.

EUobserversratedtheoverallconductofthetallyingprocessasverygoodorgoodinonly64percentofthe centres observed. National observers were present only in 41 per cent of the centres visited.Unauthorisedpartyofficialsorpolicewereobservedinsidethetallyingcentreinsomecases.Inhalfofthecentresvisited,theorganisationoftheworkwasratedasgoodorverygood,whilein15percentofcasestheoverallperformanceofthestaffconductingtallyingwasassessedasbad.PoliticalpartyagentsofCCMandCHADEMAwerepresentat80percentofthecentresobservedandwereoftenabletocheckthedataontheformsbeforethesewereprocessedelectronically.Inmostcentres,theresultsweredisplayedonbigscreens once data was entered. However, cases of problemswith the NEC resultsmanagement system(RMS) were reported. When the system failed, data entry was concluded in Excel sheets as a backupsystem.

Presidentialandparliamentaryresultswerenotalwaystransporteddirectlytotheconstituencycentrefortabulation, but first taken to the ward centre with the councillors’ results, which caused delays in thedeliveryof results forms.Theorganisationof the intakeofmaterialsvaried. In themajorityofcases, the



intakeprocesswassmoothandwellorganised.However, in34percentof theobserved intakeof resultformsandmaterials,thesealssecuringpollingstationmaterialswerenotintact.Inanumberoflocations,the process of transfer and receipt of materials was disorganised, as observed in Songea, Nyamagana,Musoma Urban and Tanga constituencies. In Songea some ballot boxes arrived without being properlysealed.

Disparitiesintheproceduresforthestartofthetallyingwereobserved.InDodoma,MorogoroRural,Dares Salaam, Songea and IringaUrban, the centreswereorganised to conduct the intakeofmaterials andaddition of results separately. Results forms and ballots were collected, stored and kept aside until allresultsformsandballotsweredelivered,anddataentrystartedonlyafterwards.Incontrast,theintakeandtheadditionofresultswereconductedsimultaneouslyinMorogoroUrban,MorogoroSouthEastandKaweconstituencies.InMorogoroUrban,DaresSalaamandUkongatallycentres,presidentialandparliamentaryelectionswereaddedsimultaneously,notfollowingNECinstructionstogiveprioritytopresidentialvotes.Thisduplicatedprocesswasfoundtobedysfunctional.

Instances of procedural errors or omissions were observed. Discrepancies between the polling stationresultsformsandthefiguresenteredinthetabulationwerenotedin17percentofthecasesobserved.InMwanza,therewereirregularitiesinfillinginresultsformsthatwerenotcorrectedbythereturningofficer.Arithmeticalerrorsonresultsformswerenotcheckedduringtheintakeprocess,whileduringtheadditionofresultstheseerrorswereleftuncorrected.Anelectionpetitionwassubmitted.InIlemela,somepollingstationsresultswerenotaccuratelytransferredtotheconstituencysummaryExcelsheet. Inanumberofcases,a fewvotes (5to7)wereaddedtotheCCMcandidatewhile insomecasesCHADEMAvotesweredecreased.TheCHADEMApartyagentwasnotpresentduringthisphaseofthetallyingandlaterrefusedtosigntheconstituencyparliamentaryresultsform.Apetitionchallengingtheseresultswassubmitted.

InDodomaUrban,thereturningofficerreadoutresultsfortheparliamentaryseatwhenonly122outof737pollingstationsresultshadbeenentered.Thereturningofficerdeliberatelyfailedtonotifypartyagentsoftheannouncement.

Delays in the tabulation process at constituency level raised tensions around some tally centres wherepartysupportershadgatheredtofollowtheannouncementofresults.Insomeinstances,policeintervenedto disperse crowds using tear gas. Mostly, party supporters voiced concerns regarding delays in theannouncementofparliamentaryresults.Violent incidentsoccurred inMbozi inMbeya,wherecrowdssetfiretotheMlowoPrimaryCourtandtheCCMpartydistrictoffice,demandingtheswiftannouncementofresults.InstancesofpolicedispersingcrowdsoutsidetallycentresusingteargaswerealsoreportedbyEUobservers in Tukuyu inMbeya, Songea in Rovuma, BukobaUrban in Kagera,Mtwara, TaboraUrban andIgungainTabora,BariadiWestinSimiyu,LongidoinArusha,UkongainDaresSalaam,ManyoniinSingidaandinTanga.

C. AnnouncementofUnionResults

The lawdoesnot determine adeadline for theNational Electoral Commission (NEC) to announceUnionpresidentialelectionresults.TheConstitutionprovidesonlyforaseven-daydeadlinefortheassumptionofofficebythepresidentafterbeingdeclaredelected,andanotherseven-daydeadlineforthepresidenttosummonthenewparliamentfollowingthedeclarationofparliamentaryelectionresults.

The NEC started the announcement of partial Union presidential results on 26 October. The nationaltallying for presidential results took place on 29 October in an open session, after the majority ofconstituencyresults formshadbeenreceived.TheNECofficiallyannouncedUnionpresidentialresultson30October.MagufuliofCCMwasdeclared thewinnerwith58percentof thevotes (8,882,935ballots);LowassaofCHADEMA/UKAWAobtained40percent(6,072,848ballots).ThiswasthebestperformancebyanoppositioncandidateinTanzania’smoderndemocratichistory.Thesixremainingpresidentialaspirants



receivedunder1.55percentofvotescombined.Theofficialturnoutforthepresidentialvotewas67.31percent,thusmuchhigherthanthe2010turnoutof43percent.

Thenewpresidentwassworn inon5November.Theattentionprovided to theceremonyand thehigh-levelinternationalparticipationlefttheZanzibarissuetoasecondaryplace.

Presidentialresults

Percentage

RegisteredVoters 23,161,440

Voted 15,589,639 67.31%ValidVotes 15,193,862 97.46%SpoiltVotes 402,248 2.58%

CandidateName Gender Party Votes Percentage

1 ANNAELISHAMGHWIRA F ACT 98,763 0.65%2 CHIEFLUTALOSAYEMBA M ADC 66,049 0.43%3 DKT. MAGUFULI JOHN

POMBEJOSEPHM CCM 8,882,935 58.46%

4 LOWASSAEDWARDNGOYAI M CHADEMA 6,072,848 39.97%5 HASHIMRUNGWESPUNDA M CHAUMMA 49,256 0.32%6 KASAMBALAJANKENMALIK M NRA 8,028 0.05%7 LYIMOM.ELIFATIO M TLP 8,198 0.05%8 DOVUTWAFAHMINASORO M UPDP 7,785 0.05%

AlthoughbothMagufuliandLowassaconductednationalcampaigns,therewasaclearregionaldistinctionin the election results,with Lowassawinning in northern regions likeArusha andKilimanjaro, anddoingwellinurbanareasincludingtheeconomiccapital,DaresSalaam,whileMagufulitriumphedinmostotherareas, includingthroughoutruralconstituencies,andinthekeybattlegroundofMwanza, inthecountry’snorthwest. Given that Tanzania’s population remains predominantly rural, and with CHADEMA’s urbansupport insufficient to overcome this demographic advantage, CCM maintained a stronger position.Allegations of fraudmade by CHADEMA, including claims that its true vote countwas suppressed in itsstrongholds,werenotsubstantiatedbypubliclydisclosedevidence.

Turnoutintheelectionrecoveredfromahistoricallylow43percentin2010,andatnearly67percentwaswellwithinTanzania’shistoricalnorms.However,despitethehighvoterregistration,theturnoutinurbanareaswasnotsufficientlyhightoovercomethemajoritiesaccruedinruralconstituencies.

Despite the electoral coalition agreement, vote splitting between CUF and CHADEMA in a number ofparliamentary constituencies,particularly inDaresSalaam,waspolitically costlyandhelpedCCMwinorretainseatsthatwouldotherwisehavebeenatriskofbeingwonbytheopposition.

Ukawapartiesobtainedarecordnumberofparliamentariansinbothdirectlyandindirectlyelectedseats.Fromthecombined89seatsUkawapartiesheldatdissolutionoftheformerparliament,thecoalitionnowholds113seats.BothTLPandUDPlosttheirsingleseatsinparliament,whileNCCR-Mwasreducedtooneseat.ACT,anewparliamentaryentrant,wononeseat.WhileCCMstillhasacommandingmajorityintheNational Assembly with 254 seats, more than twice as many representatives as the opposition (before



addingthepostponedelectionsorpresidentiallyappointedseats),alargeroppositioncaucuswillchallengeCCM’sdominance.

D. Post-ElectionEnvironment

The post election environment was characterised by a number of arrests under the Cybercrimes Actresulting in four court cases, the prohibition through a police instruction of holding any type of publicdemonstration,andheavypresenceofthepoliceandmilitaryonthestreets.

The Ukawa coalition, led by CHADEMA, rejected the Union presidential and parliamentary results, andinsisted that its candidate had won the presidential elections. The party attempted to organisedemonstrations in Dar es Salaam on 2 and 3 November, but was refused police permission. CHADEMAclaimed that it had evidence of the falsification of results, and that therewere significant discrepanciesbetweenpollingstationresultsandannouncedNECfigures.CHADEMA’sowneffortstotabulatethefiguresweredisruptedon25October,whenapoliceraidconfiscateddata,computersandotherequipmentfromCHADEMAcommunicationcentres,and191of its staffwerearrestedandbroughtbefore thecourtsandeightwere remanded in custodyuntil 30October. CHADEMAcommunication centre staffwere accused,undersection16oftheCybercrimesAct,ofpublishingfalse,deceptiveandinaccurateinformationwithoutNEC’svalidation.Thefirsthearingofthiscasewastotakeplaceon22December2015.

InadditiontothepoliceraidsinCHADEMAoffices,thedatacentreoftheLegalandHumanRightsCentre(LHRC),wherethedomesticobservergroupTACCEOwascompilingandanalysingthereportsreceivedfromtheir observers in the field, was also raided by the police, on 29 October. Staff were detained andcomputers and phones were confiscated, again under section 16 of the Cybercrime Act. The policeconsidered that the groupwas collecting anddistributing results through socialmedia, contrary to theirmandateforelectionobservation.

Section 16 of the Cybercrimes Act was evoked in two other cases of arrests. A third case concerned aCHADEMAsupporter,YerickoYohanestyNuyerere,whowasarrestedon24Octoberandlaterreleasedonbail, charged with publication of false information through social media between 25 October and 3November. The fourth and last case involved four individualswho are under investigation, suspected ofpublishing false informationon6November.The four individuals remained incustodywithoutbailbeinggranted.Allthesecaseswereawaitingtrialatthetimeofwritingthisreport.

