eup preparatory studies lot 26: networked standby losses...an offered network service. we call this...
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ENER Lot 26 Final Task 1: Definition 1-1
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EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 1
Definition
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
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Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
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Contents
1 Task 1: Definition ......................................................................................................... 1-5
1.1 Mode definition and product scope ....................................................................... 1-5
1.1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1-5
1.1.2 Mode terminology .......................................................................................... 1-6
1.1.3 Network and Equipment ................................................................................ 1-6
1.1.4 Definition: Networked Standby ...................................................................... 1-8
1.1.5 Reasoning behind the modified definition .................................................... 1-10
1.1.6 Proposed product scope ............................................................................. 1-11
1.1.7 Reasoning behind the proposed product scope ........................................... 1-12
1.1.8 Network availability concept (performance parameter) ................................ 1-13
1.1.9 Functional unit ............................................................................................. 1-14
1.1.10 Power measurement and testing ................................................................. 1-15
1.2 Standardization (terminology and test procedures)............................................. 1-16
1.2.1 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) ......................................... 1-16
1.2.2 ECMA International ..................................................................................... 1-18
1.2.3 ETSI EE EEPS ............................................................................................ 1-21
1.2.4 Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) .................................. 1-22
1.2.5 Desktop and mobile Architecture for System Hardware (DASH).................. 1-23
1.2.6 CENELEC – European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization ..... 1-23
1.2.7 ENERGY STAR Test Method for Small Network Equipment ....................... 1-24
1.3 Existing legislation .............................................................................................. 1-25
1.3.1 Legislation and agreements at European Community level ......................... 1-25
1.3.2 Codes of Conduct ....................................................................................... 1-26
1.3.3 Legislation at Member State level ................................................................ 1-30
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1.3.4 Energy Star Programme .............................................................................. 1-31
1.3.5 Third country legislation and initiatives ........................................................ 1-35
Third country legislation ......................................................................................... 1-35
Parallel efforts ........................................................................................................ 1-36
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1 Task 1: Definition
1.1 Mode definition and product scope
1.1.1 Introduction
The ENER Lot 26 Preparatory Study has been motivated by the results of the previous
TREN Lot 6 preparatory study on standby and off-mode losses.1 This earlier study by
Fraunhofer IZM and BIO Intelligence Service identified the issue of networked standby,
coining the term in the process. The study concluded that, with increasing network
capabilities and context, more and more products will offer functions and services accessible
via an existing network link. Due to the understanding that such network-based services are
typically provided by the products out of a higher power mode (e.g. active, idle), regular
standby and off-mode might not be utilized. This situation would result in increasing energy
consumption. The first estimate showed an order of magnitude of over 25 terawatt-hours per
year for the European Union. The study also indicated that products offering network
services should be specifically designed for low power networked standby in order to avoid
increasing energy consumption thorough prolonged high power states. Proper power
management is the requirement for maintaining network services in an energy efficient way.
At the time of the Lot 6 study, it became clear that networked standby functionality will not be
covered by the regular standby and off-modes. Following the study, the Commission
Regulation (EC) No 1275/2008 (standby/off) excluded the networked standby topic with the
indication that further investigations are necessary to address this still quite new issue.
Against that background the ENER Lot 26 preparatory study was launched with the task to
define Networked Standby, determine a product scope horizontally by focusing on mass
product home and office equipment, to investigate the application and environmental impacts
of networked standby as well as to assess the improvement potential by considering best
available technology. The final task of this study is to provide recommendations on feasible
eco-design measures that support the substantial improvement and avoid growing future
environmental impacts.
The ENER Lot 26 preparatory study has been tasked with a horizontal approach. This means
that networked standby should be addressed without limitation to a predefined product
spectrum. In other words, the definition of networked standby should be generally applicable
to existing and future products. Due to this condition, the selection of coherent terminology
and concepts for defining networked standby and addressing the related energy
1 The final reports of the TREN Lot 6 study “standby and off-mode losses” are available at:
http://www.ecodesign.org.
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consumption issues is very important. On the other hand, the study is not required to
harmonize existing terminology and concepts; the study is free in the selection or introduction
of new terminology and concepts. In the following paragraphs we will shortly explain our
perspective concerning mode definitions and related terminology. This should be beneficial
for the understanding of our own mode definition and key concepts used in this study.
1.1.2 Mode terminology
Over the past years we could observe an increasing number of modes (terminology and
concepts) that basically define conditions of a product with respect to specific functionality
and related power consumption (functional approach). In the context of energy efficiency
labeling, environmental regulation, and product testing these modes are not only technical
instruments for distinguishing different power states and functionality, but instruments for the
implementation of energy-related product requirements. These are two different purposes.
The existing large number of mode definitions derives from various standardization
initiatives. They have been influenced by various industry sectors (PC, CE, ICT, etc.),
governmental and non-governmental agency as well as research organizations.
Unfortunately, international standardization has not been able to harmonize the power mode
definitions. With the recent postponement of the IEC 62542 “Glossary of Terms” these
difficulties were once more manifested.
Despite the missing harmonization, most stakeholders understand the basic concept of
power modes and they distinguish three larger mode categories; namely (a) on/active, (b)
on/idle, (c) on/standby, and (d) off-modes. If compared, the mode definitions in the same
category describe similar issues only with different terminology. Take the example of
standby, for which similar terms such as “ready”, “low power”, and “sleep” exists. More
important are the nuances with respect to the content; most considerably the spectrum of
functions allocated to the mode. With increasing product variety, optional product
configurations, new network architectures and interacting hardware and services, the so
called “functional approach” in the mode definition process could reach its limits.2
For more information on existing mode concepts, terminology and respective definitions see
Chapter 1.2 (standardization).
1.1.3 Network and Equipment
With respect to networked standby it is necessary to distinguish between network,
equipment, and the resulting conditions.
2 The Report from Energy Efficient Strategies for APP and IEA 4E with the title „Standby Power and Low Energy
Networks – Issues and Directions” (September 2010) comes to a similar conclusion (p.50-53).
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• Network is an infrastructure with a certain topology of links, an architecture including
the physical components, organizational principles, communication procedures and
formats (protocols). The energy consumption of the physical components of the
network (even networks of same topology and architecture) depends on the actual
layout of the network in the field (implementation).
• Equipment is an energy-using product (EuP) featuring network interfaces (hardware
and software components) for providing network functionality including:
o Establishing and maintaining a network link (physical),
o Establishing and maintaining a network connection (protocol),
o Utilizing the network connection (payload traffic)
Lost or No Link
Network interface enabled, Link detection active,No link,
Establishing Link
Link detected,Changestatus from no link to link established,
No network t raf f ic
Maintaining Link
Link established (PHY),Traf f icdetect ion active, No connection
Establishing Connect ion
Traff ic detected, Changestatus from no connect ion to connection,
Low level traff ic (protocol)
Maintaining Connect ion
Low level communicat ion PHY and MAC establishedNo traff ic w ith payload
Traf f ic w ith Payload
Connect ion
Network connection fully active
Netw ork Status CommentsDiagramEquipmentNetwork
Figure 1: Network conditions, identifying link and connection concept
The Figure 1 above provides a simplified description of typical network conditions and
functionality. The initiation (establishing) of a link or connection is of cause bidirectional. The
network interface (and the equipment respectively) requires specific energy for each of these
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conditions. With increasing network capability (point-to-multipoint) and number of network
options (wired and wireless) the energy consumption is typically increasing as well.
Networked standby is addressing the capability of one or multiple equipments in the network
to reduce power consumption while at the same time maintaining a certain level of access to
an offered network service. We call this service “network availability”. The resume-time-to-
application is the basic indicator for network availability. Due to the fact that the resume-time-
to-application of the powered-down equipment is influenced by e.g. the internal device
configuration and interoperability, network availability is not a fixed condition. Assuming that
the highest network availability is provided in active/idle (typically >>8 Watt) and no network
availability in regular standby/off-mode (<<2 Watt, and often much less), we can notice a
certain range of power consumption within one or more networked standby modes could be
established.
Following an extended stakeholder dialogue discussing these aspects, we have modified the
draft definition and will introduce the network availability concept as an instrument to analyze
the networked standby issue.
1.1.4 Definition: Networked Standby
The newly-proposed definition is as follows:
“Networked standby modes are conditions, in which the equipment provides reduced
functionality, but retains the capability to resume applications through a remotely
initiated trigger via network connection.
Networked standby modes may distinguish different levels of network availability and
by that different resume-times-to-application as well as power consumption.”3
Reduced functionality means that for different levels of network availability the equipment
maintains certain network interfaces, signal processing, power supply and other hardware
components (devices) in an active/idle condition. This may include low level duty cycles
(fluctuation of available functionality) to maintain network integrity communication as well as
resume-time-to-application at the required quality-of-serve level. Reduced functionality
however does not mean active (payload) traffic processing such as downloads.
Resume application means a shift from networked standby into active mode in order to
provide a beneficial network service to an authorized user. Resume-time-to-application is
therefore the time needed for the product to provide the desired service (e.g. main function).
3 The bold text could potentially be used as the wording of a regulation. The non-bold text which follows serves
as an explanation for the purposes of this report.
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Resume-time-to-application defines a level of network availability (see chapter 1.1.8).
Resume-time-to-application is not to be misunderstood as the reaction time (latency) of the
network interface.
Network connection considers two general types of networks:
• Simple line connections - point to point. Apart from communication, these line
connections provide the functions to switch one product on upon a trigger from the
other product (this can sometimes work two ways).
• Advanced Networks with multiple nodes, and more or less advanced network
functions during network standby (e.g. bridging, firewalling, NAT i.e. all routing
functions may be functions in NW standby mode).
Remotely initiated trigger means that the trigger is received from outside of the product
and can be received by the equipment in networked standby mode.
Three types of wake-up functionality:
• Trigger Wake-up: Wake-up is triggered by a simple event which is signaled via a wire
(single transitioning from an inactive to an active state).
• Address wake-up: Wake-up is triggered by a specific pattern or code. Example would
include WOL where the Ethernet NIC receives a specific “magic packet” address.
• Protocol wake-up: Wake-up is triggered by a sequence of events (protocol). Example
would include waking-up due to an incoming VOIP ring from a SIP server.
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What network service is offered?
What is resume time to application?
Active Networked
StandbyActivation / Wake-up Trigger
Active orProxy or
Networked
Standby
Networked StandbyMaintaining link / connection
Basic Understanding of Networked Standby
Condition 2
Condition 1
Networked standby for saving energy
Figure 2: Networked Standby
1.1.5 Reasoning behind the modified definition
The revised definition focuses on the service provided to the user, and not the functionality
built into the device. In this new definition, reactivation via network remains the primary and
required service provided by the mode. Network integrity communication is a necessary
condition for this, but is not sufficient on its own to justify Networked Standby Modes.
Equipment in Networked Standby should provide a beneficial network service to an
authorised user, via network connections, in addition to functionalities defined by EC
1275/2008. The mere fact that a product has an integrated network interface and could be
connected to network should not be enough to allow the product to have a higher standby
consumption than required in the horizontal standby regulation (Commission Regulation (EC)
No 1275/2008)1275/2008), because no additional (network) services are provided to the
consumer.
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By taking this service-oriented perspective, the definition remains neutral with respect to
different technologies and functionalities which can provide a desired service. A strict
functional approach limits the horizontal applicability of the definition, particularly with regard
to future (unknown) product developments and network configurations.
In a specific Networked Standby Mode, the power level of the equipment may fluctuate
according to the processes that are still maintained (duty cycles in conjunction with network
integrity communication, necessary synchronizations, handshakes, etc.), though this does
not include “active mode” functions such as downloads, charging, etc. As such, the power
consumption in Networked Standby should be understood as an average value over time
(Wh/h) and should be tested accordingly.4
1.1.6 Proposed product scope
The definition of networked standby mode applies horizontally to a broad spectrum of
equipment. We recommend that the scope covers stand-alone and mobile equipment
typically used in home and office environments including the following categories:
• House equipment with integrated network interfaces (including, but not limited to,
washing machines, dishwashers, smart meters, and building automation devices)5
• Information technology equipment (including, but not limited to, computing, imaging,
communications, networking, displays and consumer premises equipment).
• Consumer electronics equipment (including, but not limited to, televisions, audio-
video equipment, streaming clients, and complex set-top boxes)
• Other electrical and electronic equipment (including, but not limited to, toys, leisure
and sports equipment)
This scope corresponds with EC 1275/2008 and (for the IT equipment) class B equipment as
set out in EN 55022:2006.
Some limits to the scope are discussed in the following paragraph.
4 See Chapter 1.1.10.
5 It is worth noting that building automation devices and certain other networked products are designed to
limit the overall power consumption of a larger system. As such, maintaining that functionality is key to
overall energy savings and is reflected in the “Network Availability” concept presented later.
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1.1.7 Reasoning behind the proposed product scope
The dynamic technical progress (digitalization and miniaturization) creates challenges as a
result of the following three aspects:
1. There is now the option to combine any kind of functionality in one device. This
creates a dilemma for allocating new (multi-functional) products to a specific product
category.
2. By adding networking capability to these devices, the equipment can conceivably be
designed to serve any role within in a given network architecture (e.g. node, server,
etc.). This also includes DC-power small attachments such as e.g. USB-WiFi dongle.
3. Power over the network (e.g. power-over-Ethernet, power-over-USB) is becoming a
viable option of supplying power to the equipment in addition to the other options,
namely mains-connected or mains-independent (e.g. battery, fuel cell, solar, etc.).
This variability makes the allocation to specific product categories very difficult, while at the
same time it currently seems to be the only possible way to define appropriate and effective
implementing measures. With respect to the setting of long-term requirements, it is also
recommended to maintain a horizontal application of the definition to ensure that new and
emerging products are covered.
The distinction between home/office equipment and professional equipment is driven by the
consideration that e.g. professional IT equipment is embedded into a larger technical
infrastructure with considerably higher quality-of-service requirements. The second driver is
operating costs (OPEX). Energy consumption contributes considerably due to raising prices.
Industry is aware of the service provider requirement for lower operation expenditure. The
market displays a clear trend featuring hardware and software solutions in support of energy
efficiency (Green IT). As an example, datacenter-type (rackmount) networking equipment,
server, and storage equipment are considered professional equipment with considerable
higher quality-of-service requirements (service availability). Such type of equipment have
most often considerable more signal processing and computing capacity (on larger, multiple
or distributed boards), rack-level or central power supply units (PSU), simple or dual-
conversion uninterruptible power supply (UPS), as well as system-integrated cooling and
ventilation solutions. These technical aspects indicate that network functionality is provided
not only by a single product but in conjunction with other components as systems.
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Further reasoning for the distinction between home and office IT equipment (Class B) from
professional IT equipment (Class A) is that Class A has less strict EMC requirements and
therefore is not intended for rooms in which persons can continuously be present. Although
networked standby mode could apply to Class A products in principle, these products include
highly diverse professional equipment typically designed for constant active use (always on)
and/or designed along the line of Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Examples would be
carrier and enterprise grade networking equipment (gateways, switches, router etc.),
professional imaging equipment (digital press, embedded printers etc.), and commercial
information displays (electronic billboards, digital signing etc.). In terms of numbers, the
installed base (stock) of such equipment is clearly lower in comparison to mainstream
consumer and office products.
In terms of technical characteristics important differences are the typically much higher rated
power consumption, a necessary support infrastructure (including uninterruptible power
supply [UPS]), and in the case of network equipment a large number of high speed network
interfaces (ports). Nevertheless, power management including low power states for
professional equipment – although it cannot be addressed in this study – is an important
issue and should not be neglected.
1.1.8 Network availability concept (performance parameter)
As the first standby study already showed that networked standby modes have great
potential for saving energy, the analysis of performance parameters relevant for networked
standby mode is done not only with a view to the services provided to the user via networked
standby mode, but also with a view to the environmental performance, in particular energy
consumption. Generally speaking, substantial amounts of energy are saved by facilitating a
technical power management that shifts the networked product automatically from a higher
power level (active/idle) into a lower power level (networked/standby/off) when the full
functionality is not required.
The overarching objective is to balance the benefit of the network service to the user (incl.
QoS requirements) against the equipment’s energy consumption. In this context, the service
benefit is network connectivity and the speed (latency) at which the equipment can provide
its full functionality after having been triggered over the network. The main performance
parameter for networked standby, then, is resume time to application.
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The “Network Availability Concept” was developed for the purposes of this study. It
recognizes the following aspects:
• Connectivity: Reaction latency, complexity of network integrity communication
• Configuration: Number and type of network options (LAN, WLAN, USB, HDMi, etc.)
• Quality-of-service: Redundancy, security, scalability
This concept also reflects indirectly different utilization patterns e.g. in home and offices,
technical options and configurations for networked standby (technical capabilities), and their
respective power consumptions. This concept is primarily based on the resume-time-to-
application which is required to provide the desired service. Resume-time-to-application is
not to be misunderstood as the reaction time (latency) of the network interface.
For the purpose of this study we introduce four Network Availability levels, as follows:
• High Network Availability (HiNA): Resume-time-to-application in milliseconds.
• Medium Network Availability (MeNA): Resume-time-to-application <<10 seconds.
• Low Network Availability (LoNA): Resume-time-to-application >>10 seconds.
• No Network Availability (NoNA): Resuming application via network command is
never or not always possible. This level is included to allow for realistic calculations.
The network availability concept will be fully explained in later reports. Depending on its
application please see remarks the tasks reports 4 (technical assessment), 5 (environmental
impact assessment), and 7 (improvement options).
1.1.9 Functional unit
The functional unit is once more very hard to describe for such a horizontal approach.
In general the functional unit covers the equipment as bought or as installed, including the
relevant networking and user context. In a detailed technical view, changing the user
behavior or changing the surrounding network or network events will impact the energy
consumption of the equipment. This needs to be considered when the functional unit is used
in a one-to-one comparison.
For the purposes of this study, the summarized functional unit is the average power
consumption (Wh/h) of the equipment with respect to the following network availability levels:
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• High Network Availability
• Medium Network Availability
• Low Network Availability
The eco-design improvement potential will be calculated based on the energy savings
achieved through the use of networked standby modes for maintaining a defined level of
network availability and through that the desired quality of network service.
1.1.10 Power measurement and testing
At present, no sufficient (standardized) testing procedures exist.
Broadband Equipment Code of Conduct - Version 4 form (published 11-02-2011) states in
that respect: “In the Spirit of industry harmonization, ETSI EE and the Broadband Forum will
collaborate on the review/definition of the Broadband Energy efficiency measurement
methods standards and test plans for xDSL CPE and network equipment published by ETSI
with the aim of making joint recommendations for the next revision of the Code of Conduct.”
IEC 62301:2011 (respective EN50564/2011) specifies methods of measurement of electrical
power consumption in standby mode(s) and other low power modes (off mode and network
mode), as applicable. It is applicable to electrical products with a rated input voltage or
voltage range that lies wholly or partly in the range 100 V a.c. to 250 V a.c. for single phase
products and 130 V a.c. to 480 V a.c. for other products. The objective of this standard is to
provide a method of test to determine the power consumption of a range of products in
relevant low power modes (see 3.4), generally where the product is not in active mode (i.e.
not performing a primary function).
EPA Energy Star Program is currently developing a new product specification for Small
Network Equipment. For data collection EPA published in February 2011 a test method
(revision 4) which provides some helpful concepts also with respect to testing of networked
standby.
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1.2 Standardization (terminology and test procedures)
Since the publication of the first stakeholder document in September 2009 there have been
considerable developments with respect to the definition of networked standby mode and
respective product scope. In the following chapter we will identify and discuss technical
standards and standardization processes, which overlap with the TREN Lot 26. We like to
remind the reader that standardization is an ongoing process. The situation presented in this
report might change in the future.
The focus of the following description of technical standards is mode definitions and
terminology.
1.2.1 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
The IEC is a global organisation that prepares and publishes international standards for all
electrical, electronic, and related technologies. There are a variety of standards that relate to
the study of networked standby.
IEC 62542 Ed. 1.0: Environmental standardization for electrical and electronic products and
systems – Standardization of environmental aspects – Glossary of Terms.6 The latest draft
distinguished under the umbrella of “standby modes” three different conditions including
“reactivation mode”, “status information mode” and “network integrity mode”. The term
“network integrity mode” is replacing the term “networked standby mode” and focused
through that on the function provided by the mode. It is important to notice that transitions to
and from network integrity mode as well as the functions “maintenance” and “download” are
considered active modes.
IEC 62301 Ed. 2.0 (2011): Household electrical appliances – measurement of standby
power. The standard specifies methods of measurement of electrical power consumption in
standby mode(s) and other low power modes (off mode and network mode), as applicable.
This document relates to domestic appliances (white goods) only and provides a generic
method for measuring off-mode and standby powers and is referenced by more specific
standards covering other white goods: it also describes various modes. This standard also
covers power measurement in network modes. The first edition of this standard was
published in 2005 and an FDIS was circulated in 2010 which was positively voted in January
6 As of the publication date (May 2011), this standard is not yet finalized, though publication is scheduled for
the end of the month.
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2011. Consequently IEC 62301 Ed 2.0 will be published in 2011. According to an earlier
draft version low power modes include off-mode, standby modes and network modes:
• Standby Mode(s): this mode category includes any product modes where the energy
using product is connected to a mains power source and offers one or more of the
following user oriented or protective functions which usually persist:
o To facilitate the activation of other modes (including activation or deactivation
of active mode) by remote switch (including remote control), internal sensor,
timer;
o Continuous function: information or status displays including clocks;
o Continuous function: sensor-based functions
• Network Mode(s): this mode category includes any product modes where the energy
using product is connected to a mains power source and at least one network
function is activated (such as reactivation via network command or network integrity
communication) but where the primary function is not active
The main changes from the previous edition are as follows:
• greater detail in set-up procedures and introduction of stability requirements for all
measurement methods to ensure that results are as representative as possible;
• refinement of measurement uncertainty requirements for power measuring
instruments, especially for more difficult loads with high crest factor and/or low power
factor;
• updated guidance on product configuration, instrumentation and calculation of
measurement uncertainty;
• inclusion of definitions for low power modes as requested by TC59 and use of these
new definitions and more rigorous terminology throughout the standard;
• inclusion of specific test conditions where power consumption is affected by ambient
illumination.
IEC 62087 Ed. 2.0: Methods of measurement for the power consumption of audio, video and
related equipment. This standard was published in 2008 and provides “active standby low”
and “active standby high” references for networked standby mode as well as test conditions
and measurement procedures.
IEC 62075 Ed. 1.0: Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment –
environmentally conscious design. This standard derived from ECMA-341 and was adopted
by IEC and published in 15 January 2008. The IEC 62075 specifies requirements and
recommendation for the design of environmentally sound products regarding life cycle
thinking aspects, material efficiency, consumables and batteries, extension of product
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lifetime, hazardous substances/preparations, and product packaging. This standard includes
the definitions of energy saving modes. According to this energy saving modes, often
denoted as low power, sleep, deep sleep or stand-by, are states in which the equipment is
connected to an electrical supply and is ready to resume an operational mode, within a user
acceptable timeframe, through the use of remote control or another signal. In complex
systems, various energy saving modes may be present.
IEC 62430 Ed. 1.0: Environmental conscious design for electrical and electronic products.
This standard was published in February 2009 and specifies requirements and procedures to
integrate environmental aspects into design and development processes of electrical and
electronic products, including combination of products, and the materials and components of
which they are composed. The standard provides relevant generic definitions as well as
other terminology and documentation of environmental impacts and information disclosure.
1.2.2 ECMA International
The scope of ECMA TC38 is AV, CE and ICT products. Task is to develop environmental
standards for a globally acting industry.
IEC TC108
WG EnvironmentISO/IEC JTC 1IEC TC100
IEC 62623
IEC 62075
IEC xxxxx
ISO/IECxxxxx
Input into
sector specific
EE standards
ErP
+ other
ICT & CE products
Ecma-383Ecma-341
Ecma-370
proxZzzy™
Ecma- 393
Figure 3: ECMA relations to technical standards
ECMA 383 2nd Ed: Measuring the Energy Consumption of Personal Computing Products.
Ecma developed and published the world’s first environmentally conscious design standard
(ECD) for the ICT & CE industries in 2003.
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ECMA 383 provides following mode definition:
• Sleep Mode (Psleep): The lowest power mode that the UUT is capable of entering
automatically after a period of inactivity or by manual selection. A UUT with sleep
capability can quickly wake in response to network connections or user interface
devices with a latency of ≤ 5 seconds from initiation of wake event to product
becoming fully usable including rendering of display. For products where ACPI
standards are applicable sleep mode most commonly correlates to ACPI system level
S3 (suspend to RAM) or S4 (suspend to disk) state. When the UUT is tested with the
WoL capability disabled in the sleep state it is referred to as Sleep Mode. Psleep
represents the average power measured in the Sleep mode with the WoL capability
disabled.
• Wake on LAN Sleep Mode (PsleepWoL): The lowest power mode that the UUT is
capable of entering automatically after a period of inactivity or by manual selection. A
UUT with sleep capability can quickly wake in response to network connections or
user interface devices with a latency of ≤ 5 seconds from initiation of wake event to
product becoming fully usable including rendering of display. For products where
ACPI standards are applicable sleep mode most commonly correlates to ACPI
system level S3 (suspend to RAM) or S4 (suspend to disk) state. When the UUT is
tested with the WoL capability enabled in the sleep state it is referred to as Wake on
LAN Sleep Mode. PsleepWoL represents the average power measured in the Sleep
mode with the WoL capability enabled.
• On Mode (Pon): The on mode represents the mode the UUT is in when not in the
sleep or off modes. The on mode has several sub-modes that include the long idle
mode, the short idle mode and the active (work) mode. Pon represents the average
power measured when in the on mode.
• Idle Modes: The modes in which the operating system and other software have
completed loading, the product is not in sleep mode, and activity is limited to those
basic applications that the product starts by default. There are two forms of idle that
comprise the idle modes, they are:
o Short Idle (Psidle): The mode where the UUT has reached an idle condition
(e.g. 5 minutes after OS boot or after completing an active workload or after
resuming from sleep), the screen is on and set to a shipped brightness and
long idle power management features should not have engaged (e.g. HDD is
spinning and the UUT is prevented from entering sleep mode). Psidle
represents the average power measured when in the short idle mode.
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o Long Idle (Pidle): The mode where the UUT has reached an idle condition (e.g.
15 minutes after OS boot or after completing an active workload or after
resuming from sleep), the screen has just blanked but remains in the working
mode (ACPI G0/S0). Power management features if configured as shipped
should have engaged (e.g. display is on, HDD may have spun-down) but the
UUT is prevented from entering sleep mode. Pidle represents the average
power measured when in the long idle mode.
IEC 62623 Ed. 1.0: Measuring energy consumption of personal computing products. This
standard draft is based on ECMA 383. Voting in September 2010 indicates disapproved as
IEC standard.
It should be noted that the definitions used in IEC62542 and ECMA 383 (IEC62623) are not
consistent: where IEC62542 puts network standby under the header “standby modes”, the
ECMA 383 standard defines network standby as a mode that can either be a form of standby
or a form of active mode, especially when the product in sleep mode can send basic
communication messages over the network. It is essential that these two different types of
network standby behaviour are recognized and studied in the preparatory study, as
stipulated above.
Ecma 393: ProxZzzyTM for sleeping hosts:7 Ecma International published their ProxZzzy
Standard for network connected sleep states in Information and Communications
Technology (ICT) devices as ECMA-393 on their public website for unrestricted download.
The Standard specifies responses to traffic so sleeping PC or ICT devices maintain network
presence.
The ProxZzzy standard addresses a fundamental problem with today’s PCs: when they go to
sleep, they ‘fall off’ the network. This is a reason that many PCs are left on continuously, both
in homes and offices. It is estimated that most computing energy consumption in the U.S.
occurs when no one is present. The energy savings potential of a ProxZzzy enabled device
is measured in billions of dollars per year for PCs, and grows even larger when application to
game consoles, printers, set-top boxes and other digital devices is considered.
The standard provides an overall architecture for a proxy and key requirements for proxying
select protocols. Handling of incoming traffic can require generating a reply packet, causing a
system wakeup, or ignoring it. Proxies also do some routine packet generation on their own,
and data are exchanged between a host and a proxy when the host goes to sleep and when
it wakes up. Existing technologies require other entities on the network to know that the host
is asleep and alter their behaviour appropriately. A key goal of a proxy is to save energy,
7 www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-393.htm
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while simultaneously keeping the device accessible (or at a minimum "looking alive") to the
rest of the network.
The operations of the proxy are best-effort, both in attempting to extend sleep time, as well
as maintaining network access. There are many possible ways to implement proxy
functionality, and this standard seeks to avoid unduly restricting choices in those designs. In
particular, it does not specify the location of the proxy, within the host itself or in attached
network devices.
The standard defines following terms:
• Host: entity that uses a lower-power Proxy for maintaining network presence
• Proxy: entity that maintains network presence for a sleeping higher-power host
• Sleep: mode in which the host uses less energy than it does when fully operational
This Standard specifies maintenance of network connectivity and presence by proxies to
extend the sleep duration of hosts.
This Standard specifies:
• Capabilities that a proxy may expose to a host.
• Information that must be exchanged between a host and a proxy.
• Proxy behaviour for 802.3 (Ethernet) and 802.11 (WiFi).
• Required and Option behaviour of a proxy while it is operating, including responding
to packets, generating packets, ignoring packets, and waking the host.
This Standard does not:
• Specify communication mechanisms between hosts and proxies.
• Extend or modify the referenced specifications (and for any discrepancies those
specifications are authoritative).
• Support security and communication protocols such as IPsec, MACSec, SSL, TLS,
Mobile IP, etc
1.2.3 ETSI EE EEPS
ETSI EE EEPS is working on two work items:
• DEN-EE/00021 “Measurement method for energy consumption of Customer
Premises Equipment (CPE)". Write a EN containing measurement methods not only
for the Code of Conduct: The scope is "Define the methodology and the tests
conditions to measure the power consumption of end-user broadband equipment
(CPE) within the scope of EU regulation 1275/2008 in Off mode (as defined in
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Commission Regulation 1275/2008) Standby (as defined in Commission Regulation
1275/2008) Networked Standby / Low Power states On mode"
• DTS-EE/00018: "Eco Environmental Product Standards Metrics and target value for
Energy consumption of End-user Broadband equipment (CPE)". The target of the
document is to define metrics and power limits for Customer premises networking
equipment based on European code of Conduct, ATIS and HGI documents. Metrics
and limits will be basically according to the specifications of the European Code of
Conduct. Alternative metrics may be proposed in the next tiers, if necessary.
The definitions of standby in IEC 62542 and IEC62301 are different. IEC62301 used as the
basis for the standby definition in Regulation (EC) 1275/2008. We propose to keep these
definitions harmonized within the framework of the Eco-design Directive and its underlying
regulations.
1.2.4 Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)
The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) specification provides an open
standard for unified operating system-centric device configuration and power management.8
The standard has been developed mainly by Intel, Microsoft, and Toshiba. The current
"Revision 4.0" was published on 16 June 2009. The ACPI specification defines the following
seven states (so-called global states) for an ACPI-compliant computer-system:
• G0 (S0) Working
• G1 Sleeping (subdivides into the four states S1 through S4)
• The S1 sleeping state is a low wake latency sleeping state. In this state, no system
context is lost (CPU or chip set) and hardware maintains all system context.
• The S2 sleeping state is a low wake latency sleeping state (CPU powered off). This
state is similar to the S1 sleeping state except that the CPU and system cache
context is lost (the OS is responsible for maintaining the caches and CPU context).
Control starts from the processor’s reset vector after the wake event.
• The S3 sleeping state is a low wake latency sleeping state where all system context
is lost except system memory. CPU, cache, and chip set context are lost in this state.
Hardware maintains memory context and restores some CPU and L2 configuration
context. Control starts from the processor’s reset vector after the wake event.
8 http://www.acpi.info
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• The S4 sleeping state is the lowest power, longest wake latency sleeping state
supported by ACPI. In order to reduce power to a minimum, it is assumed that the
hardware platform has powered off all devices. Platform context is maintained.
• The G2/S5 (soft off) is similar to the S4 state except that the OS does not save any
context. The system is in the “soft” off state and requires a complete boot when it
wakes. Software uses a different state value to distinguish between the S5 state and
the S4 state to allow for initial boot operations within the BIOS to distinguish whether
or not the boot is going to wake from a saved memory image.
• G3 Mechanical Off: The computer's power consumption approaches close to zero, to
the point that the power cord can be removed and the system is safe for disassembly
(typically, only the real-time clock is running off its own small battery).
The ACPI sleep states are a commonly used terminology which supports product designers
in the facilitation of power management. The ACPI terminology however does not follow the
“functional approach” for defining power modes and is therefore not fully compatible to the
definition proposed by TREN Lot 26.
1.2.5 Desktop and mobile Architecture for System Hardware (DASH)
DASH Implementation Requirements V1.0.1: The Distributed Management Task Force
(DMTF) DASH Initiative is a suite of specifications that takes full advantage of the DMTF’s
Web Services for Management (WS-Management) specification – delivering standards-
based Web services management for desktop and mobile client systems. Through the DASH
Initiative, the DMTF provides the next generation of standards for secure out-of-band and
remote management of desktop and mobile systems.9 DIGITALEUROPE suggested
investigating DASH standard regarding power states and functionality relevant for energy
saving (e.g. networked standby mode).
1.2.6 CENELEC – European Committee for Electrotechnical
Standardization
CENELEC accepted Mandate M/439 for the preparation of standard(s) to support EC
Regulation 1275/2008. This Regulation applies to electrical and electronic household and
office equipment and consequently cut-across the various standards developed by IEC and,
to address this, a Joint Working Group was set up comprising experts from the domestic
appliance, ICT and consumer electronics sectors.
9 http://www.dmft.org/standards/mgmt/dash
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EN 62301-1, Electrical and electronic household and office equipment - Measurement
of low power consumption: This describes the method for measuring the input power from
electrical and electronic household and office equipment when operating in off-mode and
standby modes and, as such, it supports EC Regulation 1275/2008. Because the set-up
procedures for standby modes are product specific this standard does not address this topic,
instead this matter has to be described in product-specific standards. This standard is based
on IEC 62301 2nd Edition. It was positively voted in January 2011 and will then be the
subject of Ratification by the CENELEC Technical Board prior to being published.
EN50523-1, Household appliances interworking - Part 1: Functional specification: This
standard does not describe the measurement of power but instead it focuses on interworking
of household appliances and describes the necessary control and monitoring. It defines a set
of functions of household and similar electrical appliances which are connected together and
to other devices by a network in the home. It does not handle power measurement
procedures.
EN50523-2, Household appliances interworking – Part 2: Data structures: This standard
does not describe the measurement of power but instead it specifies the message data
structures used for communication between devices that comply with the Household
Appliances Interworking standard. It is a companion document to EN 50523 1, Functional
specification.
EN 60350, EN 60456, EN60463, EN 60705, EN 61121, prEN 62552: These are various
product-specific standards covering the performance of a range of domestic appliances and
all stem from IEC standards having the same numbers. These standards include set-up
procedures for modes applicable to the specific appliance and the measurement of input
power during those modes. Presently these standards do not address network modes.
EN 50229, EN 50350, EN50440, EN60456: These are various product-specific standards
covering the performance of a range of domestic appliances have been developed entirely
within CENELEC. These standards include set-up procedures for modes applicable to the
specific appliance and the measurement of input power during those modes. Presently
these standards do not address network modes.
1.2.7 ENERGY STAR Test Method for Small Network Equipment
Draft 4 of the ENERGY STAR Test Method for Small Network Equipment10 was published in
February 2011 and provide guidelines for testing the power consumption of modems,
10
www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/new_specs/downloads/small_network_equip/SNE_Tes
t_Method_Rev_4_Dataset.pdf
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integrated access devices11, switches/routers, wireless products, and wired/wireless
products. The test method specifies requirements for variables such as input power, unit
configuration, performance evaluation and reporting.
1.3 Existing legislation
The following section details already existing legislation, voluntary agreements and labelling
initiatives related to networked standby. It is divided by region: European Community,
Member States, and third countries outside of the EU-27.
