Euphemism

A euphemism is when you make a word

sound less harsh.

Example:

“The old man passed away.”

We use passed away as a less intense

way of saying died.

Simile

A simile compares something using the

words “like” or “as... as ....”

For example:

“As quick as a flash.”

“Muscles like iron.”

Metaphor

A metaphor compares something by ac-

tually saying it is like another object

being described.

For example:

“The teacher was an ogre.”

“The carpet of snow.”

Adverbials

Words or phrases that describe the

time, manner or place of an action.

“At midnight, (time)”

“quickly (manner)”

“behind the door (place).”

Onomatopoeia

Words that sound like the sound it is

describing.

For example:

“Crash”

“Swoop”

“Boing”

Subjunctives

Words or phrases that give someone’s

opinion or show their feelings/mood.

For example:

“In my opinion...”

“I do not recommend ...”

Connectives/

Conjunctions

Words that connect sentences or

clauses together.

For example:

“because”

“so”

“although”

The

Articles

There are two types of articles:

Indefinite articles (a, an, any)

Definite articles (the, those)

Can you see that the definite articles

make you definitely know which one

you want? (Those shoes, that bag.)

Ellipsis

Ellipsis is when words are missed out

of sentences or phrases. It is used to

create suspense.

For example:

“He found .... a half-eaten finger.”

Parenthesis

Parenthesis is used by the author to

take a break in the main text to give

extra information to the reader. You

can use commas, brackets or dashes.

David didn’t like his present (which is

fine because it was from Poundland).

Determiner

A word that determines: (which one)

Possession (my, your)

Amount (lots, three)

Articles (a, the)

Demonstratives (that, those)

It doesn’t describe the appearance of

a noun, only the relevance. Imagine

your buying in a shop.

Verb

An action. These words are doing

words and can be in past, present or

future tense.

Regular verbs have “ed” on the end in

the past tense. Irregular verbs don’t.

Preposition

Any word that describes the position

of an object.

Adjective

A word that describes a noun only.

adverb

A word that describes a verb only.

Noun

A naming word for an object.

You may have abstract nouns (such as

love or hate. You can’t touch them but

they exist.)

Compound nouns are nouns made up of

two nouns joined together. (shoelace)

Pronoun

A pronoun is a word that takes the

place of a noun (it, she, herself).

Proper Noun

A word that is a unique place or name.

These will have capitals.

Proper nouns are company names, per-

sonal names or names of towns, cities

or countries (Dave, Australia, Google).

Italics

Italics is when words are written on a

slant or slightly leaning over.

This has the effect of emphasising the

word for the reader.

It can also be used instead to show

speech or quotations.

“Inverted

Commas”

Inverted commas around words can be

used for speech or to quote someone

or something.

They can also be used to be sarcastic

or indicate another meaning.

For example:

Mum’s soup tasted “amazing”.

Types of

Sentences

1. Command “Go over there.”

2. Statement “Squirrels are lovely.”

3. Exclamation “I’m on fire!”

4. Question “Where is Dave?”

W.A.S.A.B.I

(Complex Sentence)

1.While

2.After

3.Since

4.Although

5.Because

6.If

Subordinator

F.A.N.B.O.Y.S

(Compound Sentence)

1.For

2.And

3.Nor

4.But

5.Or

6.Yet

7.So

Co-ordinator

Me or I?

Think of the sentence: “I went to the

cinema.” If you went with a friend how

would you say it? “David and I went to

the cinema.”

“Dad gave me a present”. Add another

person in. “Dad gave me and mum a

present.” If you cover up the name of

the extra person, it still makes sense.

The Main Clause

The main clause is like a simple sen-

tence. It must have a subject and a

verb. It must also make sense. It may

even be part of a bigger sentence.

“I went home.” (main clause)

“Because I went home.” (not a main

clause-doesn’t make sense)

“After the storm, the boat sank.” (the

main clause in red– makes sense on own)