TheCybercrimesActof2015receivedconsiderablecriticismfrompoliticalpartiesandcivilsocietyfornon-compliancewithinternationalprinciplesonfreedomofexpression,andhasraisedseriousconcernsoveritsimplementation,especiallywithregardstothedisproportionatesanctionsandexcessivepowersprovidedtothepolicetoconductsearchesandseizureoperations.Althoughtherewaspotentialfortherestrictionoffreedomofexpressiondue to itsenactment, freedomofexpressionwasgenerally respected throughoutthe pre-electoral period, and the media was able to operate in an atmosphere of relative freedom.However, immediately after election day, the raiding of CHADEMA offices and the national observers’group TACCEO/ Legal and Human Rights Centre (LHRC) by the police, where analysis of electoral dataincluding election results was being conducted, and the consequent arrests of staff and confiscation ofequipmentanddocuments,undersection16oftheact,raisedconcernsovertheuseandimplementationoftheact.

Section 16 of the act relating to publication of false information states that “Any personwho publishesinformation, data or facts presented in a picture, text, symbol or any other form in a computer systemwheresuchinformation,dataorfactisfalse,deceptive,misleadingorinaccuratecommitsanoffence,andshallonconvictionbeliabletoafinenotlessthanTzSh3millionortoimprisonmentforatermnotlessthan6monthsortoboth.”

InSeptember2015,theTanzaniaHumanRightsDefendersCoalition(THRDC)filedapetitionchallengingthe



constitutionalityofsomeoftheprovisionsoftheCybercrimesAct, includingtheprovisionsrestrictingtheright to seek, receive or disseminate information; the powers to law enforcers to search and seizecomputer systems, data and information without a court order; to restrict the appearance of a personagainstwhomanapplication isbroughttodefendhimselfbeforecourtof law(section38providesforexparteproceedings).Thehearingwasexpectedtotakeplaceon10February2016.Thepetition,however,doesnotmentionspecificallysection16oftheAct.

The Heads of Mission of the European Union, Switzerland, Canada, Norway and the United StatesaccreditedinthecountryissuedaJointLocalStatementon9NovemberexpressingconcernsontheuseoftheCybercrimesActinawaythatinfringesfundamentalfreedoms,andlimitsthescopeofactionforcivilsocietyorganisationsanddomesticobservers.

XIV. ZanzibarElections-ElectionDayandPost-ElectionPeriod

A. VotingandClosing

InZanzibar theEUEOMobserved theprocess in71polling stations.Almostallpolling stationsobservedopened on time and opening procedureswere followed, except in one case. The conduct of votingwaspositivelyassessedin96percentofthepollingstationsobservedbytheEUEOM.Votingwasconductedinan organised and generally calm atmosphere despite long queues being reported during the morning.Therewereafewcaseswherecampaignactivitieswereobservedinthevicinityofpollingstations.AttheSharifumsapollingcentre(Mtoniconstituency)acandidateandvotersfeltintimidatedbythepresenceofarmed special department (security) forces at the entrance gate. Political party representatives werepresent in almost all the polling stations observed. EU observers reported that in one polling stationpoliticalpartyrepresentativesactedinexcessoftheirmandateandthatballotpaperswereinsufficientintwo polling stations. Polling procedures were mainly followed in the polling stations visited by EUobservers, providing adequate safeguards to ensure the integrity of the vote. EU observers reportedinadequate protection of the secrecy of the vote in 8 per cent of polling stations visited,mainly due toinappropriatepollingstationlayout.TheperformanceofZECpollingstaffwasmostlyassessedtobegoodandverygood.

B. CountingandTallyingofResults

Copies of the polling station result formswere posted outside the polling station and provided to partyagents. Presidential and House of Representatives election results forms were transferred to the 54returningofficersatconstituencylevel.

In the tallying centres observed by the EU EOMon Pemba, the election officials, upon receiving pollingstationsmaterials,checkedthattheresultssheetswerecompletedcorrectlyandinfull.Presidingofficerswerepresentthroughouttheprocessingofresultsformsoftheirrespectivepollingstations.PoliticalpartyagentsofCCM,CUF,CHADEMAandADCwerepresentduringtheaggregationofresults.Nationalobserverswereabsent.Duringthetallyingofresults,itwasdifficultforobserverstofollowtheprocesssinceZECdidnotuseatallyingsheet,andfigureswerecalledoutloud,writtenonablackboardandthenerasedquickly.Nonetheless, the total number of votes for each candidate announced by the returning officer at theobservedconstituency tallycentrescoincidedwith theaggregated figurescalculatedbypartyagentsandobservers. Party agents present signed the results sheets in the centres observed and no significantproceduralerrorsoromissionswerenoted.

Returning officers tabulated the results for presidential and House of Representatives’ elections anddeclaredthewinnersfortheHouseofRepresentatives ineachconstituency.Thereturningofficersofthe54constituencies inZanzibarprovidedacertificateofelection toallelectedcandidates for theHouseof



Representatives,uponannouncementofelectionresultsonthenightof25Octoberandon26October.

ForthecentraltallyingofpresidentialresultsinZanzibar,membersoftheZECandarepresentativeofeachcontestingpolitical partywerepresent at ZECBwawani tallying centre. Contrary to the tallyingofUnionpresidentialresults,towhichobserverswerenotgrantedaccess,EUobservers,UNDP,theUnitedStatesofAmerica and British High Commission observers were allowed to observe the process. The tabulationprocessatZECcentrallevelwas,ingeneral,transparentduringthefirsttwodays(26and27October)afterwhichobserversnolongerhadaccessuntilthedecisiontonullifytheelections.

Upon receivingconstituency results forms, theZECcarriedout theverificationand the tallyingof resultswhile political party agents scrutinised the process. Results were recorded in an Excel sheet that wasprojectedonthewall.Theverificationofresultsprocesswasinitiallyestablishedatpollingstationlevelandchanged to constituency level verification, going back again to polling station level verification uponrequestssubmittedbytheCCMpartyagents.PartialpresidentialresultsverifiedbyZECwerecontinuouslyannouncedatthetallyingcentre.ThemajorityofresultsformsheldbyZECconcurredwiththosegiventopartyagents.Incaseofdiscrepancies,theZECrequestedpartyagentstoprovidetheiroriginalcopyfromaparticularpollingstation.EUobserversreportedthat,asconstituencyverificationprogressed,theprocesssuffered repeated interruptions and delays. The ZEC increased requests for party agents to submit theirpolling station results as CCMagents frequently disagreed on a number of polling station results. Thesefrequent requests slowed down the tallying process and international observers were increasinglypreventedfromobservingthetallyingprocessintheroomdedicatedtotheverificationofresults.

Intheafternoonof27October,securityforcesfromtheTanzanianPeople'sDefenceForces,inconjunctionwith the special security departments of Zanzibar, prevented entry and exit into and from the centraltallyingcentre,denyingaccesstoEUobserversandotherinternationalmissions.Accesswasrestoredafterfivehours,withnoexplanationprovidedbytheZECorbysecurityofficials.Bytheeveningof27October,theZEChadannounced31outofthe54constituencyresultsforthepresidentialelections.NoneoftheseresultswerefromPemba.

TheZECheldan internalmeetingon28October, followingpostponementsof furtherannouncementsofresults. When the ZEC chairman left the tallying centre, the ZEC vice-chairman attempted to continuetallying, but was prevented from doing so and escorted outside the centre by security forces. The ZECchairman subsequently broadcast on ZBC a message nullifying the election results in Zanzibar andmentioned grounds for the nullification. The reasons given by the ZEC chairman for the nullificationincludeddisagreementsbetweenZECcommissioners;ZECcommissionersfailingtoperformtheirdutiesascommissioners and acting instead as party representatives; the fact that somepolitical partieswerenotrepresentedat theZEC;pollingstations,especiallyonPemba,wherethenumberofvotersoutnumberedthe number of registered voters; ballot boxes being transferred on Pemba and counted outside pollingstations; party agents, especially from TADEA, removed from polling stations and beaten; the raiding ofpolling stationsby youth, and restricted access topolling stations; political parties interferingwith ZEC’sduties,includingannouncingtheirvictory;manycomplainsbroughtforwardfromdifferentpoliticalpartiesclaimingtheywerenotsatisfiedwiththeresultsofthegeneralelections;andthetamperingoffiguresontheresultsformsinsomeofthepollingstations,particularlyonPemba.

C. NullificationofElectionsandPost-NullificationDevelopments

Following theannouncementon28Octoberby thechairmanof theZanzibarElectoralCommission (ZEC)that theZanzibarelection resultswerenullified, and that a re-runofelectionswould takeplace, severalsecurity incidents were reported, including violence directed by state security actors against perceivedsupporters of CUF on the island of Tumbatu, near Unguja. Two explosive devices were found nearStonetown,Unguja.Thepolicedetonatedonedevice inacontrolledexplosion,whiletheotherexploded.



Noinjurieswerereported.Despitetheseincidents,theoverallpoliticalenvironmentinZanzibarremainedcalm,largelybecauseCUFpubliclyandrepeatedlyaskeditssupporterstoshowrestraint.

On29October, theEUEOMandthe internationalobservermissionsof theAfricanUnion,SADCandtheCommonwealthissuedajointstatementonZanzibar.ThemissionsexpressedgreatconcernregardingthedecisionoftheZECchairmantonullifytheZanzibarelections,andstoodbytheirpreviousassessmentthatthevotingandcountingprocessatthepollingstationswas,overall,conductedinagenerallypeacefulandorganisedmanner,accordingtotheproceduresoutlinedinthelawsoftheUnitedRepublicofTanzaniaandthe laws of Zanzibar. The missions requested the ZEC specify in which polling stations there had beenirregularities,andappealedtotheZECtoactwithfulltransparencyinitsdecisiontonullifytheelections.

An initial 48-hour deadline set by CUF for resolution of the crisis passed without developments, andcontacts between CUF and CCM remained limited. CCM, in its public pronouncements, reiterated itssupportforZEC’scall fornewelections,whileCUFrejectedanysuggestionthatnewpollsshouldbeheldand called for the resumption of the tallying and consequent announcement of presidential results andconsideredthenullificationofelectionresultsillegal.