1.3.1 Legislation and agreements at European Community level
Regulation 1275/2008/EC – standby and off-mode losses
According to 1275/2008/EC:
“Standby mode(s)” means a condition where the equipment is connected to the mains
power source, depends on energy input from the mains power source to work as
intended and provides only the following functions, which may persist for an indefinite
time:
• Reactivation function, or reactivation function and only an indication of enabled
reactivation function, and/or
• Information or status display;
Directive 2001/95/EC – General Product Safety Directive (GPSD)
The GPSD applies to all products placed on the market, not only electronics. Under the
Directive, manufacturers and distributors are responsible for ensuring the safety of these
products. A safe product is defined as one that “poses no threat or only a reduced threat in
accordance with the nature of its use and which is acceptable in view of maintaining a high
level of protection for the health and safety of persons.”12
Directive 2006/95/EC – Low Voltage Directive (LVD)
The LVD applies to all electrical equipment with a voltage of 50 – 1000 VAC and 75 – 1500
VDC. This voltage refers to that of the electrical input or output, rather than voltages within the
equipment. The LVD sets out safety objectives meant to cover not only electrical, mechanical
and chemical risks, but also health aspects relating to noise and vibrations.
11
A product which provides one of the following capability combinations: (1) modem and switch, (2) router, or
(3) switch and router capability. 12
Summary of EU legislation,
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/consumer_information/l21253_en.htm, 19/01/2009,
accessed 04/11/2009.
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Directive 2004/108/EC – Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Directive
The EMC Directive applies to all electric devices and installations that emit electromagnetic
waves. It limits emissions to an acceptable amount in order to ensure that such equipment
does not disturb other radio, telecommunication, and other equipment. The Directive also
governs the immunity of such equipment to interference and ensures that this equipment is
not disturbed by external radio emissions.
1.3.2 Codes of Conduct
EU Code of Conduct on Energy Consumption of Broadband Equipment13
This Code of Conduct is a voluntary agreement targeting reduced energy consumption of
broadband equipment without hampering the fast technological development and the service
provided. As a voluntary agreement, it is applied through inviting providers, network
operators, equipment and component manufacturers to sign. The Code of Conduct offers
standards that equipment should follow in order to operate as efficiently as possible.
The Code of Conduct includes definitions of the energy states of broadband equipment:
• Off-state: The device is not providing any functionality, as defined by Commission
Regulation EC 1275/2008.
• Idle-state: The device is idle with all the components being in their individual idle
states. In this state the device is not processing or transmitting a significant amount of
traffic, but is ready to detect activity.14
• On-state: Specific to home gateways, the on-state of a home gateway is defined as
all the components of the home gateway being in their on-state.
• Network operation states: For Broadband-Network-technologies the following states
are differentiated:
o Network (e.g. DSL)-stand-by state: This state has the largest power
reduction capability and there is no transmission of data possible. It is
essential for this state that the device has the capability to respond to an
activation request, leading to a direct state change. For example a transition to
the Network-full-load state may happen if data has to be transmitted from
either side.
o Network (e.g. DSL)-low-load state: This state allows a limited power
reduction capability and a limited data transmission is allowed. It is entered
13
Adapted from Version 4, 10/02/2011,
re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/pdf/CoC%20Brodband%20Equipment/Code%20of%20Conduct%20Broadb
and%20Equipment%20V4%20final%2010.2.2011.pdf . 14
In addition to the above broad definitions, the Code of Conduct gives precise definitions for on and idle
states at the component level for home gateways, home network infrastructure devices, and simple
broadband access devices.
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automatically from the Network- full-load state after the data transmission
during a certain time is lower than a predefined limit. If more than the limited
data has to be transmitted from either side a state change to the Network-full-
load state is entered automatically. The Network-low-load state may comprise
multiple sub-states with history dependent state-transition rules.
o Network (e.g. DSL)-full-load state: This is the state in which a maximal
allowed data transmission is possible. The maximum is defined by the
physical properties of the line and the settings of the operator.
o For the wireless network equipment also the following states are defined:
� full-load-state
� medium-load-state
� low-load-state
The Code of Conduct covers equipment for broadband services both on the customer side
(Table 1-1), as well as that on the network side (Table 1-2).
Table 1-1: Customer-side equipment
Home gateways:
• DSL CPEs (ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL2+, VDSL2)
• Cable CPEs (DOCSIS 2.0 and 3.0)
• Optical network termination (ONT) CPEs (PON and PtP)
• Ethernet routers
• Wireless CPEs (WiMAX, 3G and LTE)
Simple broadband access devices:
• DSL CPEs powered by USB
• Layer 2 ONTs
Home network infrastructure devices:
• Wi-Fi access points
• Small hubs and non-stackable Layer 2 switches
• Powerline adapters
• Alternative LAN technologies (HPNA, MoCA adapters)
• Optical LAN adapters
Other home network devices:
• ATA / VoIP gateways
• VoIP telephones
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• Print servers
Table 1-2: Network-side equipment
• DSL Network equipment (example: ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL2+, VDSL2)
• Combined DSL/Narrowband Network equipment (example: MSAN where POTS
interface is combined with DSL Broadband interface, etc)
• Optical Line Terminations (OLT) for PON- and PtP-networks
• Wireless Broadband network equipment (example: Wi-Fi access points for Hotspot
application, Wimax Radio Base Station)
• Cable service provider equipment
• Powerline service provider equipment
Version 4.0 of the CoC includes consumption limits for most network standards, including for
on, idle and, in some cases, standby modes.
EU Code of Conduct on Digital TV Services15
This Code of Conduct aims to minimize the energy consumption of appliances linked to
Digital TV Services, i.e. equipment for the reception, decoding, recording and interactive
processing of digital broadcasting and related services through a voluntary agreement. The
Code of Conduct sets out specific efficiency requirements for standard digital TV functions.
This Code of Conduct covers any dedicated equipment that receives, processes and stores
data from digital broadcasting streams and related services, and provides output audio and
video signals. All STB types can come as stand-alone tuners or as part of a larger device
with other tuners and/or secondary functions such as, but not limited to:
• networking capability: the STB is able to interface with external devices through a
network, e.g. via a network interface;
• recording/playback capability:
o data storage on a removable standard library format
o data storage on a non standard library format
The Code of Conduct defines three operational modes and power states:
• Standby passive: State in which the STB does not have the functionality of the “On”
state but is only capable to switch to another state by responding to a user notification
by a remote control of the unit, or an internal signal of the unit, e.g. “wake-up timer
15
Adapted from Version 8, 15/07/2009, re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/pdf/CoC_Digital_TV-
version%208_2009.pdf
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• Network Standby: State in which the STB does not have the functionality of the “On”
state but is at least capable to switch to another state by responding to a notification
by an external signal, e.g. from the service provider
• On: Operational state in which the STB is at least actively delivering the Base
Functionality. Note that the energy requirements related to “On” mode might be
variable over the time and dependent on the real functionality requested from the
STB.
Of the three defined power modes, “network standby” falls within the scope of networked
standby as defined by this preparatory study.
Different types of equipment are grouped by their “base functionality” which is related to the
transmission technology used. The different base functionalities are as follows:
• Cable STB: A STB whose principal function is to receive television signals from a
coaxial or hybrid fibre/coaxial distribution system and deliver them to a consumer
display and/or external recording device.
• Internet Protocol (IP) STB: A STB whose principal function is to receive
television/video signals encapsulated in IP packets and deliver them to a consumer
display and/or external recording device.
• Satellite STB: A STB whose principal function is to receive television signals from
satellites and deliver them to a consumer display and/or external recording device.
• Terrestrial STB: Any STB whose principal function is to receive television signals
over the air (OTA) and deliver them to a consumer display and/or external recording
device.
• Thin-Client/Remote: A STB that is designed to interface between a Multi-Room STB
and a TV (or other output device) that has no ability to interface with the Service
Provider directly and relies solely on a Multi-Room STB for content. Any STB that
meets the definition of Cable, Satellite, IP or Terrestrial STB is not a Thin-
Client/Remote STB.
The energy allowance for the devices is calculated on the basis of Total Energy
Consumption (TEC) according to a base functionality duty cycle. The detailed requirements
are listed in the Task Report 4.
The Code of Conduct requires that signatories provide consumers with detailed information
about power consumption levels
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General test conditions as detailed in IEC 62301 should be used. The CoC provides a
specific test methods for different features included in the STB.
EU Ecolabel for personal computers (PCs) and portable computers16
The Ecolabel for PCs is a voluntary label for products that comply with strict environmental
standards. It ensures that:
• The product consumes less energy during use and standby
• It contains fewer substances that are dangerous for health and the environment, e.g.
metals
• The product can be taken back free of charge by the manufacturer after use
• It can be easily dismantled and recycled
• The product longevity can be increased through upgrades
• The product uses less polluting batteries (for portable computers)
The Ecolabel addresses networked standby in computers by defining a maximum power
consumption of 4 W for PCs and 3 W for notebooks during the use of the Advanced
Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) S3 sleep state (suspend to RAM). The computer
shall be able to wake up from this mode in response to a command from a modem, network
connection, and keyboard or mouse action.
The criteria were passed on 11 April 2005 and are valid until 31 May 2010.
1.3.3 Legislation at Member State level
No relevant legislation that sets mandatory requirements or standards has been identified on
the Member State level. However, a few Ecolabels exist.
Ecolabel Nordic Swan (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden)
The Nordic Swan has Ecolabel criteria for desktop and portable computers and displays17.
The criteria address:
• Power consumption
16
11/04/2005,
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/ecolabelled_products/categories/personal_computers_en.htm,
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/ecolabelled_products/categories/portable_computers_en.htm 17
Version 6.0, valid 08/06/2009 – 30/06/2012,
http://www.svanen.nu/Default.aspx?tabName=CriteriaDetailEng&menuItemID=7056&pgr=48
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• Design (upgradeability and disassembly)
• Plastics and their additives, e.g. flame retardants
• Heavy metals
• Recycling of discarded products
• Performance such as noise level, ergonomics, and electrical and magnetic fields
Power consumption related to networked standby is defined using the most current version
of the US ENERGY STAR® specifications (discussed in section Fehler! Verweisquelle
konnte nicht gefunden werden.).
Blue Angel (Germany)
The Blue Angel Ecolabel can be applied to desktop and portable computers and displays18.
The environmental label addresses:
• Power consumption
• Longevity, upgradability, principles of recycling design as well as potential reuse and
recycling of used products or product components
• Use of environmentally harmful substances
• Noise
• User information
Power consumption related to networked standby is defined in version 5.0 of the US
ENERGY STAR® specifications (discussed in section Fehler! Verweisquelle konnte nicht
gefunden werden.).
1.3.4 Energy Star Programme
The ENERGY STAR program originated as an energy-efficiency label within the United
States. The label signifies a high performing product strictly in terms of energy efficiency.
Recently, it has grown internationally to be applicable to office equipment in the EU as well.
ENERGY STAR requirements are also often used as a model for the energy efficiency
requirements of other programs, as seen with the Nordic Swan and Blue Angel ecolabels
(section 1.3.3). For this reason, it is discussed separately from third country legislation
(section Fehler! Verweisquelle konnte nicht gefunden werden.).
18
Edition September 2009, http://www.blauer-engel.de/_downloads/vergabegrundlagen_en/e-UZ-78-2009.zip
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While ENERGY STAR specifications exist for a wide variety of products, there are as yet no
horizontal criteria for networked standby. However, ENERGY STAR requirements are
defined for product groups that have networked standby functionality, as described below.
Small Networking Equipment19
EPA Energy Star Program is currently developing a new product specification for Small
Network Equipment. For data collection EPA published in February 2011 a test method
(revision 4) which provides some helpful concepts also with respect to testing of networked
standby.
Computers20
The scope of the ENERGY STAR requirements for computers includes:
• Desktop computers
• Small-scale servers
• Game consoles
• Integrated desktop computers
• Thin clients
• Notebook computers
• Workstations
The product specifications define four operational modes, one of which is Sleep mode:
A low power state that the computer is capable of entering automatically after a
period of inactivity or by manual selection. A computer with sleep capability can
quickly “wake” in response to network connections or user interface devices with a
latency of ≤ 5 seconds from initiation of wake event to system becoming fully usable
including rendering of display. For systems where ACPI standards are applicable,
Sleep mode most commonly correlates to ACPI System Level S3 (suspend to RAM)
state.
19 ENERGY STAR SNE: http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_specs.small_network_equip 20
ENERGY STAR V5.0, effective 1 July 2009, Revision starts December 2010.
http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/revisions/downloads/computer/Version5.0_Computer_
Spec.pdf.
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The specifications also define “full network connectivity” as:
The ability of the computer to maintain network presence while in sleep and
intelligently wake when further processing is required (including occasional
processing required to maintain network presence). Maintaining network presence
may include obtaining and/or defending an assigned interface or network address,
responding to requests from other nodes on the network, or maintaining existing
network connections, all while in the sleep state. In this fashion, presence of the
computer, its network services and applications, is maintained even though the
computer is in sleep. From the vantage point of the network, a sleeping computer with
full network connectivity is functionally equivalent to an idle computer with respect to
common applications and usage models. Full network connectivity in sleep is not
limited to a specific set of protocols but can cover applications installed after initial
installation.
The ENERGY STAR specifications set both Typical Electricity Consumption (TEC) and
Operational Mode (OM) requirements. An equation is used to calculate TEC21.
For desktop computers, integrated computers, and notebook computers, an energy equation
is used:
For workstations computers, a power equation is used:
The TEC mode weightings are summarised in Table 1-3.
Table 1-3: Summary of ENERGY STAR energy efficiency operational mode weightings
Mode Conventional Proxying22
Desktop and Integrated Computers
Toff 55% 40%
Tsleep 5% 30%
Tidle 40% 30%
Notebook Computers
Toff 60% 45%
21
Px are power values in watts, all Tx are Time values in % of year as defined by the mode weightings in Table
1-3 22
Proxying refers to a computer that maintains Full Network Connectivity.
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Tsleep 10% 30%
Tidle 30% 25%
Workstation Computers
Toff 35% Not applicable
Tsleep 10% Not applicable
Tidle 55% Not applicable
In addition, OM power requirements are defined to allow Wake on LAN (WOL). The
specifications allow an additional 0.7 W for WOL functionality in small-scale servers (sleep
mode) and thin clients (sleep or off mode).
For the complete description of the requirements, please see the ENERGY STAR website20.
Displays23
The scope of the ENERGY STAR requirements includes electronic displays of 60 inches
(152 cm), defined as:
A commercially-available product with a display screen and associated electronics,
often encased in a single housing, that as its primary function displays visual
information from (i) a computer, workstation or server via one or more inputs, such as
VGA, DVI, HDMI, or IEEE 1394, or (ii) a USB flash drive, a memory card, or wireless
Internet connection. Common display technologies include liquid crystal display
(LCD), light emitting diode (LED), cathode-ray tube (CRT), and plasma display panel
(PDP).
Three power modes are defined, of which Sleep mode is specified as:
The operational mode of a display that is (i) connected to a power source, (ii) has all
mechanical (hard) power switches turned on, and (iii) has been placed into a low-
power mode by receiving a signal from a connected device (e.g. computer, game
console, or set-top box) or by cause of an internal function such as a sleep timer or
occupancy sensor. Sleep Mode is considered a “soft” low-power condition, in that the
display can be brought out of Sleep Mode by receiving a signal from a connected
device or by cause of an internal function.
Currently, the maximum power consumption requirement for sleep mode is 2 W. Stricter
requirements may come with the definition of Tier 2 type displays, which would be restricted
to 1 W or less. However, the product scope for Tier 2 is not yet defined.
For the complete description of the requirements, please see the ENERGY STAR website23.
23
ENERGY STAR V5.0, effective 30 October 2009,
http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/product_specs/program_reqs/displays_spec.pdf.
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Imaging Equipment24
The scope of the ENERGY STAR requirements includes:
• Copiers
• Digital duplicators
• Facsimile (fax) machines
• Mailing machines
• Multifunction devices (MFD)
• Printers
• Scanners
Four power modes are defined, of which Sleep mode is specified as:
The reduced power state that the product enters automatically after a period of
inactivity. In addition to entering Sleep automatically, the product may also enter this
mode 1) at a user set time-of-day, 2) immediately in response to user manual action,
without actually turning off, or 3) through other, automatically-achieved ways that are
related to user behaviour. All product features can be enabled in this mode and the
product must be able to enter Active mode by responding to any potential input
options designed into the product; however, there may be a delay. Potential inputs
include external electrical stimulus (e.g. network stimulus, fax call, remote control)
and direct physical intervention (e.g. activating a physical switch or button). The
product must maintain network connectivity while in Sleep, waking up only as
necessary.
Energy efficiency requirements are set in the form of TEC and OM requirements. As this
product group is very diverse, the reader is urged to consult the ENERGY STAR24 website
for the full requirements.
1.3.5 Third country legislation and initiatives
Third country legislation
There are currently no legislative initiatives known for other countries that address networked
standby as a horizontal issue.
24
ENERGY STAR V1.1, effective 1 July 2009,
http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/product_specs/program_reqs/Imaging%20Equipment%20Specifications.p
df.
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Parallel efforts
Parallel efforts is work being conducted by other organisations that have similar goals to this
preparatory study on networked standby. Thus, one objective of this study is to keep abreast
of the work of others in order to develop coherent, internationally harmonised results.
IEA-4E Standby Power Annex25
IEA-4E is a program of the International Energy Agency (IEA) to promote efficient electrical
end-use equipment (4E). A Standby Power Annex is currently under development with the
goal of monitoring and reporting the extent of, and changes in, energy consumption by
electrical appliances in low-power modes (standby power); and supporting the development
of policies which seek to minimise excessive energy consumption by products in standby
power modes.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) – Energy Efficient Digital Networks26
LBNL is a national lab for the United States Department of Energy (DOE). It has a variety of
ongoing projects related to energy efficiency in digital networks. Of particular interest for this
study is the research on proxying. For full and current information, please consult the LBNL
Energy Efficient Digital Networks website26.
Ethernet Alliance
The Ethernet Alliance is a consortium of over 100 members that support the development of
Ethernet and associated technologies. A few documents related to energy efficiency, such as
proxying, can be found on their website27.
Voluntary Industry Agreement for Complex Set Top Boxes
Following the recommendation of the Lot 18 EuP Preparatory Study on Complex Set Top
Boxes, the industry stakeholders and the Commission are in the final stages of finalizing a
voluntary agreement to limit the energy consumption of these products.
The agreement defines CSTB as “a standalone device equipped to allow conditional access
that is capable of receiving, decoding and processing data from digital broadcasting streams
and related services, and providing output audio and video signals. It may have either an
internal or else a dedicated external power supply.”
For these devices, the VA defines the following operational modes:
25
http://www.iea-4e.org/annexes/standby-power 26
http://efficientnetworks.lbl.gov/ 27
http://www.ethernetalliance.org/library/white_papers#Energy%20Efficency
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• On: Operational mode in which the CSTB is at least actively performing its base
functionality. Note that the energy consumption targets related to “On” mode might be
variable over the time and dependent on the real functionality requested from the
CSTB.
• Standby: Operational mode in which the CSTB has less energy consumption,
capability, and responsiveness than in the “On” mode. The energy consumption
targets related to “Standby” mode might be variable and dependent on the real
functionality requested from the CSTB.
The CSTB may enter a Standby mode from the On mode after:
o The CSTB receives a notification from the user to enter a standby mode via a
power button press on a remote control or front panel of the unit, or through
an electronic signal or data packet received via a digital interface on the
CSTB; or
o Where auto-power down is supported, the CSTB auto-powers down to a
standby mode. The energy consumption after auto-power down to standby
and after a user initiated power down to standby may, or may not be
equivalent.
The VA specifies the maximum energy consumption for compliant devices (expressed in
kWh/year) with two tiers, one effective from 2010 until 2013, the other from 2013 onwards.
The limit values are calculated by taking a base value for the type of device and adding a
functional allowance for any additional functionality present. The specific values for these
different functionalities are given in Task 6, section 6.3.7.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 2: Economic and Market Analysis 2-1
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EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 2
Economic and Market Analysis
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 2: Economic and Market Analysis 2-2
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Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 2: Economic and Market Analysis 2-3
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Contents
2 Task 2: Economic and Market Analysis ....................................................................... 2-4
2.1 Generic economic analysis ................................................................................... 2-4
2.2 Market and stock data .......................................................................................... 2-8
2.2.1 Home Computer ............................................................................................ 2-8
2.2.2 Home Gateway + Network .......................................................................... 2-10
2.2.3 Home Entertainment ................................................................................... 2-14
2.2.4 Office Computer + Network ......................................................................... 2-17
2.3 Market Trends .................................................................................................... 2-20
2.3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 2-20
2.3.2 Growing Internet/IP Traffic........................................................................... 2-21
2.3.3 Network Provider and Services ................................................................... 2-24
2.3.4 Product Design and Functional Features ..................................................... 2-28
2.3.5 Industry Structure and Technology Provider ................................................ 2-30
2.4 Consumer expenditure base data ....................................................................... 2-31
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2 Task 2: Economic and Market Analysis
2.1 Generic economic analysis
The general objective of Task 2 is to place the technical scope that has been defined in the
first task within the total of the European Union’s economy. This means that it is now
necessary to select and parameterize a representative product scope for the purpose of
calculating the order of magnitude of networked standby power consumption. In this task we
create the basic quantity structure for this assessment. We will obtain data for the installed
base of products for a given geographical scope and time frame. The study’s geographical
scope is EU-27. The study’s time frame is fixed by the reference year 2010 and extends to
the year 2020. A longer reaching forecast is not feasible due to the dynamics of the market
and technology development.
Figure 2-1: Product categorization for quantity structure
Home & Office
Equipment
Consumer
Electronics
White
Goods
Scope of Lot 26 Study Not in Scope
Rack-mounted ICT
(incl. Blades)
Outdoor Cabinets
and Antenna Sites
Core Telecom Infrastructure
TV Broadcast
Equipment
Central Office &
Infrastructure
Networking
Equipment
Computer
Equipment
Building
Automation
Toys, Sports,
etc.
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In order to create the quantity structure adequately we have to find a balance in the selection
of representative product groups between the technical diversity and economical importance
of the existing real-life product scope and future developments. The technical diversity is
affecting the product’s power consumption parameters, field of application, and typical use
patterns. The economic impact is indicated by the total number of products at a certain point
of time in the market (product stock in EU-27 at a specific reference year). Furthermore we
have to consider to some extent the average lifetime of a product because this indicates
changing parameters.
Figure 2-1 above (page 4) shows the selected product categories for the quantity structure.
The quantity structure is focusing on mass market standalone (non-rack) networking
equipment, computer equipment, and consumer electronic products that are typically applied
in private homes and enterprise offices. Altogether the following 21 individual product groups
have been selected for the environmental assessment.
1 Home Desktop PC
2 Home Notebook
3 Home Display
4 Home NAS
5 Home IJ Printer
6 Home EP Printer
7 Home Phones
8 Home Gateway
9 Simple TV
10 Simple STB
11 Complex TV
12 Complex STB
13 Simple Player/Recorder
14 Compl. Player/Recorder
15 Game Consoles
16 Office Desktop PC
17 Office Notebook
18 Office Display
19 Office IJ Printer/MFD
20 Office EP Printer
21 Office Phones
Item
No.Product Category
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Networked standby applies to a wider product scope. This includes e.g. white goods, toys,
sports equipment and networked building automation equipment.1
The market data for the selected product scope have been obtained from open sources. The
stock assumptions have been to some extent already discussed with industry stakeholders.
Nevertheless, further input concerning market data is highly appreciated. As a matter of fact
market statistics are usually not fully comprehensive and adequate for the purpose of this
study. Our own assumptions are necessary particularly with respect to the required
forecasts. In general it is difficult to verify available market data. In order to check the
plausibility of the stock data we correlate the number of products with the number of
households and offices. In this way we check the installed base of products against the
resulting penetration rate.
Table 2-1: Basic economic data
EU-27 Unit 2010 2015 2020
Households* Reference Estimates Estimates
Number of Households in Million 202 203 205
Total Population in Million 500 504 508
Offices**
Office Work Spaces in Million 75 80 85
Labor Force in Million 225 227 230
Electricity Price***
Average for Households €/100 kWh 16,73 18,76 20,45
Average for Industry €/100 kWh 10,29 11,54 12,58
***EUROSTAT (Data in Fokus 25/2009): Environment and energy; Electricity price forecast has been estimated on a 2%
increase per year
*EUROSTAT (Data in Fokus 31/2009): Population and social conditions; Households forecast based on population
projections (EUROPOP2008) and constant factor 2,48 (persons per household)
**EUROSTAT Labor Market Statistics; Assumption that 33% (2010), 35% (2015), and 37% (2020) of total labor force is
working in office work places.
Table 2-1 provide an overview of the basic economic data for the study. The data include the
number of households (and respective population) as well as the number of office work
spaces (and respective work force) within the European Union. These figures have been
obtained from various EUROSTAT publications. Another basic economic data set is related
to the environmental impact assessment and its primary focus on annual electricity demand.
The economic assessment will relate the electricity consumption (kWh) to a cost factor
1 In order to keep the coming analysis manageable, not all possible product groups covered by the scope
of the project are analysed in detail. The product groups which have been analysed have been selected so
as to represent a broad range of products while covering approximately 75% of the total scope.
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(€/100 kWh). The assessment of EU production, import and export figures, annual sales, and
apparent consumption has no value for the study and are therefore exempted from the
analysis.
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2.2 Market and stock data
2.2.1 Home Computer
Table 2-2: Stock assumptions for categories Home Computer
EU-27 Households (in Mio) Reference Estimates Estimates 202 M 203 M 205 M
Home Computer
Year 2010 2015 2020 2010 2015 2020
Desktop PC 131 142 143 65 70 70
Notebook PC 63 91 123 31 45 60
Computer Display 141 152 164 70 75 80
NAS Storage Device 20 41 61 10 20 30
IJ-Printer/MFD 76 80 84 38 39 41
EP-Printer/MFD 5 6 7 2 3 3
Installed Units (Stock in Million) Household Penetration Rate (%)
Desktop PC:
• Definition: A computer where the main unit is intended to be located in a permanent
location, often on a desk or on the floor. Desktops are not designed for portability
and utilize an external computer display, keyboard, and mouse.2 This product group
also contains Integrated Desktop Computer, a desktop system in which the computer
and computer display function as a single unit which receives its ac power through a
single cable.3
• Stock assumption has been based on [TREN Lot 3, 2007]4 and [ICTEE, 2008].5 The
calculated penetration rate of 65% taken as a cross reference is 15% lower than for
displays. This installed base seems feasible if we take into account that a larger
number of notebook users also facilitate an additional larger flat panel display and
that there is not a 1:1 ratio of desktop PC to computer display. Forecast has been
based on the assumption that the household penetration will moderately increase
until 2015. The market indicates already a wide diversity of products in a range
between small servers, workstations or gamer PC on the high performance end and
notebooks, sub-notebooks, thin clients on the lower performance end.
2 Definition according to Energy Star Program Requirements for Computers (Version 5.0)
3 Definition according to Energy Star Program Requirements for Computers (Version 5.0)
4 [TREN Lot 3, 2007]: EuP Study on Computers and Monitors, 2007; http://www.ecocomputer.org
5 [ICTEE 2008]: Impacts of Information and Communication Technologies on Energy Efficiency, 2008;
ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/ict/docs/sustainable-growth/ict4ee-final-report_en.pdf
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Notebook PC:
• Definition: A computer designed specifically for portability and to be operated for
extended periods of time either with or without a direct connection to an ac power
source. Notebooks must utilize an integrated computer display and be capable of
operation off of an integrated battery or other portable power source. In addition,
most notebooks use an external power supply and have an integrated keyboard and
pointing device. Notebook computers are typically designed to provide similar
functionality to desktops, including operation of software similar in functionality as
that used in desktops.6
• Stock has been again based on [TREN Lot 3, 2007]7 and [ICTEE, 2008].8 Notebook
PCs are a more rapidly growing market segment with higher diversity performance
and price. This trend could lead to a much faster increase of the installed base.
However, for the purpose of this study we consider a more conservative
development.
Computer Display:
• Definition: A display screen and its associated electronics encased in a single
housing, or within the computer housing (e.g., notebook or integrated desktop
computer), that is capable of displaying output information from a computer via one
or more inputs, such as a VGA, DVI, Display Port, and/or IEEE 1394.9
• Stock assumption has been based on [TREN Lot 3, 2007]10 and [ICTEE, 2008]11. The
current penetration rate of almost 80% seems realistic taking the fact into account,
that 65% of households use the Internet. Forecast reflects further dissemination of
Desktop PC, other computing equipment and the trend to utilize more than one
display. Household penetration rate is reaching about 100% by 2020. Further
increase might be slowed by faster dissemination of Notebooks, Thin clients and the
use of larger TV-displays.
6 Definition according to Energy Star Program Requirements for Computers (Version 5.0)
7 [TREN Lot 3, 2007]: EuP Study on Computers and Monitors, 2007; http://www.ecocomputer.org
8 [ICTEE 2008]: Impacts of Information and Communication Technologies on Energy Efficiency, 2008;
ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/ict/docs/sustainable-growth/ict4ee-final-report_en.pdf 9 Definition according to Energy Star Program Requirements for Computers (Version 5.0)
10 [TREN Lot 3, 2007]: EuP Study on Computers and Monitors, 2007; http://www.ecocomputer.org
11 [ICTEE 2008]: Impacts of Information and Communication Technologies on Energy Efficiency, 2008;
ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/ict/docs/sustainable-growth/ict4ee-final-report_en.pdf
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Network Attached Storage (NAS):
• Definition: A NAS unit is a computer connected to a network that only provides file-
based data storage services to other devices on the network. NAS systems contain
one or more hard disks, often arranged into logical, redundant storage containers or
RAID arrays.12
• Actual market data have not been available from public sources. Stock and forecast
estimates have been based on simple assumption regarding current and future
household penetration rate.
IJ-Printer/MFD:
• Definition: This product category combines single function printer, copier or
multifunctional devices with Ink-Jet (IJ) marking technology. Product and technology
definitions according to Energy Star Program Requirements for Imaging Equipment.
• Stock data have been again slightly modified from [TREN Lot 4, 2007]13 and [ICTEE,
2008] in order to distinguish between home and office use. The installed base seems
again a little bit low. Comparing the combined number of Desktop PCs and Notebook
PCs (290 units in 2010) with the combined number of EP- and IJ-Printer/MFDs (81
units in 2010) a factor 3.5 results and a 40% household penetration rate respectively.
The data should be checked by industry stakeholder.
EP-Printer/MFD:
• Definition: This product category combines single function printer, copier or
multifunctional devices with Electro Photography (EP) marking technology. Product
and technology definitions according to Energy Star Program Requirements for
Imaging Equipment.
• Stock data have been slightly modified from [TREN Lot 4, 2007]14 and [ICTEE, 2008]
in order to distinguish between home and office use. According to these figures the
installed base and penetration rate seem quite low. The data should be checked by
industry stakeholders.
2.2.2 Home Gateway + Network
Home gateway and network products include many different technologies which serve the
same functional purpose. For example, gateways may provide a network connectivity via a
12 Wikipedia: Network-attached storage; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-attached_storage 13
[TREN Lot 4, 2008]: EuP Study on Imaging Equipment, 2007; http://www.ecoimaging.org 14
[TREN Lot 4, 2008]: EuP Study on Imaging Equipment, 2007; http://www.ecoimaging.org
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number of different transmission technologies (e.g. DSL, cable, optical or wireless). As such,
we have grouped these different technologies into two broad product groups, Home Phones
and Home Gateways, as shown in Table 2-3. These groups aggregate the sub-totals of the
specific technologies (shown in grey in the table).
Stock assumptions are explained for each of the technologies in the paragraphs below, while
deeper analysis in later sections is done at the level of the aggregated groups, Home Phones
and Home Gateways.
Table 2-3: Stock assumptions for categories Home Gateway / Phone
EU-27 Households (in Mio) Reference Estimates Estimates 202 M 203 M 205 M
Home Gateway + Network
Year 2010 2015 2020 2010 2015 2020
Home Phones 141 177 205 70 87 100
Phone / DECT 121 126 123 60 65 60
VoIP-Phone 20 51 82 10 25 40
Home Gateway 136 179 225 67 88 110
DSL Gateway (ADSL, VDSL) 66 71 82 33 35 40
Cable-TV Gateway (DOCSIS) 61 71 61 30 35 30
Optical Gateway (FTTH) 7 31 61 3 15 30
Wireless Gateway (WiMAX) 2 6 20 1 3 10
Installed Units (Stock in Million) Household Penetration Rate (%)
Telephone/Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT):
• Definition: A commercially available electronic product with a base station and a
handset whose purpose is to convert sound into electrical impulses for transmission.
Most of these devices require an external power supply for power, are plugged into
an ac power outlet for 24 hours a day, and do not have a power switch to turn them
off. To qualify, the base station of the cordless phone or its power supply must be
designed to plug into a wall outlet and there must not be a physical connection
between the portable handset and the phone jack. Product and technology definitions
according to Energy Start Program Requirements for Telephony.
• Stock based on [ICTEE, 2008]. Data given for 2010 and 2020, interpolated for 2015.
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)-Telephone:
• Definition: A DECT telephone designed to make phone calls using VoIP.
• Stock and forecast are based on office penetration rate assumptions.
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DSL Gateway:
• Definition: Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) for Internet access over phone line
(ADSL, VDSL services). The product usually features various (local area) network
interfaces.
• Stock: Installed base has been estimated based on EUROSTAT data regarding
broadband access in the EU (status 07/2009)15. According to this source, the
broadband access penetration rate (number of broadband lines per 100 populations)
is 23.9. There are in total 94 million DSL access lines and 25 million broadband
access lines (non-DSL). Of this last number 18 million are Cable modems and 7
million approximately optical fibre lines. This figure does not indicate the number of
home gateways yet. Retail lines are the main wholesale access for new entrants with
71.4% of DSL lines. We make the assumption that 70% of the 94 million DSL lines
are end user access point. This would mean that there are 66 million DSL gateways
installed. Future development has been based on the assumption that DSL will
maintain a main access technology and slightly increase in the next ten years. Optical
technologies will however limit the increase in the long term. Based on these
considerations we assume a maximum household penetration rate of 40% or 82
million units as installed base in 2010.
15
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeurope/i2010/docs/interinstitutional/cocom_broadband_july09.p
df
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Cable-TV Gateway:
• Definition: Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) for access to Cable-TV (modem)
and for broadband access (Triple Play Services) via DOCSIS (Data over Cable
Service Interface Specification). The product can feature various (local area) network
interfaces.
• Stock: Installed base has been estimated based on “ASTRA Reach 2009” market
report.16 According to this report approximately 30% of households in Europe receive
TV and Internet services via TV-Cable. Future development has been based on two
assumptions. In the short term the number of the installed base will slightly increase
(35% household penetration rate) due to good price to broadband ratio. In the
midterm however the stock declines due to availability and more capable fibre-to-the-
home and wireless broadband access solutions.
Optical Gateway:
• Definition: Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) or optical network termination for
Internet access via Fire-to-the-Home (FTTH). The product usually features various
(local area) network interfaces.
• Stock: In July 2009 a total of 120 million fixed broadband lines have been counted by
EUROSTAT. According to the FTTH Council Europe only 1.75% of all fixed lines in
Europe are currently Fibre-to-the-Home (+40% year-on-year). For this study we
assume a slightly higher penetration rate of 3% for the reference year 2010. In the
midterm we expect a strong increase of FTTH. Our forecast for 2015 and 2020 are
based on household penetration rate assumptions.
Wireless Gateway:
• Definition: Broadband cellular mobile modems or routers which provide wireless
access via cellular mobile communication technology such as UMTS, HSPA, LTE.
These devices can be integrated into personal computers and notebooks or come as
external cards or even larger standalone devices.
• There have been no market data available. Stock and forecast are assumptions.
16
Internet download (2009-12-03):
http://www.international-television.org/archive/astra_satellite_monitor_europe_2009.pdf
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Figure 2-2: VoIP Line Forecast
2.2.3 Home Entertainment
Table 2-4: Stock assumptions for categories Home Entertainment
EU-27 Households (in Mio) Reference Estimates Estimates 202 M 203 M 205 M
HOME Entertainment
Year 2010 2015 2020 2010 2015 2020
Simple TV 384 325 246 190 160 120
Simple STB 151 162 123 75 80 60
Complex TV (integrated DVB tuner)20 81 164 10 40 80
Complex STB 82 82 123 41 41 60
Simple Player/Recorder 233 203 174 115 100 85
Game Console 67 83 64 33 41 31
Installed Units (Stock in Million) Household Penetration Rate (%)
Television:
• Definition: A commercially available electronic product designed primarily for the
reception and display of audiovisual signals received from terrestrial, cable, satellite,
Internet Protocol TV (IPTV), or other digital or analogue sources. A TV consists of a
tuner/receiver and a display encased in a single enclosure. For the purpose of this
study a distinction is made between Simple TVs (TVs that are used in conjunction
with a Set-Top-Box) and Complex TVs (TVs that feature and utilize an integrated
DVB tuner/receiver.
