Europe and the FSUEurope and the FSU

Keys to Understanding Europe

Keys to Understanding Europe

1. The relative Location of European countries with easy access to important oceans and seas helped create highly developed economies and made the Europeans leaders in world trade

2. Europe’s dense and highly urbanized population has greatly altered the environment

1. The relative Location of European countries with easy access to important oceans and seas helped create highly developed economies and made the Europeans leaders in world trade

2. Europe’s dense and highly urbanized population has greatly altered the environment

3. For the most part, the human characteristics of the European Region include highly skilled farmers and factory workers, great centers of industry and trade, and parliamentary democratic governments.

4. 25 Nations form a European Union which allows free movements of people, ideas and goods across national borders.

3. For the most part, the human characteristics of the European Region include highly skilled farmers and factory workers, great centers of industry and trade, and parliamentary democratic governments.

4. 25 Nations form a European Union which allows free movements of people, ideas and goods across national borders.

1. Keys, Cont’d.1. Keys, Cont’d.

5. The countries of Eastern Europe are building new economic and cultural relationships with other European Nations.

6. In the past, many wars were fought in the European Region (Including the Cold War). Today, the economic power of the region is built on cooperation

5. The countries of Eastern Europe are building new economic and cultural relationships with other European Nations.

6. In the past, many wars were fought in the European Region (Including the Cold War). Today, the economic power of the region is built on cooperation

Landform RegionsLandform Regions

Northern Highlands Northern European Plain Central Uplands Alpine Mountain System Mediterranean Peninsulas

Northern Highlands Northern European Plain Central Uplands Alpine Mountain System Mediterranean Peninsulas

ClimatesClimates West Coast Marine-

Northwestern countries Humid Continental-

Eastern countries Mediterranean-Uh,

bordering the Mediterranean Sea

Humid Subtropical-N. Italy and parts of Old Yugoslavia

Highland-Alps

West Coast Marine-Northwestern countries

Humid Continental-Eastern countries

Mediterranean-Uh, bordering the Mediterranean Sea

Humid Subtropical-N. Italy and parts of Old Yugoslavia

Highland-Alps

ResourcesResources

Water Long, irregular coastline and navigable rivers

provide ideal conditions for trade Icebreakers only needed for Baltic ports Rivers also provide water and hydroelectricity

Most are connected by canals Rhine and Danube are largest

Soils Good for agriculture Europe’s is highly developed

Water Long, irregular coastline and navigable rivers

provide ideal conditions for trade Icebreakers only needed for Baltic ports Rivers also provide water and hydroelectricity

Most are connected by canals Rhine and Danube are largest

Soils Good for agriculture Europe’s is highly developed

Resources, cont’d.Resources, cont’d. Forests

Most original trees have been cut Europe is an importer of timber Reforestation programs have been started

Minerals and energy Europe relies heavily on imports Coal and Iron ore deposits were important in

the development of industry in the region North Sea Oil and gas Hydroelectricity, nuclear and tidal power are

gaining in usage

Forests Most original trees have been cut Europe is an importer of timber Reforestation programs have been started

Minerals and energy Europe relies heavily on imports Coal and Iron ore deposits were important in

the development of industry in the region North Sea Oil and gas Hydroelectricity, nuclear and tidal power are

gaining in usage

Human Environment Interaction

Human Environment Interaction

Industrialization and agricultural development have great changed the environment Water Pollution Acid Rain Deforestation in Mediterranean

Industrialization and agricultural development have great changed the environment Water Pollution Acid Rain Deforestation in Mediterranean

Historical GeographyHistorical Geography Rise and Fall of Nations

Classic Civilization Middle (Dark) Ages Emergence of Modern Nations Colonization and Imperialism WWI & WWII Cold War Fall of the Soviet Union

Rise and Fall of Nations Classic Civilization Middle (Dark) Ages Emergence of Modern Nations Colonization and Imperialism WWI & WWII Cold War Fall of the Soviet Union

Human GeographyHuman Geography Population Changes

Grew rapidly between 1000 and 1300 Declined due to famines, plagues and wars 1300-

1450 Recovered due to agricultural advances that

came with the Industrial Revolution 20th century brought widespread immigration

from Southern and Eastern Europe, Turkey, North Africa and Southern Asia (India and Pakistan)

Even with immigration, Europe has the lowest population growth rates

Population Changes Grew rapidly between 1000 and 1300 Declined due to famines, plagues and wars 1300-

1450 Recovered due to agricultural advances that

came with the Industrial Revolution 20th century brought widespread immigration

from Southern and Eastern Europe, Turkey, North Africa and Southern Asia (India and Pakistan)

Even with immigration, Europe has the lowest population growth rates

Human GeographyHuman Geography Language

Indo-European Language Family

Germanic Celtic Romance Slavic Greek

Small presence of Uralic

Estonian Finnish Hungarian

Language Indo-European

Language Family Germanic Celtic Romance Slavic Greek

Small presence of Uralic

Estonian Finnish Hungarian

Human GeographyHuman Geography Religion Roman Catholicism

France, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Austria, Ireland, Belgium, Poland, Southern Germany

Protestantism Northern Europe England, Scandinavian

Countries, Northern Germany, Holland

Orthodox Balkans Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, etc.