ImmediatelyaftertheannouncementoftheZECchairmantonullifytheelections,discussionsbeganwithincivilsocietyandthelegalcommunitystartedregardingthelegalityofthisdecisionintermsofproceduresandsubstance.Initially,theZECchairmanannouncedthatitwashisdecisiontonullifytheelections,whichraised concerns over the respect for ZEC decision-making procedures. According to the Constitution ofZanzibar,anyZECdecisionrequiresaquorumofatleastfivemembers(chairpersonorvice-chairpersonandfourcommissioners)and,foradecisiontobeapproved,amajorityvoteisrequired(threevotesconsideringaquorumoffivemembers).Therefore,aunilateraldecisionbytheZECchairmancouldnotbeconsideredvalid.

However, on 1 November, the ZEC held its first meeting since the nullification of results, with allcommissionersinattendance.TheZECdecidedretrospectivelytoapprovethenullificationoftheelections,butwasentirelysplitalongpartylines,withCCMappointeesandoneothermemberjoiningthechairmaninapprovingthedecisionwithamajorityof fourvotes,whileCUFrepresentativesandthevice-chairmanvotingagainst.Thiswasthe lastmeetingheldbyZECuntil thedepartureoftheEUEOMon8December.ZEC’sdecisiontonullifyelectionsinZanzibarwaspublishedintheofficialGazetteon11Novemberwiththedateof6November.ThenoticeintheGazettestatedthattheZECchairman,onbehalfoftheZEC,nullifiedtheresultsofthegeneralelectionsconductedon25Octoberandcitedtwoarticlesonwhichthedecisionwas based: article 119 (10) of the Constitution relating to the required quorum and approval of anydecisionof thecommission;andarticle3 (1)and5 (a) stating thatall regulations,directionsandnoticesthattheZECisempoweredtomakeshallbedeemedtohavebeenvalidlymadeunderthesignatureofthechairpersonorthedirectorofelections;andthattheZEC isresponsiblefortheoverallsupervisionoftheconductofthegeneralelections.Thenoticedidnotspecifythegroundsforthenullificationorthepowersconferred on to the ZEC to nullify elections according to any specific ground. It also stated that a newelectiondatewouldbeset,withoutfurtherdetails.

Independently of whether the decision had become procedurally valid - due to its endorsement by therequired number of ZEC commissioners and publication in the Gazette - the power to nullify an entireelectionortheentireelectoralprocessremaineddisputed,asthere isnoexplicitprovisionforthis inthelaw.Allinterlocutorsfromthelegalcommunityandjudiciary,exceptforthecurrentAttorneyGeneral,withwhom the EU EOM met, agreed that the law does not provide for nullification of the entire electoralprocess, including the different phases and simultaneously the three elections, or of an entire singleelection(presidential,HouseofRepresentativesorLocalCouncils).Accordingtothelaw,theZECmay,foranyreason,requesttherecountofballots intheconstituenciesor inaspecificconstituency.Further,thelaw provides that presidential election results should be declared within three days after election day,



except when there are election problems in some polling stations, in which case results should beannounced three days after such problems have been resolved. Furthermore, the nullification of theparliamentaryandLocalCouncilelectionsremainscontroversialastheseresultshadalreadybeenofficiallyannounced,on25and26October,bytherespectivereturningofficersasstipulatedinthelawandcouldonly be challenged in theHigh Court through election petitions. All returning officers had given electedcandidates for the House of Representatives a certificate of election according to the law. The electionresultsannouncedbythe54returningofficersatconstituencylevelfortheHouseofRepresentativesgaveCCMandCUF27seatseach.

AlthoughthedecisionoftheZECchairmancouldhavebeenappealedbeforetheHighCourt,thejudiciaryinZanzibarenjoyslittleconfidenceregardingitstransparencyandimpartialitybymostinterlocutors,includingpoliticalparties.TheEUEOMwastoldthatjudgeswouldlikelybeunderpressuretoupholdthedecisiontonullifytheelections.Theperceptionregardingthelikelihoodofpressureonthejudiciarywasexacerbatedby themanner inwhich the vice-chairman of the ZEC, himself a High Court judge,was escorted by thesecurityforcesoutofthetallyingcentreandnotallowedtocontinuethetallying.Inthiscontext,andwithfurther suspicions that a possible court case could remain unresolved for an indeterminate period,aggrievedpartiesexcludedthepossibilityofseekingjudicialredress.

On9November,CCMandCUFinitiatedtalks,inwhatwasthefirstofaseriesofninemeetings24betweenthe two leading presidential candidates, Ali Mohammed Shein of CCM (President of Zanzibar) and SeifSharif Hamad of CUF (First Vice-President of Zanzibar). The meetings were also attended by formerPresident of Zanzibar, Amani Abeid Karume, former President of Tanzania (and Zanzibari) Ali HassanMwinyi,andSecondVice-PresidentSeifAliIddi.Thesedirecttalksbetweenthemaincontestantsfollowedameetingon4NovemberbetweenPresidentKikweteandSeifSharifHamad.

ThefactthatthedecisionoftheZECchairmanwaspublishedintheofficialGazetteon11November,whilethesecondmeetingwastakingplace,changedthetoneofthediscussionsbetweenthetwoparties.WhileCUFexpected an agreement for the continuationof tallying, thepublication in theGazette changed thelegal context as the decision by the ZEC became valid from the date of publication unless challenged incourt.CUFconsideredthatCCMhadnointentionofreachinganagreementduringthediscussions.TheseremainedfocusedonthelegalityofthedecisiontakenbytheZECregardingthepowersaffordedbylawtotheZECtonullifyelectionresults.ArequestbyCUFtobringtheZECchairmantothemeetingswasrejectedbyCCMonthegroundsthattheyhadnoauthoritytosummonthechairperson.

During the fourthmeeting, on24November, CUFput forward twopossibilities for the resolutionof thesituationinZanzibar:i)incaseofare-runofallthreeZanzibarelections,CUFwouldparticipateonlyontheconditionthattheelectionswouldbeadministeredbyanUN-ledindependentcommission;ii)apartialre-run of the presidential elections only in the 14 constituencies on Pemba where there were claims ofirregularities. In the remaining nine constituencies where presidential results were verified, but notannouncedbytheZEC,resultscouldbeconsideredvalidornot,leavingthedecisiontoCCM.However,alltheresultsannouncedfortheHouseofRepresentativesandLocalCouncilsshouldbedeemedvalidsincethey had been officially announced by respective returning officers, as should the 31 (out of 54)constituencypresidential results thatwerecertifiedandannouncedby theZEC.During the fifthmeeting,both proposalswere dismissed by CCM, the first on the grounds of lack of legal provisions to allow thedeploymentofanUN-ledindependentcommission,whilethesecondwasnotevenconsideredbyCCM.

24Meetingsbetweenthetwopresidentialcandidatestookplaceon9November,16November,23and24November,30November,7December,15December,11Januaryand14January.TheZECannouncedthere-runofelectionsfor20Marchon22January2016.



Afterseveralmeetings,CUFbelieved itwasmeaninglesstocontinuethebilateralmeetingsclaimingCCMhadnorealwilltonegotiateanagreement.CCMinsistedonare-runonlyofthevotingexercise,sincetheZECchairmannullifiedonlythevotingandcounting/tallyingstages.

Themainconcerns regardinga re-runofelectionswereover the legitimacyofandtheconfidence in thecurrentZECtore-runelections; fearsthatresultscouldagainbenullified;andtheavailabilityof financialresources for the re-run. The total cost of the25October general elections in Zanzibar amounted to €3million. Although there was no confidence in the current Zanzibar Electoral Commission, due toappointment procedures the commissioners and the secretariatwere unlikely to be changed if a re-runtook place. CCM insisted though that non-permanent staff, including polling station staff, had to bechangedduetotheallegedirregularitiesencounteredinthe25Octoberelections.

The role of international actors in the mediation of the crisis was peripheral despite many efforts bydiplomaticmissionstoreachouttoallthestakeholders.ThetalksremainedanentirelyZanzibaraffair,anditdidnotappearthatCCMwasopentoexternalmediation.Moreover,novisibleeffortsweremade,untilthe departure of the EU EOM from Tanzania, by the Union CCM or Union President to deal with theZanzibar crisis, even after the newly-elected President Magufuli stated during the inauguration of theNationalAssemblyon20NovemberthattheVice-PresidentwouldplayakeyroleintheresolutionoftheZanzibarcrisis.AttemptsbyCUFtocontactthePresidenthadfaileduntil8December.PresidentMagufulimet separately theZanzibarPresidentAliMohammedShein (CCM)andVice-PresidentSeifSharifHamad(CUF)onlyattheendofDecember.

TheEUEOMremainedinTanzaniauntil8December,maintainingaregularpresenceinZanzibartofollowthedevelopmentsregardingtheelectoralprocessontheisles.TheEUEOMheldregularmeetingswithkeystakeholdersinZanzibar,includingpoliticalparties,theformerandcurrentAttorneysGeneral,membersofthelegalcommunityandthejudiciary,civilsocietyorganisationsandelectoralofficials.TheEUEOMnotedthattheoutcomesofthediscussionsbetweenCCMandCUFwerenotmadeavailabletothepublicandthattherewasaclearattempttolimitpublicaccesstothisinformation.Themeetingsbetweenthetwopartieswere considered secret and no news in terms of content or developments were reported, leaving thepopulation uncertain about the political future of the elected institutions in Zanzibar. This uncertainty,togetherwith the highly visiblemilitary presence on the isles, brought about a situation inwhich somesectorsofthepopulationbelievedthemilitaryhadtakenovergovernmentaffairsuntilapoliticalsolutionwasfound.

Despite several requests, theEUEOMwasunable toholdameetingwith theZEC chairmanor thevice-chairman.Sincethenullificationdecision,theZECchairmanwasunreachableandtheZEC,astheinstitutionresponsiblefortheadministrationandsupervisionoftheelectoralprocess,becameinvisible.ExceptfortheZEC director of elections, ZEC commissioners were not present at the electoral commission offices. NofurtherpublicstatementswereissuedbytheZECtoinformvotersontheelectoralprocessortoclarifyorpresentevidenceoftheclaimedirregularitiesthatledtothenullificationofelections.TheEUEOMnotedthe ZEC demonstrated a clear lack of accountability regarding the electoral process. This was furtherrevealed by the fact that, despite being the body responsible for the electoral process, the ZEC wasexcludedfromthemeetingsbetweenthetwomainpoliticalparties,inwhichsolutionstotheimpassewerediscussed.