• Overall stock assumption has been based on [TREN Lot 5, 2007]17. Data was given
for years 2005, 2010 and 2020. An interpolation was used for the year 2015 between
2010 and 2020. We assume an average of two devices per household. The number
of Complex TVs will grow continuously over the next years. At the same time the
number of Simple TV and Simple STBs will decline.
Simple Set-Top Box (STB):
• Definition: A stand-alone device whose primary function is converting standard-
definition (SD) or high-definition (HD), free-to-air digital broadcast signals to analogue
broadcast signals suitable for analogue television or radio, has no “conditional
access” function, and offers no recording function based on removable media in
standard library format. Product and technology definitions according to EC
Regulation 107/2009/EC.
17
[TREN Lot 5, 2007]: EuP Study on Televisions, 2007; http://www.ecotelevision.org/
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• Stock for the reference year 2010 based on [TREN Lot 0, 2007]18. Data extrapolated
from EU-25 to EU-27 based on 2005 population. According to TREN Lot 0 Simple
STBs are expected to be obsolete by 2025. We are not following this assumption and
rather assume that Simple STBs will remain in the market for considerable amount of
time. Replacement will start after 2020 with mass utilization of IPTV.
Complex Set-Top Box / Media Centre:
• Definition: A set-top box that allows conditional access. A set-top box is a stand-alone
device, using an integral or dedicated external power supply, for the reception of
Standard Definition (SD) or High Definition (HD) digital broadcasting services via IP,
cable, satellite, and/or terrestrial transmission and their conversion to analogues RF
and/or line signals and/or with a digital output signal. Product and technology
definitions according to [TREN Lot 18, 2008].
• Stock based on [TREN Lot 18, 2008]19. The data was given for 2010, 2015 and 2020
in the report. In the long term we assume a different trend than the one assumed in
Lot 18. We assume that complex STBs and so called Media Centre or Digital Media
Receiver are merging. This new converging product group will have a high market
penetration. A digital media receiver is a device that connects to a home network
using either a wireless or wired connection. It includes a user interface that allows
users to navigate through a digital media library, search for, and play back media
files. The device is connected to a TV using standard cables.20
Simple Player/Recorder:
• Definition: A stand-alone device whose primary function decodes video to an output
audio/video signal (from recorded or recordable media via a powered or integrated
media interface such as an optical drive USB or HDD interface), has no tuner unless
it records on a removable media in a standard library format, is mains powered, does
not have a display for viewing, and is not designed for a broad range of home or
office applications. Product and technology definitions according to ENTR Lot 3 Draft
Task 1-5.
• Stock based on [Draft ENTR Lot 3, ongoing]21. The data of the stock of the UK was
given in the ENTR Lot 3 report, as shown in Figure 2-3 below. The UK market for
electronics typically represents 18% of the total EU-27 for electronics. The EU totals
have been calculated accordingly. It is questionable if this type of media will really
18
[TREN Lot 0, 2007] EuP study on Simple Set Top Boxes, 2007. 19
[TREN Lot 18, 2007] EuP study on Complex Set Top Boxes, 2008. www.ecocomplexstb.org 20
Modified from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media_receiver. Accessed 22 Jan 2010. 21
[ENTR Lot 3, ongoing] EuP study on sound and imaging equipment www.ecomultimedia.org
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 2: Economic and Market Analysis 2-16
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decline in the predicted way. We therefore adjusted the figures to a slower decline by
a correlation to the household penetration rate.
Game Console:
• Definition: A standalone computer-like device whose primary use is to play video
games. Game consoles use a hardware architecture based in part on typical
computer components (e.g., processors, system memory, video architecture, optical
and/or hard drives, etc.). The primary input for game consoles are special hand held
controllers rather than the mouse and keyboard used by more conventional computer
types. Game consoles are also equipped with audio visual outputs for use with
televisions as the primary display, rather than (or in addition to) an external or
integrated display. These devices do not typically use a conventional PC operating
system, but often perform a variety of multimedia functions such as: DVD/CD
playback, digital picture viewing, and digital music playback. Handheld gaming
devices, typically battery powered and intended for use with an integral display as the
primary display, are not covered by this specification.22
• Stock and forecast has been based on ENTR Lot 3 report.
• As recognised in the ENTR Lot 3 report, there is a wide variation in the consumption
levels of game consoles currently on the market due to the differences in processing
power required to provide standard- or high-definition video output. Industry
stakeholders have also commented that a distinction between two classes of game
consoles (based on whether the device supports standard- or high-definition video
output) would be useful. Please see Annex 15 of the Task 5 report for a full
discussion of the assumptions made in this report.
22
Check ENTR Lot 3 http://www.ecomultimedia.org
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Figure 2-3: UK market for video/disk-player/recorder
2.2.4 Office Computer + Network
Table 2-5: Stock assumptions for categories Office Computer
EU-27 Office Workplace (in Mio)Reference Estimates Estimates 75 M 80 M 85 M
Office Computer + Network
Year 2010 2015 2020 2010 2015 2020
Desktop PC 60 64 70 80 70 60
Notebook PC 45 64 68 60 70 80
Computer Display 60 72 85 80 90 100
IJ-Printer/MFD 32 34 36 64 64 65
EP-Printer/MFD 18 19 19 36 36 35
Phone / DECT 56 40 13 75 50 15
Installed Units (Stock in Million) Office Penetration Rate (%)
Desktop PC:
• Definition: A computer where the main unit is intended to be located in a permanent
location, often on a desk or on the floor. Desktops are not designed for portability
and utilize an external computer display, keyboard, and mouse.23 This product group
also contains Integrated Desktop Computer, a desktop system in which the computer
and computer display function as a single unit which receives its ac power through a
single cable.24
23
Definition according to Energy Star Program Requirements for Computers (Version 5.0) 24
Definition according to Energy Star Program Requirements for Computers (Version 5.0)
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• Stock assumption has been based on [TREN Lot 3, 2007]25 and [ICTEE, 2008].26 The
forecast assumes a slow increase over time due to increasing number of office work
places in the EU-27 (mostly in new member states). In terms of office penetration we
assume a decline due to the increasing use of notebooks and thin clients.
Notebook PC:
• Definition: A computer designed specifically for portability and to be operated for
extended periods of time either with or without a direct connection to an ac power
source. Notebooks must utilize an integrated computer display and be capable of
operation off of an integrated battery or other portable power source. In addition,
most notebooks use an external power supply and have an integrated keyboard and
pointing device. Notebook computers are typically designed to provide similar
functionality to desktops, including operation of software similar in functionality as
that used in desktops.27
• Stock data are considering only to some extent [TREN Lot 3, 2007]. The numbers
provided by the older study are not fully plausible. We therefore considered a
moderate office penetration rate of 60% for the reference year 2010 and further
increase.
Computer Display:
• Definition: A display screen and its associated electronics encased in a single
housing, or within the computer housing (e.g., notebook or integrated desktop
computer), that is capable of displaying output information from a computer via one
or more inputs, such as a VGA, DVI, Display Port, and/or IEEE 1394.28
• Stock assumption has been based on [TREN Lot 3, 2007]29 and [ICTEE, 2008].30
IJ-Printer/MFD:
• Definition: This product category combines single function printer, copier or
multifunctional devices with Ink-Jet (IJ) marking technology. Product and technology
definitions according to Energy Star Program Requirements for Imaging Equipment.
25
[TREN Lot 3, 2007]: EuP Study on Computers and Monitors, 2007; http://www.ecocomputer.org 26
[ICTEE 2008]: Impacts of Information and Communication Technologies on Energy Efficiency, 2008;
ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/ict/docs/sustainable-growth/ict4ee-final-report_en.pdf 27
Definition according to Energy Star Program Requirements for Computers (Version 5.0) 28
Definition according to Energy Star Program Requirements for Computers (Version 5.0) 29
[TREN Lot 3, 2007]: EuP Study on Computers and Monitors, 2007; http://www.ecocomputer.org 30
[ICTEE 2008]: Impacts of Information and Communication Technologies on Energy Efficiency, 2008;
ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/ict/docs/sustainable-growth/ict4ee-final-report_en.pdf
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• Stock data have been again slightly modified from [TREN Lot 4, 2007]31 and [ICTEE,
2008] in order to distinguish between home and office use.
EP-Printer/MFD:
• Definition: This product category combines single function printer, copier or
multifunctional devices with Electro Photography (EP) marking technology. Product
and technology definitions according to Energy Star Program Requirements for
Imaging Equipment.
• Stock data have been slightly modified from [TREN Lot 4, 2007]32 and [ICTEE, 2008]
in order to distinguish between home and office use.
Telephone/Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT):
• Definition: Non-IP telephones systems used in offices
• Stock and forecast are based on office penetration rate assumptions.
31
[TREN Lot 4, 2008]: EuP Study on Imaging Equipment, 2007; http://www.ecoimaging.org 32
[TREN Lot 4, 2008]: EuP Study on Imaging Equipment, 2007; http://www.ecoimaging.org
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2.3 Market Trends
2.3.1 Introduction
The given objective for this paragraph is the description of market trends with respect to:
• The production structure and typical redesign cycles for the products in scope,
• General product design trends including functional features and configurations,
• Infrastructure and services offered in conjunction with the products (provider services)
In few of the broad product scope that needs to be covered in this “horizontal” study it is
obviously difficult to cover all products in detail with respect to the required task. Our
approach is to find a balanced between the required task (MEEuP) and the limitations of this
study by generalizing market trends on the one hand and providing specific examples on the
other hand.
In the following analysis we will start on the infrastructure and service level then work our
way over to the product features and configurations and finally down to the component and
technology level. The market trends related to our topic are the result of the complex
interaction between a dynamic technical development on the one side and new services that
can be created based on the available technology level on the other side. The technology
development creates new products and services that are provided by the industry. But it is
also the customers, who demand certain services based on their perception of technical
options.
In addition to the interplay between supply and demand of new products, we must also
consider that the addition of a new device to a network brings additional value not only to the
individual device, but to the network as a whole. This effect, aptly titled the “network effect”,
implies that the increasing number of networked devices is a self-reinforcing process and
which will, ceteris paribus, tend towards accelerating (exponential) growth.
As such, it is relevant to look into the growth of the Internet traffic in a first step towards
understanding the growth of networked devices. The first aspect we are investigating is the
growing internet utilization and resulting IP-based and non-IP based data traffic. This trend
indicates one important fact with respect to networked standby: The number of network
services, networked products and their utilization is increasing rapidly. This general trend
leads to the assumption, that products and infrastructures increasingly maintain constant
network connections (active links) in order to provide network services on-demand 24 hours
per day. The volume and segmentation of IP-based and non-IP-based data traffic is a good
indicator of for the demand of a specific network availability level. By analysing the traffic with
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respect to provider infrastructure (services) and user (demand), the direction of network
communication – and through that the sleep/wake-up dynamics – can be assessed.
Depending on the type and direction of traffic, the senders and receivers could implement
networked standby functionality in order to save energy. The following paragraph provides
some basic market data with respect to the growing internet traffic.
2.3.2 Growing Internet/IP Traffic
Cisco, a world leading network equipment provider, is tracking and forecasting global IP
traffic through its Visual Networking Index (VNI)33. The VNI is updated every six months, and
provides currently a forecast of IP traffic until 2013. The data within this section is extracted
from the VNI. Traffic data is given in the unit of petabytes (PB) per year.34
33
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns827/networking_solutions_sub_solution.html#~overview
34 One petabyte is 1015 bytes. For comparison, one compact disc holds 7 x 108 bytes, and one petabyte of data
would be the equivalent of roughly 1.5 million compact discs.
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Table 2-6: European IP Traffic, 2008-2013
European IP Traffic, 2008-2013
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 CAGR 2008-2013
Consumer Internet Traffic (PB per year)
Web/Email 5 148 6 720 8 616 10 992 14 184 16 176 26%
File Sharing 12 972 15 816 19 248 24 432 29 364 34 188 21%
Internet Gaming 192 336 384 456 636 708 30%
Internet Voice 516 636 732 816 768 720 7%
Internet Video Communications 108 168 300 612 876 1 320 65%
Internet Video to PC 2 112 5 280 9 540 15 960 23 796 33 288 74%
Internet Video to TV 144 396 1 008 3 132 4 980 6 924 117%
Ambient Video 396 732 2 136 4 956 7 332 10 248 92%
Total 21 588 30 084 41 964 61 356 81 936 103 572 37%
Consumer Non-Internet Traffic (PB per year)
Cable MPEG-2 VoD 3 469 5 285 7 872 11 778 18 070 26 120 50%
Cable MPEG-4 VoD 26 48 73 110 186 281 61%
IPTV VoD 833 1 224 1 655 2 273 3 252 4 315 39%
Total 4 328 6 556 9 600 14 160 21 508 30 716 48%
Business IP Traffic (PB per year)
IP WAN 2 710 3 758 5 181 6 904 8 997 11 683 34%
Internet 5 724 7 786 10 323 13 283 16 803 21 194 30%
Total 8 433 11 544 15 504 20 187 25 800 32 877 31%
Mobile Data and Internet Traffic (PB per year)
Mobile Data and Internet 132 336 852 2 076 4 548 8 448 130%
Total (PB per year)
European IP Traffic 34 481 48 520 67 920 97 779 133 792 175 614 38%
According to Cisco VNI the global IP traffic expected to increase by five times from 2008-
2013, growing with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 40% from 122 088 PB/yr in
2008 to 667 044 PB/yr in 2013. Table 2-6 above presents IP traffic forecasts on the sub-
segment level for the EU35. Total European IP Traffic is increasing with a CAGR of 38% from
34 481 PB/yr in 2008 to 175 614 PB/yr in 2013. Of the total traffic 69% of the data traffic is
related to the private end-user (consumer) and only 31% to business applications.
A significant portion of this growth will be due to Internet Video and TV services, which
requires significant bandwidth for growing picture resolution (HD and 3D). A second major
35
Data was aggregated from the “Western Europe” and “Central Eastern Europe” categories. This may not
necessarily be the EU-27; however, the trends can be safely assumed to be representative of those of the EU-
27.
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increase will occur in the mobile data transmission, although the actual traffic rates are
considerably lower in comparison to the wired services. The following Figure 2-4 present the
data of Table 2-6 in visual form.
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
160 000
180 000
200 000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Tra
ffic
(P
B p
er
ye
ar)
Year
European IP Traffic, 2008-2013
Mobile Data and Internet
Business Internet
IP WAN
IPTV VoD
Cable MPEG-4 VoD
Cable MPEG-2 VoD
Ambient Video
Internet Video to TV
Internet Video to PC
Internet Video Communications
Internet Voice
Internet Gaming
File Sharing
Web/Email
Figure 2-4: European IP Traffic, 2008-2013
Figure 2 5: European IP Traffic comparison, 2009 and 2013compares the IP traffic (volume)
from 2009 with that expected in 2013. In terms of volume, File Sharing, Internet-Video-to-PC,
and Video-on-Demand have the most significant impact in the coming years followed by
business internet and web services.
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0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Tra
ffic
(P
B p
er
ye
ar)
European IP Traffic Comparison, 2009 and 2013
2009
2013
Figure 2-5: European IP Traffic comparison, 2009 and 2013
This data traffic prognosis clearly indicates the significant portion of growth that will be due to
B2C services such as Internet Video and TV. This is a typical downstream application for
which the current access networks are asymmetrical optimized. But the significant amount of
file sharing indicates an increasing C2C traffic with growing symmetrical bandwidth
requirement. This also indicates a growing ad hoc remote access demand for instance
through Virtual Private Networks. This general development is influencing the network
infrastructure and respective services of the provider industry.
2.3.3 Network Provider and Services
The technology and structure of Wide Area Networks, the respective wired and wireless
Access Networks (AN) and related Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) will successively
adapt to the growing bandwidth requirements by the customers though the utilization of the
internet. The demand for symmetrical (wide area) network access in support of basic triple
play services (voice, video/TV, and data) will grow from currently about 1Mbit/s to 1Gbit/s
and more in the next five to ten years.
At the present the access network market is basically shared by national and regional
telecom enterprises including wireless provider as well as Cable and Satellite TV access
provider. The network services such as telephone, internet, and television are in some cases
provided by the same entity which provide the access network (triple play service). Another
trend is that a service (e.g. PayTV) is provided over an existing network access (modem)
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with a provider controlled CPE. The service provider administrates the CPE periodically by
updating software (e.g. security patches) or uploading Electronic Programme Guides (EPG).
The service provider might activate the CPE for this purpose during night time in order to
reduce peak traffic during day time and in the early afternoon when most customers activate
their TVs. Critical issues for software update are copying protection and interoperability.
Additionally, service providers have significant influence on the design requirements of CPE
as well as the ultimate energy consumption of the devices. In the design phase, service
providers may require the additional or removal of different components and functionalities
which affect the baseline energy consumption of the device. During the use phase, the
frequency of communication with the device can affect the real efficiency of the product. As
such, close coordination is required between service providers and CPE manufacturers to
ensure that the initial design and the use of the device are as efficient as possible.
Thin Clients and Software as a Service (SaaS) are emerging concepts for internet-based
computing that is leading to new end-user products. The market for software as a service
has been steadily increasing over the past few years. The worldwide market is estimated to
be roughly 11 billion USD as of 200936. It is expected that this trend will continue until 2020,
as high speed networks and cost efficiency push thin clients and SaaS into the market.
These products are basically stripped-off their storage and are mostly used as streaming
clients. Although these products are based on network services (application provided through
centralized computing and storage) they do not provide their own network service. From our
perspective they are not in need of network standby and could be turned off after use. These
product concepts however, occur in conjunction with networking equipment (e.g. home
gateways) and might be powered in the future over the LAN (Power over Ethernet).37
Cloud Computing is a similar concept although many different definitions exist. The network
service, we like to draw attention to, is customer-offered file sharing or computing capacity
sharing. These types of services might lead to highest network availability demand (external
access always possible). Authorization of the access may require complex protocols in order
to ensure security and interoperability.
With regard to network based services, it is not necessarily the increase in traffic that is
interesting, but rather the energy consumption imposed by this traffic, as well as the impact
on the quantity of devices available with networked standby functionality. Each sub-segment
is described below with associated devices that are often used to fulfil the function.
36
http://www.crmlandmark.com/crmlabsindustrytrends.htm
37 An Example is the “Jack PC EFI-6700” Thin Client powered over Ethernet. For further information:
http://www.chippc.com/thin-clients/jack-pc/thin-client.asp?p=jack-pc-6700
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Web/Email: includes web, email, instant messaging, and other data traffic (excluding file
sharing)
Associated devices: • Computers
• Displays
• Imaging equipment
• Network access equipment
• LAN networking equipment
File Sharing: includes peer-to-peer traffic from all recognized P2P systems such as
BitTorrent, eDonkey, etc.
Associated devices: • Computers
• Displays
• Network access equipment
• LAN networking equipment
Internet Gaming: includes casual online gaming, networked console gaming, and multiplayer
virtual world gaming
Associated devices: • Computers
• Displays
• Network access equipment
• LAN networking equipment
Internet Voice (VoIP): includes traffic from retail VoIP services and PC-based VoIP, but
excludes wholesale VoIP transport
Associated devices: • Computers
• Displays
• Network access equipment
• Telephone equipment
• LAN networking equipment
Internet Voice (VoIP): includes traffic from retail VoIP services and PC-based VoIP, but
excludes wholesale VoIP transport
Associated devices: • Computers
• Displays
• Network access equipment
• Telephone equipment
• LAN networking equipment
Internet Video Communications: includes PC-based video calling, webcam viewing, and
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web-based video monitoring
Associated devices: • Computers
• Displays
• Network access equipment
• Telephone equipment
• LAN networking equipment
Internet Video to PC: free or pay TV or Video on Demand (VoD) viewed on a PC, excludes
P2P video file downloads
Associated devices: • Computers
• Displays
• Network access equipment
• LAN networking equipment
Internet Video to TV: free or pay TV or VoD delivered via Internet but viewed on a TV
screen using a STB or media gateway
Associated devices: • Network access equipment
• LAN networking equipment
• Set-top boxes
• Televisions
Ambient Video: nannycams, petcams, home security cams, and other persistent video
streams
Associated devices: • Computers
• Displays
• Network access equipment
• LAN networking equipment
Cable MPEG-2 VoD: the standard for the generic coding of moving pictures and associated
audio information. Corresponds to ISO/IEC 13818-1:2000.
Associated devices: • Set-top boxes
• Televisions
Cable MPEG-4 VoD: an update to MPEG-2 that includes further coding standards
Associated devices: • Set-top boxes
• Televisions
IPTV VoD: a method of delivering television content using Internet Protocol infrastructure
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Associated devices: • Set-top boxes
• Televisions
• Network access equipment
• LAN networking equipment
2.3.4 Product Design and Functional Features
Circuitry design and functional features have an influence on the power consumption and
power management options of products. In conjunction with networked standby we observe
the following trends:
• Integration of digital functionality on the product and component level
• Increasing network capability and multi-functionality
• Power supply options
With increasing digitalization and miniaturization of information and communication
functionality (including data input, processing, storage, transmission as well as output via
sound, image, or display) there is now the option to combine any kind of functionality in one
product. Multifunctional products are known form the imaging equipment sector, combining
scanning, copying, and printing functionality into one device. But with decreasing component
prices, the integration of displays, memory capacity, and network options into computing,
communication and consumer electronics products is gaining ground. The limiting factors are
the size (form factor) and component price (cost factor).
Despite the integration of different functional components on the product level, another trend
is a further integration of functionality on a component level. The semiconductor industry is
still pushing CMOS technology to smaller structures. Although Moore’s Law is slowing and
will eventually reach physical limits, the performance trade-off through miniaturization is still a
valid trend. The chip-level large scale integration (LSI) is focusing on the monolithic (single
chip SoC [System-on-Chip]) or hybrid (multi chip SiP [System-in-Package]) integration of so
far separated functionality such as data processing, memory and networking. This trend in
component level system integration has two implications:
• Fixed power management design but potentially lower power consumption (per
function) through higher integration
• More power management options but potentially higher power consumption (per
function) through less system integration.
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These LSI trends are particularly noticeable (and advanced) in the computing and networking
equipment industry. In the PC sector there are only few vendors (Intel, AMD) providing main
processor units including complete chip-set designs. The chip-making industry for network
equipment and mobiles is positioned somewhat broader and with a stronger gradient in
terms of price and quality. The consumer electronics industry is pushing chip integration as
well. This industry (the original equipment manufacturers) is designing their own chips
(ASICs) in order to remain independent from the computing industry. As a result, we see
many proprietary solutions for signal and data processing in the consumer electronics sector.
A second general trend is the increasing networking capability of products. By adding
networking capability (including respective software interfaces) a product can conceivably be
designed to serve any role within in a given network architecture (e.g. node, server, client).
This creates first of all the dilemma for allocating new (multi-functional) products to a specific
product category. It also is difficult to determine the primary or main functionality. Secondly,
the interoperability of networked products is in that respect a growing issue. With the
development of hybrid home networks for TV/video applications and triple play services the
PC-to-CE-to-HG interoperability becomes more complex. In the PC-centered (LAN/WLAN)
environment this is less of an issue. But interoperability based on Audio/Video standards
seems to be problematic due to the individual system designs based on interoperability
initiatives such as DLNA, MoCA, and UPnP.
The last general trend is related to the growing power supply options. Although mains
powered devices are still dominant, portable (mains-independent powered by battery, fuel
cell, solar,) devices are growing market. Most battery power devices come with an external
power supply unit for periodical charging of the device. Some products, despite there are
portable, are constantly used with the power supply connected to mains (e.g. notebook in
office or home environment). Another trend is power over the network such as Power-over-
Ethernet (PoE) and power-over-USB. This is becoming a viable option of supplying power to
the equipment. On a practical level there are still some technical limitations and problems
with interoperability and power (required voltage levels). Typical examples for such problems
are external hard disk drives which are connected and powered over USB.
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2.3.5 Industry Structure and Technology Provider
Our analysis is focusing on three major industry sectors including the personally computer
industry, the consumer electronics industry and the end-consumer network equipment
industry. These industry sectors feature globally distributed hardware and software supply
chains.
There are some major industrial players which have a strong influence on the technical level
and performance of products. A know example is the personal computer industry, where a
few semiconductor enterprise and software houses are determining the technical level and
progress of a very large market. The consumer electronics industry is less depended from a
few semiconductor makers and software houses. These manufacturers are driving their own
technical solutions including the designs of their active components (chips) and software.
This situation results in many proprietary solutions. It seems feasible to say, that the
considerable standardization regarding power management in the personal computer
industry (notebooks and mobiles) is not established to that extent in the CE sector.
The network equipment industry is with respect to the supply chain structure a hybrid of the
PC and CE industry. This industry is faced however with another variable. The energy
performance and utilization of customer premises equipment is to some extent influenced by
external service provider (Access Networks, Cable/SAT-TV). An example is the power
management for xDSL access networks. A home gateway typically need to keep the xDSL
interface full active, although power management could be implemented if the Network
provider would support this feature in the DSLAM (DSL access multiplexer on the curb). As
mentioned above, the need for coordination between service providers and OEMs is critical.
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2.4 Consumer expenditure base data
The basic consumer expenditure data are listed below. This data will serve primarily as cost
inputs when conducting live-cycle analysis in Chapters 5 and 7. The price of electricity in
each of the EU-27 Member States is listed in Table 2-7, as well as an EU-27 average. Using
a linear regression to project these trends to 2020, a value of approximately 0.21 €/kWh is
obtained. So as not to overestimate the cost savings of the proposed implementing measure,
this study will use 0.20 €/kWh as the electricity price.
Table 2-7: EU-27 electricity prices38
Price [€/kWh]
2007 S02 2008 S01 2008 S02 2009 S01
Austria 0.1834 0.1812 0.1812 0.1874
Belgium 0.1873 0.2153 0.2185 -
Bulgaria 0.0619 0.0619 0.0685 0.0706
Cyprus 0.1436 0.1651 0.1713 0.1192
Czech Republic 0.1968 0.2222 0.2266 0.2251
Denmark 0.1247 0.1430 0.1550 0.1472
Estonia 0.0671 0.0659 0.0688 0.0732
Finland 0.1596 0.1673 0.1770 0.1903
France 0.1849 0.1917 0.1875 0.1331
Germany 0.2313 0.2349 0.2408 0.2498
Greece 0.1086 0.1118 0.0965 0.0959
Hungary 0.1129 0.1333 0.1311 0.1167
Ireland 0.4031 0.3919 0.4298 0.3815
Italy - - - -
Latvia 0.0694 0.0813 0.0957 0.0957
Lithuania 0.0813 0.0781 0.0782 0.0850
Luxembourg 0.1972 0.1972 0.1991 0.2156
Malta - 0.1533 - 0.1333
Netherlands 0.2370 0.2360 0.2390 0.2520
Poland 0.1150 0.1370 0.1367 0.1141
Portugal 0.1782 0.3181 0.2710 0.3110
Romania 0.0912 0.0895 0.0915 0.0818
Slovakia 0.1884 0.1902 0.2147 0.1974
Slovenia 0.1657 0.1464 0.1523 0.1944
Spain 0.2424 0.2455 0.2622 0.2540
Sweden 0.2049 0.2022 0.2121 0.1795
United Kingdom 0.1610 0.1523 0.1603 0.1499
EU-27 0.1887 0.1956 0.1995
38
Eurostat, Energy, Energy Statistics – prices, Energy Statistics: gas and electricity prices - New methodology
from 2007 onwards, Electricity - domestic consumers - half-yearly prices - New methodology from
2007 onwards, accessed 26 Nov 2009.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 2: Economic and Market Analysis 2-32
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Table 2-8 lists the interest rate in each of the Member States, as well as the overall EU-27
rate. This study will assume an interest rate of 4.5%.
Table 2-8: EU-27 interest rates39
2006 2007 2008
Austria 3.79% 4.29% 4.27%
Belgium 3.81% 4.33% 4.42%
Bulgaria 4.18% 4.54% 5.38%
Cyprus 4.13% 4.48% 4.60%
Czech Republic 3.80% 4.30% 4.63%
Denmark 3.81% 4.29% 4.30%
Estonia 5.01% 6.09% 8.16%
Finland 3.78% 4.29% 4.30%
France 3.80% 4.30% 4.24%
Germany 3.76% 4.22% 4.00%
Greece 4.07% 4.50% 4.81%
Hungary 7.12% 6.74% 8.24%
Ireland 3.77% 4.31% 4.53%
Italy 4.05% 4.49% 4.69%
Latvia 4.13% 5.28% 6.43%
Lithuania 4.08% 4.55% 5.61%
Luxembourg 3.91% 4.56% 4.61%
Malta 4.32% 4.72% 4.81%
Netherlands 3.78% 4.29% 4.23%
Poland 5.23% 5.48% 6.07%
Portugal 3.91% 4.43% 4.53%
Romania 7.23% 7.13% 7.70%
Slovakia 4.41% 4.49% 4.72%
Slovenia 3.85% 4.53% 4.61%
Spain 3.78% 4.31% 4.37%
Sweden 3.70% 4.17% 3.90%
United Kingdom 4.38% 5.06% 4.51%
EU-27 4.08% 4.57% 4.55%
39
Eurostat, Interest Rates, Long-term interest rates, Maastricht criterion interest rates, EMU convergence
criterion series - Annual data, accessed 26 Nov 2009.
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The annual inflation rates are listed in Table 2-9. This study will assume and inflation rate of
3%.
Table 2-9: EU-27 annual inflation rates40
2006 2007 2008
Austria 1.70% 2.20% 3.20%
Belgium 2.30% 1.80% 4.50%
Bulgaria 7.40% 7.60% 12.00%
Cyprus 2.20% 2.20% 4.40%
Czech Republic 2.10% 3.00% 6.30%
Denmark 1.90% 1.70% 3.60%
Estonia 4.40% 6.70% 10.60%
Finland 1.30% 1.60% 3.90%
France 1.90% 1.60% 3.20%
Germany 1.80% 2.30% 2.80%
Greece 3.30% 3.00% 4.20%
Hungary 4.00% 7.90% 6.00%
Ireland 2.70% 2.90% 3.10%
Italy 2.20% 2.00% 3.50%
Latvia 6.60% 10.10% 15.30%
Lithuania 3.80% 5.80% 11.10%
Luxembourg 3.00% 2.70% 4.10%
Malta 2.60% 0.70% 4.70%
Netherlands 1.70% 1.60% 2.20%
Poland 1.30% 2.60% 4.20%
Portugal 3.00% 2.40% 2.70%
Romania 6.60% 4.90% 7.90%
Slovakia 4.30% 1.90% 3.90%
Slovenia 2.50% 3.80% 5.50%
Spain 3.60% 2.80% 4.10%
Sweden 1.50% 1.70% 3.30%
United Kingdom 2.30% 2.30% 3.60%
EU-27 2.30% 2.40% 3.70%
40
Eurostat, Prices, Harmonized indices of consumer prices (HICP), HICP (2005=100) - Annual Data (average
index and rate of change), accessed 27 Nov 2009.
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The price of broadband access is shown in Table 2-10. As cost is rapidly decreasing, this
study will assume an average price of 25 €/mo for the period 2010-2020.
Table 2-10: EU-27 Average monthly price of 2-4 Mb/s broadband standalone access, 200941
Price [€/mo]
2007 2008 2009
Austria - - 43
Belgium - - 42
Bulgaria - - 35
Cyprus - - 102
Czech Republic - - 43
Denmark - - 23
Estonia - - 28
Finland - - 34
France - - -
Germany - - -
Greece - - -
Hungary - - 25
Ireland - - 27
Italy - - -
Latvia - - 35
Lithuania - - 27
Luxembourg - - 29
Malta - - -
Netherlands - - 23
Poland - - -
Portugal - - 38
Romania - - 23
Slovakia - - 50
Slovenia - - 24
Spain - - -
Sweden - - 22
United Kingdom - - -
EU-27 52 37 29
41
SEC(2009) 1103
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeurope/i2010/docs/annual_report/2009/sec_2009_1103.pdf
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 3: Consumer Behaviour & Local Infrastructure 3-1
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EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 3
Consumer Behaviour and Local Infrastructure
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
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Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
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Contents
3 Task 3: Consumer Behaviour and Local Infrastructure ................................................ 3-4
3.1 Real-life efficiency ................................................................................................ 3-5
3.1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 3-5
3.1.2 Wake-up of imaging equipment over LAN ..................................................... 3-5
3.1.3 Wake-up through Virtual Private Network ...................................................... 3-6
3.1.4 System administration ................................................................................... 3-8
3.1.5 Home entertainment ...................................................................................... 3-9
3.1.6 Home Gateway and network ......................................................................... 3-9
3.2 Use parameters and user requirement ............................................................... 3-11
3.2.1 Basic use parameters .................................................................................. 3-11
3.2.2 User requirements ....................................................................................... 3-12
3.3 Use pattern assumptions .................................................................................... 3-14
3.4 Local infrastructure ............................................................................................. 3-15
3.4.1 Broadband coverage ................................................................................... 3-15
3.4.2 Television (TV) ............................................................................................ 3-18
3.4.3 Mobile penetration ....................................................................................... 3-21
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3 Task 3: Consumer Behaviour and Local Infrastructure
The subsequent analysis has been modified from the given methodology in order to serve
the particular purpose of this horizontal study on networked standby. The Task 3 report is
structured into three subtasks.
Subtask 3.1 deals with real life efficiency. Based on selected use examples we will discuss
typical application scenarios for networked standby mode including different use conditions
and types of users. The objective is to identify use cases and parameters in support of the
later base case assessment.
Subtask 3.2 deals with user requirements. By placing Networked Standby Mode in the
context of real life use conditions, different products, and consumer behaviour we will identify
important user requirements that could have an influence on ecodesign requirements.
Subtask 3.3 deals with use patterns. In order to calculate the overall environmental
improvement potential of networked standby mode it is necessary to allocate typical use
patterns to the selected scope of products.
Subtask 3.4 deals with the local infrastructure. Provider based services for accessing
television programmes, the internet, and voice telephone is a necessary infrastructure which
could lead to networked standby utilization.
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3.1 Real-life efficiency
3.1.1 Introduction
The general intention of facilitating low power Networked Standby Mode is reducing the
energy consumption of the product while maintaining the quality of service sought by the
consumer, namely reactivation of the product by a legitimate command from another device
via a network in an acceptable amount of time. This measure is, in principle, environmentally
beneficial, because it has a realistic potential to save substantial amounts of energy in the
use phase. In addition to the technical aspects of product design, the user and use
conditions are important factors in the equation. Unfortunately, due to the novelty of the topic,
there are no statistically firm field data regarding real life utilization of networked standby
mode available yet.
In this subtask we will analyse typical use or application scenarios in order to identify relevant
use parameters and user requirements. We will focus on mass consumption applications in
the home and office environments. We make assumptions regarding typical network
technologies, networked products, network-based services and sample applications. Our
perspective on these aspects is not limited to the current status. We will assume a mid-term
time horizon for the investigation.
3.1.2 Wake-up of imaging equipment over LAN
The first typical example for reactivation via network is a printer.1 Most printers today feature
an advanced power management, which shifts the devices after fulfilling a print-job into lower
power states in order to save energy. Let’s assume that this lower power state provides
network integrity communication and the capability to wake-up by network command. The
device maintains network integrity and waits to receive a new print-job from a personal
computer or server. When this command arrives via network, the printer shifts into active
mode in order to fulfil the required task.
Exemplary aspects:
• Network activity: User activates from a computer terminal the locally networked
imaging equipment in order to conduct a print job.
1 According to common network terminology, the printer in our example is a typical network endpoint
(terminal or client devices) which is connected or networked to the redistribution equipment (host or
server). The equipment that build communication networks are generally considered as nodes.
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• Networked devices: Products involved are personal computers (e.g. Desktop PC,
notebook) and the imaging equipment (printer, multifunctional device) with the option
of a network device (bridge, switch, and router) as a link.
• Network options: Wired LAN (USB, Ethernet) or wireless LAN (WiFi, wireless USB,
Bluetooth or Firewire).
