eurompm 1 decision tables. eurompm 2 decision tables history describing decision rules and decision...
DESCRIPTION
EuroMPM 3 Decision Tables An abacus is a counting frame, is a calculating tool for performing arithmetical processes, often constructed as a wooden frame with beads sliding on wires. The Babylonians used the abacus as early as 2400 BC. Abacus HistoryTRANSCRIPT
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DECISION TABLES
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Decision TablesHistory
Describing decision rules
and decision procedures in a
tabular form goes back at
least to ancient Babylon,
where the rules for
performing multiplication of
cuneiform numerals
were baked in clay tablets
for students. Cuneiform script
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Decision Tables
An abacus is a counting frame, is a calculating tool
for performing arithmetical
processes, often constructed
as a wooden frame with
beads sliding on wires.
The Babylonians used the
abacus as early as 2400 BC.Abacus
History
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Decision Tables
History
Napier´s bones
Napier's bones are an abacus invented by John Napier for calculation of products and quotients of numbers.
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Decision Tables
History
Tabular forms for computer programming date back to the late 1950's and 1960’s when
• General Electric, • the United States Air Force, • Siemens
and others worked on complex projects.
Decision tables were first used for program specifications, leaving it to the programmers to translate the tables into code by hand.
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Decision Tables
Software included • a compiler of GECOM language (a COBOL dialect with
many ALGOL features), • TABSOL (a language based on decision tables), • WIZ (an Algebraic compiler), • FORTRAN II, • GAP a translator for IBM 650 and LGP30 • a Report Generator.
http://www.feb-patrimoine.com/projet/ge200/ge200.htm
GE-2001959-1966
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Decision Tables
COLUMBUS85 supports program design and generative program creation
in line with the principles of 'structured programming', including
decision tables.
In 'structured programming' a program is constructed as a hierarchy of procedures with only one entry and one exit, which in turn consist of 'structure blocks'. In terms of their internal flow of control they can exist in one of only three forms (sequence, selection, repetition). Decision tables are a special form of the selection structure block. Structure blocks can be sequenced and nested in one another. Structure lists are the best way of representing these forms.
http://solutions.fujitsu-siemens.com/software-catalog/product.php?id=200006412&lang=en&platform=all
COLUMBUS85
http://manuals.fujitsu-siemens.com/fgm/fgm_us/sysfgm.col85.010.e.pdf
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Decision Tables
Decision tables, past and present
Maurice Verhelst (Leuven)
The origin of the decision table technique dates back to November 1957 when General Electric initiated a research effort called the “Integrated Systems Project”. They also developed a software tool, called TABSOL, to convert the produced tables to a computer program.
http://www.cwi.nl/events/2006/pioneer/abstracts.doc
Pioneering Software in the 1960s
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Decision TablesHistory
In the 1960’s and 1970’s decision table software was written for the analysis of decision tables and for code generation from decision tables.
Dr. Reinhold Thurner, of the University of Zurich and Sodecon AG, Zurich, work on DETAB – a DEcision TABle GeneraTor.
At mbp in Dortmund they created VORELLE. Dr. Horst Strunz made contributions to this project and wrote the first textbook on decision tables in Germany.
In the 1970’s and 1980’s such systems were used in all major companies. The early decision table programs were written in either mainframe assembly languages or COBOL or PL/1.
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Decision Tables
History
Horst Strunz 1977
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Decision Tables
History
The Canadian Standards Association issued a formal standard for decision tables in 1970 (DECISION TABLES, CSA Standard Z243.1-1970), which can be obtained through the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in the United States.
In Germany decision tables were introduced as national standard DIN 66241 in 1978.
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Decision Tables
History
DIN 66241
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Decision Tables
History ???
http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/uniform/gdpa/methods/m-dtab.htm
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Decision Tables
History ???
http://www.qfdcapture.com/CPPDpaper/CPPDPaper.htm
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Decision TablesHistory
During the 1990’th decision tables disappeared in many
places.
The decision table software was not available on personal
computers. And some companies that were pioneers in decision
table technology no longer exist – like mbp in Dortmund.