TheEUEOMconcludedthatupuntilthetimeofitsdepartureon8December,theZEChadnotactedwithtransparency in its decision to nullify the elections and had not provided the mission or any electoralstakeholderwithevidenceoftheirregularitiesthatjustifiedthenullificationofelections.

On8December,beforeitstemporaryrelocationtoEurope,theEUEOMissuedapressreleasecallingforaspeedysolutionforthecompletionoftheelectoralprocessinZanzibar,inlinewithprinciplesofinclusive,transparent,periodicandcredibleelections.Thepressreleasestatedthat,althoughtheelectoralprocessin



Zanzibarwasnotyetcomplete,theEUremainedcommittedtotheelectoralprocessinZanzibarandthataredeployment of themissionwould take placewhen an agreement for the resumption of the electoralprocesswasreachedinlinewithinclusive,transparent,periodicandcredibleelections.

Despite the fact that meetings continued between the Zanzibar CCM and CUF leadership until January2016,noagreementwasreachedregardingtheelectoralimpasseasbothpoliticalpartiesmaintainedtheirinitialpositions.On22January,beforeanydecisiontoofficiallyhaltbilateralmeetings,theZECchairman,onbehalfoftheZECthathadmeton30and31December2015,announced20March2016asthedatefora re-runof theZanzibargeneralelections.On28 January,after internalmeetings,CUFofficiallydeclaredthatthepartywouldnotparticipateinthere-runoftheZanzibarelections.Followingtheseevents,on29January, the heads of diplomatic missions of Belgium, Canada, Denmark, the European Union, Finland,France,Germany,Ireland,Italy,theNetherlands,Norway,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,theUnitedKingdomand theUnitedStates issueda joint local statement. In this statement, theheadsofmissions reaffirmedtheirbeliefthatthepolitical impasse inZanzibarwouldbebestaddressedthroughamutuallyacceptableandnegotiatedsolution.Diplomatsexpressedtheirconcernthattheunilateraldeclarationofare-runcouldleadtoanescalationofintimidationandtensions.ThestatementcalledonallpartiesandtheirsupporterstocontinuetoworktogethertowardsfindingapeacefulsolutionandurgedPresidentMagufulitoexerciseleadership during this political impasse, so as to ensure a peaceful outcome and the integrity of theelectoral process. The heads of missions also emphasised that credible electoral processes must beinclusive and representative and that, under the current circumstances, the provision of internationalelectoralobservationwouldbedifficulttoconsider.

There-runoftheZanzibarelectionstookplaceon20March.Theelectionswereboycottedbynineofthe14 political parties that participated in the previous October elections, including CUF. Despite partieswriting to the ZEC to inform of their refusal to participate, the ZEC did not remove the boycottingcandidates’namesorpoliticalpartyaffiliationsfromtheballotpapers,basingtheirdecisiononproceduralarguments.Politicalpartiesparticipatinginthere-runwerenotallowedtoconductanycampaignpriortothe elections. The EU EOMdid not observe the 20March elections as it considered the conditions andcontext in which the re-run was taking place were not conducive to inclusive, genuine and credibleelections.

XV. RECOMMENDATIONS

Enhancementofmanyaspectsoftheelectoralprocess,includingareviewoftheUnionandZanzibarlegalframeworks,isrequiredforthefullrealisationoffundamentalrightsofindividualsandgroups,asprovidedfor in international and regional principles for democratic elections. In this regard, the followingrecommendationsareoffered forconsiderationandaction to theGovernmentof theUnitedRepublicofTanzania, the Government of Zanzibar, the National Electoral Commission, the Zanzibar ElectoralCommission, political parties, civil society and the international community. Many of theserecommendations were included in the 2010 EU EOM Final Report and remain valid. Discussions onimplementation of the following priority recommendations should be considered as early as possible inordertoaddress inatimelymannertheshortcomings identifiedinthe2015electoralprocess.AdetailedtableofrecommendationscanbefoundinAnnexItothisreport.Legalframework

1. Therighttostandforelectionshouldnotbelimitedtoparty-nominatedcandidates.Inthisregard,therulingoftheAfricanCourtonHumanandPeoples’Rightsshouldbeimplemented.IndependentcandidatesshouldhavetherighttostandforanyUnionorZanzibarelectionasestablishedbytheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsandtheAfricanCharterofHumanandPeoples’



Rights.Theimplementationoftherightofindependentcandidatestostandforelectionsdoesnothave implications on the First-Past-the-Post (FPTP) electoral system used in the Union and inZanzibar.

2. Therightofpoliticalparties to formandregisterelectoralcoalitionsandto field jointcandidatesshould be specifically provided in the laws, specifically in the case of the Union presidentialelectionswheretwocandidatesarenominatedonthesameticketforpresidentandvice-president.

3. Both the Constitutions of the Union and of Zanzibar currently deny the right to challenge thepresidential election results. The right to petition presidential elections results should beestablished by law in accordance with international principles for the conduct of democraticelections.

4. ThelistoffemalecandidatesforthespecialreservedseatssubmittedbypoliticalpartiestotheNECand ZEC before the elections should not be treated as confidential. Political parties should belegallyrequiredtoprovidethelistofcandidatesfortheproportionalallocationofspecialreservedseatsattheNationalAssemblyandHouseofRepresentatives,andNECandZECshouldmakethoselistspublicenablingvoterstoknowwhatcandidateswouldbenefitfromtheirvote.

5. TheapplicationofcertainprovisionsoftheCybercrimesActhasthepotentialto limit freedomofexpressionandleadtoarbitraryarrests.ImplementationrulesshouldbeadoptedtoprovideforaproportionateandpredictableapplicationoftheAct.PersonschargedwithoffencesunderthisActshouldnotbedeprivedoftherighttodefendthemselvesbeforethecourt,assection38oftheActstipulatesthatproceedingsforhearingofanapplicationshallbeexparteandincamera.

ElectoralAdministration

6. A review of constituency boundaries should be undertaken to ensure that constituencies betterreflect actualpopulation trends, thus contributing togreaterequalityof thevote. Equal suffragemeans that each vote carries the same weight. The NEC and the ZEC must address the widevariation in the number of voters registered in each constituency to ensure that boundarydemarcations reflect population density and thus lead to an equal weight in parliamentaryrepresentation.Provisions could be considered for close coordination between the government,responsible forward delimitation, and the electoral administration, responsible for constituencydelimitation.

7. Seriouseffortsshouldbemadetolimittheinvolvementofgovernmentaladministrativestructuresintheorganisationandimplementationoftheelectoralprocess.Thedevelopmentofapermanentindependent structure of theNEC at regional level should be envisaged, aswell as a temporaryindependent structure at constituency levels during the period of elections, abandoning itsdependenceonlocaladministrativestructures.TheappointmentofNECcommissionersshouldberevisedinordertoincreaseconfidenceintheNEC'sindependenceamongallstakeholders.

8. Toenhancetransparency,accountabilityandthetrustofpoliticalparties intheelectoralprocess,theNECandtheZECshouldestablishapolicyforeffectivedialogue,cooperationandinformationsharingwithpoliticalpartiesanddeveloptheeffectivenessoftheirpublicinformationdepartmentsto improve the flow of information to the public. Clear and updated information should bepublished and timely disseminated to all stakeholders, including all of the technical tools of theelectoral process: polling station lists, constituency lists, voter registers and any information onelectoraloperations.Decisionsand regulationsproducedby theelectoral commissions shouldbeclearlyexplainedtostakeholders.



Voterregistration

9. A longer period of time for public exhibition of the voter registers of theUnion andof Zanzibarwouldsignificantlyimprovethequalityofthevoterregistersforfutureelections.

10. In regard to the Zanzibar voter registration process, the pre-requisite of holding a Zanzibaridentificationcard,attachedtothe36-monthresidencyrequirement,shouldbereviewedinlightofthedifferenceoftreatmentbetweenTanzaniancitizensregisteredonthemainlandandZanzibar.The discretionary powers attributed to local authorities (the shehas) in the proof of residencyshould also be reviewed to increase confidence in the process. The voter register should beinclusiveandresidencyrequirementsshouldbeshortened.

11. Political parties should receive periodic and timely information on voter register additions,correctionsanddeletions,andtheyshouldreceivecopiesofthevoterregisterwell inadvanceofelections.

VoterEducation

12. Inordertotimelyandeffectivelyinformcitizensonthevotingprocessandtheirelectoralchoices,theelectoralcommissionsshouldconsidertakingmeasuresforimprovedplanning,budgetingandimplementationofvotereducationactivities.Activitiesshouldaimat inclusiveness,withtargetedinformationaddressingspecificgroupssuchastheyouthandfirsttimevoters,women,andpeoplewithdisabilities.

ElectionDay

13. Procedural instructions regardingkeystagesof theaggregation, transmissionandannouncementofresultsshouldbeissuedavoidingthediscretionaryinterpretationofreturningofficers.Trainingof all electoral officers on procedures for counting and tallying, namely the filling of the variousforms and particularly the results forms, could be strengthened. Instructions and proceduralmanualsshouldbemadeavailabletoelectionstaffandstakeholdersinadvanceofelectionday.

14. Theroleofsecurityforcesonelectiondayshouldberevised.Themandateofthepoliceinelectionsshouldbeclearlystatedinthelawandmadepublictovoters.Anexcessivepresenceanddisplayofmilitaryforce,suchastheoneobserved,particularlyinZanzibar,enhancestherisksofintimidation,oratleasttheperceptionofintimidationduringtheelectoralperiod.

15. Permission shouldbe granted for accreditedmedia to enterpolling stationsonelectionday andtallying centres toenhance the transparencyof theprocess. Specific guidelines formedia accesscouldbedesignedbytheelectoralcommissionsincooperationwiththeMediaCouncilofTanzania.

ElectionResults

16. To increase confidence in the electoral process, clear transparencymeasures, such as unlimitedaccess forpolitical party representatives andobservers to all the stagesof the tallyingof resultsprocess,shouldbeconsidered.Suitablefacilitieswithproperlayoutsshouldbeputinplacetoallowforeffectivemonitoringandobservationoftheprocess.

ComplaintsandAppeals

17. Thejudiciaryshouldhaveaclearoversightroleoftheperformanceanddecisionsoftheelectoralcommissions. The decisions of the NEC and the ZEC should be clearly subjected to challenge in



court by way of judicial review immediately after the nomination of candidates’ period, andthroughouttheentireprocess.Aggrievedpartiesshouldnothavetowaituntiltheannouncementofresultstoseekrecoursetojustice.