• Power management: Imaging equipment typically provides power management that
immediately shifts the device into a “ready state” after the print job and shortly later
into a “sleep state” that provides network integrity communication.
• Subsequent power requirement in active mode: In the case of printers the power
consumption in active mode depends on the imaging technology and speed of the
equipment (see TREN Lot 4). It can range from under 15 Watt for simple inkjet-
machines to more then 1500 Watt for high speed laser-machines. This example
indicates that the rated power consumption of the power supply unit (PSU) could
have a significant influence on the power consumption level in low power networked
standby mode just through the conversion losses of the PSU, if an non-optimised
design is used.
• Reactivation time: The latency period between network command and active
operation is a technical aspect as well as an important user requirement. In the case
of printers a latency period of a few seconds (10-15 sec) is acceptable. The latency
time depends on the signal/image processing (digital front end) and the
imaging/printing technology.2
3.1.3 Wake-up through Virtual Private Network
The second example is a personal computer or small server in home and small office
environments. Broadband communication and virtual private networks (VPN) allow for
instance users today to access their databases on their computers remotely via fixed or
mobile networks. Wake-on-LAN (WoL) is a feature available in most computers today. It
provides remote reactivation via network from a low power state, such as the sleep mode
(ACPI S3).3 The WoL-option is most often not preset in conjunction with sleep mode and has
2 For more details regarding these aspects please refer to the final report of TREN Lot 4 (see:
http://www.ecoimaging.org).
3 According to ENERGY STAR® definition:
Wake-on-LAN (WOL): Functionality which allows a computer to wake from Sleep or Off when directed
by a network request via Ethernet.
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to be enabled by the user in the system (BIOS). The ENERGY STAR® program requirement
for computer allows a “functional adder” of 0.7 Watt for Wake-on-LAN in conjunction with
sleep mode.4 The home and small office PC example is also characterized by access
networks with increasing bandwidth/speed but with less complex network topology than in
larger office environments. Note that WoL from the soft-off state of a computer (e.g. ACPI
S5) is also possible, but is not considered an Off-mode in the EuP sense, but rather belongs
to networked standby.
Exemplary aspects:
• Network activity: User is activating his home computer from outside over a virtual
private network (VPN) in order to retrieve files (e.g. address book, documents,
pictures, videos).
• Networked devices: Initiating device (mobile device, external computer), network
device (home gateway, LAN router), receiving device (home computer, storage
device)
• Network technology / interface: Wired LAN (Ethernet) Wireless LAN (WiFi), Cellular
Wireless (UMTS, LTE)
• Power management: Home gateway and network is active or provides network
integrity communication for immediate repose (latency time millisecond to <5
seconds). Wake-on-LAN is activated at the home computer.
Sleep Mode: A low power state that the computer is capable of entering automatically after a period of
inactivity or by manual selection. A computer with sleep capability can quickly “wake” in response to
network connections or user interface devices with a latency of ≤ 5 seconds from initiation of wake
event to system becoming fully usable including rendering of display. For systems where ACPI
standards are applicable sleep mode most commonly correlates to ACPI System Level S3 state
(suspend to RAM).
4 ENERGY STAR® V4.0: 4.0 Watt sleep-mode allowance for desktops, integrated computers, desktop
derived servers and gaming consoles. 1.7 Watt sleep-mode allowance for notebooks and tablet PCs.
ENERGY STAR® V5.0: Energy efficiency for desktops and notebooks is only measured by TEC
value. No specific sleep mode and Wake-on-LAN allowance are specified. For small scale servers and
thin clients the latest version specifies 2.0 Watt off mode and 0.7 Watt allowance for Wake-on-LAN.
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3.1.4 System administration
The third example is another WoL-application typically in office environments where a
system administrator needs remote access to a larger number of distributed computers over
the LAN-infrastructure. This example can have two basic scenarios. In the first scenario the
administrator requires a “full” reactivation in order to initiate a larger service update or other
task, which requires a shift into active mode. In the second scenario the administrator might
only want to monitor the status of the distributed computing equipment and manage security,
while maintaining the equipment “out-of-band” or in “networked standby mode”. For this kind
of remote system administration various companies have developed specific technologies.
This includes technologies using the industry standard DASH (Desktop and mobile
Architecture for System Hardware) Version 1.1.0 from the DMTF (Distributed Management
Task Force). DASH provides a standard for secure remote management, including out of
band management, of desktops and mobile systems. This allows administrators to power off
systems or put them into sleep or hibernate states more often, thus reducing power
requirements. DASH systems also support management and monitoring tasks without
requiring that the system be powered on. DASH standard support is offered by a wide variety
of vendors.
Another example Intel’s Active Management Technology (AMT) built into personal computers
with vPro Technology.5 This proprietary technology provides energy saving potential also due
to the avoidance of “full” reactivation of the equipment for general task of remote system
administration. On the other hand the power consumption of this solution can be somewhat
higher than the 0.7 Watt allowance for “simple” Wake-on-LAN solution.
In conclusion, industry stakeholders indicate that most computers sold to private customers
have the WoL functionality (in preset) deactivated. In case of business customers WoL is
typically activated. IT-Administrators in business offices usually utilize WoL for servicing the
larger and more distributed computer (computing) infrastructure. There are also many
computers available that support wake up using DASH, which utilizes a web services
protocol, thus making DASH wake-up an attractive alternative to Wake-on-LAN.
5 For information on Intel AMT see: http://www.intel.com/technology/platform-technology/intel-amt/ For
information on other out of band management technologies see
dmtf.org/sites/default/files/standards/documents/DSP2014_1.1.0.pdf,
www.amd.com/us/Documents/47159A_01_DASH_2_0_UseCases.pdf ; and
developer.amd.com/cpu/manageability/Pages/default.aspx
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3.1.5 Home entertainment
The fourth example is related to the TV and consumer electronics environment. The
reactivation functionality in this case is a provider initiated broadcasting including random
service up-dates for set-top-boxes and automatic program download. The power
consumption level of the residential broadcast interface might be influenced by the type of
broadcast access technology (e.g. DVB-T, DVB-S, DVB-C, and IPTV). Further power
requirements derive from subsequent functionalities such as video recording or audio
systems (not the actual recording, but the readiness for recording etc.). Networked standby
mode in the field of consumer electronics (television, audio and video) is also characterized
by a large diversity of network interfaces employed and respective protocols (HDMI, DVI-D,
VGA, SCART, etc.).
3.1.6 Home Gateway and network
The fifth example is related to LAN infrastructure and customer terminals, which require near
zero latency period reactivation. The example covers a whole range of products including
wired modems and gateways, wireless network access points, LAN repeater, hubs, switches
and routers, as well as terminal devices including conventional and IP-based telephones and
to lesser degree facsimile machines. In this field we find analogue technology on the one
hand and high speed digital technology on the other. The common denominator seems to be
millisecond reactivation requirement in case of possible networked standby mode. This
example is also useful to investigate network-related power management solutions with
implications for the eco-design of equipment. For example, IEEE 802.3az task force (Energy
Efficient Ethernet) is exploring methods for scaling Ethernet link rate as a function of
utilization to save energy. Since integrity communication and wake-up messages are
principally low bandwidth this could be useful during networked standby if the connected
products all employ this new feature.
Power consumption is influenced by activated display (on hook). DECT telephone / or VoIP
telephone is enabled to detect incoming calls, status display is active (the type and size of
the display influences power consumption) option to reduce power consumption is to
deactivate the display and just obtain status information through a LED.
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Home & Office
Equipment
Consumer
Electronics
White
Goods
Scope of Lot 26 Study Not in Scope
Rack-mounted ICT
(incl. Blades)
Outdoor Cabinets
and Antenna Sites
Core Telecom Infrastructure
TV Broadcast
Equipment
Central Office &
Infrastructure
Networking
Equipment
Computer
Equipment
Building
Automat ion
Building
Automation
Figure 1: Scope of Lot 26 assessment
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3.2 Use parameters and user requirement
3.2.1 Basic use parameters
The objective of this subtask is to define the basic use parameters that will be needed for the
later environmental impact assessment. The use parameters define the daily and annual use
pattern which we will apply to the base case (specific assessment) and the representative
product scope (EU-27 total assessment).
The daily use pattern considers the average duration in terms of hours per day (h/d) which a
product is in a certain power state or mode. Of interest to the study are the time durations
and respective power consumption related to:
• Operation: including the active modes “operation”, “maintenance”, and “download”
• No-load/Idle: including the active mode “no-load” and low power/sleep states similar
to “idle”
• Networked: including the standby mode “networked standby/network integrity” as well
as WoL sleep modes (S3)
• Standby/off: including all other standby modes (status information, reactivation) and
off modes (off with losses, off without losses)
The distinction of active operation and idle has the reason, that for certain products with
relatively low power consumption in operation mode (>10 to <30 Watts) the no-load or idle
mode could mean a low power state or power consumption (>1 to <10 Watts) comparable to
networked standby mode. Due to the fact that both “no-load/idle” and “networked standby”
could be interchangeable for certain products means that we have the option of calculating
different scenarios such as “no-load/idle” as part of active mode or “no-load/idle” as part of
networked standby mode.
The specific distinction of all other standby and off modes seems to be not necessary due to
the now regulated maximum power consumption of 1Watt or less (EC 1275/2008). In terms
of functionality the “Networked standby” is not interchangeable with the other standby and off
modes. We therefore combine all other standby and off modes into one mode. With respect
to the environmental impact assessments we have the option to calculate different scenarios
for total energy e.g. with 1 Watt in the midterm and 0.5 Watt in the long term.
Task 3.3 provides daily use pattern assumptions for the selected reference products. The
assumptions for the mode durations are mostly deriving from established sources such as
Energy Star test procedures and EuP preparatory studies. Please note that these use pattern
assumptions are rough averages. They intend to cover the full spectrum of users and product
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variations. Although very rough they provide a base for the impact assessment and modified
impact scenarios. In real life products are configured and used with extreme diversity. In the
following section we will discuss some user requirements or user aspects that potentially
influence the utilization of networked standby mode and its level of power consumption.
3.2.2 User requirements
If it were possible, consumer preferences would be for the services their devices provide to
be instantly available from anywhere in the world. As discussed in Section 2, consumer
electronics are increasingly including networking capabilities in order to meet the demand for
access. As will be discussed in Section 5, this increasing access, however, comes at cost in
terms of energy, especially when active and idle power modes are used to provide the
desired level of availability (i.e. the speed at which the device is reactivated). The central
challenge for product designers, then, is to ensure that the consumer can enjoy the desired
quality of service, while minimising energy consumption.
Well-designed networked standby mode as an integrated part of power management has a
strong potential to reduce overall energy consumption. In order to be accepted by the
consumer it is necessary that the product which features networked standby mode fulfils
certain requirements. Due to the novelty of the issue statistical data regarding consumer
requirements are not available. However, based on the results of previous EuP preparatory
studies it seems justified assuming that consumer requirements include:
• Reliability: Smart and reliable operation while the product is set to networked standby
mode. This means that the product remains in a specified power level and only reacts
to authorized/legitimate user commands and avoid false wake-ups.
• Security: Secure operation while the product is set to networked standby mode. This
means that the product has a defined degree of protection against assaults over the
network. The user might ask: is it safe to use networked standby mode.
• Transparency: The user should be able to recognize the networked standby status of
his product without the need to reactivate it. The user might ask: is the device still
online.
• Automation: Automated power management that shifts the device into networked
standby mode according to software presetting or manual mode setting option. The
consumer needs simple and intuitive software setting options.
• Convenience: Fast and reliable reactivation of the product out of networked standby
mode. The user might ask: how fast is it possible to reactivate the product for main
operation. The reactivation time (latency) is closely connected to the type and
configuration of the product as well as the type and environment of application. Best
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example is the EP-printer that needs a certain amount of time to heat up the fixing
unit and is therefore in e.g. a front desk situation set to a prolonged ready/idle mode
and not low sleep/networked standby mode.
• Energy Efficiency: Low energy consumption is a considerable user requirement not
only reflecting increasing environmental awareness but also sensibility in terms of
operation expenditures.
The combination of these aspects will influence the power consumption, presetting, and
actual utilization of a product. These aspects will be reflected in the technical analysis.
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3.3 Use pattern assumptions
According to the MEEuP (methodology for conducting EuP preparatory studies) it would
normally be required at this point to provide use pattern assumptions to be used later in the
base case assessment (Task 5). In principle, the use patterns should reflect an average real-
life utilization of products. Such typical or averaged use patterns exist for a few product
groups such as PCs or certain printers. Most of the available typical use patterns have been
developed in conjunction with the Energy Star Program and the testing of so called Typical
Electricity Consumption (TEC). More specific use patterns which differentiate various types
of users (e.g. heavy user) or areas of application derive from commercial market survey or
individual user studies on a corporate level. Although such more specific studies are highly
educational it is often difficult to validate the information.
With respect to this study, the challenge for providing averaged use patterns for the selected
representative product groups is considerable. In the preceding draft reports we mostly
allocated established use patterns to certain product groups based on existing structures
used by the Energy Star Program or in previous EuP studies. However, as we introduce the
concept of network availability in the course of the study, use pattern assumptions for
individual product groups was superseded by conducting specific purpose scenarios. This
approach has been welcomed by some stakeholders and criticised by others. For the authors
of the study the use patters became an instrument for showing the extent of the networked
standby. The real-life scenario for any product group is likely to be some combination of the
four network availability scenarios.
Note: Full details of the scenarios, the hours per day spent in each mode are presented for
each product group and network availability scenario in the annexes of Task 5. Given the
particular use patterns of specific product groups, each base case is calculated from
individually chosen parameters (see Section 5.3).
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3.4 Local infrastructure
3.4.1 Broadband coverage6
The growth of fixed broadband connectivity has been steady, with high year-on-year growth
rates that in some years equalled more than 20 million new broadband lines. As a result, the
percentage of households with a broadband connection has jumped from 33% in 2004 to
48% in 2008, with broadband connectivity in enterprises increasing from 46.5% in 2004 to
81% in 2008. There are an additional 12% of households with a non-broadband connection
in 2008, leaving 40% not connected.
Fixed broadband penetration (number of fixed broadband lines per 100 inhabitants, including
both households and enterprises) increased from 17 in 2004 to 23 in 2008. There is
significant variation among Member States: Denmark leads with a penetration rate of 37,
while Slovakia trails with 11, as seen in Figure 2. However, as shown in Figure 3, the trend
shows that the gap in broadband penetration is decreasing. This gap is due to a levelling off
of growth in countries with the highest penetration rates, while countries with little penetration
have experienced significant growth rates.
Figure 2: EU-27 Broadband penetration, January 2009
6 SEC(2009) 1103
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeurope/i2010/docs/annual_report/2009/sec_2009_1103.pdf
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Figure 3: The gap in broadband penetration in the EU
Broadband coverage is most commonly provided by DSL services using the traditional phone
network, followed by services provided over the cable lines. DSL coverage is used as a
proxy measurement for broadband coverage, as coverage with cable service normally
overlaps that of DSL. As shown in Figure 4, the coverage in the EU has increased from 89%
of the population in 2005 to 93% in 2008. Significant progress is being made in the Member
States at the lower end of the spectrum, highlighted by Greece increasing coverage from 0%
in 2005 to 86% in 2008. This extension of coverage to the vast majority of the population is
expected to continue.
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Figure 4: Growth in DSL national coverage in the EU, 2005-2008 (percent of total population)
Recently, advanced fixed technologies based on optical fibre, as well as wireless
technologies such as UMTS (3G), WiFi, WiMAX, and satellite have made inroads into the
broadband market. Wireless access appears to have the potential of providing broadband
access in isolated and less populated areas. The use of wireless broadband networks is a
topic currently being studied by the EC.
The Broadband Performance Index (BPI) was developed by the EC in order to:
• measure relative performance of countries in the wide broadband economy
• identify relative weaknesses and strengths of individual countries to fine-tune policy
making
• better understand the relative propensity of countries to progress in the broadband
economy
The BPI is structured along six dimensions: broadband rural coverage, degree of
competition, broadband speeds, broadband prices, take up of advanced services and socio-
economic context. The results are shown in Figure 5. Sweden leads the index with a 0.76
while Cyprus is trailing with a 0.18.
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Figure 5: Broadband Performance Index, July 2009
3.4.2 Television (TV)
Television penetration has been steadily increasing over the past few years, and this trend is
expected to continue in the future as TV services begin to be delivered using more advanced
methods. Table 1 breaks down the delivery of TV services within Europe. As the table
shows, satellite is currently the preferred method of delivery with 37% of households, but
both terrestrial TV (32%) and cable TV (22%) not far behind. IPTV is growing the most
quickly, experiencing an increase of 465% from 2005 to 2010.
Table 1: Penetration of TV service protocols in Europe (millions of households)7
2003 2004 2005 2010
Cable 6.4 7.6 10.2 28.9
Satellite 22.9 25.0 28.4 49.1
Terrestrial TV 3.7 8.1 14.2 42.2
Internet (IPTV) 0.4 0.6 2.0 11.3
Total 35.0 41.3 54.8 131.3
As part of an agenda supported by the EC, Member States have gradually been making the
switch from analogue to digital television.
7 Article extracted from Le Journal du net : Le marché de la télévision par câble-satellite en Europe (2004)
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As shown in Table 2, the television infrastructure is currently in a state of change, as Member
States gradually switch from analogue to digital delivery. Currently, seven Member States
have phased-out analogue television.
Table 2: Digital television switch in Europe8,9
% TV
penetration
Number of
channels offered
Economic
model
Analogue
phase-out
Date of
phase-out
Belgium (Flanders) - 3 Free Yes 2008
Denmark Yes 2009
Finland 54 33 Free / Pay Yes 2007
Germany 11 47 Free Yes 2008
Luxembourg - 12 Free Yes 2006
Netherlands 10 41 Free / Pay Yes 2006
Sweden 18 35 Free / Pay Yes 2007
Austria 12 8 Free No 2010
Belgium (Wallonia) - 7 Free No 2011
Bulgaria No 2012
Cyprus No 2011
Czech Republic 10 12 Free No 2012
Estonia 3.4 50 Free / Pay No 2010
France No 2011
Greece No ~2012
Hungary - 6 Free / Pay No 2011
Ireland No -
Italy 32 61 Free / Pay No 2012
Latvia No 2011
Lithuania 1 54 Free / Pay No 2012
Malta - 69 Pay No 2010
Poland No 2015
Portugal No -
Romania No 2012
Slovakia No 2012
Slovenia No 2010
Spain 50 21 Free No 2010
United Kingdom 37 48 Free / Pay No 2012
8 http://www.obs.coe.int/about/oea/pr/miptv2009_mavise.html
9 COCOM09-01, Information from Member States on switchover to digital TV, 2009.
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In addition to the trend in digital infrastructure, consumers have been purchasing an ever
increasing amount of HD televisions to accommodate waves of high-quality HD channels. It
is estimated that the penetration rate of HD capable TVs will reach 70% by 2012, with 44%
expected to be receiving HD television content10.
As of 2008, there were 78 HD channels in Europe, as seen in Table 3 and Table 411.
Expecting the increasing trend to continue, it is estimated that there are currently over 100
HD channels.
Table 3: HD Channels in Europe (Mid 2008)
HDTV channels by country and launch year
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total
Belgium 5 3 8
Denmark 2 2
France 4 7 11
Germany 2 3 5
Italy 4 1 5
Netherlands 2 3 5
Spain 1 1 2
Sweden 1 2 3
UK 10 1 11
Pan-Nordic 1 2 2 2 7
Other (& pan-European) 1 1 6 10 1 19
Total 1 4 32 32 9 78
Table 4: Thematic HD channels in Europe
HDTV channels by genre and launch year
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total
Children 1 1
Documentary 11 6 17
Entertainment 1 4 2 1 8
HD specialist1 1 1 2 1 5
Movies 6 5 2 13
Music 1 1 2
10
Clover, Julian. “Strategy Analytics: 44% of Euro homes HD by 2012”, Broadband TV News, 18 April 2007.
http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2007/04/18/strategy-analytics-44-of-euro-homes-hd-by-2012/ 11
European Broadcasting Union, Strategic Information Servce. HDTV in Europe. January 2009.
http://www.ebu.ch/CMSimages/en/HDTV_Exec%20sum_Final_tcm6-64451.pdf
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National2 2 3 8 13
Premium3 2 2 2 6
Sports 6 5 2 13
Total 1 4 32 32 9 78 [1] HD Specialist: e.g. HD1
[2] “National” channels: nationwide free-to-air general interest channels (e.g. BBC HD, TF1 HD)
[3] Premium as a genre: “Canal+” type channels offering mix of premium movies and sports
The recently developed WirelessHD specification defines a wireless protocol that enables
consumer devices to create a wireless video area network (WVAN) with the following
characteristics12:
• Stream uncompressed audio and video at up to 1080p resolution, 24 bit colour at 60
Hz refresh rates
• Deliver compressed A/V streams and data
• Advanced A/V and device control protocol
• Unlicensed operation at 60 GHz with a typical range of at least 10 m for highest
resolution HD A/V
• Smart antenna technology to enable non line of sight (NLOS) operation
• Data privacy for user generated content
3.4.3 Mobile penetration
Mobile penetration has increased yearly for decades within Europe. In 2005, it reached 100%
and is now beyond, meaning that there are more mobile subscribers than inhabitants in
Europe, as shown in Figure 6. A penetration rate of over 100% does not necessarily mean
that each person possesses a mobile phone; rather, that people often use more than one
mobile phone.
12
WirelessHD Specification Overview, August 2009, Wireless HD, http://www.wirelesshd.org/pdfs/WirelessHD-
Specification-Overview-v1%200%204%20Aug09.pdf
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Figure 6: Mobile subscribers in the EU13
The repartition per country shows most of the countries have more than 100% of mobile
penetration except France, Latvia and Malta, as seen in Table 5.
Table 5: Mobile penetration per country14
Number of subscriptions (millions) Mobile penetration (%)
Austria 11.1 133
Belgium 12.2 114
Bulgaria 10.6 140
Cyprus 1 118
Czech Republic 13.8 134
Denmark 6.5 120
Estonia 2.5 188
Finland 6.8 129
France 58 91
Germany 107 130
Greece 17.9 155
13
Article from 3g.co.uk “45 Million 3G Subscribers in Europe” (2007) available at:
http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/April2007/4516.htm 14
ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database. Available at:http://www.itu.int/ITU-
D/icteye/Reporting/ShowReportFrame.aspx?ReportName=/WTI/CellularSubscribersPublic&RP_intYear=2008
&RP_intLanguageID=1
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Hungary 11.7 116
Ireland 5.3 121
Italy 89.4 154
Latvia 2.2 98
Lithuania 5 151
Luxembourg 0.7 147
Malta 0.4 94
Netherlands 19.9 120
Poland 44.4 117
Portugal 14.9 140
Romania 28.2 131
Slovakia 5.5 101
Slovenia 2.1 102
Spain 52.5 115
Sweden 10.3 113
United Kingdom 74.3 122
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EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 4
Technical Analysis Existing Products
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
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Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
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Contents:
4 Task 4: Technical Analysis Existing Products .............................................................. 4-5
4.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 4-5
4.0.1 Objective ....................................................................................................... 4-5
4.0.2 Terminology .................................................................................................. 4-6
4.0.3 Acknowledgement ......................................................................................... 4-7
4.1 Production Phase ................................................................................................. 4-7
4.2 Distribution Phase ................................................................................................ 4-7
4.3 Use Phase (Product) ............................................................................................ 4-7
4.3.1 Example: Personal Computers ...................................................................... 4-9
4.3.2 Example: Networking Equipment................................................................. 4-13
4.3.3 Example: Multimedia Equipment ................................................................. 4-15
4.3.4 Example: Smart Home ................................................................................ 4-18
4.3.5 Summary ..................................................................................................... 4-21
4.4 Network Technologies ........................................................................................ 4-24
4.4.1 Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) ................................................................................. 4-24
4.4.1.1 Ethernet support of networked standby ................................................ 4-24
4.4.1.2 Wake-on-LAN (WOL) ........................................................................... 4-25
4.4.1.3 Out of Band remote management (OOB) ............................................. 4-26
4.4.1.4 Adaptive Link Rate (Link Speed Switching) .......................................... 4-27
4.4.1.5 IEEE 802.3az (Energy Efficient Ethernet) ............................................. 4-28
4.4.1.6 Network Proxying (ECMA 393) ............................................................. 4-29
4.4.2 Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11) ....................................................................... 4-30
4.4.2.1 Wake-on-Wireless (WOWLAN) ............................................................ 4-30
4.4.2.2 WLAN power saving options ................................................................ 4-30
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4.4.2.3 WLAN and Proxy .................................................................................. 4-31
4.4.3 Universal Serial Bus (USB) ......................................................................... 4-31
4.4.3.1 USB Global Suspend Mode.................................................................. 4-33
4.4.3.2 USB Selective Suspend ....................................................................... 4-33
4.4.3.3 USB Link Power Management ............................................................. 4-34
4.4.3.4 V Bus Power ........................................................................................ 4-34
4.4.4 Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL and VDSL) ................................................... 4-35
4.4.5 Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) ........................ 4-35
4.4.6 Multimedia Interoperability........................................................................... 4-36
4.4.6.1 High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) ........................................ 4-36
4.4.6.2 Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) ................................................. 4-37
4.4.6.3 Universal Plug and Play (UPnP): .......................................................... 4-38
4.4.6.4 Multimedia over Coax Alliance (MoCA) ................................................ 4-38
4.5 End-of-Life Phase .............................................................................................. 4-38
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4 Task 4: Technical Analysis Existing Products
4.0 Introduction
4.0.1 Objective
According to the given methodology (MEEuP), the objective of Task 4 is the technical
analysis of products that are currently placed on the European market. The product selection
should be characteristic of the product group which is under investigation in the particular
study. The analysis has to determine relevant technical parameters that have an influence on
the environmental life cycle performance of the products. This includes in general energy and
material related product specifications. The Task 4 report provides the main input data for the
later environmental product assessment and definition of the base cases in Task 5.
The ENER Lot 26 Study horizontally addresses the energy consumption of products in
conjunction with networked standby. This specific objective makes it necessary to modify the
technical analysis and the subsequent environmental assessment to some extent. The
technical analysis will focus solely on the energy consumption of products in the use phase.
That covers all aspects of the product’s utilization from active modes to off modes.
Because networked standby is a functionality that could be provided out of different power
modes, our investigation will address the issue of power management and the currently
existing low power options for different network technologies. Despite power management
the report will compile existing wake-over-network solutions and respective technical
developments. In terms of products, the study needs to cover a broad spectrum of equipment
and network technologies. The focus is clearly set on end-user information and
communication technology equipment, consumer electronics and other electrical appliances
that are typically employed in private households, business environments and offices as well
as in the field of building automation. This technical analysis reflects networked standby
issues with respect to the following, currently existing product groups:
• Personal computers (e.g. small servers, desktop, integrated computers, notebooks)
• Displays (e.g. computer monitors, information displays and digital picture frames)
• Networked storage (e.g. NAS, RAID, external HDD or SDD)
• Imaging equipment (e.g. printers, copiers, multifunctional devices)
• Consumer electronics (e.g. TV, AV receivers, media recorders, players and servers)
• TV customer premises equipment (e.g. complex set-top-boxes)
• Networking equipment (e.g. gateways, access points, telephones)
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The production phase, distribution phase, and end-of-life phase of are not relevant for the
study. We recognize however that the production of certain components – and production
related cost factors – could be of interest in the later assessment of improvement potentials.
Nevertheless, we will focus this particular analysis on technical and application related
aspects that influence the energy consumption of products in the use phase.
4.0.2 Terminology
Throughout this task we are going to use the term “remote access and reactivation”
synonymously for describing network standby. This term repeats the main functionality
assigned to the networked standby condition. With “remote access and reactivation” we are
recognizing the fact that networked standby provides certain functionality. The main
functionality is the access of a particular “network service” that is provided by the networked
product. That could include the upload of a file (e.g. video, music or document), the activation
of a device or the transmission of a signal. The “resume time to application” is in that respect
an important “quality-of-service” requirement. In Task 5 we will define certain quality-of-
service levels with respect to the resume time to application. We will call these quality-of-
service levels High, Medium, Low, and No “Network Availability”.
Networked standby not only represents remote access and reactivation, but also implies that
this functionality is provided (or could be provided) with less energy, meaning in a lower
power mode. But as a matter of fact, remote access and reactivation is not always possible
at present with the current standby mode power requirement of 2 Watt and less. Certain
product groups, particularly consumer electronics such as TVs, AV receiver, and Blu-Ray
Player and HDD Recorder feature “active”, “high”, “hot”, “fast”, “quick” and other higher
powered standby modes (both passive and networked) in support of this functionality. The
power consumption for such fast reactivation can range from 8 watts for a media
player/recorder to over 25 watts for a complex TV. Other products, such as networking
products or so called customer premises equipment, do not feature a standby mode that
allows remote access and reactivation. These products are always on in an active or idle
mode. This current situation, however, does not necessarily reflect the future situation as
technologies will tend to become more efficient, potentially as a result of regulation. The most
advanced product group with respect to networked standby is personal computers. There are
for a couple of years already technical solutions implemented in the market that correspond
with networked standby mode such as Wake-on-LAN or more advanced technologies such
as Intel’s proprietary AMT or technologies such as described by the Distributed Management
Task Force (DMTF) Desktop and mobile Architecture for System hardware (DASH) standard.
The DASH standard includes “Out of Band” access to servers independent of OS state and
server power state.
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In the following technical analysis we are going to examine the utilization parameters,
product configurations, and existing technologies with respect to networked standby. The
particular input data for the environmental assessment of the selected product groups will be
provided and explained in Task 5.
4.0.3 Acknowledgement
Note: In preparation of the Task 4 Report the authors provided a technical questionnaire to
industry stakeholders and conducted about two dozen individual meetings and similar
number of conference calls. The strongest input has been received from the computer
industry, followed by consumer electronics and networking industry. Through this exchange
of information we have gained a deeper understanding of technical aspects on the product
level but even more on the system level.
The consortium would like to thank all active stakeholders for their support of this study.
4.1 Production Phase
This subtask is not relevant for the purpose of the ENER Lot 26 Study.
4.2 Distribution Phase
This subtask is not relevant for the purpose of the ENER Lot 26 Study.
4.3 Use Phase (Product)
In this chapter we are going to analyze the utilization and technical solutions for remote
access and reactivation of networked equipment on the example of the following product
categories and application areas:
• Personal Computers
• Networking Equipment
• Multimedia Equipment
• Smart Home
With the investigation of these application areas and respective types of equipment we like to
determine first of all the potential network services that the products offer in their particular
use environment. We already assume that the general purposes for remote access of
reactivation are related to:
• Monitoring and servicing of distributed client devices by a professional administrator
• Monitoring and servicing of customer premises equipment by a service provider
• Resuming an application or main function of a product within a local area network
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• Retrieving content such as media files from a server-type device
These applications are only possible under certain technical conditions. Our analysis will
cover the technical parameters of typical equipment and of the network technology that is
employed. We address the following points:
• What are the performance features and network configurations of the products?
• What are the typical network services, applications, and utilization patterns?
• What are the modes and technical solutions for remote access and reactivation?
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4.3.1 Example: Personal Computers
Product description: Personal computers are still a quickly developing product group. The
market is basically divided into stationary devices (e.g. small server, desktops, thin clients,
and integrated all-in-one) and battery powered portable devices (e.g. notebooks,
subnotebooks, tablets). Battery powered products feature typically advanced power
management. There is a range of computer peripheral devices that we consider in this study
as well. They include e.g. network attached and plug-in storage devices, desktop monitors
(displays), and imaging equipment such as printers or MFDs. The power consumption varies
largely between different types of personal computers particularly due to the processor and
storage performance of the system. The on-mode power demand ranges from a couple of
ten watts1 to a couple of hundred watts. New semiconductor generations and progress in
system integration is balancing (if not constantly improving) the energy efficiency of PCs in
general.
Network configuration: A general trend for all computer devices is the growing network
capability in terms of bandwidth and network availability. Most computer products feature
different versions of wired and wireless LAN (Ethernet) as well as USB. There are of course
adapters for almost any kind of network interface available. PCs are configured with multiple
wired and wireless interfaces (ports). An important aspect with respect to quality of service is
the reliability and security of a network connection. With the introduction of more capable and
secure network technologies the protocol overhead increases. The required network
interface control (NIC) in close conjunction with the operation system (OS) determines the
efficiency of the network utilization. The hardware and software elements are important
instruments in optimizing power consumption of the utilized network.
Network utilization: The PC network connections are used for various purposes. With
respect to this study we will focus on remote access and reactivation of the (sleeping)
equipment over a network connection. This functionality is to some extent already a common
practice in the field of personal computers. Our investigation indicates that remote access of
devices is more common within the business environment. One example is servicing
distributed office PCs by utilizing the Ethernet-based Wake-on-LAN (WOL) technologies or
more advanced technical solutions such as Intel’s AMT on Intel’s vPro platform for business
computers. Another established solution is provided by the Distributed Management Task
Force (DMTF) DASH specification. They include platforms by HP, Compaq, Dell, and Lenovo
among other platform vendors.
1 Or less, in the case of thin clients.
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Administration of distributed PCs, imaging equipment, information displays, networking
equipment and other IT can be done 24h/day (see Figure 1). In order to ensure full working
capability, updates might be scheduled by the IT administration for the night.
Update
Secure
Find
Repair IT-Admin
Office
Remote access demandActive/Idle or Sleep with Wake-up
Figure 1: IT-Administration in business environments
As for the private use environment (home) it has been more difficult to assess the actual
utilization of remote access and reactivation. As a matter of fact the long existing WOL is
hardly utilized by private customers. Industry assumes that no more than 5% to 10% of
private PCs are used in this way. External access of home PCs over WAN-LAN connection
such as Virtual Private Networks (VPN) is not yet common in Europe (see Figure 2).
Interoperability problems are an issue in that respect.
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Figure 2: Virtual Private Network
Another reason for this situation is the still existing lack of appropriate bandwidth in the
upstream, which reduces the upload and streaming capabilities (speed) from a server-type
product at home. The currently existing asymmetrical bandwidth distribution – as is the case
with most DSL standards – will eventually be solved when Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) is
implemented. Many European Union member state governments are pushing this
development. According to a recent publication of the Fiber-to-the-Home Council Europe
(FTTHCE) a dynamic development is expected for the years to come. However, in 2010 only
1% of EU households are connected by FTTH.2
Network availability: Despite this situation we have to assume increasing network demand.
File sharing, social networks, and other private network services are increasing the supply-
side (service offers) and will result in increasing network demand with respective interfaces.
Against that background it is reasonable to assume that PCs will more and more require the
capability of remote access and reactivation (networked standby). A critical aspect in this
respect is the resume time to application. This is the time necessary for a device to receive
and process a wake-up signal, start (resume or boot) the operating system and support an
application or service. Depending on the network service that is offered, the resume time to
application could vary. In a virtual private network somewhat longer time delays might be
acceptable whereas in a private-public application more instant reactivity is required. We
expect that the utilization of remote access and reactivation will increase with higher network
availability (faster resume time to application).
2 FTTHCE (April 2010): http://www.ftthcouncil.eu/documents/studies/FTTHCE_AnnualReport_2009-2010.pdf
(downloaded 25.08.2010)
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Remote access and reactivation: PC/LAN systems have some well established wake-up
solutions (e.g. WOL, DASH). CE (AV) systems are also capable of wake-up over network by
legacy SCART or digital HDMI CEC.
Support of power management: Power management of products that provide network
services are related to ECMA393 (Proxying) and IEEE802.3az (Energy Efficient Ethernet).
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4.3.2 Example: Networking Equipment
Product description: In the residential and office environment networking equipment are
located at a subscriber's premises. They connect the local area network (LAN) of the private
user or office with the service provider’s wide area network (WAN). The main functionality of
networking equipment is to provide high network availability for instant signal transmission.
Networking equipment is a fast developing product group. They are driven historically from
the telecommunication sector (telephone and internet service provider) on the one hand and
the television sector (cable and satellite TV service provider) on the other hand. With
increasing broadband capabilities of both telecommunication and television access
technologies triple play services including telephone, internet and television are becoming a
common business model. At the moment most households still have separated telephone
and television access technologies. We assume that this situation will change over the next
years leading to triple play capable home gateways based on wide area network
technologies such as DSL or FTTH and headed complex set-top-boxes based on DOCSIS or
SAT. Another access and local area network option is Femto cells. The access technologies
would include 3D and 4G cellular such as UMTS, LTE and WiMAX.
