europa in the jupiter system: from formation to … · in the jupiter system: from formation to...
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EUROPAINTHEJUPITERSYSTEM:
FROMFORMATIONTOSEARCHFORLIFE(part2)
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EUROPAINTHEJUPITERSYSTEM
Europahabitablezone.OceanworldsEuropabiosphere
OUTSTANDINGSCIENCEQUESTIONSFROMFORMATIONTOSEARCHFORLIFE
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SOLVENTLiquidwater
ChemicalELEMENTS(CHONPS,metals…)
AvailableEnergyforLife
LIFEon Earth
HABITABILITYREQUIREMENTS
Clement conditions(pH,T,salinity,
H
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Liquidwater
FUNCTION DESCRIPTION
Usesasreactant takespartinmanymetabolicreactions.•e.g.hydrolysisofsugar,rawmaterialforphotosynthesis.
Usesassolvent goodsolventforinorganicandmanysmallorganicsubstances.
Actsasmediumfortransportation
liquidnature,canflowfromoneareatoothers.•manychemicalscandissolveinit.
Actsasmediumforchemicalreaction
manychemicalscandissolveinit.•noteasilysubjectedtolargetemperaturefluctuation,thusreactionscantakeplaceinaconstantrate.
Providessupport providesturgiditytosupportherbaceousplantsandsmallorganisms•providesbuoyancyforaquaticorganisms
Othersdecreasesbodytemperaturebyevaporationofwaterfrombodysurfacee.g.sweat•necessaryforformingbodysecretione.g.digestivejuice•mediumforfertilizationofeggsandspermsinmammals
HABITABILITYREQUIREMENTS
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KeyTheelementsusedbylivingorganismseitherin:
- structuralmacromolecules(proteins,lipids)- energytransformation- electrontransferchains- energysources,andasoxidantsorreductants
MineralSurface Elementalcomposition Properties
Basaltminerals Si,O,Fe MajormineralsurfaceonearlyEarth
Apatite Ca,PO42- Primaryphosphatemineral
Clays Si,Al,O Canorganizeorganicsintofilmsandcatalyzepolymerizationreactions
Pyrite FeS2 Sourceofreducingpower
Calcite CaCO3 Chiral surfaces;concentrateorganicssuchnucleotidesfrommodels
Quartz SiO2 Chiralsurfaces
Ultramaficminerals Fe,Mg GeneratehydrogenandorganiccompoundsfromCO2
Borateminerals B Catalyzethesynthesisofribose
(Wackettetal.2004)
(ModifiedfromDeamer,2007)
HABITABILITYREQUIREMENTS
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The “Unity of Metabolism” predicts that organisms (even with different biochemistries than Earth organisms) on any active planet (water) will use the same chemical energy sources and electron acceptors and donors as Earth organisms
A variation of “follow the energy”, Hoehler, Amend and Shock, (2007); Shock and Holland, (2007)
LightsourcePhotosynthesis,Radiolysis,generationofoxidants
ChemicalsourceRedox process
Othergradientsthermal,osmotic…
HABITABILITYREQUIREMENTS
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EUROPAASAPOTENTIALHABITATOUTSTANDINGSCIENCEQUESTIONSWhyEuropastandsoutasapotentialhabitat?
Distributionofwateratdepthoceanshallowchambers/subglacial lakeswater-rockinteractions
ReservoirspotentiallyconnectedwiththesurfaceEndogenicmaterialscanprovidecluesaboutaqueousreservoirs
Energy/geologicalactivity.InteractionswiththeobjectsintheJupitersystemHydrothermalsystemsandchemicaldisequilibriaMaintaintheliquidwaterandrock-waterinteraction
Buildingblocksandgeochemicalcycling
Exchangesbetween layers
Explain• Aqueousreservoirsinthesubsurface• Bio-essentialelements• Availableenergyforlife
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Darkbiosphereundertheiceactivetoday.Abiogenesisinhydrothermalsystems
Asecondoriginoflife.Convergentevolutionasaconsequenceofabiogenesis
Evidencesoflife.Searchingstrategy
WhyEuropaisthebestplacetosearchforextantlife?
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• MICROBIALECOSYSTEMS:CHEMOTROPHIC• Distributioncontrolledbyhydrothermalactivity,whichprovideprimarynutrients
(H2,CH4,ketones)• Surfacebounded,notfree-living• Nocarbonatematsasdochemotrophiccoloniesaroundterrestrialsmokers
becausetheyneedsulfate(oxigenated environment),andPabovethelysocline
???
THEPOTENTIALBIOSPHERE
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FROMFORMATIONTOSEARCHFORLIFE
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POTENTIALBIOSPHERE
Universalfeatures ofany kindofextraterrestrial lifeencompass:molecularreplication,cellularization andmetabolic networks.Fromthese systemic propertiesmorepreciseconvergentbiosignatures,i.e.potentialmolecularidentities