18. The costs associated with filing a petition should be significantly reduced in order to providepetitionerstheeffectiverighttoaccessjusticeandseekalegalremedy.

19. The timeframes for the submission and the handling of election petitions in Zanzibar should beharmonisedwiththedeadlinesprovidedfortheUnion.InZanzibar,apetitionmaybesubmittedtothecourtswithin15daysaftertheannouncementofresults,whereasintheUnionapetitionmaybesubmittedwithin30days.Forthehandlingofelectionpetitions,inZanzibarthecourtsmayissuea decisionwithin 24months, whereas the Union courts have a 12-month period to rule on thepetition.

20. TheZECandNECshouldconsideradoptingclear,consistentandtransparentprocedurestohandleelectoral complaints, for reasons of consistency in its responses and to increase confidence andtransparencytotheprocess.

Media

21. National broadcast media, Tanzania Broadcast Corporation (TBC) and Zanzibar BroadcastCorporation (ZBC), should be transformed into public service broadcasters enjoying full editorialandfinancialindependencefromgovernment.

22. The independence of the Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority (TCRA) should bestrengthened through legislative requirements for an open and transparent mechanism for theappointmentofitsboardanddirector,freefromcontrolbyanyparticularpoliticalparty,involvingcivilsocietyandorganisationsofmediaprofessionals.

23. Media should identifypaid airtimeorparty-sponsored slots in a clearmanner so that voters areawareofthenatureoftheprogramme.

24. Freeairtimegrantedforcontestants’politicalbroadcastsshouldbeprovided inafairmanner,onthe basis of transparent and objective criteria. Provisions pertaining to free airtime could bepreciselydefined.

25. Media regulatory bodies should consider amending the Broadcasting Services (Content) (ThePolitical Party Elections Broadcasts) Code to stipulate less strict obligations, in particular for theprivatemedia.TheTCRAshouldreviewthecode inan inclusivemannerconsidering theviewsofmediastakeholderswhotesteditsprovisionsforthefirsttimeduringtheseelections.

26. Legislation pertaining to freedom of speech, including the recently adopted Statistics Act andCybercrimesAct,shouldbeamendedtoexcludedisproportionatepenalsentences.

*****

ANNEXES

AnnexI:TableofRecommendations

PurposeandreferenceintheFinal

ReportRecommendation

Suggestedactivitiesand

timelineifsuitable

Targetedinstitutionandother

stakeholders

PrincipleInternationaland/orRegionalCommitment

LEGALFRAMEWORK

Topromotetheright

andtheopportunity

toparticipatein

publicaffairs,namely

therightand

opportunitytostand

forelections

FinalReportPages

13and21

Therighttostandforelectionshouldnot

belimitedtoparty-nominatedcandidates.

Independentcandidatesshouldhavethe

righttostandforanyUnionorZanzibar

election.Theimplementationoftheright

ofindependentcandidatestostandfor

electionsdoesnothaveimplicationsonthe

First-Past-the-Post(FPTP)electoralsystem

usedintheUnionandinZanzibar.

Amendmentof

boththeUnionand

ofZanzibar

Constitutionsand

theNational

ElectionsActand

theZanzibar

ElectionActno.11

NationalAssembly,

Houseof

Representatives

Articles3and25(a)oftheICCPR;ICCPRGeneralComment25,par.15:“Theeffective

implementationoftherightandtheopportunitytostandforelectiveofficeensures

thatpersonsentitledtovotehaveafreechoiceofcandidates”andpar.17:“Therightofpersonstostandforelectionshouldnotbelimitedunreasonablybyrequiringcandidates

tobemembersofpartiesorofspecificparties.”

Articles2and13(1)oftheACHPRandAfrican

CourtofHumanandPeoples’RightsJudgmentApplication009-011-2011,RevChristopher

MtikilavTanzania.

Tofullyguarantee

therightof

association

FinalReportPages13and21

Therightofpoliticalpartiestoformand

registerelectoralcoalitionsandtofield

jointcandidatesshouldbespecifically

providedinthelaws,specificallyinthecase

oftheUnionpresidentialelectionswhere

twocandidatesarenominatedonthesame

ticketforpresidentandvice-president.

Amendmentof

Constitutionsof

theUnionandof

Zanzibarandofthe

PoliticalPartiesAct

NationalAssembly,

Houseof

Representatives

Art.22oftheICCPRandICCPRGeneral

Comment25:“Therightoffreedomofassociation,includingtherighttojoinandformorganizationsconcernedwithpoliticalandpublicaffairs,isanessentialadjunctto

therightsprotectedbyarticle25.”

Increaseconfidence

inelectoralprocess

andthepromotethe

righttoseekalegal

remedyFinalReportPages

13and34

BoththeConstitutionsoftheUnionandof

Zanzibarcurrentlydenytherightto

challengethepresidentialelectionresults.

Therighttopetitionpresidentialelections

resultsshouldbeestablishedbylawin

accordancewithinternationalprinciples

fortheconductofdemocraticelections.

Amendmentof

Constitutionsof

theUnionandof

Zanzibar,the

NationalElections

Actandthe

ZanzibarElection

Actno.11

NationalAssembly,

Houseof

Representatives

Art.2(3)oftheICCPR:“a)anypersonwhoserightsorfreedoms...areviolatedshallhave

aneffectiveremedy;”ICCPRGeneralComment

25:“Thereshouldbeanindependentscrutinyofthevotingandcountingprocessandaccesstojudicialrevieworotherequivalentprocesssothatelectorshaveconfidenceinthesecurity

oftheballotandthecountingofvotes.”

PurposeandreferenceintheFinalReport Recommendation Suggestedactivities

andtimelineifsuitable

Targetedinstitutionand

otherstakeholders

PrincipleInternationaland/orRegional

Commitment

LEGALFRAMEWORK

Topromotetherightof

politicalrepresentation

andtherightto

information

FinalReportPage14

Thelistoffemalecandidatesforthespecial

reservedseatssubmittedbypoliticalpartiesto

theNECbeforetheelectionsshouldnotbe

treatedasconfidential.Thepoliticalparties

shouldbelegallyrequiredtoprovidethelistof

candidatesfortheproportionalallocationof

specialreservedseatsattheNational

AssemblyandHouseofRepresentatives.The

NECandZECshouldmakethoselistspublic

enablingvoterstoknowwhatcandidates

wouldbenefitfromtheirvote.

Amendmentofthe

NationalElectionsAct

andtheZanzibar

ElectionActno.11

National

Assembly,

Houseof

Representativ

es

ICCPRGeneralComment25,para26:

“Inordertoensurethefullenjoymentofrightsprotectedbyarticle25,thefreecommunicationofinformationandideasaboutpublicandpoliticalissuesbetweencitizens,candidates

andelectedrepresentativesisessential”;Article19(2)oftheICCPR:“therightofaccesstoinformation

heldbypublicbodies.”

Toprotectfreedomof

expressionandtheright

toafairtrial

FinalReportPages27,28and38

Theapplicationofcertainprovisionsofthe

CybercrimesActhasthepotentialtolimit

freedomofexpressionandleadtoarbitrary

arrests.Implementationrulesshouldbeadopted

toprovideforaproportionateandpredictable

applicationoftheact.Personschargedwith

offencesunderthisActshouldnotbedeprived

oftherighttodefendthemselvesbeforethe

courtastheActstipulatesthatproceedingsfor

hearingofanapplicationshallbeexparteandincamera.

Reviewofseveral

provisionsofthe

CybercrimesActto

avoidsubjective

interpretation,

specificallysection16

andtheterm

“publicationof

information”and

section38which

restrictstheappearance

ofapersonagainst

whomanapplicationis

madetodefendhimself

beforethecourt.

National

Assembly

Article14ICCPRandICCPRGeneral

Comment32,para.31:“Inthecaseoftrialsinabsentia,article14,paragraph3(a)requiresthat,notwithstandingtheabsenceoftheaccused,allduestepshavebeentakentoinformaccusedpersonsofthechargesandtonotifythemoftheproceedings.”

PurposeandreferenceintheFinalReport

Recommendation Suggestedactivitiesandtimelineifsuitable


stakeholders


ELECTIONADMINISTRATION

Topromoteequalsuffrage

FinalReport

Pages16and17

Areviewofconstituencyboundariesshouldbeundertakentoensurethatconstituenciesbetterreflectactualpopulationtrends,thuscontributingtogreaterequalityofthevote.Equalsuffragemeansthateachvotecarries

thesameweight.Provisionscouldbeconsideredforclosecoordinationbetweenthegovernment,responsiblefortheward

delimitation,andtheelectoraladministration,responsibleforthe

constituencydelimitation.

Addressthewidevariationinthenumberofvotersregisteredineachconstituencytoensurethatboundarydemarcationsreflectpopulationdensityandthusleadtoanequal

weightinparliamentaryrepresentation.

NECandZECand

competentgovernmentauthoritiesoftheUnionandZanzibar

Article25(b)ICCPRandICCPRGeneralComment25,para.21:“withintheframeworkofeachState's

electoralsystem,thevoteofoneelectorshouldbeequaltothevoteofanother.Thedrawingof

electoralboundariesandthemethodofallocatingvotesshouldnotdistortthedistributionofvotersor

discriminateagainstanygroupandshouldnotexcludeorrestrictunreasonablytherightofcitizens

tochoosetheirrepresentativesfreely”; Article21.3UDHR.

ToenhancetheindependenceandconfidenceintheelectionmanagementFinalReportPage14

Seriouseffortsshouldbemadetolimittheinvolvementofgovernmentaladministrative

structuresanddependenceonlocaladministrativestructuresintheorganisationandimplementationoftheelectoralprocess.

TheappointmentofNECcommissionersshouldberevisedtoincreaseconfidencein

theNEC'sindependence.

EstablishmentofapermanentindependentstructureoftheNECatregionalleveland,duringtheperiodof

elections,atemporaryindependentstructureatconstituencylevels.

NECandtheUnion

government

ICCPRGeneralComment25para.20:“Anindependentelectoralauthorityshouldbe

establishedtosupervisetheelectoralprocessandtoensurethatitisconductedfairly,impartially...”;AfricanUnionDeclarationonthePrinciples

GoverningDemocraticElectionsinAfrica,2002,sectionII.4(e);SADCPrinciplesandGuidelines

GoverningDemocraticElectionsof2004,Section7,Article7.3.