Islam in Southeast and amongst immigrants

Small Jewish minorities

Religion Roman Catholicism

France, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Austria, Ireland, Belgium, Poland, Southern Germany

Protestantism Northern Europe England, Scandinavian

Countries, Northern Germany, Holland

Orthodox Balkans Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, etc.

Islam in Southeast and amongst immigrants

Small Jewish minorities

Human GeographyHuman Geography Economic Cooperation

Post WWII, began with a coal agreement between Germany and France

European Community (Common Market) in 1957 Now: European Union

25 countries Common Currency: Euro Free borders

EFTA: Switzerland, Norway. Liechtenstein, Iceland

European Free Trade Association Have agreements with EU

Economic Cooperation Post WWII, began with a coal agreement

between Germany and France European Community (Common Market) in 1957 Now: European Union

25 countries Common Currency: Euro Free borders

EFTA: Switzerland, Norway. Liechtenstein, Iceland

European Free Trade Association Have agreements with EU

European Ways of LifeEuropean Ways of Life Share many characteristics with North

America Large Cities and urban populations

Centuries-old architecture interspersed with modern high-rise

Advanced transportation systems Autobahns, seaports, river-canal systems, high-speed rail

Most nations provide more social services than we do in the United States

Healthcare, social welfare programs, free higher education

Supported by higher taxes than in the United States

Share many characteristics with North America Large Cities and urban populations

Centuries-old architecture interspersed with modern high-rise

Advanced transportation systems Autobahns, seaports, river-canal systems, high-speed rail

Most nations provide more social services than we do in the United States

Healthcare, social welfare programs, free higher education

Supported by higher taxes than in the United States

Keys to FSUKeys to FSU

1. Rapid political and economic change is taking place in the region. Democratic ideas have replaced communist governments throughout most of the region

2. New nations have emerged from the collapse of the Soviet Union

1. Rapid political and economic change is taking place in the region. Democratic ideas have replaced communist governments throughout most of the region

2. New nations have emerged from the collapse of the Soviet Union

KeysKeys

3. The chief physical characteristic is a huge lowland plain which allows free movement of people, ideas and goods.

4. Of the many national or ethnic groups, the Slavic-speaking people predominate Russians Ukrainians Belarussians

3. The chief physical characteristic is a huge lowland plain which allows free movement of people, ideas and goods.

4. Of the many national or ethnic groups, the Slavic-speaking people predominate Russians Ukrainians Belarussians

KeysKeys

5. Economic development has been hampered (hindered, limited) by a number of factors: Mongol occupation for 200 years Lack of access to warm-water ports Inefficiencies of the Communist

System

5. Economic development has been hampered (hindered, limited) by a number of factors: Mongol occupation for 200 years Lack of access to warm-water ports Inefficiencies of the Communist

System

KeysKeys

6. Change is underway in the way farms and factories are organized. People are freer to attempt free enterprise by growing their own food for profit.

7. The people of this region-the Heart of Eurasia-face many critical problems in changing to democracy and free enterprise.

6. Change is underway in the way farms and factories are organized. People are freer to attempt free enterprise by growing their own food for profit.

7. The people of this region-the Heart of Eurasia-face many critical problems in changing to democracy and free enterprise.

Physical GeographyPhysical Geography

Vast European PlainBounded on east by Ural MountainsThis is where most people in the region

liveSiberia

Western LowlandPlateau in East

Vast European PlainBounded on east by Ural MountainsThis is where most people in the region

liveSiberia

Western LowlandPlateau in East

PhysicalPhysical Caucasus Mountains

between Black and Caspian Seas East of Caspian

Increased elevation to border mountain ranges Pamirs Tian Shan

Lack of warm-water ports and navigable rivers Many north-flowing rivers

Ob, Yenesei, Lena Lack of control of Bosporus/Dardanelles outlet from

Black Sea Caspian Sea is land-locked Vladivostok is a l-o-n-g way from the heart of Russia

Caucasus Mountains between Black and Caspian Seas

East of Caspian Increased elevation to border mountain ranges

Pamirs Tian Shan

Lack of warm-water ports and navigable rivers Many north-flowing rivers

Ob, Yenesei, Lena Lack of control of Bosporus/Dardanelles outlet from

Black Sea Caspian Sea is land-locked Vladivostok is a l-o-n-g way from the heart of Russia