Network configuration: Networking equipment, including both routers and set-top-boxes,
increasingly support wired and wireless computer and multimedia networks in the home and
office environment. They feature wired and wireless LAN (Ethernet) as well as USB and
HDMI. The following groups of network interfaces are part of triple play gateways:
• Wide Area Network Interfaces (DSL, FTTH, DOCSIS, UMTS, LTE, WIMAX)
• Local Area Network Interfaces (Ethernet, WiFi, USB, PLC, MoCA)
• Broadcast Network Interfaces (DVB tuner and demodulation)
• Digital AV Network Interfaces (HDMI, DVI-D, DisplayPort)
• Analogue AV Network Interfaces (SCART)
• Analogue Telephone Network Interfaces (FXS)
The power consumption of networking equipment largely depends on the network
configuration including the number of wired and wireless interfaces (ports), bandwidth
capabilities, signal/data processing and storage performance. At the present time the on-
mode power consumption is mainly <30W, averaging around 10W. Over the past years
dedicated network System-on-Chip (SoC) and large scale system integration (LSI) improved
power consumption despite increasing performance. With increasing integration of storage
capacities and server-type applications this improved electricity consumption could however
be offset – meaning power consumption could increase again.
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Network utilization: Networking equipment is designed for high network availability (always
online). The utilization in home and office environments is basically identical, though the
utilization intensity varies. Again, the bandwidth availability in downstream and upstream is
essential for the actual network demand and use. Due to the trend towards triple play
supporting equipment it is feasible to assume that active utilization of networking equipment
will further increase (more hours per day). Idle or possible standby periods, which occur
during the night time, might decrease even further. We do not assume that customers switch
off networking equipment. There are two types of network service demand (see Figure 3).
The first is the CPE access demand of a service provider for codec and program updates or
other security measures. The second demand comes from network services that the end
user offers to the outside. This could be a file sharing application or utilization of a VPN.
With the already indicated shift towards new applications (e.g. media server, file sharing) the
networking equipment becomes an essential part of the home multimedia infrastructure as
well. This means that not only the WAN link needs to be maintained all the time, but also that
the LAN/Multimedia links need to be capable of remote access and reactivation.
Furthermore, our investigation also indicates that networking equipment (as a central node)
will be used as a power supply source for smaller plug-in equipment that are powered over
Ethernet or USB (or other technologies in the future).
CPE access demand of the service provider
On-demand service provided by user
Demarcat ion line
File sharing
service
Remote access demand
File access
request
Security PatchCSTB
Firm-
ware
Active/Idle or Sleep with Wake-up Home
Figure 3: Remote access demand in the home environment
Network availability: Against that background we (not surprisingly) conclude that network
availability has the highest priority for networking equipment. The reaction time is in the
micro- and millisecond range. Nevertheless, due to obvious periods of no or less network
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transmissions (active utilization) during night times, vacation or during the day (customer at
work) we see a potential of reducing energy consumption though the implementation of a
smart and reliable power management that provides still enough (fast) resume time to
application. In Chapter 5, we will investigate the technical situation in that respect.
4.3.3 Example: Multimedia Equipment
Product description: TV and multimedia equipment describe a manifold set of products
typically called audio/video or consumer electronics. The product spectrum is currently
embedded into a dynamic market development. The driving forces behind this market are
new television services and video media technologies in conjunction with changing triple play
service provider infrastructure. TV and multimedia development is not only driven by
changing form factors and display technologies, but also by digitalization of content platforms
(media), high definition (HD), and three dimensional (3D) TV/video. This trend changes the
media carrier systems and network requirements. It is expected that more than two Third of
all CE products will be network enabled (HDMI LLC 2009). Despite regular TV programs,
Pay-TV, Pay-per-View (PPV), Video-on-Demand (VoD) services, as well as Internet-TV
(IPTV) are increasing the bandwidth demand in the access and local area networks. A
second aspect is the development of media carriers systems such as Video Disks (DVD,
BluRay), Hard Disk Drives (HDD), Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID), and Solid
State Drives (SSD) for replaying, recoding, and storage of media content.
The product technical platforms originate from a highly diverse industry spectrum including
(traditional) consumer electronics, game consoles, computers, and even networking
equipment manufacturers. This diversity describes the functional spectrum of the products as
well. In general we can observe the trend to higher functional integration (e.g. media centre)
on the one hand and simultaneously also a further distribution of functionality into individual
products. As a very rough trend we see a development from the STB/TV-Receiver side
(integrating storage) and from the Disk-Player/Recorder side (integrating receiver). The
power consumption mainly depends on the main functionality. In the case of a TV it is the
display. Nevertheless, it is the data/signal processing and storage performance that defines
more and more the complexity of the system (operation system) and indirectly the power
consumption of the product. The power consumption of the basic (we exempt here the
display in on-mode) system varies from a few watts to a few ten watts.
Network configuration: In order to support digital high definition media transmissions new
network technologies and interoperability standards are entering the market. The dominant
networking technology in the TV/AV area is High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI).
Most products are support Digital Visual Interface (DVI) and older analogue network
interfaces such as SCART for downward compatibility. WiFi is the main technology for
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wireless connectivity. However, there is a range of other wireless technologies potentially
available (see Table 1 below).
Avoiding cables is not only appreciated in an optical sense (pin the TV on the wall without a
cable hanging around), but it additionally provides tremendous flexibility in the set-up of a
home entertainment or office information system. Most of the wireless technologies provide
necessary signal transmission performance in range of 3m to 30m. From an energy point of
view, these technologies are better when the sender and receiver are as close together as
possible.
There are plenty of limitations for wireless applications in conjunction with consumer
electronics such as HDTV due to copy protection. As an example, transmitting digital media
(Blu-ray, DVD, MP3, etc.) might be limited or not possible because they are tied to some
form of Digital Rights Management (DRM).
Wireless Standard Band Data Rate
WiHD WirelessHD 1.0 [Next Generation] 60 GHz 4 Gbit/s [>10 Gbit/s]
WiGig Wireless Gigabit Alliances 60 GHz 7 Gbit/s
WHDI Wireless Home Digital Interface 5 GHz 3 Gbit/s
WiFi Alliance WiFi‐Direct (P2P) 2.4 / 5 GHz 600 Mbit/s
WiDi Intel Wirless Display (My WiFi / MWT) 2.4 GHz based on 802.11n
WUSB Wireless USB 3.1 - 10.6 GHz 480/110 Mbit/s Table 1: Wireless standards for broadband and HD video signal transmission
At the present moment we are noticing that TV and multimedia equipment provide a
multitude on network options. Interoperability is therefore a special issue. The problem is
here again that new standards and proprietary interoperability solutions are continually
evolving on the market. The equipment manufacturers generally join most of these
“interoperability alliances” including the Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA), Multimedia
over Coax Alliance (MoCA), or Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) in order to have all options
for their system architecture. This capability is important to provide the customer with the
option to integrate the equipment seamlessly in existing or new networks. The interoperability
alliances regulate license issues for the utilization and network support of different media
formats including:
• audio (e.g. MP3, WMA)
• video (e.g. DivX, DivX HD, AVCHD, MPEG-4, VC-1, MKV)
• picture (e.g. JPEG, GIF, PNG)
Network utilization: Similar to personal computers the network utilization of TV and
multimedia equipment will increase with new online services. If we make a distinction
between active use (sitting in front of a TV or audio system to enjoy the content) and passive
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use (the recording / download of content or servicing of the system) we notice that remote
access and activation (networked standby) is somewhat different to computers or networking
equipment. TVs and multimedia equipment are typically operated with remote control. That
(traditional) feature makes the use of these devices very comfortable. However, it also
means that the user has to be present in order to start (wake-up) the product. A typical line of
events has been in the past (1) activating e.g. the STB, (2) then TV and (3) the DVD player.
Nowadays the activation of the television or a peripheral device can be done automatically
via HDMI/CEC-based network wake-up out of an active standby mode. An example would be
a TV display in the bed room that is wireless connected to a main TV receiver in the living
room. The receiver box would get a wake-up signal via a WiFi adapter/router. This type of
solution requires more energy than regular standby as the TV/AV receiver provides such
network wake-up typically only out of a higher power state. The so called “Fast Play” or
“Quick Start” options that are provided by some manufacturers for media player/recorder or
complex TVs consume from 8 watts to over 25 Watts in “hot” standby. In conclusion we could
assume that a large group of products that are currently feature <1W standby may increase
energy consumption for faster resume time to application.
Network availability: With the market shifting to more complex provider services (Pay-TV,
Video-on-Demand, Interactive TV) the demand for network availability will increase in the
downstream (towards the end-user) as well as upstream (from the end-user). The main
demand is at the interface between service provider and end-user. The servicing of customer
premises equipment such as complex set-top-boxes or headed gateways is already well
established. These devices are regularly updated in order to ensure interoperability,
copyright protection, or basic electronic program information. Depending on the individual
system configuration (access technologies, device specific functionality) this network service
demand could lead to increasing active/idle phases of related end-user equipment, if they do
not provide low power options. The harmonization of technical solutions and service
procedures are essential preconditions for energy efficiency. Service providers and
equipment manufacturers need to collaborate on feasible solutions in the interest of the
customer.
The network availability demand within end-user-controlled home multimedia networks is
very difficult to judge. The user in most cases controls the distributed system within reach of
the remote control or a few steps. There is however some network employments where
convenience might require higher network availability. A common example is a central media
receiver/server device that is hidden and not accessible with the remote control. In this case
the system might be activated over a central node (WiFi router) or the distributed TV
(monitor). Another example is the increasing number of small streaming clients such as
displays or sound systems. These systems mostly use WiFi connectivity and are always on.
Power management is not common. As for the downstream demand (media recording,
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download) new media service platforms, security and copyright protection measures actually
limit program recording to some extent. More commonly today are video streaming and in the
case of Personal Video Recorder (PVR) time-shift viewing. The necessity for immediate
resume time to application or high network availability is rather small.
Remote access and reactivation: In chapter 4.4 we investigate HDMI/CEC-based network
wake-up and active standby modes.
4.3.4 Example: Smart Home
The buzzword “smart home” is related to a number of network-based concepts with respect
to the monitoring and control of:
• Objects (e.g. rooms, doors, windows),
• Equipment (e.g. large household appliances, HVAC equipment, surveillance systems)
One general concept is the automation and hopefully optimization of processes. The
automatic adjustment of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) as well as lighting
based on sensors is a common praxis in building automation. Such system solutions have
mostly a defined (programmed) network service which is limited to the home or building
(local area network). The system also typically employs network technology (e.g. ZigBee,
Powerline) that is less commonly used for end-user devices.
With the introduction of “Smart Metering” and “Networked Appliances” solutions, real-time
status monitoring, assessment, and control units that are connected to service (utility)
providers, the utilization of the network and respective network services become a new
dimension.
Networked appliances defines large household appliances such as washing machines and
dish washers that have a network interface connecting the appliance to a control box that
functions as a network service interface. According to white goods manufacturer Miele and
Bosch-Siemens-Hausgeräte (BSH), two of a handful of enterprises that presented networked
appliances at the 2010 IFA household appliance and consumer electronics show in Berlin,
there are currently only a few network services under investigation including smart grid
applications and remote maintenance.
The most promoted network service is an energy-price-adaptive start of washing cycles in
conjunction with the “Smart Grid” concept. With this network service the end-use benefits
from low energy prices (in non-peak hours) while the utility provider would benefit from a
load-adapted grid (reduce peak hours).
This concept brings together a couple of new players including the appliance manufacturer,
utility provider and network provider. The main reason for this collaboration is the technical
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realization of the network service interface. There are a few developments in that respect:
First to mention is the harmonization of the network interfaces (outlet) on the appliance side.
A number of brand-name manufactures are actively promoting quasi-industry-standards
within the framework of CECED (Conseil Européen de la Construction d'appareils
Domestiques or European Committee of Domestic Equipment Manufacturers). CHAIN is the
acronym for Ceced Home Appliances Interoperating Network, a protocol standard for the
interoperability of household appliances. As for the network technology no harmonization can
be seen in the market. Current product concepts feature Powerline Communication (PLC) as
well as wireless LAN (WiFi) and ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4).
The second aspect is the necessary network service interface. This can be realized basically
in three different ways:
• separate home appliance interface box, provided by the white good manufacturer3
• smart metering interface box, provided by the electricity supplier
• network access/home gateways, provided by network provider
In the first case an additional “box” would enter the home network. Smart metering interfaces
are also new devices that only very slowly enter the market. The home gateway is more or
less considered an existing product. Again, the end-user benefit of the network service is the
all deciding aspect for the success – and therefore significant introduction – of networked
appliances. At the moment the industry (CECED) assumes that no more than 5% of new
products would utilize network services.
Monitoring Systems are another smart home application. These include variety of network
services from smart meters to smart locks. The benefit of networked monitoring system is
again distributed to the end-user and the external service provider (or homeowner). Smart
Metering, Smart Living and other monitoring, assistance & control concepts are usually
include benefits for both sides. There are quite a few ongoing projects for Ambient Assisted
Living (AAL) focusing on medical support of seniors and people that need supervision. These
professional systems include the monitoring of peoples (health condition), medical and safety
equipment. Network technology reaches from Body Area, to Local Area and Wide Area
Networks. With respect to this type of external monitoring systems the coding of sensor data
and in general the secure data transmission is an essential requirement. Against that
background we conclude that professionally administrated monitoring systems will be
introduced in the private and assisted living environment in the next years. The technical
complexity and respective cost factor of these solutions (e.g. medical equipment, security)
3 Miele showed an example at the IFA 2010 in Berlin
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will however limited the dissemination to a few ten or hundred thousand applications in
Europe. We could not detect cost efficient mass market solutions at the present.
There are examples for private end-user only applications as well. Such network applications
are typically using VPNs to access sensor or video camera systems remotely from on the go.
Most of such applications are self-made. We could not detect as mass market. It is feasible
to assume that with growing symmetrical bandwidth supply such type of applications might
increase. Users might like to know if there is regular mail in their mailbox, if their door locks
and windows are closed, or if an appliance or other equipment is turned off (or on). With a
multitude of networked sensors (e.g. optical, acceleration, thermal) and respective service
interfaces (e.g. within a home server or network access device) these type of applications
are technically possible. Commercial hardware and software solutions will drive this market.
We assume that they will use existing platforms for this kind of applications.
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4.3.5 Summary
With respect to network services we can mainly distinguish between professionally
administrated (utilized) and privately utilized applications. Professional services include:
• Monitoring and servicing of customer premises equipment (CPE) such as complex
set-top-boxes (CSTB) in conjunction with pay TV services
• Monitoring and servicing of distributed computers such as the administration of
personal computers in business environments
• Monitoring and servicing of large household appliances such as dishwashers or
washing machine (which could be a growing application in the future)
• Monitoring and servicing of sensors (building automation) and other building
infrastructure equipment such as heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)
Regarding private utilization we can currently recognize the following applications:
• Remote access and uploading of files (e.g. video, music, picture, documents) via a
Virtual Private Network (VPN) over a wide area network (WAN)
• Remote access and reactivation of a TV or AV receiver (in house multimedia or so
called video area network).
• Remote access and reactivation of a computer system (Wake-on-LAN) or computer
peripheral devices (e.g. imaging equipment)
These are principle types of applications or network services that should be covered by a low
power mode such as networked standby. At present, it is necessary for some types of
products to cover such applications in active or idle mode. The introduction of power
management and consequent reduction of power consumption is the assumed improvement
potential of networked standby.
The power consumption level of the idle mode or (in terms of functionality) lower power mode
(networked standby mode) that supports networked standby functionality varies in principle
depending on the following factors:
• Processor performance,
• Memory or storage capacity,
• Complexity of the operation system (including software efficiency),
• Number and type of network interfaces
• Complexity of the supported network technologies,
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• Type, size, and efficiency of the power supply unit (PSU)4
The utilization of a certain power mode (particularly low power modes) depends on the
resume time to application. This requirement translates into quality-of-service levels or
Network Availability as we like to call it. For example: networking-type products such as
gateways or switches are designed for high network availability. This means that a link is
maintained for instant transmission of signals without delay or link failure. We will develop
networked standby scenarios based on this concept.
Networked standby is a product and system issue. We developed the understanding that a
low power solution for networked standby requires not only a respective selection of
electronic and network components, adequate circuitry design, and software efficiency. A
good networked standby solution requires appropriate interoperability with the linked device
(e.g. host). This aspect is reflected by the sophistication of the network technology and
complexity of protocols.
Networked standby is also a standardization and collaboration issue. Technical
standardization and the collaboration of different equipment manufacturers with service
providers are important for efficient networks and interoperation of products. Take the
particular example of customer premises equipment such as complex set-top-boxes. It is
necessary that service providers (e.g. TV cable or pay TV provider) and consumer
electronics manufacturers (e.g. CTSB, TV/Media Receiver) need to collaborate in an effort to
facilitate low power solutions. An example is a time controlled servicing of CPEs.
Note: An important comment was received from Mr Edouard Toulouse, representative of the
European Environmental Citizens Organisation for Standardisation (ECOS) which is useful to
discuss directly. In his comment, Mr. Toulouse argues: “The preparatory study generally
covers and analyses only one side of the story: networked standby modes considered as a
solution (allowing to save some energy compared to leaving a product fully on or in idle
state). The study describes several types of possible intermediate modes with network
availability, and powering down to these modes is supposed to be the “principal improvement
potential” (more important than the power level of these modes). We have a fundamental
concern in that this approach mostly misses the other side of the story: networked standby
viewed as a problem in itself, when it tends to replace unplugged, off and regular standby
modes thus triggering an increase in energy consumption. The supposed need to maintain a
constant network availability and fast reactivation 7x24 as a default state on an increasing
range of products is hardly questioned.”
4 The PSU reflects the main functionality of a product. Large electro-photography imaging equipments (EP-
Printers) require a few hundred watts in active mode. In comparison, a personal computer or notebook only
requires a few tens of watts.
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The authors of the study have recognized this duality – networked standby as a problem and
as part of a solution – throughout the study. The user behavior and technical analysis has
addressed both sides of the issue. However, by focusing on the likelihood that networked
standby options are activated by default when the product is delivered to the customer, the
study addresses the energy saving potential of an advanced power management – with
networked standby as part of the solution – more strongly than hoping for fully aware
customers who are willing to manually power down their devices. Furthermore, the
improvement options provided in Task 7 report give customer interaction with the product
very high priority (they are the first three options).
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4.4 Network Technologies5
In this section we investigate the currently available network and system technologies for
power management of network components, remote access and reactivation of networked
products. The focus is placed on the identification of power management options and low
power modes, their technical characteristics as well as software or system relevant aspects
in conjunction to networked standby. This analysis generally includes:
• Existing power management and low power modes (wake-up options)
• Resume time to application (in conjunction with certain functionalities)
• Power demand per mode (averaged values considering product configurations)
• Maturity of the solution and future developments (technical potentials)
This analysis provides not only an information base on the current status of technology, but it
also shows that power management and low power solutions with networked standby
functionality exists in some markets more than in others. During this study we have
developed the understanding that technical solutions for low power networked standby not
only depend on individual circuitry designs and components. It is the technical facilitation of
effective interoperability of both sides of a network connection (link) that needs consideration.
Properly describing network functions and different aspects of network technology requires
an analysis on the three basic layers6 (a) the physical link, (b) the basic network functionality,
and (c) the applications. Each of these layers has implications for power requirements and
for behavior of the device as desired or required by the user.
4.4.1 Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
4.4.1.1 Ethernet support of networked standby
IEEE standard 802.3 (Ethernet) specifies the Physical (PHY) and Media Access Control
(MAC) layers of today’s main wired network technology in Local Area Networks (LAN) and to
some extent with GEPON in the access networks of Wide Area Networks (WAN). Ethernet is
an established communication technology which will remain the most dominant network in
the years to come. The standard specifies different transfer rates (speed) which range from
10 Mbps (Millions of bits per second) up to several Gbps (Giga bits per second).
5 The authors of this report received considerable support from various industry stakeholders. We like to thank
Jim Kardach of INTEL Corporation for the detailed technical information. 6 Based on the OSI Model which actually features seven layers.
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With respect to networked standby, Ethernet supports following functions and power
management:
• Wake-On-LAN (WOL)
• Adaptive Link Rate (link speed switching)
• Energy Efficient Ethernet (IEEE 802.3az)
• Network Proxying (ECMA 393)
4.4.1.2 Wake-on-LAN (WOL)
Wake-on-LAN (WOL) is a technology standard for computer networks that allows a system to
remotely wake-up from a sleep mode via an Ethernet connection (IEEE 802.3). The standard
has been available since 1995. It is quite a simple technology solution. A specific wake-up
packet, the so called Magic Packet containing the MAC address of the target system, is
broadcast through Ethernet connection to the target system. If the MAC address in the magic
packet matches the MAC address for the target system the wake-up process will start.7
With WOL it is possible to reactivate a computer operation system (OS) out of following
power states:
• Sleep state (ACPI G1/S3): Resume time to application is typically in a range of 2 to
5 seconds (<10 sec.). In the G1/S3 state the hardware maintains memory context in
DRAM. The TREN Lot 3 study on computers and monitors recommended that an
idle computer should enter G1/S3 sleep state after 30 minutes with less than 5
seconds resume time. Power consumption levels for sleep mode (base) vary
currently from about 1.5W to 4W depending on the type and configuration of the PC
(notebooks even lower). G1/S3 sleep with WOL requires typically an additional 0.3W
to 0.7W to the base value.
• Hibernate state (ACPI G1/S4): Resume time to application varies widely but is
typically in a range from 25 to over 50 seconds (>>10 sec). This long reactivation
time results from restoring the context of memory from non-volatile storage back to
DRAM. Depending on the system and utilization this can take much longer than
booting the OS. This state applies to notebooks and is typically not supported by
desktop PCs. The TREN Lot 3 study suggested that after four hours of sleep the
system should shift into a lower power state (e.g. G1/S4) which is less than 2.2W for
desktop and 1.2W for notebooks as a base value. The power consumption level of
G1/S4WOL is assumed to be an additional 0.3W to 0.7W to the base value.
• Soft off state (ACPI G2/S5): Booting time for the OS is about 25 seconds or more
depending on the system configuration (>>10 sec.). There is no application context
7 This principle also applies to Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11) and is called Wake-on-Wireless (WOW).
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restored. This means that the reactivation is typically shorter than out of hibernate.
This is the lowest power state for computers. The TREN Lot 3 study suggested that
the lowest power state should be in the first step less than 1W and less than 0.5W
by 2013. According to industry comments, current best power consumption in this
state ranges from about 0.5W for notebooks and 0.9W to 1.2W for desktop PCs.
In conclusion we determine that WOL can be supported by different power states and
provides the option to reactivate a sleeping or shutdown system via Ethernet link within a
medium (<10 sec.) or longer (>>10 sec.) latency. Products are typically shipped with WOL.
The employment and real life utilization of WOL is not well documented. Own experiences
indicate difficulties with WOL over virtual personal networks (VPN). Nevertheless WOL is an
existing solution for medium and low network availability.
The power “adder” for WOL is associated with the NIC device. According to industry sources
it adds about 40 milli-watts at the device. Taking into account power supply and regulator
inefficiency, at the wall the adder is about 4 or 5 times that or about 160 to 200 milli-watts.
4.4.1.3 Out of Band remote management (OOB)
Out of Band (OOB) access to network clients is a solution used for remotely managing
computers that are independent of the operating system on the client computer. Ethernet
and WiFi networked devices can be used.
Intel’s Active Management Technology (AMT) is a proprietary technology with WOL
function that is implemented on Intel’s vPro platform for business PCs. Intel’s AMT is a
hardware solution in conjunction with firmware used for remotely managing computers that
are out-of-band (OOB). Intel AMT supports Ethernet and WiFi networked devices. This
includes the feature of remote power-up similar to WOL but provides additional security and
management options.8 The energy consumption of an implemented AMT is an additional
0.3W to 0.8W more to the regular WOL resulting in an additional 1.5 Watt to the base value.
However, the real life power consumption might vary largely and depends on the system type
and configuration. Lights Out Management (LOM) is another out-of-band management
technology by Intel for server computers and allows system administrators to monitor and
manage servers remotely in active, low power sleep, soft-off states and even if the computer
has crashed.
DMTF’s Desktop and mobile Architecture for System Hardware (DASH) Standard is a
suite of specifications that takes full advantage of DMTF’s Web Services for Management
(WS-Management) specification – delivering standards-based Web services management for
8 http://www.intel.com/technology/platform-technology/intel-amt. (downloaded on 25.08.2010)
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desktop and mobile client systems. For example, AMD offers a number of client
management tools for DMTF DASH enablement 9
DASH builds on the power of WS-Management and CIM to deliver advanced desktop and
mobile management features, including:
• Power Control,
• Boot Control,
• WS-Eventing Push Indications, Correlatable System ID,
• Firmware version information, Hardware information (including Chassis model/serial,
CPU, Memory, Fan, Power Supply, and Sensor),
• Login and UserID credentials, as well as Roles and Privileges
Through DASH, DMTF provides the next generation of standards for secure out-of-band and
remote management of desktop and mobile systems. Members include: Broadcom, Cisco,
Citrix, Dell, EMC, Fujitsu, HP, Hitachi, IBM, Intel, AMD, Microsoft, Oracle, Symantec,
Vmware.
Comment provided by AMD: We believe that one best practice is the use of open standards-
based client management tools and technology and that this is consistent with European
standardization policy. Proprietary management solutions can overload systems with
nonessential features, lock organizations into specific vendors, increase management costs,
and eliminate flexibility. A number of vendors work directly with standards bodies like the
Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) to define standards that support interoperability
among system management tools and managed computer systems. One such standard is
the DMTF Desktop and mobile Architecture for System Hardware (DASH), which provides a
standard for secure remote management, including out-of-band management, of desktop
and mobile systems from multiple vendors.
4.4.1.4 Adaptive Link Rate (Link Speed Switching)
Link speed switching refers to the practice of reducing the link speed of the Ethernet
connection between the client and its switch (the other end of the Ethernet cable) to the
lowest link speed which saves power. For example the Ethernet PHY of a GbE link power
can be in the Watts range, while the 10 BT link power can be in the 10s of Milliwatts range.
As link speed is not very important while the system is in the sleep state, this turns out to be
a very good technique to reduce overall platform power when the system is in the sleep state
with the WOL technology enabled. One of the main issues with link speed switching was the
9 http://developer.amd.com/cpu/manageability/Pages/default.aspx
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amount of time it took to exit the state (10ms range), which prevented the technology from
being used in the active state.
This resulted in the development of the Energy Efficient Ethernet (IEEE 802.3az) technology.
4.4.1.5 IEEE 802.3az (Energy Efficient Ethernet)
IEEE 802.3az (Energy Efficient Ethernet) is a new standard that has been approved just
recently. The 802.3az standard covers 100Base-TX, 1000Base-T, 10GBase-T, 1000Base-
KX, 10GBase-KX4, 10GBase-KR, and also supports XGMII extension using the XGXS for
10Gbps PHYs. IEEE 802.3az (Energy Efficient Ethernet) covers most of the standard
products in the office and home environments, such as laptop and desktop computers,
servers, switches, routers, and home gateways.
The first idea for Energy Efficient Ethernet was an Adaptive Link Rate concept. According to
this approach the power consumption of Ethernet transceivers (PHYs) would be to power
down in periods when the data rate required was low. This first idea was however
abandoned in favor of the Low Power Idle (LPI) concept. This second approach switches
rapidly between the full operating speed and the LPI mode. Similar to the Wake-on-LAN
concept that can remotely wake-up a system, the LPI concept is much faster on the order of
10 microseconds.
For 1000BASE-T and 10GBASE-T transceivers new LPI modes have been defined. Key
features are:
• They allow powering down the transmitters and three of the four receivers in a link
when there is no data to send.
• They include a refresh cycle that requires transmission of short training sequences in
LPI mode so the PHY parameters (clock tracking at the slave, receiver equalizer
coefficients, echo canceller coefficients, crosstalk canceller coefficients, etc.) can be
updated and kept current.
• They include the definition of an alert signal that can be used to rapidly wake up a
PHY from sleep in the LPI mode.
• They can be initiated either from the local system by signaling from the MAC or
station management or from the remote system over the PHY link.
Because of these features, the LPI-to-active state transition can be made in less than
0.001% of the time it takes for the initial link-up of the PHY. During the sleep-to-wake
transition, EEE requires that data transmission be held off during the PHY wake time so no
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data is lost.10 The issue with Ethernet has been its lack of a good idle state, as a GbE PHY
consumes about 1W of power while doing nothing. By including an optimized low power idle
state allows the Ethernet link to have both transmitted efficiency and good idle power
characteristics.
There are currently only few products on the market meeting this specification. However,
feedback from component manufacturers, equipment manufacturers, and software indicate
that a fast adaptation of this new standard is expected.
4.4.1.6 Network Proxying (ECMA 393)11
ECMA-393 (ProxZzzy™) Standard was released in February 2010. Network Proxying is a
technology that allows another network agent to act as a proxy for the computer that is
providing network services. Through the proxy agent such services remain available to other
network clients (wishing to find or use the services), while the computer providing the
services can be in a low power sleep state. The proxy agent wakes the network service
provider (computer) when needed.
The specification define mandatory proxy functions to support IPv4 ARP, IPv6 Neighbor
Discover, and wake packets for both 802.3 (Ethernet) and 802.11 (Wi-Fi).
It also defines optional proxy functions to support DNS, DHCP, IGMP, MLD, Remote Access
using SIP and IPv4, Remote Access using Teredo for IPv6, SNMP, mDNS (Device
Discovery), and LLMNR (Device Discovery).
In detail ECMA 393 specifies maintenance of network connectivity and presence by proxies
to extend the sleep duration of hosts:
• Capabilities that a proxy may expose to a host.
• Information that must be exchanged between a host and a proxy
• Proxy behavior for 802.3 (Ethernet) and 802.11 (WiFi)
• Required and optional behavior of a proxy while it is operating, including responding
to packets, generating packets, ignoring packets, and waking the host.
10
PC world article by S. Katsuria (04.03.2010): Energy-efficient Ethernet: A greener choice for 2010;
http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/338291/energy-efficient_ethernet_greener_choice_2010/
(downloaded 30.06.2010) 11
www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-393.htm
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This standard does not:
• Specify communication mechanisms between hosts and proxies.
• Extend or modify the referenced specifications (and for any discrepancies those
specifications are authoritative).
• Support security and communication protocols such as IPsec, MACSec, SSL, TLS,
Mobile IP, etc.
4.4.2 Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11)
IEEE standard 802.11 specifies the most common wireless network communication
mechanisms commonly known as WLAN or WiFi. The technology provides a wireless link
between a WAN access point (e.g. home gateway, router) and the LAN connected end-user
device (desktop or notebook PC). The application of this mature technology is growing.
Within the past two years the consumer electronics industry started to utilize WLAN for
connecting TV, CSTB, Media Player; NAS or PCs wireless into Home Video Networks.
4.4.2.1 Wake-on-Wireless (WOWLAN)
Wake-on-Wireless (WOWLAN) is based on the WOL standard and is a feature which allows
a WLAN-enabled client system to enter a low-power system state (G1/S3 or G1/S4) while
still maintaining wireless LAN association with its current AP. WoW allows remote systems to
wake up the sleeping client by sending a frame of a specific format (Magic Packet) which the
client anticipates. The system also reacts to a changing link status. Wake-on-Wireless is very
similar to Wake-on-LAN for Ethernet NICs in that no specialized support is required on any
intervening devices in the network (e.g. switches, routers, APs, etc.).12 The implementation
and use of WOWLAN is not well documented.
Industry stakeholders indicate that at the present most computers under IT control are
utilizing wired connections and use WOL. The market demand for platforms that implement
wireless wake on LAN is at the present not considerable.
4.4.2.2 WLAN power saving options
Power Save Mode (PSM) or Power Save Poll (PSP) for WiFi is the original power-
conservation technique defined in 802.11. The methodology is for the mobile device to
suspend radio activity after a variable but pre-determined period of inactivity, and then wake
up periodically (normally 100 ms) to see if the infrastructure has queued any traffic for it. This
allows the client to be in a very low power state in both sleep and active states.
12
Linux wireless support: http://wireless.kernel.org/en/users/Documentation/WoW (downloaded 19.08.2010)
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Unscheduled Automatic Power Save Delivery (U-APSD) is an asynchronous approach to
power conservation defined in 802.11, and serves as the basis of WMM Power Save,
allowing the client to request queued traffic at any time rather than waiting for the next
beacon frame.
WMM Power Save (WMM-PS) is a product of the Wi-Fi Alliance and was introduced with the
development of 802.11e and the corresponding Wireless Multimedia (WMM) specification. It
is based on U-APSD, and is often implemented in Wi-Fi handsets.
Dynamic MIMO Power Save is a technology that allows MIMO-based (802.11n) radios to
downshift to less-aggressive radio configurations (for example, from 2x2 to 1x1) when traffic
loads are light.
4.4.2.3 WLAN and Proxy
Network Proxying (ECMA 393) uses the clients WoWLAN ability to lower system power even
further by allowing the router/Access-point to act as a Proxy for the client computer who has
turned on some sort of Network Service (like file sharing). Here the router/Access-point can
then act as a proxy for the sleeping client, and respond to network requests for discovery or
other protocols which require millisecond response. When a requests ask for something
which actually requires the sleeping client (like access to a file), then the router/access-point
sends the wake-request to the sleeping client to allow the request to be completed.
ECMA-393 (Proxying) specifies WLAN deployment considerations for proxy:
• Hosts often disconnect from an AP, and may re-connect to the same AP or another
AP within the same SSID, or to an AP in a different SSID. This is based on the
Connection Profiles configuration.
• A proxy may be unable to operate in public WiFi hotspots that require explicit user
authorization, such as requiring a legal agreement (EULA).
• Some WLAN deployments require a DHCP Renew at association time.
4.4.3 Universal Serial Bus (USB)
USB is a very common interface in the personal computer, consumer electronics and mobile
industries. The utilization of USB is growing constantly. The first versions of USB did not
support active power management. The USB standards Version 2.0 and 3.0 provide some
power saving options.
USB-devices that have sent the NRDY-status (not ready) have the option to shift into a
power saving mode. If all attached devices are in power saving mode the host can now
reduce the upstream-link to the USB clients.
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There are the four following optional modes:
• U0 mode: Link active
• U1 mode: Link idle – fast exit
• U2 mode: Link idle – slower exit
• U3 mode: Link suspend
The resume time to active link is in a range of microseconds (µs) to milliseconds (ms).
Figure 4: Summary of USB link states (power modes)
It should be remembered that in terms of network standby a PC can have many roles:
• As a sleeping host, where it can receive wake-up messages from USB devices trying
to wake-up the system (using a USB keyboard or mouse to wake the computer client
from a sleep state)
• As an active host where it may have USB devices which are in a low power state and
need to be awakened (A USB printer is connected to the computer, the USB printer is
in a low power state and the user is printing a computer job)
• As a sleeping host, with a networked USB printer connected to it (a combination of
the first two examples).
It takes a combination of active and sleeping USB power states to support these usages.
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In general, the USB standard defines the following low power states which can apply to
network standby situations:
• USB Global Suspend Mode
• USB Selective Suspend Mode
• USB Link Power Management State
4.4.3.1 USB Global Suspend Mode
USB Global suspend mode is used to put devices to sleep which still have the ability to
wake-up the platform (which falls under the Lot 26 scope).
Suspend mode is mandatory on all devices. During suspend, additional constrains come into
force. The maximum suspend current is proportional to the unit load. For a 1 unit load device
(default) the maximum suspend current is 500uA (5V).
A USB device will enter suspend when there is no activity on the bus for greater than 3.0ms.
It then has a further 7ms to shutdown the device and draw no more than the designated
suspend current and thus must be only drawing the rated suspend current from the bus
10mS after bus activity stopped. In order to maintain connected to a suspended hub or host,
the device must still provide power to its pull up speed selection resistors during suspend.
The term "Global Suspend" is used when the entire USB bus enters suspend mode
collectively. However selected devices can be suspended by sending a command to the hub
that the device is connected too. This is referred to as a "Selective Suspend."
4.4.3.2 USB Selective Suspend
USB Selective Suspend is very similar to the USB global suspend, but is used in an active
mode where the device is put into a selective suspend state while idle. The issue with
selective suspend mode is the exit latency is not very clearly defined and can take as long as
half a second; which for many devices is an issue.