Toenhancetransparency,accountabilityandthetrustofpoliticalpartiesintheelectoral

processFinalReport

Pages15and16

TheNECandtheZECshouldestablishapolicyforeffectivedialogueandinformationsharingwithpoliticalpartiesanddeveloptheeffectivenessoftheirpublicinformationdepartmentstoimprovetheflowof

informationtothepublic.DecisionsandregulationsoftheElectoralCommissions

shouldbeclearlyexplainedtostakeholders.

Clearandupdatedinformationshouldbepublishedandtimely

disseminated,includingpollingstationlists,

constituencylists,voterregistersandany

informationonelectoraloperations.

NECandZEC

ICCPRGeneralComment25,para26:“Inordertoensurethefullenjoymentofrightsprotectedbyarticle25,thefreecommunicationofinformationandideasaboutpublicandpoliticalissuesbetweencitizens,candidatesandelectedrepresentativesisessential”;ICCPRGeneralComment34para.18andarticle19(2)oftheICCPR:“therightofaccessto

informationheldbypublicbodies.”

PurposeandreferenceintheFinalReport Recommendation

Suggestedactivitiesandtimelineif

suitable


otherstakeholders


Commitment

VOTERREGISTRATIONToensureanaccurate,inclusiveandcredible

voters’list


AlongerperiodoftimeforpublicexhibitionofthevoterregistersoftheUnionandofZanzibarwouldsignificantlyimprovethequalityofthevoterregistersforfuture

elections.

NECandZEC

ICCPRGeneralComment25:“Statesmusttakeeffectivemeasurestoensurethatall

personsentitledtovoteareabletoexercisethatright.”

Toensureaninclusivevoters’list

FinalReportPages19

and20

InregardtotheZanzibarvoterregistrationprocess,thepre-requisiteofholdinga

Zanzibaridentificationcard,attachedtothe36-monthresidencyrequirement,shouldbe

reviewedinlightofthedifferenceoftreatmentbetweenTanzaniancitizens

registeredonthemainlandandZanzibar.Thediscretionarypowersattributedtolocalauthorities(theshehas)intheproofof

residencyshouldalsobereviewedtoincreaseconfidenceintheprocess.Thevoterregister

shouldbeinclusiveandresidencyrequirementsshouldbeshortened.

Reducethelengthyresidency

requirementandthediscretionarypowersoflocalauthorities

ZECandZanzibargovernmentauthorities

ICCPRGeneralComment25p.11:“Statesmusttakeeffectivemeasurestoensurethatallpersonsentitledtovoteareabletoexercisethatright.Whereregistration

ofvotersisrequired,itshouldbefacilitatedandobstaclestosuch

registrationshouldnotbeimposed.Ifresidencerequirementsapplyto

registration,theymustbereasonable.”;p.12:“positivemeasuresshouldbetakentoovercome...impedimentstofreedomofmovementwhichpreventpersonsentitled

tovotefromexercisingtheirrightseffectively.”

Topromotetherightofaccesstoinformation

andtoensuretransparencyand

confidenceinthevoterregisters

FinalReportPage20

Politicalpartiesshouldreceiveperiodicandtimelyinformationonvoterregisteradditions,correctionsanddeletions,andtheyshouldreceivecopiesofthevoterregisterwellin

advanceofelections.

NECandZEC

ICCPRGeneralComment34p.18andarticle19(2)oftheICCPR:“therightofaccesstoinformationheldbypublic

bodies.”



Suggestedactivitiesandtimelineifsuitable


otherstakeholders


VOTEREDUCATION

Toensureeffectiveexerciseofpoliticalrightsandtherighttoaninformed

choiceFinalReportPage18

Inordertotimelyandeffectivelyinformcitizensonthevotingprocessandtheirelectoralchoices,theelectoralcommissionsshouldconsidertaking

measuresforimprovedplanning,budgetingandimplementationofvotereducationactivities.

Activitiesshouldaimatinclusiveness,withtargetedinformationaddressingspecificgroupssuchastheyouthandfirsttimevoters,women,andpeoplewith

disabilities.

NECandZEC

ICCPRGeneralComment25p.11:“Votereducationandregistrationcampaignsarenecessarytoensuretheeffectiveexerciseofarticle25rightsbyaninformedcommunity”;p.12:“Positivemeasuresshouldbetakento

overcomespecificdifficulties,...whichpreventpersonsentitledtovotefrom

exercisingtheirrightseffectively.Specificmethods,...,shouldbeadoptedtoensure

thatilliteratevotershaveadequateinformationonwhichtobasetheirchoice.”

ELECTIONDAY

Toensuregreaterclarityand

consistencyinelectiondayprocedures

FinalReportPages

36and37

Proceduralinstructionsregardingkeystagesoftheaggregation,transmissionandannouncementofresultsshouldbeissuedavoidingthediscretionaryinterpretationofreturningofficers.Trainingofallelectoralofficersonproceduresforcountingandtallying,namelythefillingofthevariousformsandparticularlytheresultforms,couldbestrengthened.

Instructionsandproceduralmanualsshouldbemadelargelyavailabletoelectionstaffandstakeholdersinadvanceofelectionday.

Improvedtrainingofelectoral

officersandpollingstation

staffonprocedures

NECandZEC

Toensureclarityregardingtheroleofsecurityforcesduring

elections

FinalReportPage44

Theroleofsecurityforcesonelectiondayshouldberevised.Themandateofthepoliceandthemilitaryduringelectionsshouldbeclearlystatedinthelaw

andinformedtovoters.

NationalAssembly,

ZanzibarHouseofRepresentatives,Governments,NECandZEC.

PurposeandreferenceintheFinalReport Recommendation Suggestedactivities

andtimelineifsuitable


otherstakeholders


Commitment

ELECTIONDAYToenhancethe

transparencyofthe

process

FinalReportPage36

Permissionshouldbegrantedforthe

accreditedmediatoenterpollingstationson

electiondayandtallyingcentres.Specific

guidelinesformediaaccesscouldbedesigned

bytheelectoralcommissionsincooperation

withtheMediaCouncilofTanzania.

NECandZEC

ELECTIONRESULTS

Toincreaseconfidencein

theelectoralprocessFinalReportPage36

Cleartransparencymeasures,suchasunlimited

accesstopoliticalpartyrepresentativesand

observersduringallstagesofthetallyingof

resultsprocess,shouldbeconsidered.Suitable

facilitieswithproperlayoutshouldbeputin

placetoallowforeffectivemonitoringand

observationoftheprocess.

NECandZEC

COMPLAINTSANDAPPEALS

Topromotetherighttoa

timelyandeffective

remedy


Thejudiciaryshouldhaveaclearoversightrole

overtheperformanceanddecisionsofthe

electoralcommissions.ThedecisionsoftheNEC

andtheZECshouldbeclearlysubjectedto

challengeincourtbywayofjudicialreview

immediatelyafterthenominationofcandidates

andthroughouttheentireprocess.Aggrieved

partiesshouldnothavetowaituntilthe

announcementofresultstoseekrecourseto

justice.

Amendmentofboththe

UnionandtheZanzibar

Constitutions,the

NationalElectionsAct

andtheZanzibar

ElectionActno.11

NEC,ZEC,

National

Assembly,

Houseof

Representatives

andthejudiciary

Art.2(3)oftheICCPR:“a)anypersonwhoserightsorfreedoms...areviolatedshallhaveaneffectiveremedy.;(b)anypersonclaimingsucharemedyshallhavehisrighttheretodeterminedbycompetentjudicial,administrativeorlegislativeauthorities,...andtodevelopthepossibilitiesofjudicialremedy.”


Suggestedactivitiesandtimelineif

suitable


stakeholders


Commitment

COMPLAINTSANDAPPEALS

Ensuretherighttoaccess

justiceandlegal

remedies

FinalReportPage34

Thecostsassociatedwithfilingapetitionshould

besignificantlyreducedinordertoprovide

petitionerstheeffectiverighttoaccessjusticeand

seekalegalremedy.

Amendmentofthe

NationalElections

ActandtheZanzibar

ElectionActno.11

National

Assemblyand

Houseof

Representativ

es

Article26oftheICCPR:“Allpersonsareequalbeforethelawandareentitledwithoutanydiscriminationtotheequalprotectionofthelaw.Inthisrespect,thelaw...guaranteetoallpersonsequalandeffectiveprotectionagainstdiscriminationonanyground...”

Ensuretherighttoa

timelyandeffective

remedy

FinalReportPage34

Thetimeframesforthesubmissionandthe

handlingofelectionpetitionsinZanzibarshould

beharmonisedwiththedeadlinesprovidedfor

theUnion.InZanzibar,apetitionmaybe

submittedtothecourtswithin15daysafterthe

announcementofresultswhereasintheUniona

petitionmaybesubmittedwithin30days.Forthe

handlingofelectionpetitions,inZanzibarthe

courtsmayissueadecisionwithin24months

whereastheUnioncourtshavea12-monthperiod

toruleonthepetition.

Amendmentofthe

NationalElections

ActandtheZanzibar

ElectionActno.11

National

Assemblyand

Houseof

Representativ

es

Toensurethatdecisions

arelegallyreasonedand

publishedandto

promoteconfidenceand

transparencytothe

process.

FinalReportPage33

TheZECandNECshouldconsideradoptingclear,

consistentandtransparentprocedurestohandle

electoralcomplaintsforreasonsofconsistencyin

itsresponses. NECandZEC

ICCPRGeneralComment13p.6:“Thepublicityofhearingsisanimportant

safeguardintheinterestoftheindividualandofsocietyatlarge...theCommitteeconsidersthat...evenincasesinwhichthepublicisexcluded

fromthetrial,thejudgmentmust,withcertainstrictlydefinedexceptions,be

madepublic.”





otherstakeholders


MEDIAANDELECTIONS

Toensureeditorialindependenceofthe

statemedia

FinalReportPage27

NationalbroadcastmediaTanzaniaBroadcastCorporation(TBC)andZanzibarBroadcastCorporation(ZBC)shouldbetransformedinto

publicservicebroadcastersenjoyingfulleditorialandfinancial

independencefromgovernment.