ClimatesClimates Humid Continental-Russian Heartland

Desert-Centered on Aral Sea Steppe-surrounding desert

Ukraine and Southern Russia

The “istans” Humid Subtropical-Georgia Mediterranean-Armenia and

Azerbaijan Highland-Caucasus and

Chinese Borderlands Subarctic-North and Siberia Tundra-Arctic Coast

Humid Continental-Russian Heartland

Desert-Centered on Aral Sea Steppe-surrounding desert

Ukraine and Southern Russia

The “istans” Humid Subtropical-Georgia Mediterranean-Armenia and

Azerbaijan Highland-Caucasus and

Chinese Borderlands Subarctic-North and Siberia Tundra-Arctic Coast

ResourcesResources Rich deposits of industrial minerals

Coal, iron ore, petroleum Hydroelectricity Agricultural land among the richest

in the world Forests Lack of Warm-water ports

Rich deposits of industrial minerals Coal, iron ore, petroleum

Hydroelectricity Agricultural land among the richest

in the world Forests Lack of Warm-water ports

HistoryHistory Russia grew from trade routes between Viking

Lands and Istanbul Began to form as a Kingdom around Kiev in the

9th century Russian development halted because of a 200-

year occupation by the Mongols Kingdom reemerged at Moscow in the late 1400s Ivan IV “The Terrible” founded the Empire in 1547

Czar, or tsar From the Latin for Caesar

Russia grew from trade routes between Viking Lands and Istanbul

Began to form as a Kingdom around Kiev in the 9th century

Russian development halted because of a 200-year occupation by the Mongols

Kingdom reemerged at Moscow in the late 1400s Ivan IV “The Terrible” founded the Empire in 1547

Czar, or tsar From the Latin for Caesar

HistoryHistory Russian Empire’s development hindered by several

factors Lack of warm-water ports Despotic ruling strategies Lack of Middle class Backward farming methods Limited Industrialization

Decline in the 19th century Droughts and food shortages Economic depression slowed trade Lost war to Japanese (1905) Riots (1905) Revolution in 1917

Russian Empire’s development hindered by several factors Lack of warm-water ports Despotic ruling strategies Lack of Middle class Backward farming methods Limited Industrialization

Decline in the 19th century Droughts and food shortages Economic depression slowed trade Lost war to Japanese (1905) Riots (1905) Revolution in 1917

HistoryHistory Bolsheviks overthrew the temporary Republic

Set-up a Communist state – USSR Economic Plan stressed industrial expansion Soviet people suffered great sacrifices in life-style

to follow Communist plan Persecution of those who did not step in line cost

millions their lives The USSR suffered great losses during WWII After WWIICold War rivalry with the West

Eastern European satellites-Berlin Wall

Bolsheviks overthrew the temporary Republic Set-up a Communist state – USSR Economic Plan stressed industrial expansion Soviet people suffered great sacrifices in life-style

to follow Communist plan Persecution of those who did not step in line cost

millions their lives The USSR suffered great losses during WWII After WWIICold War rivalry with the West

Eastern European satellites-Berlin Wall

HistoryHistory Collapse

In 1985, when he took control, Gorbachev realized changes must come

Glasnost Perestroika

1989-Client States in Eastern Europe collapsed

1991-Soviet Union Broke Apart and replaced by Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S.)

Collapse In 1985, when he took control, Gorbachev

realized changes must come Glasnost Perestroika

1989-Client States in Eastern Europe collapsed

1991-Soviet Union Broke Apart and replaced by Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S.)

Human GeographyHuman Geography Languages

Russian was the official language of the USSR

The newly-independent nations were formed around national groups, so each has their own language (Ex: Ukrainian)

Education was important to the USSR, so high literacy rates

Languages Russian was the official

language of the USSR The newly-independent

nations were formed around national groups, so each has their own language (Ex: Ukrainian)

Education was important to the USSR, so high literacy rates

ReligionsReligions

Orthodox Jewish minority Some Catholics

and Protestant in the West

Islam in South and East

Orthodox Jewish minority Some Catholics

and Protestant in the West

Islam in South and East

Land in TransitionLand in Transition

Because of the recent changes, the people in this region are seeing massive changes in their lifestyles Increase in unemployment and crime New attitudes between Russians and

other nationalities Uneven distribution of wealth Loss of pensions and investments

Because of the recent changes, the people in this region are seeing massive changes in their lifestyles Increase in unemployment and crime New attitudes between Russians and

other nationalities Uneven distribution of wealth Loss of pensions and investments