In the new century we have new initiatives for the application of decision tables and new decision table software is available like
PROLOGA or LT-ET
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Decision Tables
http://www.econ.kuleuven.be/prologa/
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Decision Tables
http://www.lohrfink.de/
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Decision Tables
Other ApproachesIBM WebSphere
DELTA Software Scout
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Decision Tables
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/dmndhelp/v6rxmx/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.wsps.adm.doc/doc/tbre_busiru_deletingbusirulerecord.html
WebSphere
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Decision TablesWebSphere
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/dmndhelp/v6rxmx/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.wbit.help.br.ui.doc/topics/cdtable.html
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Decision Tables
http://www.d-s-t-g.com/neu/media/pdf/Facts_d/MT11026.pdf
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Decision Tables
Basics
Decision table - Wikipedia
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Decision Tables
Decision Table of Check Encashment 1
Check Encashment 1 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
C1 Stick to Credit limit Y Y Y Y N N N NC2 Good Payment Practice Y Y N N Y Y N NC3 Promise of payment Y N Y N Y N Y N
A1 Encash check X X X X X X X -A2 Not encash check - - - - - - - X
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Decision Tables
Decision Table of Check Encashment 2
Check Encashment 2 R1 R2 R3 R4C1 Stick to Credit limit Y - N NC2 Good Payment Practice - Y N NC3 Promise of payment - - Y N
A1 Encash check X X X -A2 Not encash check - - - X
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Decision Tables
IF….Conditions CONDITIONS BASES CONDITION INDICATORS
THEN…Actions ACTION BASES ACTION INDICATORS
Text Rules/Indicators
Basic Elements of a Decision Table
Decision table - Wikipedia
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Decision Tables
Supplementary Elements of a Decision Table
TabellenbezeichnungB1B2B3B4
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
A1A2A3A4
Regelbezeichner
Bedin-gungs-
bezeich-ner
Aktions-bezeich-
ner
Rule Identifiers
Conditions
Actions
Name of Table
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Decision TablesLimited Entry Decision Tables:
If in the columns of rules, only an element of the set
{Y, N, -, #; x, -}
is allowed, the table is called as Limited Entry Decision Table.
Y, N, - and # are the indicators for conditions.
X and – are the indicators for actions.
# = UNDEFINED
Y : YES
N: NO
= DO NOT CARE
X = ACTION TO BE TAKEN
= ACTION NOT TO BE TAKEN
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Decision TablesLimited Entry Decision Tables:
If in the columns of rules, only an element of the set
{Y, N, -, #; x, -}
is allowed, the table is called as Limited Entry decision Table.
!!!!! In a limited entry Decision Table,
Max. Number of rules : 2n
(n: number of conditions)
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Decision Tables
Crane example – limited entry decision table
Range of drive in the construction of a crane
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
Lifting capacity <10 Y Y N N NLifting capacity 10-20 N N Y Y NLifting capacity >20 N N N N YMedium driving speed Y N Y N -High driving speed N Y N Y -Motor type A X - - - -Motor type B - X - - -Motor type C - - X - -Motor type D - - - X -Motor type E - - - - X
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Decision Tables
Mixed Decision Table
Range of drive in the construction of a crane
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
Lifting capacity <10 Y Y N N NLifting capacity 10-20 N N Y Y NLifting capacity >20 N N N N YMedium driving speed Y N Y N -High driving speed N Y N Y -Motor type A B C D E
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Decision Tables
Extended Decision Table
Range of drive in the construction of a crane
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
Lifting Capacity <10 <10 10-20 10-20 >20
Driving speedmedium high medium high -
Motor type A B C D E
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Decision Tables
Extended entry : Amount ? (<X, =>X and <Y, =>Y)
Limited entry : 1. Amount <X ? (Yes, No) 2. Amount =>X and <Y ? (Yes, No)
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Decision Tables
Ambiguous Decision Tables
Overlapping Conditions
YYY
YYY
Y--
-Y-
X-
X-
R2R1
Two Rules
Same Actions
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Decision Tables
Ambiguous Decision Tables with Contradictory rules
Overlapping Conditions
YYY
YYY
Y--
-Y-
-X
X-
R2R1
Two Rules
Same ActionsDifferent Actions
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Decision Tables
UNSER ZIEL
Wenn wir Entscheidungstabellen bei der Analyse undDokumentation von Entscheidungen einsetzen, dannversuchen wir stets, vollständige und widerspruchsfreieTabellen zu erstellen.
OUR TARGET
The aim of a decision table by analyzing and documenting decisions is to build a complete and
confliction free Tables.
Our Target
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Decision Tables
LOGIC OF DECISION TABLESAND – Combination of Conditions
R1: If
Then
C1 is fulfilledandC2 is fulfilledandC3 is fulfilledAndC4 is fulfilled
C1
C2
C3
C4
AND
AND
AND
Y
Y
Y
Y
R1
Combination of Conditions
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Decision Tables
Combination of Actions
LOGIC OF DECISION TABLESAND- Combination of Actions
A1
A2
A3
A4
AND
AND
AND
X
X
X
X
R1
R1: IfThen
…………A1 will be and A2 andA3 andA4 will be achieved
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Decision Tables
OR - Combination of Rules
LOGIK DER ENTSCHEIDUNGSTABELLENExklusiv-ODER-Verknüpfung der Regeln
bei Eintreffer-Tabellen
Either Either Either Either
OR OR OR
LOGIC OF DECISION TABELS
Exclusive OR Connection of Rules
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Decision Tables
An example of Else-rule’s application
Else R1 R2
C1 Y Y
C2 Y N
C3 Y N
A1 X -
A2 X X
A3 X - -
Y Y N N N N
Y N Y Y N N
N Y Y N Y N
ELSE-rule covers the missing condition combinations
C1
C2
C3
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Decision Tables
Development of a decision table 2
Orders 1 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
C1 Quantity ordered is smaller than or equal to maximum limit
Y Y Y Y N N N N
C2 Customer is credit-worthy
Y Y N N Y Y N N
C3 Inventory is larger than or equal to quantity ordered.