This mode is needed in active power management not because the USB interface itself
consumes too much power, but because of the activity created by USB host controllers
within the platform. USB is a polled interface, where a USB device is not capable of
generating an interrupt or generating a bus cycle; and must be polled by the host to see if the
device wishes to generate an interrupt or issue a bus cycle. This can result in a continuous
stream of data between the USB host controller and main memory which creates consumes
a large amount of system power (via memory, CPU and busses). Hence the selective
suspend mode suspends that link, and removes the need for the host controller to constantly
poll that device.
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4.4.3.3 USB Link Power Management
USB link power management resolves the issues found with selective suspend by reducing
the guaranteed exit latency of the selective suspend technology (at a high level) those
allowing devices to quickly enter and exit these low power states which saves link power and
the host controller polling power. This mode was added as an optional feature to USB 2.0
device (High speed and low speed) and as a mandatory feature of USB 3 high speed
devices.
4.4.3.4 V Bus Power
The V-Bus is the USB bus that provides power to a device. The power of a USB bus
powered device is limited by design. Table 2 shows the V-Bus power characteristics.
Table 2: USB V Bus Power Characteristics
Sleep and Charge USB ports
Some computers support charging of USB devices when the system is sleeping (ACPI
G1/S3 or G1/S4 states) or off (G2/S5 state). USB provides a standard on how much power
can be drawn from a host USB device for this purpose (USB charging specification 1.1:
http://www.usb.org/developers/devclass_docs). This should be considered when specifying
sleep or off power for computers which host USB battery charging in the different low power
modes.
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If a device to be charged is plugged into a charging downstream port, then it is allowed to
draw current up to IDEV_CDP_LFS (for low or full speed devices, max of 1.5A) or
IDEV_CDP_HS (for high speed devices, max of 900mA) regardless of the system state of
the host.
Wireless USB enables products from the PC, CE, and mobile industries to connect
wirelessly at up to 480 Mbps at 3 meters and 110 Mbps at 10 meters.
Wireless USB is designed to deliver maximum power efficiency. Sleep, listen, wake and
conserve modes ensure that devices use only the minimum power necessary.
4.4.4 Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL and VDSL)
The ADSL (G.992.3) and ADSL2+ (G.992.5) as well as VDSL VDSL1 (G.993.1) and VDSL2
(G.993.2) recommendations define a power management feature to reduce the power
consumption and the thermal dissipation of ADSL chip sets.
When there is no user traffic, the xDSL links can switch from a high power mode (L0) to a
low power mode (L2). If there is no user data for a long period of time, the link can switch
further to a very low power, idle state (L3).
TR-202 Low-Power Mode Guidelines (February 2010)
• L0 State Full power management state achieved after the initialization procedure has
completed successfully (the ADSL link is fully functional)
• L2 State Low power management state (the ADSL link is active but a low power
signal conveying background data is sent from the ATU-C to the ATU-R)
• L3 State Link state (Idle) at the start of the initialization procedure (there is no signal
transmitting, the ATU may be powered or unpowered)
These features can be initiated on the central office (CO) or remote unit. Due to the several
seconds transition time (L2) and the potential of losing data and connectivity (L3) most
network provider are not using this power management feature. Their experience with
unhappy VoIP (Voice over IP) customers cannot be denied. That does not mean however
that the idea is wrong. The provider of the access network is influencing (with the technology,
network topology, node configuration, and system setup) the energy consumption of the
customer’s equipment. If there is no traffic in the loop the system should support low power
modes.
4.4.5 Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS)
DOCSIS is an international telecommunications standard that permits the addition of high-
speed data transfer to an existing Cable TV (CATV) system. It is employed by many cable
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television operators to provide Internet access (see cable internet) over their existing hybrid
fiber coaxial (HFC) infrastructure. The specification was developed by Cable Labs and
contributing companies including ARRIS, BigBand Networks, Broadcom, Cisco, Conexant,
Correlant, Harmonic, Intel, Motorola, Netgear, Terayon, and Texas Instruments.
A DOCSIS architecture includes two primary components: a cable modem (CM) located at
the customer premises, and a cable modem termination system (CMTS) located at the CATV
head end. Of interest for this study is the modems power consumption on the CPE and the
power management (interoperability) with the CMTS.
See current power consumption requirements below.
4.4.6 Multimedia Interoperability
4.4.6.1 High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)
HDMI is currently the most common audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed
digital data. It replaces consumer electronics analog standards including coaxial cable,
composite video, S-Video, SCART, component video, D-Terminal, or VGA. HDMI is
backwards compatible with DVI. HDMI is used to connect TVs, AV receivers, set-top-boxes,
media player and recorder, camcorder, as well PCs, game consoles and displays. The HDMI
1.4a specification was released in 2010 and enables current and future IP-based
applications, 3D support, 4Kx2k high resolution support, HDMI Ethernet channel, DLNA,
UPnP, and MoCA over a single cable.
• Consolidation of HD video, audio, and data in a single cable
• Enables high speed bi-directional communication
• Enables IP-based applications over HDMI
• Transfer speeds up to 100Mbps (HDMI Ethernet Channel)
• Audio Return Channel
Consumer Electronics Control (CEC) is a one-wire bidirectional serial bus that uses the
industry-standard AV.link protocol to perform remote control functions. CEC wiring is
mandatory, although implementation of CEC in a product is optional. It was defined in HDMI
Specification 1.0 and updated in HDMI 1.2, HDMI 1.2a, and HDMI 1.3a (which added timer
and audio commands to the bus). The feature is designed to allow the user to command and
control multiple CEC-enabled boxes with one remote control and for individual CEC-enabled
devices to command and control each other without user intervention.
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Products that are connected by way of the HDMI interface can interrogate the bus to
determine what products are on the line while, at the same time, communicate with them,
reducing IR remote functions with fewer key strokes. Like universal remotes, the system will
identify each product when powered up and connect the system with the correct
configuration for a true one-button solution. Based on a one-wire bidirectional system, the
CEC line allows all parties (peripherals) to share on this one-wire communication channel.
After Hot Plug detection takes place, all products route their data by way of switching, cables
and video conversions to the root of the system.
Trade names for CEC are Anynet (Samsung); Aquos Link (Sharp); BRAVIA Sync (Sony);
HDMI-CEC (Hitachi); Kuro Link (Pioneer); CE-Link and Regza Link (Toshiba); RIHD (Remote
Interactive over HDMI) (Onkyo); SimpLink (LG); HDAVI Control, EZ-Sync, and VIERA Link
(Panasonic); EasyLink (Philips); and NetCommand for HDMI (Mitsubishi).
4.4.6.2 Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA)
The guidelines currently consist of three volumes covering Architecture & Protocols, Media
Format Profiles, and Link Protection.13
DLNA was formed in 2003 to enable cross-industry convergence of multimedia content in
home networks. At its core, its goal is to enable a wired and wireless interoperable home
network where digital content in the form of images, music and video can be easily and
seamlessly shared across personal computers, consumer electronics and mobile devices.
DLNA achieves this by defining a platform of interoperability guidelines based on open and
established industry standards. In addition to defining a manageable framework of standards
and protocols, DLNA guidelines also outline several device classes, carefully constructed
usage cases for networked homes, and additional functions which enhance the content
sharing experience.
DLNA guidelines can be thought of as an umbrella standard that defines how the home
network interoperates at all levels. DLNA guidelines define both mandatory and optional
standards for each of the different networking layers.
13
http://download.iomega.com/resources/whitepapers/media-dlna.pdf
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Matters of particular interest concerning network availability:
Discovery and Control: How devices discover and control each other (UPnP Device
Architecture 1.0)
IP Netw. Connectivity: How wired and wireless devices physically connect and
communicate (IPv4 Protocol Suite, Wired: Ethernet 802.3,
MoCA etc.)
4.4.6.3 Universal Plug and Play (UPnP):
UPnP™ technology defines the architecture for pervasive peer-to-peer network connectivity
of intelligent appliances, wireless devices, and PCs of all form factors. It is designed to bring
easy-to-use, flexible, standards-based connectivity to ad-hoc or unmanaged networks
whether in the home, in a small business, public spaces, or attached to the Internet. UPnP
technology provides a distributed, open networking architecture that leverages TCP/IP and
Web technologies to enable seamless proximity networking in addition to control and data
transfer among networked devices. The technologies leveraged in the UPnP architecture
include Internet protocols such as IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP, and XML.
4.4.6.4 Multimedia over Coax Alliance (MoCA)
The primary goal of MoCA is to develop a high-performance, high-capacity home networking
technology suitable for transporting multiple streams of high-definition multimedia content
that leverages existing residential coaxial cabling and coexists with the services currently
using the cable plant. To this end, the MoCA 1.0 standard supporting 135 Mb/s throughput
was approved in December 2005. The MoCA 1.1 standard, which increased throughput to
175 Mb/s, was released in October 2007.14
4.5 End-of-Life Phase
This subtask is not relevant for the purpose of the ENER Lot 26 Study. The influence of
changed or potentially additional components on the end-of-life phase of the products is
much less than that of ongoing technical development.
14
http://www.mocalliance.org/industry/white_papers/Branded_Implication_Paper_MoCA.pdf
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EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Definition of Base Cases
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
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Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
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Contents:
5 Task 5: Definition of Base Cases ................................................................................. 5-4
5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 5-4
5.2 Networked Standby Assessment Model ............................................................... 5-5
5.2.1 Modified Environmental Assessment Concept ............................................... 5-5
5.2.2 Network Availability Scenarios ...................................................................... 5-7
5.2.2.1 High Network Availability (HiNA) ............................................................ 5-8
5.2.2.2 Medium Network Availability (MeNA) ..................................................... 5-9
5.2.2.3 Low Network Availability (LoNA) ............................................................ 5-9
5.2.2.4 No network availability (NoNA) ............................................................... 5-9
5.2.3 Relationship between network availability and power modes ...................... 5-10
5.2.4 Description of Assessment Spreadsheets ................................................... 5-13
5.2.4.1 Basic input data .................................................................................... 5-13
5.2.4.2 Annual Electricity Consumption Assessment ........................................ 5-15
5.3 Product-specific Inputs and Environmental Impact Assessments ....................... 5-16
5.4 EU-Totals and Life Cycle Costs .......................................................................... 5-17
5.4.1 Selection of an Economy-Wide Base Case ................................................. 5-17
5.4.1 Base Case Analysis .................................................................................... 5-18
5.4.2 Energy Impact and Costs ............................................................................ 5-21
5.4.3 Impact Assessment and Conclusions .......................................................... 5-23
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5 Task 5: Definition of Base Cases
5.1 Introduction
According to the MEEuP methodology, the objective of Task 5 is the environmental impact
analysis of selected base cases applying the MEEuP EcoReport assessment tool. In the
case of ENER Lot 26 Networked Standby this task requires modification in order to serve the
horizontal purpose (wide product spectrum) of this particular study. The modification
concerns Subtasks 5.1 and 5.2 – the product specific inputs and environmental impact
assessment. With respect to the individual product inputs we selected and aggregated
representative product groups that are typically used in European households (home) and
business environments (office). The economical and use data for the eco-assessment derive
from Tasks 2 (market analysis) and Task 3 (user behaviour). These technical input data have
been analyzed in Task 4 (technical analysis). The power consumption values for the selected
product groups derived generally from open sources such as technical reviews (test
magazines), product declarations, Energy Star and technical product specifications. Some
assumptions are drawn from the results of the technical questionnaire and stakeholder
interviews that preceded this analysis. Nevertheless, for the purpose of this study and due to
the broad product spectrum it was necessary to average most values.
The methodical approach for the required environmental impact assessment was developed
on the basis of the technical analysis in Task 4. This analysis indicated that network
availability and respective resume-time-to-application is a reference factor for distinguishing
different levels of networked standby. In the first subtask we explain the intention, concept
and structure of our Networked Standby Assessment Model which reflects the network
availability concept. In the second subtask we present the input assumptions and
assessment results for selected product group. We publish them in separate documents for
more easy reading. In reaction to the comments received on the Draft Report (published in
September 2010) we adjusted again some assessment scenarios.
This slightly modified approach is more pragmatic. It provides on the one hand a better basis
for the evaluation of environmental impacts, but results on the other hand in a somewhat less
realistic EU-total assessment (averaged economy level). The requested “real life” EU-total
impact assessment (third subtask) will be constructed from a combination of the four different
scenarios. The assessment of life cycle costs (LCC) is limited to the monetary value of
electricity consumption with respect to the annual use phase scenarios. In the final subtask
we will summarize and discuss the results of the impact assessment. It is the intention of this
final analysis to identify the causal mechanisms between network availability, energy
consumption and power management on the economy wide level.
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5.2 Networked Standby Assessment Model
5.2.1 Modified Environmental Assessment Concept
The environmental assessment of networked standby is a challenging task. The primary
objective of this assessment is to quantify the environmental significance of networked
standby with respect to energy consumption within the European Union. The study is based
on the assumption that network standby is a development which leads to a considerable
increase in overall energy consumption within the next years. Let’s review the underlying
problem.
Technical progress allows the remote wake-up of a product over a maintained network link or
connection for the purpose of resuming an application (networked service) offered by the
product. The environmental problem lies in the fact that this networked service is typically
provided not out of a low power mode such as standby/off (according to the EC 1275/2008)
but out of a higher power mode such as idle. According to our problem assumption this
suboptimal design will lead to significantly increasing energy consumption (see Figure 1
below).
But the reality is not that simple. The technical analysis showed that networked standby is
not only part of a problem but also part of a solution. Over the past 15 years the personal
computer and imaging equipment (computer peripheral) industry developed with the
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) an open standard for the
implementation of power management. ACPI specifies interoperability of hardware and
operating system allowing the design of cascaded low power (sleep) modes. The correlation
between power level and resume-time-to-application deriving from ACPI has strongly
influenced the network availability concept of our study.
The existing solutions for advanced power management in the field of Personal Computers
(PC) and Imaging Equipment (IE) are positive benchmarks that need proper consideration in
the environmental assessment. We therefore consider in parallel to the problem assumption
a solution assumption as well (see again Figure 1 below). This assumption is based on the
idea that products offering networked services feature an advanced power management
including low power networked standby modes in order to reduce higher energy consumption
(e.g. due to prolonged idle mode). This concept does not only apply to products which add
network capability such as it is currently the case with more and more consumer electronics
(CE) products. The concept also applies to always-online products such as telephones,
networking equipment, and small services. For these products networked standby mode
could be a means to improve their energy efficiency. The three different levels of network
availability (high, medium, and low) reflect this general consideration.
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Active Active Active Active
Idle
Idle mode provides Networked Standby
This suboptimal solution results in a
significant increase in overall energy consumption
Idle
Standby/off
Standby/off
Standby/off
Networked Standby Mode
2010 2020 2010 2020
Advanced power management with networked standby
mode
This more optimal solution results in a less significant increase
in overall energy consumption
The Problem Assumption The Solution Assumption
IdleIdle
Standby/off
[Diagram not to scale]
Figure 1: Assumptions reflected by the environmental assessment
Against that background the methodical approach to the environmental assessment consists
of a reference situation (2010) and different development scenarios (2020). The assessment
of the reference year 2010 alone would have limited value for the evaluation of the
environmental impact. Again, we have the justified assumption that energy consumption
related to networked standby will significantly increase with respect to individual equipments
(product level) as well as with respect to the combined product stock (economy level).
In order to prove this environmental assessment assumption we have developed an
assessment model that supports a comparable analysis of networked standby aspects on the
technical, user and economical level. The basic assessment approach is a product level
comparison of annual energy consumption. This typical energy consumption has been based
on daily use patterns (see Task 3) and includes distinctions of different power modes. The
different modes correlate to some extent with different levels of network availability
(respective networked standby power consumption). This product level assessment will be
then multiplied with the product stock assumption (see Task 2) in order to assess the
economy level impact.
We have selected product groups from the home and office environment in order to be
representative with respect to both – the product variety and overall market. In other words,
the selection also reflects the two basic levels of our assessment:
• The product level (unit) is serving the purpose of calculating the annual power
consumption impact of the four different network availability scenarios on the unit
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level. In this case we can allocate a certain level of network availability to a prolonged
duration of a certain mode. The resulting typical energy consumption (TEC) indicates
if higher or lower network availability changes the overall unit’s energy consumption
significantly or not. The product level assessment also indicates the current status of
power management and respective power consumption levels.
• The economy level (stock) aggregates the individual product impacts. The purpose
is to indicate the scale of the impact for the totally installed base of products in the
European Union. The aim is to get an estimate on the overall energy impact based on
highly averaged market utilization assumptions.
We will introduce four network availability scenarios for each selected product groups. These
development scenarios reflect four different utilization options (use patterns) with respect to
Network Availability.1
5.2.2 Network Availability Scenarios
The environmental assessment of the networked standby is based on the following four
different Network Availability Scenarios:
• High Network Availability (HiNA)
• Medium Network Availability (MeNA)
• Low Network Availability (LoNA)
• No Network Availability (NoNA)
With these four scenarios we can now uniformly describe and assess different utilization
cases (network availability levels) within and across different product groups. The Network
Availability Scenarios are one layer of the abstraction and simplification process in order to
generate the required Base Cases. These scenarios and their underlying assumptions will be
applied to the individual equipment units (products level) and to the EU-27 product stock
(economy level). As such, the Network Availability Concept describes “networked standby
characteristics” of individual product groups as well as broader trends on the economy level.
Each network availability scenario is in reality a combination various modes. High network
availability for instance could be indicated by prolonged idle mode phase. Some products,
such as current networking equipment, might maintain active/idle mode without shifting to a
lower power mode. There might by options however for further reducing idle mode power
1 See network availability concept in Task 1.
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consumption while maintain high network availability. This is the concept of LowP1 as will be
explained further below. Other products have already active power management
implemented in order to save energy. Notebooks (PC) and most printers (IE) will eventually
shift into a lower power mode and through that into low level of network availability.
This example shows that a simple allocation of a different level of network availability to a
certain mode is not realistic. In the first draft of this report, we had therefore combined the
network availability concept with the daily use pattern. We basically mixed individual product
level scenarios and averaged economy level scenarios. The idea was to show a tendency
but not fully allocate a certain level of network availability to a certain mode. This approach
has lead to criticism and confusion by some stakeholders.
In this new report we modified the scenarios of each product group. We made a more
stringent allocation of the different network availability levels to specific power modes and
their daily duration. The principle is this. Each product example has fixed active/idle use
(daily time duration). The remaining time per day is the potential duration in which the
product could be in high, medium, low or no network availability.
5.2.2.1 High Network Availability (HiNA)
Specification of HiNA:
• Remote access and reactivation is available 24h/d (always available).
• Immediate resume time to application (in milliseconds).
• Supported by remaining in idle mode or LowP1
• Typical products are networking equipment such as customer premises equipment
(e.g. modems, home gateways, telephone, complex set-top-boxes, home server)
High network availability characterizes mainly networking equipment with point-to-multipoint
communication. Regarding the application of high network availability in the market today, we
should consider some conditions such as the time expectations (feedback loop such as a
ringtone of a telephone), randomness (unexpected, at any time of the day), and network
complexity (long distance, multiple nodes, security level and respective protocols). Moreover
networking equipment becomes increasingly more functional by integrating large memory
(e.g. HDD, SSD). A further trend is that server and set-top-box type products integrate
routing capability (e.g. WLAN).
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5.2.2.2 Medium Network Availability (MeNA)
Specification of MeNA:
• Remote access and reactivation is available 24h/d (always available).
• Resume time to application varies between periods of immediate (in milliseconds) and
fast reaction (<<10 seconds).
• Supported by Wake-on-LAN-type sleep modes (LowP2).
• Typical products are server-type equipment with large data/media storage capacity
(e.g. small server, desktop and notebook PCs, complex media player/recorder).
Client-type products do also utilize MeNA for higher convenience in the use phase
(e.g. printers or media player with “fast play” or “quick start” function).
Medium network availability characterizes products and applications for which remote access
and reactivation is (less) random, can be planned and where delays can be taken into
consideration by the initiator of the trigger signal. In such cases, a simple acknowledgement
of the device’s successful reception of the signal can be sufficient to allay technical and
psychological expectations for quick reaction. Fast reactivation (MeNA) improves
convenience of use and is today an important instrument in advanced power management
schemes of the PC and IE industry.
5.2.2.3 Low Network Availability (LoNA)
Specification of LoNA:
• Remote access and reactivation is available 24h/d (always available).
• Resume time to application varies between periods of fast (<<10 seconds) and longer
reaction (>>10 seconds).
• Supported by Wake-on-LAN-type hibernate and off modes (LowP4).
• Products featuring low network availability are typically client-type and to some extent
of server-type products (at the presented time this scenario is limited to PC and IE).
Low Network Availability characterizes the general capability of the product to reactivate and
resume an application. The resume-time-to-application is of less concern for the user.
5.2.2.4 No network availability (NoNA)
Specification of NoNA:
• Remote access and reactivation is not available 24h/d
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• Periods of network availability and unavailability can occur due to timer settings and
other measures.
The concept of NoNA has been introduced in order to show product and user behavior that
still prevails today but which is likely to change in the future as the trend towards higher
levels of network availability continue.
5.2.3 Relationship between network availability and power modes
As the network availability scenarios describe a tendency, there is in reality not a direct
mapping from a network availability scenario to a given power mode. However, power modes
determine the network availability of a product.
In order to cover the wide product spectrum of this study and provide flexibility for the
development scenarios we distinguish not only active and idle modes but a total of five low
power modes (LowP). Regarding these modes we make the following basic assumptions:
• Active: This is the mode where the system executes the main applications or
services. In the development scenarios we keep the duration of active mode constant
in order to simplify the scenarios for the evaluation of networked standby.
• Idle: This is the mode where the system is fully operational and ready to execute the
main applications or services immediately (in milliseconds). This mode is utilized to
indicate high network availability at the current stage.
• LowP 1: This is a low power mode where the system can execute the main
networking services immediately (in milliseconds) but reduce functionality in order to
save energy. Note: This is a fictional mode that provides idle functionality with about
half the energy consumption. This mode will be utilized in later improvement
scenarios.
• LowP 2: This is a low power mode equivalent to sleep with WOL (ACPI G1/S3WOL) or
active standby that provides a resume time to application of <<10 seconds (typically
2-5 sec.). This mode is utilized to indicate medium network availability.
• LowP 3: This is a low power mode that provides no remote access and reactivation. It
is equivalent to sleep (ACPI G1/S3) or passive standby (EC 1275/2008, passive as
provided in IEC 62087). This mode is utilized to indicate no network availability.
• LowP 4: This is a low power mode that provides a resume time to application of >>10
seconds (typically 25+ sec.). It is equivalent to hibernate or soft-off with WOL (ACPI
G1/S4WOL or G2/S5WOL) or active standby low (IEC 62087). This mode is utilized to
indicate low network availability.
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• LowP 5: This is a low power mode equivalent to soft-off (ACPI G2/S5) or off-mode
(EC 1275/2008) that provides no remote access and reactivation. This mode is
utilized to indicate no network availability.
For the assessments the four availability scenarios correspond to six potential power modes
indicated in Figure 2.
Active
Idle = HiNA (most ly to high for 24h netw ork service
LowP1 = HiNA (the lower power idle solut ion [e.g. half of idle])
Low P 2 = M eNA (sleep w ith remote w ake-up-capability)
LowP3 = NoNA (sleep, no remote wake-up-capability)
Low P 4 = LoNA (low est pow er w ith remote w ake-up-capability)
LowP5 = NoNA (soft of f , no remote wake-up-capability)
M ill isec.
<10sec.
>>10sec.
Figure 2: Overview of network availability concept and its relationship with power modes.
There are many variables to consider in such an assessment including:
• Various types of products (Note: The study tries covering as many product groups as
possible. But there are obvious limitations to the full spectrum of possible products.)2
• Product utilization environments and individual use patterns (Note: The study tries to
cover mass product applications in home and office.)
• Different types of Network Services and Quality of Service requirements (Note: The
power management options can be limited by the linked equipment. One example is
the interaction between DSL Modem and the DSLAM of the network provider.)
2 One example is game consoles. Following the draft report, one manufacturer indicated that his
products are not adequately represented in the study. Under the given framework, this study is
actually covering quite a broad product range.
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• Main components and the network configuration of the respective product (Note: The
average power consumption per mode depends on the selected components,
circuitry design, and software support.)
• Available power management options and mode configurations (Note: There large
differences in the standardization of power management schemes between different
product sectors [see below].)
• Technical progress in the next years with respect to all power modes (Note: It is
feasible to assume that advanced component technology and system integration will
generally improve the energy performance of most products. The increase in
functionality will be compensated be these component level improvements.)
• Product stock development (installed base in EU-27) and new products (Note:
multifunctional devices, convergence of functionality, standard network technologies)
In the following text, we describe each input aspect of the assessment model and the
calculation sheets created for this purpose. Since the environmental impacts are limited to
energy consumption in the use phase the MEEuP EcoReport is only used for interpreting the
totals at the end of this task report.
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5.2.4 Description of Assessment Spreadsheets
5.2.4.1 Basic input data
Before we provide the data input for the individual product group assessments it is necessary
to shortly explain the spreadsheets we created for this purpose.
INPUT RESULT
NoNA Home Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 210,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 28,5 338,5
131 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,7 36,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 10,4 123,6
Stock per year (TWh/a) 10,0 4,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,4 16,2
LoNA Home Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 210,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 41,8 0,0 351,8
131 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,7 36,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 15,3 0,0 128,4
Stock per year (TWh/a) 10,0 4,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,0 16,8
MeNA Home Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 210,0 100,0 0,0 89,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 399,3
131 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,7 36,5 0,0 32,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 145,7
Stock per year (TWh/a) 10,0 4,8 0,0 4,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,1
HiNA Home Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 21,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 210,0 1050,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1260,0
131 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,7 383,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 459,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 10,0 50,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 60,2
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
Four different network
availability scenarios
Name of product group
and year of scenarios
Annual use and EU-27
stock assumptions
Figure 3: Assessment spreadsheets showing different scenarios in spreadsheets
Figure 3 above shows the assessment spreadsheet on the example of home desktop PCs
(framed in blue). There are four tables for the reference year 2010, one for each Network
Availability Scenario (framed in red). In the table, you find the basic assumptions for the
annual use and the EU-27 Stock (framed in green).
Figure 4 below shows the individual data inputs for the daily use including the type of mode,
power consumption per mode in Watt, and use duration in hours.
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INPUT RESULT
NoNA Home Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 210,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 28,5 338,5
131 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,7 36,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 10,4 123,6
Stock per year (TWh/a) 10,0 4,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,4 16,2
LoNA Home Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 210,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 41,8 0,0 351,8
131 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,7 36,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 15,3 0,0 128,4
Stock per year (TWh/a) 10,0 4,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,0 16,8
MeNA Home Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 210,0 100,0 0,0 89,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 399,3
131 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,7 36,5 0,0 32,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 145,7
Stock per year (TWh/a) 10,0 4,8 0,0 4,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,1
HiNA Home Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 21,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 210,0 1050,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1260,0
131 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,7 383,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 459,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 10,0 50,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 60,2
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
Type of power mode
incl. Various Low Power
Modes
Power consumption per
mode in Watt
Daily use pattern in
hours per mode
Figure 4: Assessment spreadsheet with main data inputs
The assumed power consumption levels for each mode are based on averaged data for
products that are currently in the market. In the development scenarios for the year 2020 we
generally consider an improvement of single mode power consumption by about 20%.
Rationale for 20% general improvement assumption: The general 20% improvement
assumption had been subject of discussion following the publication of the draft report. Some
stakeholders were worried that this 20% improvement assumption is already a requirement.
This is of cause not the case. Our intention was to be realistic. The past ten years show a
dramatic improvement in power consumption due to the increasing efficiency of electronic
components (e.g. Moore’s Law), higher system integration and power management.
Nevertheless we recognize that active mode power consumption may further increase due to
the performance requirements of processors and displays.
Typical energy consumption of single products: In order to calculate the annual
electricity consumption we made assumptions for daily use patterns by defining time
durations (hr) per mode per day. If possible we consider existing power management
requirements (standby/off) and practice (e.g. IE) in the assumptions.
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5.2.4.2 Annual Electricity Consumption Assessment
The primary objective of the spreadsheet is the calculation of the annual electricity
consumption. We calculate the annual electricity consumption of each product group both
per single unit and per the EU-27 installed base (see Figure 5 below).
INPUT RESULT
NoNA Home Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 210,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 28,5 338,5
131 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,7 36,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 10,4 123,6
Stock per year (TWh/a) 10,0 4,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,4 16,2
LoNA Home Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 210,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 41,8 0,0 351,8
131 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,7 36,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 15,3 0,0 128,4
Stock per year (TWh/a) 10,0 4,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,0 16,8
MeNA Home Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 210,0 100,0 0,0 89,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 399,3
131 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,7 36,5 0,0 32,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 145,7
Stock per year (TWh/a) 10,0 4,8 0,0 4,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,1
HiNA Home Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 21,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 210,0 1050,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1260,0
131 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,7 383,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 459,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 10,0 50,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 60,2
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
EU-27 stock assumption
Single unit annual
power consumption in
kWh/a
EU-27 stock annual
power consumption in
TWh/a
Figure 5: Assessment spreadsheet showing results
Annual typical energy consumption (TEC): The single unit annual energy consumption is
given in kWh/a, and indicates a value that can be compared to the Typical Electricity
Consumption (TEC) method of the Energy Star Program, for example. For some products we
used the TEC values as an orientation for an appropriate correlation of the selected use
pattern and power consumption level per mode.
The EU-27 annual energy consumption is given in TWh/a. This value is strongly influenced
by the available stock data. We cross check the stock assumptions with the household and
office penetration rates in order to verify their plausibility. We conclude that this method can
only indicate the order of magnitude of networked standby related energy consumption.
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5.3 Product-specific Inputs and Environmental Impact
Assessments
Note: The individual assessment of 21 selected product cases including all scenarios (input
tables and impact assessments) are covered in separate documents in the annex to this
report). The following table lists the selected product cases as well as the selected scenarios
for the base cases.
Table 1: Selected Product Cases for Environmental Impact Assessment
2010 2020
1 Home Desktop PC LoNA MeNA
2 Home Notebook LoNA MeNA
3 Home Display LoNA MeNA
4 Home NAS MeNA MeNA
5 Home IJ Printer LoNA LoNA
6 Home EP Printer LoNA LoNA
7 Home Phones HiNA HiNA
8 Home Gateway MeNA HiNA
9 Simple TV LoNA LoNA
10 Simple STB LoNA LoNA
11 Complex TV LoNA MeNA
12 Complex STB LoNA MeNA
13 Simple Player/Recorder LoNA LoNA
14 Compl. Player/Recorder LoNA MeNA
15 Game Consoles LoNA MeNA
16 Office Desktop PC LoNA MeNA
17 Office Notebook LoNA MeNA
18 Office Display LoNA MeNA
19 Office IJ Printer/MFD LoNA MeNA
20 Office EP Printer LoNA MeNA
21 Office Phones HiNA HiNA
Selected
ScenariosItem
No.Product Category
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5.4 EU-Totals and Life Cycle Costs
5.4.1 Selection of an Economy-Wide Base Case
In this subtask we summarize and evaluate the aggregated results from the individual
product cases for each of the network availability scenarios for the reference year 2010 and
the prognosis year 2020. The following Figure 2 shows the selected product scenarios in an
overview.
Table 2: Selected Product Scenarios for Environmental Impact Assessment
2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020
1 Home Desktop PC LoNA MeNA 10,04 8,77 4,78 4,18 0,00 0,00 0,00 3,77 0,00 0,00 2,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 16,82 16,71 6,78 7,94
2 Home Notebook LoNA MeNA 2,07 3,23 0,92 1,44 0,00 0,00 0,00 1,88 0,00 0,00 0,66 0,00 0,00 0,00 3,64 6,55 1,58 3,31
3 Home Display LoNA MeNA 3,86 3,59 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,65 1,26 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,22 0,00 4,72 4,85 0,86 1,26
4 Home NAS MeNA MeNA 0,44 1,07 0,22 0,53 0,00 0,00 0,69 1,69 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 1,35 3,30 0,91 2,23
5 Home IJ Printer LoNA LoNA 0,09 0,08 0,42 0,38 0,00 0,00 0,44 0,39 0,00 0,00 0,79 0,70 0,00 0,00 1,75 1,55 1,66 1,47
6 Home EP Printer LoNA LoNA 0,09 0,10 0,08 0,09 0,00 0,00 0,07 0,08 0,00 0,00 0,24 0,27 0,00 0,00 0,49 0,55 0,40 0,45
7 Home Phones HiNA HiNA 0,46 0,54 3,96 4,61 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 4,43 5,15 3,96 4,61
8 Home Gateway MeNA HiNA 4,17 5,52 4,22 11,17 0,00 0,00 2,53 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 10,92 16,69 6,75 11,17
9 Simple TV LoNA LoNA 67,28 34,48 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 5,61 2,87 0,00 0,00 72,88 37,35 5,61 2,87
10 Simple STB LoNA LoNA 4,41 2,87 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 2,09 1,36 0,00 0,00 6,50 4,24 2,09 1,36
11 Complex TV LoNA MeNA 4,38 28,73 0,00 14,37 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,29 0,96 0,00 0,00 4,67 44,06 0,29 15,32
12 Complex STB LoNA MeNA 4,49 4,95 0,00 3,13 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 1,14 0,63 0,00 0,00 5,63 8,71 1,14 3,76
13 Simple Player/Recorder LoNA LoNA 2,55 1,52 0,68 0,41 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 8,42 5,03 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 11,65 6,96 9,10 5,44
14 Compl. Player/Recorder LoNA MeNA 0,77 2,51 0,22 0,72 0,00 0,00 0,00 4,79 0,00 0,00 0,22 0,00 0,00 0,00 1,20 8,02 0,44 5,51
15 Game Consoles LoNA MeNA 2,74 2,98 2,28 14,89 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,37 0,20 0,00 0,00 5,38 18,07 2,65 15,09
16 Office Desktop PC LoNA MeNA 6,05 5,64 2,16 2,02 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,95 0,00 0,00 0,48 0,00 0,00 0,00 8,68 8,61 2,64 2,96
17 Office Notebook LoNA MeNA 1,94 2,35 0,65 0,78 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,54 0,00 0,00 0,24 0,00 0,00 0,00 2,84 3,67 0,89 1,32
18 Office Display LoNA MeNA 2,16 2,45 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,19 0,44 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,06 0,00 2,42 2,89 0,26 0,44
19 Office IJ Printer/MFD LoNA MeNA 0,19 0,15 0,38 0,30 0,00 0,00 0,29 0,76 0,00 0,00 0,25 0,00 0,00 0,00 1,10 1,21 0,91 1,06
20 Office EP Printer LoNA MeNA 1,73 1,46 0,69 0,58 0,00 0,00 0,28 0,78 0,00 0,00 0,45 0,00 0,00 0,00 3,15 2,83 1,43 1,37
21 Office Phones HiNA HiNA 0,43 0,39 1,80 1,63 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 2,23 2,02 1,80 1,63
120,34 113,40 23,46 61,23 0,00 0,00 5,15 17,33 8,42 5,03 14,82 6,99 0,28 0,00 172,48 203,98 52,14 90,58total:
Active IdleSelected
Scenarios
Total without
ActiveItem
No.Product Category
LowP1 LowP2 LowP3 LowP4 LowP5 Total
The Base Case consists of a comparison of the EU-total annual energy consumption of 21
selected product cases scenarios with the reference year 2010 and the prognosis year 2020.
This is a sufficient number of products for the base case assessment and we estimate about
75% of the possible product scope for networked standby. The selected product case
scenarios considered the general trend towards:
• Higher number of networked equipment (more complex products)
• Increase demand of network services (an increase in network availability in general)
• More power management utilization (Note: this aspect is shown later in the study)
The development scenario is due to the assessment model not necessarily a plausible real-
life scenario. A real-life scenario would need to distinguish different network availability levels
between individual products and product groups. In other words, the selected scenarios are
not showing functional power management implementations. We explained at the beginning
of this task report; for the assessment of networked standby we needed a more structured
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Definition of Base Cases 5-18
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approach that breaks the complexity of the real-life situation. Nevertheless, some product
groups such as imaging equipment (e.g. printers) and personal computers (e.g. notebooks)
feature and implement sophisticated power management schemes. We covered the existing
good practice to some extent in our scenarios.