Concludethetransformation

processenvisionedintheTanzania

CommunicationRegulatory

AuthorityAct,2003

TCRA,MinistryofInformation,Youth,CultureandSports(MainlandTanzania);MinistryofInformation,

Culture,TourismandSports(Zanzibar)

ICCPRGeneralComment34,para.16“Statespartiesshouldensurethatpublicbroadcastingservicesoperateinanindependentmanner.Inthisregard,Statespartiesshouldguaranteetheirindependenceandeditorial

freedom.Theyshouldprovidefundinginamannerthatdoesnotunderminetheirindependence.”;DeclarationofthePrinciplesonFreedomofExpressioninAfrica:Public

Broadcasting,articleVI:“Stateandgovernmentcontrolledbroadcastersshouldbetransformedintopublicservicebroadcasters…inaccordancewiththefollowingprinciples:begovernedbyaboardwhichisprotected

againstinterference;theeditorialindependenceofpublicservicebroadcastersshouldbeguaranteed;public

broadcastersshouldbeadequatelyfundedinamannerthatprotectsthemfromarbitraryinterferencewiththeirbudgets;thepublicserviceambitofpublicbroadcastersshouldbeclearlydefinedandincludeanobligationtoensurethatthepublicreceiveadequate,politicallybalancedinformation,particularlyduringelection

periods.”

Toensureindependenceofthe

TCRAandtheappointmentprocessofitsmembersfrom

government

FinalReportPage30

TheindependenceoftheTanzaniaCommunicationsRegulatoryAuthority(TCRA)shouldbe

strengthenedthroughlegislationforanopenandtransparentmechanismfortheappointmentofitsboardanddirector,freefromcontrolbyanyparticularpoliticalparty,involving

civilsocietyorganizationsandmediaprofessionals.

AmendtheTanzania

CommunicationRegulatory

AuthorityAct,2003

NationalAssembly

DeclarationofthePrinciplesonFreedomofExpressioninAfrica:PublicBroadcasting,articleVII:“Anypublic

authoritythatexercisespowersintheareasofbroadcastortelecommunicationsregulationshouldbeindependent

andadequatelyprotectedagainstinterference,particularlyofapoliticaloreconomicnature…The

appointmentsprocessformembersofaregulatorybodyshouldbeopenandtransparent,involvetheparticipation

ofcivilsociety,andshallnotbecontrolledbyanyparticularpoliticalparty.”




stakeholders


MEDIAANDELECTIONSToenhancethe

differencebetweenpaidcampaignairtimeandmediacoverageof

elections

Mediashouldidentifypaidairtimeorparty-sponsoredslotsinaclearmannersothatvoterscouldbeawareofthe

natureoftheprogramme.

Media

Toprovidefairandequitablefreeairtime

tocontestants

FinalReportPage29

Freeairtimegrantedforcontestants’politicalbroadcastsshouldbeprovided

inafairmanner,onthebasisoftransparentandobjectivecriteria.Provisionspertainingtofreeairtime

couldbepreciselydefined.

ReviewtheElectionact;BroadcastingServicesact

Statemedia

SADCPrinciplesandGuidelinesGoverningDemocraticElectionsof2004,article2.1.5:SADCmemberstates[shallprovide]“Equalopportunityforallpoliticalpartiestoaccessthestatemedia.”

PartsofCodearetooprescriptiveandseenasinterferingwith

editorialindependence.

FinalReportPage28

MediaregulatorybodiescouldconsideramendingtheBroadcastingServices(Content)(ThePoliticalPartyElectionsBroadcasts)Codetostipulatelessstrictobligations,inparticularfortheprivatemedia.TheTCRAshouldreviewthe

codeinaninclusivemannerconsideringtheviewsofmediastakeholderswhotesteditsprovisionsforthefirsttime

duringtheseelections.

Amendmentofthe

BroadcastingServices

(Content)(ThePoliticalPartyElections

Broadcasts)Code

TCRA

ICCPRGeneralComment25,para.26:”...thefreecommunicationofinformationandideasaboutpublicandpoliticalissuesbetweencitizens,candidatesandelectedrepresentativesisessential.Thisimpliesafreepressandothermediaabletocommentonpublicissueswithoutcensorshiporrestraintandtoinformpublicopinion. Itrequiresthefullenjoymentandrespectfor...freedomtoengageinpoliticalactivityindividuallyorthroughpoliticalpartiesandotherorganizations,freedomtodebatepublicaffairs,...tocriticizeandoppose,topublishpoliticalmaterial,tocampaignforelectionandtoadvertisepoliticalideas.”

Toensurefreedomofspeechand

proportionalpenalties

FinalReportPage27and28

ThesetoflegislationpertainingtofreedomofspeechincludingtherecentlyadoptedStatisticsActandCybercrimesActshouldbeamendedtoexcludedisproportionatepenalsentences.

Amendthelegislationregardingfreedomofspeech

NationalAssembly

ICCPRGeneralComment25,para.26:”...thefreecommunicationofinformationandideasaboutpublicandpoliticalissues...isessential.Thisimpliesafreepressandothermediaabletocommentonpublicissueswithoutcensorshiporrestraintandtoinformpublicopinion.”

ANNEXII:EUEOMMEDIAMONITORINGRESULTS

European Union Election Observation Mission Tanzania 2015

Media Monitoring Results

For the period between 21 September and 24 October 2015


The EU EOM conducted media monitoring of broadcast and print media outlets from 21 September till 24 October 2015, using quantitative and qualitative analyses, assessing the amount of time/space allocated to contestants (and other political actors) as well as the tone of their coverage. The media which were monitored are as follows: The monitored media were: The state-owned nation-wide TV channel Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation (TBC1); and Television Zanzibar (ZBC TV), available in Zanzibar and partially also on mainland Tanzania. The private Independent Television (ITV), Channel 10, Star TV, and TV Azam 2 (all nation-wide except of Azam TV) The monitored TV channels were recoded daily, during the evening prime time from 17:00 till 23:00 The state-owned nation-wide radio station Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation (TBC Taifa) and Radio Zanzibar, that is accessible only on the territory of Zanzibar (Radio Zanzibar was monitored from 29 September till 24 October) Private Radio Free Africa and Radio One, both with nation-wide coverage All stations were monitored daily from 6am till 8am and from 4pm till 21:30pm The state-owned daily newspapers Daily News and Zanzibar Leo and the private dailies Mwananchi and Nipashe, as well as private weeklies Mwana Halisi and Raia Mwema. Explanation of the charts: The pie charts show the percentage of airtime/space allocated to contestants and other subjects. The bar charts show how much airtime/space contestants and other subjects received, and the tone of their coverage - positive (green), neutral (white) and negative (red).


TBC TV news programmes

CCM 62.9%

TZPRES 9.0%

CHADEMA 7.0%

GOV 6.4%

ACT 3.4%

TZVP 2.0%

CHAUMMA 1.8%

CUF 1.8%

DP 1.2%

ADC 1.2%

ZPRES 1.1%

UKAWA 0.6%

TLP 0.6%

NRA 0.6%

NLD 0.3% PPT

0.1% ZVP1 0.1%

time: 9 hrs. 13 min.

0:00:00

1:12:00

2:24:00

3:36:00

4:48:00

6:00:00

7:12:00

CCM

TZPR

ES

CHAD

EMA

GO

V

ACT

TZVP

CHAU

MM

A

CUF

DP

ADC

ZPRE

S

UKA

WA

TLP

NRA

NLD

PPT

ZVP1

ZVP2

Total Neg. Total Neutr. Total Pos.

CCM 57.4%

GOV 30.1%

TZPRES 11.6%

NRA 0.7% NLD

0.1%


TBC TV other editorial programmes TBC TV paid programmes

CCM 98.6%

CHADEMA 1.0%

TLP 0.4%



ZBC TV news programmes

ZBC TV other editorial programmes (incl. free airtime) ZBC TV paid programmes

GOV 25.3%

TADEA 22.5% CCM

19.4%

CCK 11.3%

AFP 9.8%

ADC 8.7%

ZPRES 2.6%

NRA 0.2%

DP 0.2%


CCM 90.3%

ADC 4.9%

ZPRES 4.8%

time: 10 hrs. 217min.

CCM 69.8% CUF

8.5%

GOV 4.6%

TZPRES 3.6%

NRA 2.7%

ZPRES 2.4%

ZVP1 2.1%

ADC 1.9%

ZVP2 1.0%

TZVP 0.8%

DP 0.8%

TADEA 0.6%

CCK 0.5%

SAU 0.4%

CHADEMA 0.3% ACT

0.2%


0:00:00

1:12:00

2:24:00

3:36:00

4:48:00

6:00:00

7:12:00

8:24:00

9:36:00

CCM

CUF

GO

V

TZPR

ES

NRA

ZPRE

S

ZVP1

ADC

ZVP2

TZVP

DP

TAD

EA

CCK

SAU

CHAD

EMA

ACT



TV AZAM 2 news programmes

TV AZAM 2 other editorial programmes TV AZAM 2 paid programmes

CCM 37.1%

CHADEMA 25.3%

ACT 8.4%

GOV 6.8%

TZPRES 5.6%

CHAUMMA 3.8%

UKAWA 2.5%

TZVP 2.4%

CUF 2.2%

UPDP 2.0%

TLP 1.0%

NCCR 0.8%

CCK 0.7%

DP 0.7%

ADC 0.4%

NRA 0.3%


0:00:00

0:14:24

0:28:48

0:43:12

0:57:36

1:12:00

1:26:24

1:40:48

1:55:12

2:09:36

CCM

CHAD

EMA

ACT

GO

V

TZPR

ES

CHAU

MM

A

UKA

WA

TZVP

CUF

UPD

P

TLP

NCC

R

CCK

DP

ADC

NRA


ACT 26.2%

CCM 24.4% CHADEMA

22.9%

ADC 5.2%

DP 3.8%

AFP 3.7%

CHAUMMA 3.6%

TLP 3.4%

CUF 3.1%

CCK 1.1%

UMD 1.1%

UKAWA 0.8%

UDP 0.6% TZPRES

0.1%


CCM 90.6%

CHADEMA 9.4%



ITV news programmes

ITV other editorial programmes ITV paid programmes

CCM 33.3%

CHADEMA 29.1%

ACT 8.9%

CUF 6.5%

TZPRES 5.4%

GOV 4.3%

CHAUMMA 3.7%

UKAWA 2.6%

TZVP 1.4%

NLD 1.1%

TLP 0.8%

ZPRES 0.6%

DP 0.5%

UPDP 0.4%

NCCR 0.4% NRA

0.3% ADC 0.3%

CCK 0.2%

TADEA 0.2%

ZVP1 0.1%


0:00:00

1:12:00

2:24:00

3:36:00

4:48:00

6:00:00

CCM

CHAD

EMA

ACT

CUF

TZPR

ES

GO

V

CHAU

MM

A

UKA

WA

TZVP

NLD

TLP

ZPR

ES

DP

UPD

P

NCC

R

NRA

ADC

CCK

TAD

EA


CCM 38.6%

CHADEMA 28.4%

TLP 19.9%

UPDP 8.2%

CHAUMMA 3.5%

CUF 0.6%

TADEA 0.3%

AFP 0.3% ACT

0.2%


CHADEMA 81.2%

UKAWA 18.2%

ACT 0.4%

CCM 0.2%



Star TV news programmes

Star TV other editorial programmes Star TV paid programmes

CCM 49.8%

GOV 12.9%

CHADEMA 10.1%

TZPRES 5.9%

ACT 3.8%

UKAWA 3.5%

DP 2.4%

CHAUMMA 2.2%

CUF 2.1%

ADC 2.0%

NCCR 1.8%

NRA 1.4%

TADEA 1.1%

TZVP 1.0% ZVP2

0.2%


0:00:00 0:14:24 0:28:48 0:43:12 0:57:36 1:12:00 1:26:24 1:40:48 1:55:12 2:09:36 2:24:00