Y N Y N Y N Y N
A1 Ordered goods are delivered.
X - - - - - - -
A2 Order is rejected - - X X X X X XA3 Order is deferred - X - - - - - -
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Decision Tables
Development of a decision table 3
Orders 2 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5/6
R7/8
C1 Quantity ordered is smaller than or equal to maximum limit
Y Y Y Y N N
C2 Customer is credit-worthy Y Y N N Y NC3 Inventory is larger than or
equal to quantity ordered.Y N Y N - -
A1 Ordered goods are delivered. X - - - - -A2 Order is rejected - - X X X XA3 Order is deferred - X - - - -
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Decision Tables
Development of a decision table 4
Orders 3 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5-R8
C1 Quantity ordered is smaller than or equal to maximum limit
Y Y Y Y N
C2 Customer is credit-worthy Y Y N N -C3 Inventory is larger than or
equal to quantity ordered.Y N Y N -
A1 Ordered goods are delivered.
X - - - -
A2 Order is rejected - - X X XA3 Order is deferred - X - - -
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Decision Tables
Development of a decision table 5
1 2 3 4
C1 Quantity ordered is smaller than or equal to maximum limit
Y Y Y N
C2 Customer is credit-worthy Y Y N -
C3 Inventory is larger than or equal to quantity ordered.
Y N - -
A1 Ordered goods are delivered. X - - -
A2 Order is rejected - - X X
A3 Order is deferred - X - -
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Decision Tables
Decision table
Shipment Processing R1 R2 R3 R4
C1 Quantity ordered =< Maximum limit Y Y Y Y
C2 Customer is credit-worthy Y Y N -
C3 Quantity ordered =< Inventory Y N
A1 Ordered goods are delivered. X
A2 Order is rejected X X
A3 Order is deferred X
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Decision TablesSTEPS OF DERIVING A DECISION TABLE FROM A TEXT
1. Check and analyze the text (The aim is to understand what are the decision situations)
2. Mark the conditions3. Mark the actions4. List the conditions5. List the actions6. Check opportunities
to group according to similar conditions and actions build classes
7. Order list of the conditions according to the cluster8. Enter rules according to the clusters9. Check
1. Completeness2. Contradictions…
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Decision TablesEXAMPLE :
Develop a complete limited entry decision table for the following decision situation:
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Decision TablesAirfare
An airline offers only flights in Germany and Europe. Under special conditions a discount is offered – a discount with respect to the normal airfare.
Passengers older than 18 with destinations in Germany are offered a discount at 20%, if the departure is not on a Monday or Friday. If the passengers stay at least 6 days at the destination, an additional discount of 10% is offered.
For destinations outside of Germany passengers are offered a discount of 25%, if the departure is not on a Monday or Friday.
Passengers older than 2 but younger than 18 years are offered a discount of 40% for all destinations.
Children under 2 travel for free.
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Decision Tables
CONDITIONSAGE: <2
2-18DESTINATION: In GermanyDAY OF THE WEEK: Monday or FridaySTAY AT THE DESTINATION: More than six days
ACTIONS 100% Discount, 40% Discount 25% Discount 20% Discount 10% Discount 0% Discount
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Decision TablesR1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
C1 Is the Passenger <2? Y N N N N NC2 Is the Passenger between 2 and 18? - Y N N N NC3 Is the flight on Monday or Friday? - - Y N N NC4 Is the flight inside Germany? - - - N Y YC5 Will the passenger stay more than 6
days?- - - - Y N
A1 100 % Discount X - - - - -A2 40 % Discount - X - - - -A3 25 % Discount - - - X - -A4 20 % Discount - - - - X XA5 10 % Discount - - - - X -A6 0 % Discount - - X - - -
Decision Table of airlines example
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Decision TablesDecision Table in PROLOGA
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Decision Tables
General information of program (title, author, company, description)
The program is consisted of 5 conditions, 6 actions, 6 rules and 6 columns.
Lists of conditions, actions and rules
Decision Table as XML
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Decision TablesConditions as XML
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Decision Tables
Actions as XML Rules as XML