5.4.1 Base Case Analysis
The Figure 6 below shows the aggregated EU-totals for the selected scenarios of all
products.
120,34113,40
23,46
61,235,15
17,33
8,42
5,03
14,82
6,99
0,00
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150,00
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LowP5
LowP4
LowP3
LowP2
LowP1
Idle
Active
Sum: 172,48
Sum: 203,98
Figure 6: Aggregated Product Scenarios (EU-Totals)
The 2010 selected aggregated scenario reflects a situation where medium and high
network availability is less often employed. Most products are put into a sleep or low power
mode (standby/off) when not actively used. The overall annual power consumption is 172
TWh (terawatt hours). A total of 52 TWh is related to non-active use of which about 50% is
related to existing low power modes.
The horizontal comparison of the 2010 scenarios with the 2020 scenarios shows an overall
increase in total power consumption from 172 TWh in 2010 to 204 TWh in 2020. This
considerable growth is a result of our basic assumption that the demand of network
availability will increase. This is insofar an interesting result even under our much discussed
assumption of a general 20% improvement with respect to the mode-specific power
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Definition of Base Cases 5-19
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consumption in 2020. The 2020 scenario indicates the impact of idle mode which increases
from 23 TWh in 2010 to 61 TWh in 2020. One reason for this increase is the shift to medium
and high network availability in specific product groups which currently do not feature an
appropriate power management (low power modes). Another reason is the increase stock of
the complex (networked) product groups.
0
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Selected Scenarios: All products, all Modes
(EU Total in TWh/a)
Complex TV
Simple TV
Game Consoles
Home Desktop PC
Home Gateway
Complex STB
Office Desktop PC
Compl. Player/Recorder
Simple Player/Recorder
Home Notebook
Home Phones
Home Display
Simple STB
Office Notebook
Home NAS
Office Display
Office EP Printer
Office Phones
Home IJ Printer
Figure 7: Selected scenarios summarizing energy consumption of all products
The Figure 6 above provides a detailed – product by product – distinction of total energy
consumption. The annual energy consumption increases in total by 31.5 TWh. It is not
surprising that TVs, Game Consoles3, and PCs are the most energy intensive product
groups. This is due to their high average active power consumption and considerable long
daily utilization. The increasing number of home gateways, the only networking equipment
for which stock figures have been available, is another growing product segment. Complex
Set-Top-Boxes and Media Player/Recorder are another product segments that need
attention.
3 Industry stakeholders have indicated that it is important to distinguish between devices which are capable of
high-definition gameplay and those which are not as the former tend to have much higher levels of energy
consumption.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Definition of Base Cases 5-20
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The following Figure 8 showing the same listing of the products energy consumption but
without that active mode, is for the purpose of the networked standby environmental impact
analysis better suited.
0
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30
40
50
60
70
80
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Selected Scenarios: All products, all Modes without Active
(EU Total in TWh/a)
Complex TV
Game Consoles
Home Gateway
Home Desktop PC
Compl. Player/Recorder
Simple Player/Recorder
Home Phones
Complex STB
Home Notebook
Office Desktop PC
Simple TV
Home NAS
Office Phones
Home IJ Printer
Office EP Printer
Simple STB
Office Notebook
Home Display
Office IJ Printer/MFD
Figure 8: Selected scenarios summarizing all products without active mode
This diagram shows not only the significance of the non-active mode but also a somewhat
different ranking of the product cases. The currently missing power management option of
Complex TVs and Game Consoles are significant and indicate already an improvement
potential. The home gateways, although our assumptions for active and idle are moderate,
show an overall impact of more than 10 TWh. Interesting is the overall development. The
energy consumption without active mode increases significantly from about 52 TWh in 2010
to over 90 TWh in 2020. We consider this difference not necessarily as the full spectrum of
an improvement potential, but the calculation clearly indicates the room for improvement.
Note: For an individual analysis of the selected product case we encourage the reader to
study the individual documents in the annexes. In addition to the stock level assessment,
please also compare the changes in the single unit’s annual energy consumption (TEC) in
the different network availability scenarios. This might help to get a more realistic and
detailed understanding of the causal relationships between power consumption per mode,
daily use pattern, and the positive impact of an ambitious power management.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Definition of Base Cases 5-21
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5.4.2 Energy Impact and Costs
The cost of electricity per kWh was covered in Task 2: The price of electricity in each of the
EU-27 Member States is listed in Table 2-10, as well as an EU-27 average. To account for
the trend of increasingly expensive electricity, this task will use 0.20 €/kWh4 as the average
EU-27 electricity price. Figure 9 below shows the aggregated electricity costs for all product
groups according to the selected scenarios.
24,0722,68
4,69
12,251,03
3,47
1,68
1,01
2,96
1,40
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
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45,00
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Selected Scenarios for all products, all modes (EU Total in Billion €)
LowP5
LowP4
LowP3
LowP2
LowP1
Idle
Active
Sum: 34,50
Sum: 40,80
Figure 9: Electricity costs under the selected scenarios in all modes (in Billion EUR)
Considering only the selected scenarios and corresponding power modes for each of the
base cases, we calculated that the 2010 scenario total electricity consumption is about 172
TWh. This is equivalent to:
4 Following the publication of the draft final report and respective comments, we changed our
assumptions for the electricity costs: In 2010 the assumption is 0.17 €/kWh, in 2020 0.22 €/kWh.
According to this new assumption the cost factor in 2010 changes to 29.3 billion €/a and in 2020 to
44.9 billion €/a.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Definition of Base Cases 5-22
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• An electricity cost factor of 34.5 Billion EUR (LoNA 2010)
• Global Warming Potential (GWP100) of 80 Million Tons CO2eq.5
In comparison, the total electricity consumption of the 2020 scenario is 204 TWh, which is
equivalent to:
• An electricity cost factor of 40.8 Billion EUR (MeNA 2020)
• Global Warming Potential (GWP100) of 95 Million Tons CO2eq
Given the dominance of active mode in these diagrams (representing approximately 24
Billion EUR and 23 Billion EUR in 2010 and 2020, respectively), the exclusion of that mode
provides a more detailed look at the total costs incurred by each of the low-power modes.
This is shown in Figure 10.
4,69
12,25
1,03
3,47
1,68
1,01
2,96
1,40
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
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12,00
14,00
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18,00
20,00
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Selected Scenarios for all products , all modes without active
(EU Total in Billion €)
LowP5
LowP4
LowP3
LowP2
LowP1
Idle
Sum: 18,12
Sum: 10,43
Figure 10: Electricity costs under the selected scenarios, without active mode (in Billion EUR)
As Figure 10 demonstrates, the impact of idle and the low mode in 2020 are significant not
only in environmental terms, but also in financial terms as well, representing a cost of
approximately 18 Billion EUR annually to citizens of the EU-27. The cost of this network
5 Calculated based on MEEuP EcoReport 2005
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Definition of Base Cases 5-23
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availability, where the device is not actively used, is roughly equivalent to 35 EUR per
inhabitant per year.6
5.4.3 Impact Assessment and Conclusions
At this point we like to summarize and discuss the results of the base case assessment. For
the purpose of this impact assessment we selected 21 product groups. Based on a
comparison with the reference study TREN Lot 6 “Standby and off-mode” losses we estimate
that the selected product groups represent about 75% of the product scope that need to be
considered horizontally with respect to networked standby.
For each product group we developed harmonized scenarios reflecting different levels of
network availability. In the selected base case we assumed that the demand for network
availability will increase between 2010 and 2020. The HiNA scenario of all product case
would demonstrate a worst case situation. But this is very unrealistic. We therefore
considered a moderate increase in network availability demand for the 2020 development
scenario.
The single scenarios have been calculated based on a set of mode assumptions (power/use)
reflecting averaged product configurations and use patterns. We calculated the single unit’s
annual energy consumption differentiating active and low power modes. We also calculated
the annual energy impact for EU-27 total product stock. The distinction of various modes
helped to analyze different levels of network availability (networked standby). Through this
approach we tried to indicate that networked standby is a multi-mode issue.
The results of these scenarios and the aggregated base case indicated that the business-as-
usual case of growing network availability requires more energy. High network availability is
currently often related to prolonged idle mode. Low power modes with equal functionality do
not exist in all product groups. Notebook computers and printers, however, are good
examples which show that power management is able to support high product performance
and network availability with acceptable energy consumption.
With respect to the selected base cases, the energy consumption of Idle and the other low
power modes accounts together for about 90 TWh per year or about 44% of total annual
energy consumption. This is a considerable amount of energy. The low power modes
excluding idle mode remain in our selected scenario 30 TWh almost constant. This reflects
some existing good power management practice. The considerable growth in idle mode on
the other hand is a strong indicator for further improvement potential.
6 Based on a projected EU-27 population of approximately 514 Million in 2020. Source: Eurostat.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Definition of Base Cases 5-24
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A part of idle mode is certainly caused by the user requirement for prolonged network
availability, and if no convenient low power mode with a similar capability is offered, many
more products would remain in idle in the future. Networking-type and server-type products
such as home gateways, telephones, desktop computers, but also the growing number of
media consumer electronic products are examples, which require a substantial amount of
energy for network availability. If these products would remain active/idle all the time, then
the environmental impact would drastically increase. Network availability needs to be
addressed holistically and with respect to all power states.
In order to show a rough order of magnitude of the impact related to networked standby (and
possible overhead to our 21 product cases) we can make the following calculation. If we
assume that in 2020 each household in the EU-27 (205 million) runs an additional device
with about 6W (networked standby) over 24h per day throughout the year (395 days) the
resulting energy consumption would amount to 10.8 TWh. If we furthermore assume that
each office (85 million) runs a similar device throughout the year another 4.5 TWh would be
required. These figures alone indicate an additional 15 TWh per year overhead to our
existing case studies.
The scenarios finally demonstrate that a discussion and improvement of energy consumption
related to networked standby requires a distinction of networked availability levels (e.g.
through QoS requirements for individual products) and to some extent a product by product
approach. In order to improve energy efficiency with respect to networked standby a
consistent utilization of functional low power modes is clearly an option. The availability of
respective functional low power modes – modes that allow the wake-up over the network – is
however the first precondition. We have seen that such options exist in some product
sectors. Secondly, the employment of such functional low power modes has to be realized by
an advanced power management scheme. With respect to the individual product cases it
also becomes apparent that the overall product performance, which is characteristically
reflected by the power demand of active and idle, will influence the power consumption levels
in support of higher network availability.
Against that background we would like to conclude this assessment and formulate a first
tentative differentiation for the further work. We consider a distinction of “high”, “medium”,
and “low” network availability as very important and useful analytical tool. Particularly high
network availability (idle) and to some extent medium network availability are product-specific
issues with a large technological spectrum, individual network services and field of
application. Products associated to high and medium network availability should be
addressed, where possible, in a vertical way in order to improve efficiency.
A consequent powering-down to low network availability should also be considered for many
products that maintain higher availability due to insufficient power management and
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Definition of Base Cases 5-25
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interoperability. Low network availability, as an additional mass phenomenon, is less product-
specific and could more directly be addressed in a horizontal way. In Task 4 we have
investigated some of these product developments in conjunction with smart home and
multimedia. Lower component costs and miniaturization basically allows creating network
availability for many products. The important aspect for the utilization of such capability is the
network service that a product provides (to the end user or service provider). With respect to
eco-design it is necessary to find a balance between network availability and overall energy
consumption.
The BAT analysis and the improvement options will strengthen the points of proper power
management and of implementing (new) network availability states, which are not effectively
constant idling. When idle mode is the only or the most convenient mode to satisfy the user
requirements (be it real, instant network access or the faint possibility of a remote access at
some undefined point) we are approaching the worst case scenario (HiNA) with a
tremendous increase in energy consumption. Technologically, the same or a very similar
product reaction should already be possible at much lower power levels.
The further steps of the study will show the improvement potentials in this area. However, an
approach towards new products (that are currently not covered vertically) should be
developed as well. This objective is in the clear interest of the study.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annexes A - 1
http://www.ecostandby.org
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5 – Annexes
Environmental Assessment of Product Groups covered
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annexes A - 2
http://www.ecostandby.org
Overview of the Parts of the Annex
Annex 1 Environmental Assessment: Home Desktop PC ............................................. A - 3
Annex 2 Environmental Assessment: Home Notebook ............................................... A - 11
Annex 3 Environmental Assessment: Home Display ................................................... A - 19
Annex 4 Environmental Assessment: Home NAS ....................................................... A - 27
Annex 5 Environmental Assessment: Home Inkjet Printer/MFD .................................. A - 35
Annex 6 Environmental Assessment: Home EP Printer .............................................. A - 43
Annex 7 Environmental Assessment: Home Phones .................................................. A - 51
Annex 8 Environmental Assessment: Home Gateway ................................................ A - 59
Annex 9 Environmental Assessment: Simple TV ........................................................ A - 69
Annex 10 Environmental Assessment: Simple Set Top Box ...................................... A - 77
Annex 11 Environmental Assessment: Complex TV .................................................. A - 85
Annex 12 Environmental Assessment: Complex Set Top Box ................................... A - 93
Annex 13 Environmental Assessment: Simple Player/Recorder .............................. A - 101
Annex 14 Environmental Assessment: Complex Player/Recorder ........................... A - 109
Annex 15 Environmental Assessment: Game Console ........................................... A - 117
Annex 16 Environmental Assessment: Office Desktop PC ...................................... A - 125
Annex 17 Environmental Assessment: Office Notebook .......................................... A - 135
Annex 18 Environmental Assessment: Office Display ............................................. A - 143
Annex 19 Environmental Assessment: Office Inkjet Printer/MFD ............................ A - 151
Annex 20 Environmental Assessment: Office EP Printer ......................................... A - 159
Annex 21 Environmental Assessment: Office Phones ............................................. A - 167
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 1 – Home Desktop PC A - 3
http://www.ecostandby.org
Annex 1 Environmental Assessment: Home Desktop PC
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 1 – Home Desktop PC
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 1 – Home Desktop PC A - 4
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 1 – Home Desktop PC A - 5
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Input Data
Product definition:
Desktop PC is a computer where the main unit is intended to be located in a permanent
location, often on a desk or on the floor. Desktops are not designed for portability and utilize
an external computer display, keyboard, and mouse.1
This product group also contains Integrated Desktop Computer, a desktop system in which
the computer and computer display function as a single unit which receives its ac power
through a single cable.2
Product stock assumption:
Stock assumption has been based on [TREN Lot 3, 2007]3 and [ICTEE, 2008].4 The
calculated penetration rate of 65% taken as a cross reference is 15% lower than for displays.
This installed base seems feasible if we take into account that a larger number of notebook
users also facilitate an additional larger flat panel display and that there is not a 1:1 ratio of
desktop PC to computer display. Forecast has been based on the assumption that the
household penetration will moderately increase until 2015. The market indicates already a
wide diversity of products in a range between small servers, workstations or gamer PC on
the high performance end and notebooks, sub-notebooks, thin clients on the lower
performance end.
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
Desktop PCs are considered to have an integrated power management on the basis for
ACPI. The implementation of these power management options are supported by the
requirements of the Energy Star Program for Computers. We assume that Desktop PCs are
utilizing the existing hardware and software options for reducing idle power and duration and
start transitioning into low power sleep modes S3 and S5 according to a default delay time
setting. In support of network availability the equipment is utilization Wake-on-LAN in the
respective sleep modes.
The following power modes are considered:
1 Definition according to Energy Star Program Requirements for Computers (Version 5.0)
2 Definition according to Energy Star Program Requirements for Computers (Version 5.0)
3 [TREN Lot 3, 2007]: EuP Study on Computers and Monitors, 2007; http://www.ecocomputer.org
4 [ICTEE 2008]: Impacts of Information and Communication Technologies on Energy Efficiency, 2008;
ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/ict/docs/sustainable-growth/ict4ee-final-report_en.pdf
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 1 – Home Desktop PC A - 6
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Active: Mode is equivalent to G0/S0 (applications are running). According to industry
sources average active mode power consumption that is approx. factor 1.2 of
idle power.
Idle: Mode is equivalent to G0/S0. No application is running [HiNA].
LowP1: Mode not yet existent (low power idle, power about 50% of G0/S0 idle)
LowP2: Mode is equivalent to G1/S3. Average power consumption is oriented on
S3sleep with WOL. [MeNA]
LowP3: Mode is equivalent to G1/S3 (sleep).
LowP4: Mode is equivalent to G2/S5 with WOL [LoNA]
LowP5: Mode is equivalent to G2/S5 (soft off)
G1/S4 (hibernate) is not used for Desktop Computers, because it offers only minor savings in
energy consumption while increasing the booting times significantly. For Desktop Computers
it is more likely being shut down (soft off with/without WOL).
Explanatory notes 2020:
Mode and use assumptions are similar to the reference scenarios 2010. Improvement of
power consumption per mode: 20%
1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are LoNA 2010 to MeNA 2020.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 1 – Home Desktop PC A - 7
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Table 1: Home Desktop – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Home Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 210,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 28,5 338,5
131 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,7 36,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 10,4 123,6
Stock per year (TWh/a) 10,0 4,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,4 16,2
LoNA Home Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 210,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 41,8 0,0 351,8
131 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,7 36,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 15,3 0,0 128,4
Stock per year (TWh/a) 10,0 4,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,0 16,8
MeNA Home Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 210,0 100,0 0,0 89,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 399,3
131 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,7 36,5 0,0 32,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 145,7
Stock per year (TWh/a) 10,0 4,8 0,0 4,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,1
HiNA Home Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 21,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 210,0 1050,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1260,0
131 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,7 383,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 459,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 10,0 50,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 60,2
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 1 – Home Desktop PC A - 8
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Table 2: Home Desktop PC – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Home Desktop PC 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 56,0 40,0 20,0 3,8 3,2 1,8 1,2
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 168,0 80,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 22,8 270,8
143 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 61,3 29,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 8,3 98,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 8,8 4,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,2 14,1
LoNA Home Desktop PC 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 56,0 40,0 20,0 3,8 3,2 1,8 1,2
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 168,0 80,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 34,2 0,0 282,2
143 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 61,3 29,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 12,5 0,0 103,0
Stock per year (TWh/a) 8,8 4,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,8 0,0 14,7
MeNA Home Desktop PC 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 56,0 40,0 20,0 3,8 3,2 1,8 1,2
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 168,0 80,0 0,0 72,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 320,2
143 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 61,3 29,2 0,0 26,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 116,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 8,8 4,2 0,0 3,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 16,7
HiNA Home Desktop PC 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 56,0 40,0 20,0 3,8 3,2 1,8 1,2
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 21,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 168,0 840,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1008,0
143 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 61,3 306,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 367,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 8,8 43,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 52,6
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 1 – Home Desktop PC A - 9
http://www.ecostandby.org
Figure 1: Home Desktop PC – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
76,7 76,7 76,7 76,7
36,5 36,5 36,5
383,3
32,615,310,4
0,0
50,0
100,0
150,0
200,0
250,0
300,0
350,0
400,0
450,0
500,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Home Desktop PC - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
61,3 61,3 61,3 61,3
29,2 29,2 29,2
306,6
26,412,58,3
0,0
50,0
100,0
150,0
200,0
250,0
300,0
350,0
400,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Home Desktop PC - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 1 – Home Desktop PC A - 10
http://www.ecostandby.org
Figure 2: Home Desktop PC – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0
4,8 4,8 4,8
50,2
4,32,01,4
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
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EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Home Desktop PC - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
8,8 8,8 8,8 8,8
4,2 4,2 4,2
43,8
3,81,81,2
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
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to
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Wh
/a
Home Desktop PC - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results
The use pattern for NoNA and LoNA simulates requirements outlined in TREN Lot 3
computer study. MeNA resembles always online with longest resume time of <10 seconds. A
mix of LoNA and MeNA seems to be the most realistic scenario for 2010. The TEC is under
150 kWh/a, which is according to Energy Star Program Requirement quite a good value. In
the assessment we are not overestimating the market. The HiNA assumption is unrealistic
but helpful in that respect and was included not only due to the formal logic of the
assessment model.
The overall energy consumption is decreasing over time despite a slightly growing product
stock. The reason for this development is our general assumption that power consumption
per mode has improved by 20% in 2020. The difference in power consumption between
LoNA and MeNA is less significant. Energy impact of networked standby (indicated by the
amount of idle and the low power modes) in these two scenarios is about 6 to 8 TWh per
year. Improvement potential is obviously related to a further reduction of idle power level or
idle time duration. The HiNA – although unrealistic – shows the impact of such long idle
periods and should be the driver for improvement.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 2 – Home Notebook A - 11
http://www.ecostandby.org
Annex 2 Environmental Assessment: Home Notebook
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 2 – Home Notebook
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 2 – Home Notebook A - 12
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 2 – Home Notebook A - 13
http://www.ecostandby.org
Input Data
Product definition:
A Notebook is a computer designed specifically for portability and to be operated for
extended periods of time either with or without a direct connection to an ac power source.
Notebooks must utilize an integrated computer display and be capable of operation off of an
integrated battery or other portable power source. In addition, most notebooks use an
external power supply and have an integrated keyboard and pointing device. Notebook
computers are typically designed to provide similar functionality to desktops, including
operation of software similar in functionality as that used in desktops.5
Note: Thin clients and zero clients are not considered under this product category. Industry
and commercially available market surveys suggest that zero clients and thin clients are a
fast growing product segments which will impact not only the enterprise market but also the
end-user market. The utilization of such products are to some extent different from
Notebooks and Desktop PCs due to the necessary software-as-a-service platforms.
Product stock assumption:
Stock has been again based on [TREN Lot 3, 2007]6 and [ICTEE, 2008].7 Notebooks are a
more rapidly growing market segment with higher diversity performance and price. This trend
could lead to a much faster increase of the installed base. However, for the purpose of this
study we consider a more conservative development.
Regarding the stock assumption one might argue that because of the introduction of
increasing number of fair priced Subnotebooks, Netbooks, and Tablet-PCs the market could
develop much more dynamically and that the numbers of user drastically increase. The
sensitivity analysis should consider this notion.
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
Notebooks are considered to have an advanced integrated power management on the basis
for ACPI. They are optimized for mobile (battery) use and therefore reduce power (e.g.
display dimming, shut down devices) whenever possible. The implementation of these power
management options are supported by the requirements of the Energy Star Program for
Computers. We assume that Notebooks are utilizing the existing hardware and software
options for reducing idle power and duration and start transitioning rapidly into low power
5 Definition according to Energy Star Program Requirements for Computers (Version 5.0)
6 [TREN Lot 3, 2007]: EuP Study on Computers and Monitors, 2007; http://www.ecocomputer.org
7 [ICTEE 2008]: Impacts of Information and Communication Technologies on Energy Efficiency, 2008;
ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/ict/docs/sustainable-growth/ict4ee-final-report_en.pdf
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 2 – Home Notebook A - 14
http://www.ecostandby.org
sleep modes S3, S4 or S5 according to a default delay time setting. In support of network
availability the equipment is utilization Wake-on-LAN in the respective sleep modes.
The following power modes are considered:
Active: Mode is equivalent to G0/S0 (applications are running). According to industry
sources average active mode power consumption that is approx. factor 1.2 of
idle power.
Idle: Mode is equivalent to G0/S0. No application is running. [HiNA].
LowP1: Mode not yet existent (low power idle, power about 50% of G0/S0 idle)
LowP2: Mode is equivalent to G1/S3. Average power consumption is oriented on
S3sleep with WOL. [MeNA]
LowP3: Mode is equivalent to G1/S3 (sleep).
LowP4: Mode is equivalent to G1/S4 hibernate with WOL [LoNA]
LowP5: Mode is equivalent to G2/S5 (soft off)
Explanatory notes 2020:
Mode and use assumptions are similar to the reference scenarios 2010. Improvement of
power consumption per mode: 20%
Recent data suggest that power consumption might further improve depending on the
performance, configuration, and selected technologies of an individual product. It is feasible
to assume that a combination of LoNA and MeNA is the most realistic real life scenario.
1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are LoNA 2010 to MeNA 2020.
Table 3: Home Notebook – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 2 – Home Notebook A - 15
http://www.ecostandby.org
NoNA Home Notebook 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 30,0 20,0 10,0 2,7 2,0 1,5 0,8
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 90,0 40,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 15,2 145,2
63 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 32,9 14,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,5 53,0
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,1 0,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,3 3,3
LoNA Home Notebook 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 30,0 20,0 10,0 2,7 2,0 1,5 0,8
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 90,0 40,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 28,5 0,0 158,5
63 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 32,9 14,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 10,4 0,0 57,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,1 0,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,7 0,0 3,6
MeNA Home Notebook 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 30,0 20,0 10,0 2,7 2,0 1,5 0,8
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 90,0 40,0 0,0 51,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 181,3
63 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 32,9 14,6 0,0 18,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 66,2
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,1 0,9 0,0 1,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 4,2
HiNA Home Notebook 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 30,0 20,0 10,0 2,7 2,0 1,5 0,8
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 21,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 90,0 420,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 510,0
63 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 32,9 153,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 186,2
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,1 9,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,7
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 2 – Home Notebook A - 16
http://www.ecostandby.org
Table 4: Home Notebook – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Home Notebook 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 24,0 16,0 8,0 2,2 1,6 1,2 0,6
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 72,0 32,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,4 115,4
123 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 26,3 11,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 4,2 42,1
Stock per year (TWh/a) 3,2 1,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,5 5,2
LoNA Home Notebook 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 24,0 16,0 8,0 2,2 1,6 1,2 0,6
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 72,0 32,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 22,8 0,0 126,8
123 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 26,3 11,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 8,3 0,0 46,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 3,2 1,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 5,7
MeNA Home Notebook 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 24,0 16,0 8,0 2,2 1,6 1,2 0,6
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 72,0 32,0 0,0 41,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 145,8
123 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 26,3 11,7 0,0 15,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 53,2
Stock per year (TWh/a) 3,2 1,4 0,0 1,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 6,5
HiNA Home Notebook 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 24,0 16,0 8,0 2,2 1,6 1,2 0,6
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 21,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 72,0 336,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 408,0
123 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 26,3 122,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 148,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 3,2 15,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 18,3
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 2 – Home Notebook A - 17
http://www.ecostandby.org
Figure 3: Home Notebook – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
32,9 32,9 32,9 32,9
14,6 14,6 14,6
153,3
18,710,45,5
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
140,0
160,0
180,0
200,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Home Notebook - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
26,3 26,3 26,3 26,3
11,7 11,7 11,7
122,6
15,38,34,2
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
140,0
160,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Home Notebook - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 2 – Home Notebook A - 18
http://www.ecostandby.org
Figure 4: Home Notebook – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1
0,9 0,9 0,9
9,7
1,20,70,3
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
nu
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lect
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sum
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on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Home Notebook - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
3,2 3,2 3,2 3,2
1,4 1,4 1,4
15,1
1,91,00,5
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
18,0
20,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
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to
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Wh
/a
Home Notebook - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results
The 2020 scenarios show an overall increase in energy consumption. The main reason is the
growing product stock in Europe (the stock basically doubles). On a unit level (individual
product) the overall energy consumption decreases. A combination of LoNA and MeNA
seems to be the most realistic (real life) development scenario. In MeNA 2020 the unit level
energy consumption is with 53 kWh/a slightly lower than the LoNA 2010 with 57 kWh/a. This
improvement results from our general assumption of power improvement. Against the
background of products entering the market today this is a justified result. HiNA is not
realistic but shows again the impact of prolonged idle mode. Energy impact of networked
standby (indicated to some extent by the amount of idle and the low power modes) is about 2
TWh per year on the economy level.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 3 – Home Display A - 19
http://www.ecostandby.org
Annex 3 Environmental Assessment: Home Display
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 3 – Home Display
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 3 – Home Display A - 20
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 3 – Home Display A - 21
http://www.ecostandby.org
Input Data
Product definition:
A display screen and its associated electronics encased in a single housing, or within the
computer housing (e.g., notebook or integrated desktop computer), that is capable of
displaying output information from a computer via one or more inputs, such as a VGA, DVI,
Display Port, and/or IEEE 1394.8
We consider mostly LCD-based displays with CCFL or LED backlight. OLED displays are an
emerging technology with better energy efficiency.
Product stock assumption:
Stock assumption has been based on [TREN Lot 3, 2007]9 and [ICTEE, 2008]10. The current
penetration rate of almost 80% seems realistic taking the fact into account, that 65% of
households use the Internet. Forecast reflects further dissemination of Desktop PC, other
computing equipment and the trend to utilize more than one display. Household penetration
rate is reaching about 100% by 2020. Further increase might be slowed by faster
dissemination of Notebooks, Thin clients and the use of larger TV-displays.
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
The display features an active mode and two low power modes.
Active: Mode in which the equipment provides a picture according to the input from
the computer. Energy consumption could vary according to the display
technology, dynamic backlight adjustment and selected brightness setting.
LowP2: Mode is equivalent to sleep with wake-up over network.
LowP5: Mode is equivalent to soft off.
The daily use pattern of the display has been aligned to the use of the home desktop PC.
Explanatory notes 2020:
The general mode and use assumption is similar to the reference year 2010. General
improvement of power consumption per mode: 20%
8 Definition according to Energy Star Program Requirements for Computers (Version 5.0)
9 [TREN Lot 3, 2007]: EuP Study on Computers and Monitors, 2007; http://www.ecocomputer.org
10 [ICTEE 2008]: Impacts of Information and Communication Technologies on Energy Efficiency, 2008;
ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/ict/docs/sustainable-growth/ict4ee-final-report_en.pdf
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 3 – Home Display A - 22
http://www.ecostandby.org
Further reduction in on-mode power (W/cm²) is feasible. However, we assume that the
average screen size will increase over time and compensate the improvement to some
extent.
1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are LoNA 2010 to MeNA 2020.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 3 – Home Display A - 23
http://www.ecostandby.org
Table 5: Home Display – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Home Display 22" 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 25,0 0,0 0,0 1,2 0,0 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 75,0 0,0 0,0 2,4 0,0 0,0 7,6 85,0
141 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 27,4 0,0 0,0 0,9 0,0 0,0 2,8 31,0
Stock per year (TWh/a) 3,9 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,4 4,4
LoNA Home Display 22" 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 25,0 0,0 0,0 1,2 0,0 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 0,0 0,0 10,5 0,0 0,0 10,5 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 75,0 0,0 0,0 12,6 0,0 0,0 4,2 91,8
141 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 27,4 0,0 0,0 4,6 0,0 0,0 1,5 33,5
Stock per year (TWh/a) 3,9 0,0 0,0 0,6 0,0 0,0 0,2 4,7
MeNA Home Display 22" 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 25,0 0,0 0,0 1,2 0,0 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 0,0 0,0 21,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 75,0 0,0 0,0 25,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 100,2
141 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 27,4 0,0 0,0 9,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 36,6
Stock per year (TWh/a) 3,9 0,0 0,0 1,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,2
HiNA Home Display 22" 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 25,0 0,0 0,0 1,2 0,0 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 0,0 0,0 21,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 75,0 0,0 0,0 25,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 100,2
141 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 27,4 0,0 0,0 9,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 36,6
Stock per year (TWh/a) 3,9 0,0 0,0 1,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,2
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 3 – Home Display A - 24
http://www.ecostandby.org
Table 6: Home Display – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Home Display 22" 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 20,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,3
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 60,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 5,7 67,7
164 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 21,9 0,0 0,0 0,7 0,0 0,0 2,1 24,7
Stock per year (TWh/a) 3,6 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,3 4,1
LoNA Home Display 22" 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 20,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,3
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 0,0 0,0 10,5 0,0 0,0 10,5 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 60,0 0,0 0,0 10,5 0,0 0,0 3,2 73,7
164 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 21,9 0,0 0,0 3,8 0,0 0,0 1,1 26,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 3,6 0,0 0,0 0,6 0,0 0,0 0,2 4,4
MeNA Home Display 22" 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 20,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,3
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 0,0 0,0 21,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 60,0 0,0 0,0 21,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 81,0
164 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 21,9 0,0 0,0 7,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 29,6
Stock per year (TWh/a) 3,6 0,0 0,0 1,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 4,8
HiNA Home Display 22" 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 20,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,3
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 0,0 0,0 21,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 60,0 0,0 0,0 21,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 81,0
164 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 21,9 0,0 0,0 7,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 29,6
Stock per year (TWh/a) 3,6 0,0 0,0 1,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 4,8
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 3 – Home Display A - 25
http://www.ecostandby.org
Figure 5: Home Display – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
27,4 27,4 27,4 27,4
0,9
4,6
9,2 9,2
2,8
1,5
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Home Display 22" - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
21,9 21,9 21,9 21,9
0,7
3,8
7,7 7,7
2,1
1,1
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Home Display 22" - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 3 – Home Display A - 26
http://www.ecostandby.org
Figure 6: Home Display – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
3,9 3,9 3,9 3,9
0,1
0,6
1,3 1,3
0,4
0,2
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
nu
al e
lect
rici
ty c
on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Home Display 22" - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
3,6 3,6 3,6 3,6
0,1
0,6
1,3 1,3
0,3
0,2
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
nu
al e
lect
rici
ty c
on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Home Display 22" - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results
The overall energy consumption decreases by 2020 due to the general improvement of
power consumption per mode. Networked standby power accounts on an economy level for
little over 1 TWh per year. Further improvement potential is related to active/idle power
management in conjunction with the PC use. Examples are active user detection (sensors),
dynamic brightness adjustment and local dimming.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 4 – Home NAS A - 27
http://www.ecostandby.org
Annex 4 Environmental Assessment: Home NAS
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 4 – Home NAS
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 4 – Home NAS A - 28
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 4 – Home NAS A - 29
http://www.ecostandby.org
Input Data
Product definition:
Networked Attached Storage unit is a small computer typically LAN or USB connected and
only provides file-based data storage services to other devices on the network. NAS systems
contain one or more hard disks (HDD) or Solid State Devices (SSD), often arranged into
logical, redundant storage containers or RAID arrays.11 Wireless (WLAN) access is likely in
the future. We do not consider larger NAS (more than 2 HDDs) in the home environment.
Small NAS (e.g. external HDD/SSD) are utilized more and more in conjunction with PC and
Internet applications (http/ftp-access, Mail-Client, etc.), as well as TV and STBs.
Product stock assumption:
Actual market data have not been available from public sources. Stock and forecast
estimates have been based on simple assumption regarding current and future household
penetration rate.
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
The product is considered to have a similar mode structure as a computer. However actual
mode utilization might differ from computers
Active: Mode is equivalent to G0/S0 (applications are running). According to industry
sources average active mode power consumption that is approx. factor 1.2 of
idle power.
Idle: Mode is equivalent to G0/S0. No application is running [HiNA].
LowP1: Mode not yet existent (low power idle, power about 50% of G0/S0 idle)
LowP2: Mode is equivalent to G1/S3. Average power consumption is oriented on
S3sleep with WOL. [MeNA]
LowP4: Mode is equivalent to G2/S5 with WOL [LoNA]
LowP5: Mode is equivalent to G2/S5 (soft off)
Explanatory notes 2020:
11 Wikipedia: Network-attached storage; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-attached_storage
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 4 – Home NAS A - 30
http://www.ecostandby.org
Mode and use assumptions are similar to the reference scenarios 2010. Improvement of
power consumption per mode: 20%
Stock is increasingly growing due to the understanding, that external or networked attached
storage devices are used in conjunction with media servers.