CCM

GO

V

CHAD

EMA

TZPR

ES

ACT

UKA

WA DP

CHAU

MM

A

CUF

ADC

NCC

R

NRA

TAD

EA

TZVP

ZVP2


CCM 46.2%

TZPRES 23.0%

CHAUMMA 7.7%

TLP 7.7%

ADC 7.7%

ACT 7.7%


CCM 97.9%

CUF 1.2% CHADEMA

1.0%



Channel 10 TV news programmes

Channel 10 TV other editorial programmes Channel 10 TV paid programmes

CCM 41.6%

CHADEMA 23.4%

GOV 15.3%

TZPRES 7.8%

UKAWA 4.9%

ACT 2.8%

TZVP 1.3%

ZPRES 1.1%

NCCR 0.7%

CUF 0.4%

DP 0.3%

TLP 0.3%

ADC 0.1%

CHAUMMA 0.1%

CCK 0.1%


0:00:00

0:28:48

0:57:36

1:26:24

1:55:12

2:24:00

2:52:48

3:21:36

CCM

CHAD

EMA

GO

V

TZPR

ES

UKA

WA

ACT

TZVP

ZPR

ES

NCC

R

CUF

DP

TLP

ADC

CHAU

MM

A

CCK


CCM 67.0%

CHADEMA 21.8%

UKAWA 4.2%

ACT 4.0%

CHAUSTA 1.1%

UDP 0.9%

UMD 0.7% UPDP

0.4%


CCM 75.3%

CHADEMA 24.7%



TBC Radio news programmes

ZBC Radio news programmes

CCM 52.9%

TZPRES 16.6%

GOV 8.4%

CHADEMA 5.9%

CUF 5.1%

ZPRES 2.6%

ACT 2.2%

NRA 1.2%

UKAWA 0.9%

TZVP 0.8%

NLD 0.7%

ADC 0.6%

TADEA 0.6%

DP 0.5%

ZVP1 0.5%

SAU 0.2%

AFP 0.2%

PPT 0.1%


0:00:00

0:28:48

0:57:36

1:26:24

1:55:12

2:24:00

2:52:48

3:21:36

3:50:24

CCM

TZPR

ES

GO

V

CHAD

EMA

CUF

ZPR

ES

ACT

NRA

UKA

WA

TZVP

NLD

ADC

TAD

EA

DP

ZVP1

SAU

AFP


CCM 71.6% CUF

6.6%

GOV 5.6%

ZPRES 5.5%

TZPRES 3.7%

ADC 1.9%

CHADEMA 1.6%

UKAWA 1.2%

TZVP 0.8%

SAU 0.5%

ZVP1 0.5%

ZVP2 0.3%

NLD 0.2%


0:00:00

0:28:48

0:57:36

1:26:24

1:55:12

2:24:00

2:52:48

CCM

CUF

GO

V

ZPR

ES

TZPR

ES

ADC

CHAD

EMA

UKA

WA

TZVP

SAU

ZVP1

ZVP2

NLD



Radio One news programmes

Radio Free Africa news programmes

CCM 27.6%

CHADEMA 20.6%

GOV 11.0%

ACT 10.1%

CUF 7.8% TZPRES

6.5%

UKAWA 4.1%

NLD 3.7%

TZVP 3.2%

CHAUMMA 1.8%

DP 1.8%

ZPRES 1.1%

TADEA 0.6%

TLP 0.2% ZVP1

0.1%


0:00:00

0:14:24

0:28:48

0:43:12

0:57:36

1:12:00

1:26:24

CCM

CHAD

EMA

GO

V

ACT

CUF

TZPR

ES

UKA

WA

NLD

TZVP

CHAU

MM

A

DP

ZPR

ES

TAD

EA

TLP

ZVP1


CCM 62.9%

CHADEMA 9.9%

GOV 5.4%

TZPRES 4.6%

ACT 4.6%

CUF 3.4%

NLD 3.0%

DP 2.2%

TZVP 1.5%

UKAWA 1.4%

CHAUMMA 0.5%

ZVP2 0.3% ZVP1

0.2%


0:00:00

0:14:24

0:28:48

0:43:12

0:57:36

1:12:00

1:26:24

1:40:48

1:55:12

2:09:36

CCM

CHAD

EMA

GO

V

TZPR

ES

ACT

CUF

NLD

DP

TZVP

UKA

WA

CHAU

MM

A

ZVP2

ZVP1

NCC

R

ADC



Daily News

Zanzibar Leo

CCM 54.2%

TZPRES 13.1%

CHADEMA 8.5%

ACT 6.1%

CUF 3.8%

TZVP 3.4%

UKAWA 2.1%

ZPRES 1.8%

GOV 1.7%

CHAUMMA 1.5%

NCCR 0.9%

DP 0.7%

ADC 0.6%

CCK 0.5% TADEA

0.4% AFP 0.3%

NLD 0.2%

TLP 0.1%

Space: 72.369 cm2

CCM 71.9%

ZPRES 12.4%

CUF 3.1%

ZVP2 2.6%

CHADEMA 2.0%

TZPRES 1.9% ADC

1.5%

ACT 1.2%

TZVP 0.9%

ZVP1 0.7%

NLD 0.6%

TLP 0.4%

TADEA 0.2%

AFP 0.2% UKAWA

0.2%

CHAUMMA 0.2%

NCCR 0.1%

Space: 81.774 cm2

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

CCM

ZPR

ES

CUF

ZVP2

CHAD

EMA

TZPR

ES

ADC

ACT

TZVP

ZVP1

NLD

TLP

TAD

EA

AFP

UKA

WA

CHAU

MM

A

NCC

R


0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

CCM

TZPR

ES

CHAD

EMA

ACT

CUF

TZVP

UKA

WA

ZPR

ES

GO

V

CHAU

MM

A

NCC

R

DP

ADC

CCK

TAD

EA

AFP

NLD

TLP



Mwananchi

Nipashe

CCM 37.3%

CHADEMA 35.5%

ACT 5.4%

CUF 5.0%

UKAWA 3.6%

ADC 2.2%

CHAUMMA 2.1%

DP 1.4%

TZPRES 1.4%

TLP 1.4%

UPDP 1.1%

NCCR 1.0%

NRA 1.0%

NLD 0.5%

ZPRES 0.3%

CCK 0.2% ZVP1

0.1% UDP

0.1%

CHAUSTA 0.1%

Space: 142.495 cm2

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

CCM

CHAD

EMA

ACT

CUF

UKA

WA

ADC

CHAU

MM

A

DP

TZPR

ES

TLP

UPD

P

NCC

R

NRA

NLD

ZPR

ES

CCK

ZVP1

UD

P

CHAU

STA


CCM 44.2%

CHADEMA 27.0%

CUF 7.9%

ACT 6.6% TZPRES

3.7%

UKAWA 2.7%

CHAUMMA 1.8%

NCCR 1.2%

DP 1.0%

ADC 1.0%

ZPRES 0.7%

TLP 0.6%

TADEA 0.5%

TZVP 0.4%

NLD 0.3%

CCK 0.2%

NRA 0.1%

UPDP 0.1%

ZVP1 0.1%

Space: 161.703 cm2

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

CCM

CHAD

EMA

CUF

ACT

TZPR

ES

UKA

WA

CHAU

MM

A

NCC

R

DP

ADC

ZPR

ES

TLP

TAD

EA

TZVP

NLD

CCK

NRA

UPD

P

ZVP1



Raia Mwema

Mwana Halisi

CCM 48.1%

CHADEMA 31.3%

UKAWA 9.2%

DP 4.7%

NCCR 1.9%

TZPRES 1.9%

ACT 1.4%

CUF 1.0%

NLD 0.4%

TLP 0.1%

Space: 43.586 cm2

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

CCM

CHAD

EMA

UKA

WA DP

NCC

R

TZPR

ES

ACT

CUF

NLD

TLP


CCM 60.2%

CHADEMA 25.3%

CUF 4.8%

UKAWA 3.1%

NCCR 3.0%

NLD 1.8%

TZPRES 1.7% ZVP2

0.2%

Space: 21.338 cm2

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

CCM

CHAD

EMA

CUF

UKA

WA

NCC

R

NLD

TZPR

ES

ZVP2



Alliance for Change and Transparency ACT National Reconstruction Alliance NRA

Alliance for Democratic Change ADC Progressive Party of Tanzania PPT

Allaince for Tanzania Farmers Party AFP Sauti ya Umma SAU

Chama Cha Kijamii CCK Tanzania Democratic Alliance TADEA

Chama Cha Mapinduzi CCM Tanzania Labour Party TLP

Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo CHADEMA President of United Republic of Tanzania TZPRES

Chama Cha Ukombozi wa Umma CHAUMMA Vice-president of United Republic of Tanzania TZVP

Chama Cha Haki na Ustawi CHAUSTA United Democratic Party UDP

Civic United Front CUF Umoja wa Katiba ya Wananchi UKAWA

Demokrasia Makini DM Union for Multiparty Democracy UMD

Democratic Party DP United People's Democratic Party UPDP

Government GOV President of Zanzibar ZPRES

National Convention for Constitution and Reform NCCR 1st Vice-president of Zanzibar ZVP1

National League for Democracy NLD 2nd Vice-president of Zanzibar ZVP2

european union election observation missioneeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/eueom/documents/eu-eo… ·...

Documents