1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are MeNA 2010 to MeNA 2020.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 4 – Home NAS A - 31
http://www.ecostandby.org
Table 7: Home NAS – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Home NAS 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 20,0 15,0 0,0 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 60,0 30,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 9,5 99,5
10 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 21,9 11,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 3,5 36,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,2 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,4
LoNA Home NAS 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 20,0 15,0 0,0 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 9,5 0,0 0,0 9,5 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 60,0 30,0 0,0 47,5 0,0 0,0 4,8 142,3
10 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 21,9 11,0 0,0 17,3 0,0 0,0 1,7 51,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,2 0,1 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,5
MeNA Home NAS 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 20,0 15,0 0,0 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 60,0 30,0 0,0 95,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 185,0
10 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 21,9 11,0 0,0 34,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 67,5
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,2 0,1 0,0 0,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,7
HiNA Home NAS 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 20,0 15,0 0,0 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 21,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 60,0 315,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 375,0
10 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 21,9 115,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 136,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,2 1,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,4
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 4 – Home NAS A - 32
http://www.ecostandby.org
Table 8: Home NAS – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Home NAS 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 16,0 12,0 0,0 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 48,0 24,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 7,6 79,6
30 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 17,5 8,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,8 29,1
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,5 0,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,9
LoNA Home NAS 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 16,0 12,0 0,0 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 9,5 0,0 0,0 9,5 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 48,0 24,0 0,0 38,0 0,0 0,0 3,8 113,8
30 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 17,5 8,8 0,0 13,9 0,0 0,0 1,4 41,5
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,5 0,3 0,0 0,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,2
MeNA Home NAS 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 16,0 12,0 0,0 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 2,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 48,0 24,0 0,0 76,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 148,0
30 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 17,5 8,8 0,0 27,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 54,0
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,5 0,3 0,0 0,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6
HiNA Home NAS 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 16,0 12,0 0,0 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 21,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 48,0 252,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 300,0
30 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 17,5 92,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 109,5
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,5 2,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 3,3
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 4 – Home NAS A - 33
http://www.ecostandby.org
Figure 7: Home NAS – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
21,9 21,9 21,9 21,9
11,0 11,0 11,0
115,0
17,3
34,7
3,5
1,7
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
140,0
160,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Home NAS - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
17,5 17,5 17,5 17,5
8,8 8,8 8,8
92,0
13,9
27,7
2,8
1,4
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Home NAS - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 4 – Home NAS A - 34
http://www.ecostandby.org
Figure 8: Home NAS – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
0,1 0,1 0,1
1,1
0,2
0,3
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
nu
al e
lect
rici
ty c
on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Home NAS - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
0,3 0,3 0,3
2,8
0,4
0,8
0,1
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
nu
al e
lect
rici
ty c
on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Home NAS - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results
The overall energy consumption related to external or network attached storage devices are
increasing due to the growing installed base (EU stock). Due to our assumption of small NAS
the overall energy impact is rather small although the HINA scenario suggests that larger
NAS could have a significant impact on the scale of a few TWh per year. Energy impact of
networked standby (indicated to some extent by the amount of idle and the low power
modes) is in the MeNA 2020 scenario about 1 TWh per year. This overall low level should
not be underestimated. With the ongoing digitalization of media (e.g. music, video, picture,
games, mail, documents) the external storage capacity will considerably increase.
Redundancy (back-up) is also a factor that needs attention in that respect. The NAS example
shows that power management – even for smaller computer peripheral devices – is an
important issue.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 5 – Home IJ Printer/MFD A - 35
http://www.ecostandby.org
Annex 5 Environmental Assessment: Home Inkjet Printer/MFD
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 5 –
Home Inkjet Printer/MFD
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 5 – Home IJ Printer/MFD A - 36
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 5 – Home IJ Printer/MFD A - 37
http://www.ecostandby.org
Input Data
Product definition:
The product and technology definitions are according to Energy Star Program Requirements
for Imaging Equipment. This product category combines single function printer, copier or
multifunctional devices with Ink-Jet (IJ) marking technology. In support of network availability
the equipment is utilization different network options including wired (LAN, USB) and as a
growing application wireless (WLAN, Bluetooth).
Product stock assumption:
Stock data have been again slightly modified from [TREN Lot 4, 2007]12 and [ICTEE, 2008] in
order to distinguish between home and office use. The installed base seems again a little bit
low.
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
Imaging equipment such as IJ-Printer/MFD is considered to have an integrated power
management. The implementation of these power management options are supported by the
requirements of the Energy Star Program for Imaging Equipment although the so called
functional added approach seems to be less ambitious. We assume that IJ-Printer/MFD are
utilizing the existing hardware and software options for reducing idle power and duration and
start transitioning into a low power sleep mode according to a default delay time setting.
The following power modes are considered:
Active: Mode is equivalent to G0/S0 (applications are running).
Idle: Mode is equivalent to “ready mode” (imaging equipment industry terminology).
The delay time after the print job is assumed to be no more than 5 to 10
minutes [HiNA]. Then the device shifts into LowP2. A prolonged idle mode is
not assumed in the HiNA scenario due to the existing power management.
LowP1: Mode not yet existent (low power idle, power about 50% of G0/S0 idle)
LowP2: Mode is a sleep mode from which the product can resume operation within
10 to 20 seconds depending on the device. In this mode the product is fax
capable (MeNA).
LowP4: Mode is equivalent to soft-off with WOL [LoNA]
LowP5: Mode is equivalent to soft-off
12
[TREN Lot 4, 2008]: EuP Study on Imaging Equipment, 2007; http://www.ecoimaging.org
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 5 – Home IJ Printer/MFD A - 38
http://www.ecostandby.org
Explanatory notes 2020:
Mode and use assumptions are similar to the reference scenarios 2010. Improvement of
power consumption per mode: 20%
1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are LoNA 2010 to LoNA 2020. This selected
scenario considers best practice and the implementation of advanced power management
(about 80% of products fulfill Energy Star Program Requirements). The MeNA scenario (e.g.
the assumption that the equipment is use with wireless LAN interface) would increase overall
energy consumption considerably. Again, we try to show a tendency in the market. For an
individual environmental assessment the reader should consider mixed scenarios including
prolonged medium network availability phases.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 5 – Home IJ Printer/MFD A - 39
http://www.ecostandby.org
Table 9: Home Inkjet Printer/MFD – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Home IJ Printer 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 34,0 17,0 0,0 4,0 0,0 1,5 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 0,1 0,9 0,0 4,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 3,4 15,3 0,0 16,0 0,0 0,0 9,5 44,2
76 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 1,2 5,6 0,0 5,8 0,0 0,0 3,5 16,1
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,1 0,4 0,0 0,4 0,0 0,0 0,3 1,2
LoNA Home IJ Printer 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 34,0 17,0 0,0 4,0 0,0 1,5 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 0,1 0,9 0,0 4,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 3,4 15,3 0,0 16,0 0,0 28,5 0,0 63,2
76 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 1,2 5,6 0,0 5,8 0,0 10,4 0,0 23,1
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,1 0,4 0,0 0,4 0,0 0,8 0,0 1,8
MeNA Home IJ Printer 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 34,0 17,0 0,0 4,0 0,0 1,5 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 0,1 0,9 0,0 23,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 3,4 15,3 0,0 92,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 110,7
76 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 1,2 5,6 0,0 33,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 40,4
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,1 0,4 0,0 2,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 3,1
HiNA Home IJ Printer 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 34,0 17,0 0,0 4,0 0,0 1,5 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 0,1 0,9 0,0 23,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 3,4 15,3 0,0 92,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 110,7
76 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 1,2 5,6 0,0 33,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 40,4
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,1 0,4 0,0 2,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 3,1
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 5 – Home IJ Printer/MFD A - 40
http://www.ecostandby.org
Table 10: Home Inkjet Printer/MFD – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Home IJ Printer 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 27,2 13,6 0,0 3,2 0,0 1,2 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 0,1 0,9 0,0 4,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 2,7 12,2 0,0 12,8 0,0 0,0 7,6 35,4
84 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 1,0 4,5 0,0 4,7 0,0 0,0 2,8 12,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,1 0,4 0,0 0,4 0,0 0,0 0,2 1,1
LoNA Home IJ Printer 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 27,2 13,6 0,0 3,2 0,0 1,2 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 0,1 0,9 0,0 4,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 2,7 12,2 0,0 12,8 0,0 22,8 0,0 50,6
84 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 1,0 4,5 0,0 4,7 0,0 8,3 0,0 18,5
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,1 0,4 0,0 0,4 0,0 0,7 0,0 1,6
MeNA Home IJ Printer 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 27,2 13,6 0,0 3,2 0,0 1,2 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 0,1 0,9 0,0 23,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 2,7 12,2 0,0 73,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 88,6
84 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 1,0 4,5 0,0 26,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 32,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,1 0,4 0,0 2,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,7
HiNA Home IJ Printer 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 27,2 13,6 0,0 3,2 0,0 1,2 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 0,1 0,9 0,0 23,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 2,7 12,2 0,0 73,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 88,6
84 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 1,0 4,5 0,0 26,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 32,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,1 0,4 0,0 2,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,7
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 5 – Home IJ Printer/MFD A - 41
http://www.ecostandby.org
Figure 9: Home Inkjet Printer/MFD – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2
5,6 5,6 5,6 5,6
5,8 5,8
33,6 33,6
10,4
3,5
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Home IJ Printer/MFD - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5
4,7 4,7
26,9 26,9
8,3
2,8
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Home IJ Printer/MFD - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 5 – Home IJ Printer/MFD A - 42
http://www.ecostandby.org
Figure 10: Home Inkjet Printer/MFD – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4
0,4 0,4
2,6 2,6
0,8
0,3
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
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EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Home IJ Printer/MFD - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4
0,4 0,4
2,3 2,3
0,7
0,2
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
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lect
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sum
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EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Home IJ Printer/MFD - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results
The environmental assessment of home IJ-Printer/MDF considered the implementation of
power management, moderate use and stock increase, as well as a further general 20%
improvement of power consumption per mode. A mix of LoNA and MeNA should be
considered a real life scenario. The MeNA scenario is insofar realistic due to the growing
application of wireless network technology. Against that background economy level energy
consumption is with about 3 TWh per year on a good level. Active use is not dominant. This
indicates the importance of power management and the utilization of low power modes. The
LowP2 (MeNA) energy consumption is with more than 2 TWh per year considerable. New
network options (wireless) in conjunction with larger data volumes could easily increase the
overall energy consumptions. The product group should be considered for networked
standby.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 6 – Home EP Printer A - 43
http://www.ecostandby.org
Annex 6 Environmental Assessment: Home EP Printer
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 6 – Home EP Printer
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 6 – Home EP Printer A - 44
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 6 – Home EP Printer A - 45
http://www.ecostandby.org
Input Data
Product definition:
The product and technology definitions are according to Energy Star Program Requirements
for Imaging Equipment. This product category combines single function printer, copier or
multifunctional devices with Electro-Photography (EP) marking technology. In support of
network availability the equipment is utilization different network options including wired
(LAN, USB) and as a growing application wireless (WLAN). This product group represents a
typical multifunction laser printer with output of about 25 images per minute.
Product stock assumption:
Stock data have been again slightly modified from [TREN Lot 4, 2007]13 and [ICTEE, 2008] in
order to distinguish between home and office use. The available stock figures seem to be
low.
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
Imaging equipment such as EP-Printer/MFD is considered to have a highly advanced power
management. The implementation of these power management options are supported by the
requirements of the Energy Star Program for Imaging Equipment based on the Typical
Energy Consumption (TEC) approach. We assume that EP-Printer/MFD are utilizing the
existing hardware and software options for reducing idle power and duration immediately and
start transitioning into a low power sleep mode according to a default delay time setting.
The following power modes are considered:
Active: Mode is equivalent to G0/S0 (applications are running).
Idle: Mode is equivalent to “ready mode” (imaging equipment industry terminology).
The delay time after the print job is assumed to be no more than 5 to 10
minutes [HiNA]. Then the device shifts into LowP2. A prolonged idle mode is
not assumed in the HiNA scenario due to the existing power management.
LowP1: Mode not yet existent (low power idle, power about 50% of G0/S0 idle)
LowP2: Mode is a sleep mode from which the product can resume operation within
10 to 20 seconds depending on the device. In this mode the product is fax
capable (MeNA).
LowP4: Mode is equivalent to soft-off with WOL [LoNA]
13
[TREN Lot 4, 2008]: EuP Study on Imaging Equipment, 2007; http://www.ecoimaging.org
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 6 – Home EP Printer A - 46
http://www.ecostandby.org
LowP5: Mode is equivalent to soft-off
Explanatory notes 2020:
Mode and use assumptions are similar to the reference scenarios 2010. Improvement of
power consumption per mode: 20%
During the investigation of exemplary products we observed that products featuring Energy
Star Label or the Blue Angel Label have considerably lower ready and sleep mode power
consumption and feature strict power management settings. For example idle mode for a
similar product could be 50 Watt or 120 Watt. Such differences are influencing the impact of
this product group to a large extent.
1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are LoNA 2010 to LoNA 2020. This selected
scenario considers best practice and the implementation of advanced power management
(about 80% of products fulfill Energy Star Program Requirements). The MeNA scenario
assumes an increasing utilization of the wireless LAN interface for data input. With the
selected scenario we try to show a tendency in the market. For an individual environmental
assessment the reader should consider mixed scenarios including prolonged medium and
high network availability phases. A consequent HiNA scenario with prolonged idle mode is
not considered.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 6 – Home EP Printer A - 47
http://www.ecostandby.org
Table 11: Home EP Printer – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Home EP Printer 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 500,0 50,0 0,0 10,0 0,0 7,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 0,1 0,9 0,0 4,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 50,0 45,0 0,0 40,0 0,0 0,0 9,5 144,5
5 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 18,3 16,4 0,0 14,6 0,0 0,0 3,5 52,7
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,3
LoNA Home EP Printer 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 500,0 50,0 0,0 10,0 0,0 7,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 0,1 0,9 0,0 4,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 50,0 45,0 0,0 40,0 0,0 133,0 0,0 268,0
5 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 18,3 16,4 0,0 14,6 0,0 48,5 0,0 97,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,5
MeNA Home EP Printer 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 500,0 50,0 0,0 10,0 0,0 7,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 0,1 0,9 0,0 23,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 50,0 45,0 0,0 230,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 325,0
5 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 18,3 16,4 0,0 84,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 118,6
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,6
HiNA Home EP Printer 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 500,0 50,0 0,0 10,0 0,0 7,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 0,1 0,9 0,0 23,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 50,0 45,0 0,0 230,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 325,0
5 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 18,3 16,4 0,0 84,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 118,6
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,6
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 6 – Home EP Printer A - 48
http://www.ecostandby.org
Table 12: Home EP Printer – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Home EP Printer 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 400,0 40,0 0,0 8,0 0,0 5,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 0,1 0,9 0,0 4,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 40,0 36,0 0,0 32,0 0,0 0,0 7,6 115,6
7 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 14,6 13,1 0,0 11,7 0,0 0,0 2,8 42,2
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,3
LoNA Home EP Printer 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 400,0 40,0 0,0 8,0 0,0 5,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 0,1 0,9 0,0 4,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 40,0 36,0 0,0 32,0 0,0 106,4 0,0 214,4
7 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 14,6 13,1 0,0 11,7 0,0 38,8 0,0 78,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,3 0,0 0,5
MeNA Home EP Printer 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 400,0 40,0 0,0 8,0 0,0 5,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 0,1 0,9 0,0 23,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 40,0 36,0 0,0 184,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 260,0
7 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 14,6 13,1 0,0 67,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 94,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,7
HiNA Home EP Printer 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 400,0 40,0 0,0 8,0 0,0 5,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 0,1 0,9 0,0 23,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 40,0 36,0 0,0 184,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 260,0
7 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 14,6 13,1 0,0 67,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 94,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,7
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 6 – Home EP Printer A - 49
http://www.ecostandby.org
Figure 11: Home EP Printer – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
18,3 18,3 18,3 18,3
16,4 16,4 16,4 16,4
14,6 14,6
84,0 84,048,5
3,5
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
140,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Home EP Printer - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
14,6 14,6 14,6 14,6
13,1 13,1 13,1 13,1
11,7 11,7
67,2 67,238,8
2,8
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Home EP Printer - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 6 – Home EP Printer A - 50
http://www.ecostandby.org
Figure 12: Home EP Printer – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
0,1 0,1
0,4 0,40,2
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
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sum
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EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Home EP Printer - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
0,1 0,1
0,5 0,50,3
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
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EU
to
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Wh
/a
Home EP Printer - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results
The overall energy impact of this product groups is less than 1 TWh. The low market
penetration of 3.4% (7 million units in a total of 205 million households) influences this result.
The industry has displayed in the past years great awareness for power management. This
resulted in an improvement of the product’s overall energy efficiency. A mix of LoNA and
MeNA should be considered a real life scenario. The MeNA scenario is insofar realistic due
to the growing application of wireless network technology. The LoNA 2010 to LoNA 2020
scenario has been selected for the base case in order to show realistic proportions.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 7 – Home Phone A - 51
http://www.ecostandby.org
Annex 7 Environmental Assessment: Home Phones
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 7 – Home Phones
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 7 – Home Phone A - 52
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 7 – Home Phone A - 53
http://www.ecostandby.org
Input Data
Product definition:
A home phone is defined as a commercially available electronic product with a base station
and a handset whose purpose is to convert sound into electrical impulses for transmission.
Most of these devices require an external power supply for power, are plugged into an AC
power outlet for 24 hours per day, and do not have a power switch to turn them off. To
qualify, the base station of the cordless phone or its power supply must be designed to plug
into a wall outlet and there must not be a physical connection between the portable handset
and the phone jack.14
The product group is represented by an average DECT telephone.
Product stock assumption:
Stock based on ICTEE, 2008. Data given for 2010 and 2020, interpolated for 2015
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
The telephone is ether active or idle. Own measurements indicate that some telephones
actually consume more power in idle, because the display is on when the device is in the
cradle. Product is always online (HiNA). We therefore made no use distinction in the
scenarios.
Explanatory notes 2020:
Energy consumption per mode is assumed to decrease by 20% across all modes.
1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
14 Product and technology definitions according to Energy Start Program Requirements for Telephony.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 7 – Home Phone A - 54
http://www.ecostandby.org
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are LoNA 2010 to MeNA 2020.
Table 13: Home Phones – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Phones 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 4,5 3,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 2,0 22,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 9,0 77,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 86,0
141 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 3,3 28,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 31,4
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,5 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 4,4
LoNA Phones 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 4,5 3,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 2,0 22,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 9,0 77,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 86,0
141 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 3,3 28,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 31,4
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,5 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 4,4
MeNA Phones 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 4,5 3,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 2,0 22,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 9,0 77,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 86,0
141 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 3,3 28,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 31,4
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,5 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 4,4
HiNA Phones 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 4,5 3,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 2,0 22,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 9,0 77,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 86,0
141 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 3,3 28,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 31,4
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,5 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 4,4
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 7 – Home Phone A - 55
http://www.ecostandby.org
Table 14: Home Phones – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Phones 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 3,6 2,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 2,0 22,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 7,2 61,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 68,8
205 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 2,6 22,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 25,1
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,5 4,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,1
LoNA Phones 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 3,6 2,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 2,0 22,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 7,2 61,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 68,8
205 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 2,6 22,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 25,1
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,5 4,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,1
MeNA Phones 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 3,6 2,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 2,0 22,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 7,2 61,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 68,8
205 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 2,6 22,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 25,1
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,5 4,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,1
HiNA Phones 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 3,6 2,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 2,0 22,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 7,2 61,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 68,8
205 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 2,6 22,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 25,1
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,5 4,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,1
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 7 – Home Phone A - 56
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Figure 13: Home Phones – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
3,3 3,3 3,3 3,3
28,1 28,1 28,1 28,1
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Home Phones - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2,6 2,6 2,6 2,6
22,5 22,5 22,5 22,5
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Home Phones - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 7 – Home Phone A - 57
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Figure 14: Home Phones – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
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lect
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sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Home Phones - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
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lect
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EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Home Phones - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results
As the device is always on, there is no change in annual energy consumption at the EU-27
level across the different scenarios. The overall energy consumption is about 5 TWh per
year. That said, idle mode dominates with about 4.5 TWh/a the overall energy consumption
in all scenarios presenting a possible target for improvement.
The 2020 scenarios show slightly increasing overall energy consumption due to growing
number of devices, despite increasing efficiency.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 7 – Home Phone A - 58
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ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 8 – Home Gateway A - 59
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Annex 8 Environmental Assessment: Home Gateway
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 8 – Home Gateway
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 8 – Home Gateway A - 60
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 8 – Home Gateway A - 61
http://www.ecostandby.org
Input Data
Product definition:
Home Gateway is a Customer Premises Equipment with the main function of providing
access to a wide area network (WAN) via modem (DSL, DOCSIS, FTTH, Femto Cell) and
routing for wired or wireless local area networks (LAN). The product is a stand-alone device
(non-rack) with multiple network interface options. The home gateways may include VoIP or
DVB tuner/decoder (headed gateways).
Product stock assumption:
DSL Gateway:
• Stock: Installed base has been estimated based on EUROSTAT data regarding
broadband access in the EU (status 07/2009)15. According to this source, the
broadband access penetration rate (number of broadband lines per 100 populations)
is 23.9. There are in total 94 million DSL access lines and 25 million broadband
access lines (non-DSL). Of this last number 18 million are Cable modems and 7
million approximately optical fibre lines. This figure does not indicate the number of
home gateways yet. Retail lines are the main wholesale access for new entrants with
71.4% of DSL lines. We make the assumption that 70% of the 94 million DSL lines
are end user access point. This would mean that there are 66 million DSL gateways
installed. Future development has been based on the assumption that DSL will
maintain a main access technology and slightly increase in the next ten years. Optical
technologies will however limit the increase in the long term. Based on these
considerations we assume a maximum household penetration rate of 40% or 82
million units as installed base in 2010.
Cable-TV Gateway:
• Stock: Installed base has been estimated based on “ASTRA Reach 2009” Market
Report.16 According to this report approximately 30% of households in Europe receive
TV and Internet services via TV-Cable. Future development has been based on two
assumptions. In the short term the number of the installed base will slightly increase
(35% household penetration rate) due to good price to broadband ratio. In the
15
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeurope/i2010/docs/interinstitutional/cocom_broadband_july09.pdf
16 Internet download (2009-12-03):
http://www.international-television.org/archive/astra_satellite_monitor_europe_2009.pdf
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 8 – Home Gateway A - 62
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midterm however the stock declines due to availability and more capable fibre-to-the-
home and wireless broadband access solutions.
Optical Gateway:
• Stock: In July 2009 a total of 120 million fixed broadband lines have been counted by
EUROSTAT. According to the FTTH Council Europe only 1.75% of all fixed lines in
Europe are currently Fibre-to-the-Home (+40% year-on-year). For this study we
assume a slightly higher penetration rate of 3% for the reference year 2010. In the
midterm we expect a strong increase of FTTH. Our forecast for 2015 and 2020 are
based on household penetration rate assumptions.
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
The following power modes are considered:
Active: Power consumption in active and idle mode correlates with an average ADSL
modem/router with LAN, WLAN, VoIP and USB ports. We distinguish an active
and idle power state. Idle is the product when full on but not transmitting or
processing a signal or data.
Idle: See active. No application is running [HiNA].
LowP1: Mode not yet existent (low power idle, power about 50% of G0/S0 idle)
LowP2: Mode is optional sleep mode where modem and 1xLAN is active/idle and
WLAN powered-down [MeNA]
LowP3: Mode is not relevant
LowP4: Mode is not relevant
LowP5: Mode is equivalent to soft off
Explanatory notes 2020:
Mode and use assumptions are similar to the reference scenarios 2010. Improvement of
power consumption per mode: 20%
The power consumption values are based on average power consumption of simple
modem/router products. It is feasible to assume that power consumption could increase due
to increasing bandwidth (symmetrical), number of integrated network ports, constant
powering of plug-in devices (Power-over-Ethernet, Power-over-USB) and particularly due to
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 8 – Home Gateway A - 63
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increase wireless demand (active antenna). Further consideration has to be given to the
integration of storage capacity (e.g. HDD, SSD) and the utilization of the device as a home
server. In this case passive cooling might not be possible and a hybrid home gateway/server-
type would result (including different use pattern). Another trend is triple-play capable headed
gateways that emerge from the CSTB sector. These hybrid products shift the use patterns
and require permanent high network availability (HiNA).
1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are MeNA 2010 to HiNA 2020.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 8 – Home Gateway A - 64
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Table 15: Home Gateway – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Home Gateway 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 12,0 10,0 0,0 6,0 0,0 0,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 7,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 17,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 84,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 8,5 92,5
136 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 30,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 3,1 33,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 4,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,4 4,6
LoNA Home Gateway 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 12,0 10,0 0,0 6,0 0,0 0,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 7,0 0,0 0,0 17,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 84,0 0,0 0,0 102,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 186,0
136 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 30,7 0,0 0,0 37,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 67,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 4,2 0,0 0,0 5,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 9,2
MeNA Home Gateway 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 12,0 10,0 0,0 6,0 0,0 0,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 7,0 8,5 0,0 8,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 84,0 85,0 0,0 51,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 220,0
136 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 30,7 31,0 0,0 18,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 80,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 4,2 4,2 0,0 2,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 10,9
HiNA Home Gateway 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 12,0 10,0 0,0 6,0 0,0 0,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 7,0 17,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 84,0 170,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 254,0
136 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 30,7 62,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 92,7
Stock per year (TWh/a) 4,2 8,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 12,6
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 8 – Home Gateway A - 65
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Table 16: Home Gateway – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Home Gateway 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 9,6 8,0 0,0 4,8 0,0 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 7,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 17,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 67,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 6,8 74,0
225 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 24,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,5 27,0
Stock per year (TWh/a) 5,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,6 6,1
LoNA Home Gateway 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 9,6 8,0 0,0 4,8 0,0 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 7,0 0,0 0,0 17,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 67,2 0,0 0,0 81,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 148,8
225 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 24,5 0,0 0,0 29,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 54,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 5,5 0,0 0,0 6,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 12,2
MeNA Home Gateway 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 9,6 8,0 0,0 4,8 0,0 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 7,0 8,5 0,0 8,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 67,2 68,0 0,0 40,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 176,0
225 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 24,5 24,8 0,0 14,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 64,2
Stock per year (TWh/a) 5,5 5,6 0,0 3,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 14,5
HiNA Home Gateway 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 9,6 8,0 0,0 4,8 0,0 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 7,0 17,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 67,2 136,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 203,2
225 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 24,5 49,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 74,2
Stock per year (TWh/a) 5,5 11,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 16,7
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 8 – Home Gateway A - 66
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Figure 15: Home Gateway – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
30,7 30,7 30,7 30,7
31,0
62,1
37,2
18,6
3,1
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Home Gateway - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
24,5 24,5 24,5 24,5
24,8
49,6
29,8
14,9
2,5
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Home Gateway - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 8 – Home Gateway A - 67
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Figure 16: Home Gateway – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
4,2 4,2 4,2 4,2
4,2
8,4
5,1
2,5
0,4
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
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lect
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sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Home Gateway - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
5,5 5,5 5,5 5,5
5,6
11,2
6,7
3,4
0,6
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
18,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
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to
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Wh
/a
Home Gateway - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results
The development scenarios show increasing overall energy consumption from about 10 TWh
in 2010 to about 15 TWh in 2010. This increase results from the growing installed base
(stock). It also includes a general 20% improvement per mode, which has been question by
some stakeholder as not realistic due to increasing network capability (bandwidth, wireless)
and traffic (e.g. thin client applications). A mixed MeNA and HiNA scenario seems to be the
most realistic scenario. Such mixed scenario would indicate existing power management
options and the partial deactivation of functionality. And although home gateways are
networking equipment, that needs to provide high network availability, the implementation of
an advanced power management should be considered. Critical factor for such
implementation is the interoperability towards WAN and LAN equipment (combined effort)
including energy efficiency support by protocols (combined effort, see Task 7).
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 8 – Home Gateway A - 68
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ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 9 – Simple TV A - 69
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Annex 9 Environmental Assessment: Simple TV
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 9 – Simple TV
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 9 – Simple TV A - 70
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 9 – Simple TV A - 71
http://www.ecostandby.org
Input Data
Product definition:
A commercially available electronic product designed primarily for the reception and display
of audiovisual signals received from terrestrial, cable, satellite, Internet Protocol TV (IPTV),
or other digital or analogue sources. A TV consists of a tuner/receiver and a display encased
in a single enclosure. Simple TVs are used in conjunction with a set-top box and lack the
integrated DVB tuner/receiver of Complex TVs.
Simple TVs cover both older analogue TVs and digital TVs lacking conditional access. It is
technically possible to wake-up the TV over network (SCART) e.g. in conjunction with STB
booting.
Product stock assumption:
Overall stock assumption has been based on TREN Lot 5, 200717. Data was given for years
2005, 2010 and 2020. An interpolation was used for the year 2015 between 2010 and 2020.
We assume an average of two devices per household.
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
Simple TVs are assumed to have three modes:
• Active mode (4h per day) for which power consumption reflects larger, less efficient
displays.
• LowP4 is equivalent to (active low) standby. There are still older devices in the market
that consume more than 1W.
• LowP5 is off-mode with losses.
Explanatory notes 2020:
Mode and use assumption is similar to reference year 2010 (4 hours active and 20 hours in
LowP4, per day). Product stock is assumed to be shrinking as Complex TVs take some of
the market share of Simple TVs. Overall, energy consumption is assumed to improve by 20%
in all modes. The considerable number of older, less mature TVs in secondary use
influences the higher value of the active mode.
New products, not yet on the market, could include a higher power standby mode through
HDMI-CEC wake-up. However, actual market data are not available in that respect.
17
[TREN Lot 5, 2007]: EuP Study on Televisions, 2007; http://www.ecotelevision.org/
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 9 – Simple TV A - 72
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1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are LoNA 2010 and LoNA 2020.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 9 – Simple TV A - 73
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Table 17: Simple TV – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Simple TV 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 120,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 480,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 10,0 490,0
384 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 175,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 3,7 178,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 67,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,4 68,7
LoNA Simple TV 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 120,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 480,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 40,0 0,0 520,0
384 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 175,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 14,6 0,0 189,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 67,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,6 0,0 72,9
MeNA Simple TV 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 120,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 480,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 40,0 0,0 520,0
384 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 175,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 14,6 0,0 189,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 67,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,6 0,0 72,9
HiNA Simple TV 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 120,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 480,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 40,0 0,0 520,0
384 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 175,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 14,6 0,0 189,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 67,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,6 0,0 72,9
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 9 – Simple TV A - 74
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Table 18: Simple TV – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Simple TV 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 96,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 384,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 8,0 392,0
246 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 140,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,9 143,1
Stock per year (TWh/a) 34,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,7 35,2
LoNA Simple TV 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 96,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 384,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 32,0 0,0 416,0
246 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 140,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,7 0,0 151,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 34,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,9 0,0 37,4
MeNA Simple TV 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 96,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 384,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 32,0 0,0 416,0
246 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 140,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,7 0,0 151,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 34,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,9 0,0 37,4
HiNA Simple TV 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 96,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 384,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 32,0 0,0 416,0
246 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 140,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,7 0,0 151,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 34,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,9 0,0 37,4
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 9 – Simple TV A - 75
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Figure 17: Simple TV – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
175,2 175,2 175,2 175,2
14,6 14,6 14,6
3,7
165,0
170,0
175,0
180,0
185,0
190,0
195,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C U
nit
in
kW
h/a
Simple TV - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
140,2 140,2 140,2 140,2
11,7 11,7 11,7
2,9
134,0
136,0
138,0
140,0
142,0
144,0
146,0
148,0
150,0
152,0
154,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C U
nit
in
kW
h/a
Simple TV - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 9 – Simple TV A - 76
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Figure 18: Simple TV – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
67,3 67,3 67,3 67,3
5,6 5,6 5,6
1,4
64,0
65,0
66,0
67,0
68,0
69,0
70,0
71,0
72,0
73,0
74,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
nu
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lect
rici
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on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Simple TV - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
34,5 34,5 34,5 34,5
2,9 2,9 2,9
0,7
33,0
33,5
34,0
34,5
35,0
35,5
36,0
36,5
37,0
37,5
38,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
nu
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lect
rici
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on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Simple TV - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results
Active mode energy consumption is significant and absolutely dominates the overall
consumption. The overall energy consumption is going to decrease from about 72 TWh in
2010 to about 37 TWh in 2020. The overall decrease in energy consumption at the EU-27
level in the 2020 scenarios reflects the shrinking product stock of these older types of models
in the market. The standby/off energy consumption is less than 10% of overall energy
consumption. Still with 3 to 5 TWh per year it is a considerable amount of energy. This
product case has to be put in conjunction with the complex TV for which a higher “active”
standby has been assumed. It is important to notice that after a short period of good practice
following the implementation of the standby/off regulation (EC1275/2008) the danger is that
with higher network availability the overall energy consumption could increase again.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 10 – Simple Set Top Box A - 77
http://www.ecostandby.org
Annex 10 Environmental Assessment: Simple Set Top Box
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 10 – Simple Set Top Box
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 10 – Simple Set Top Box A - 78
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 10 – Simple Set Top Box A - 79
http://www.ecostandby.org
Input Data
Product definition:
A stand-alone device whose primary function is converting standard-definition (SD) or high-
definition (HD), free-to-air digital broadcast signals to analogue broadcast signals suitable for
analogue television or radio, has no “conditional access” function, and offers no recording
function based on removable media in standard library format.18
Product stock assumption:
Stock for the reference year 2010 is based on TREN Lot 0, 200719. Data extrapolated from
EU-25 to EU-27 based on 2005 population. According to TREN Lot 0, Simple STBs are
expected to be obsolete by 2025. We are not following this assumption and rather assume
that Simple STBs will remain in the market for a considerable amount of time. Replacement
will start after 2020 with mass utilization of IPTV.
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
Simple STBs feature only three modes:
• Active mode, the duration of which is 4h of TV reception and 1h of recording TV
programmes. MeNA and HiNA scenarios consider longer active mode duration for
users that do not use a timer function.
• LowP4 is equivalent to standby. The 2W assumption reflects the amount of older
models still in the market.
• LowP5 is off mode with losses.
Explanatory notes 2020:
The product stock is gradually shrinking as the market shifts towards Complex STBs and
Complex TVs. Simple STBs might be used for a secondary TV (e.g. with DVB-T).
Modes and use assumptions are similar to 2010 scenarios with a general power
consumption improvement of 20% per mode. However, it is possible that no improvement in
energy consumption will occur due to the remaining older product stock in the market.
18 Product and technology definitions according to EC Regulation 107/2009/EC.
19 [TREN Lot 0, 2007] EuP study on Simple Set Top Boxes, 2007.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 10 – Simple Set Top Box A - 80
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1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are LoNA 2010 to MeNA 2020.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 10 – Simple Set Top Box A - 81
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Table 19: Simple Set Top Box – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Simple STB 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 16,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 80,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 9,5 89,5
151 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 29,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 3,5 32,7
Stock per year (TWh/a) 4,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,5 4,9
LoNA Simple STB 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 16,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 80,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 38,0 0,0 118,0
151 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 29,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 13,9 0,0 43,1
Stock per year (TWh/a) 4,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,1 0,0 6,5
MeNA Simple STB 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 16,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 80,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 38,0 0,0 118,0
151 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 29,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 13,9 0,0 43,1
Stock per year (TWh/a) 4,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,1 0,0 6,5
HiNA Simple STB 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 16,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 24,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 384,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 384,0
151 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 140,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 140,2
Stock per year (TWh/a) 21,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 21,2
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 10 – Simple Set Top Box A - 82
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Table 20: Simple Set Top Box – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Simple STB 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 12,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 64,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 7,6 71,6
123 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 23,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,8 26,1
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,3 3,2
LoNA Simple STB 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 12,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 64,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 30,4 0,0 94,4
123 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 23,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,1 0,0 34,5
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,4 0,0 4,2
MeNA Simple STB 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 12,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 64,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 30,4 0,0 94,4
123 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 23,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,1 0,0 34,5
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,4 0,0 4,2
HiNA Simple STB 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 12,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 24,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 307,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 307,2
123 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 112,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 112,1
Stock per year (TWh/a) 13,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 13,8
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 10 – Simple Set Top Box A - 83
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Figure 19: Simple Set Top Box – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
29,2 29,2 29,2
140,2
13,9 13,93,5
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
140,0
160,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Simple STB - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
23,4 23,4 23,4
112,1
11,1 11,1
2,8
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Simple STB - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 10 – Simple Set Top Box A - 84
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Figure 20: Simple Set Top Box – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
4,4 4,4 4,4
21,2
2,1 2,10,5
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
nu
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lect
rici
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on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Simple STB - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2,9 2,9 2,9
13,8
1,4 1,40,3
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
nu
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lect
rici
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on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Simple STB - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results
Active mode dominates the energy consumption in all scenarios. Our scenario assumption
with the same LoNA and MeNA reflects the difficulty with this product group. Both scenarios
undervalue this product group. A real life scenario would need a mix of LoNA and HiNA. In
such as case the overall energy consumption would not be only about 5 TWh per year but
rather 10 TWh per year or even more. This real life scenario would assume that the user is
leaving the device partially in active and is not using passive standby. The 2020 scenarios
show the result of the reduced stock. Given the fact that such a product would not need
network availability a consequent auto-power-down into standby/off would be the
recommended.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 11 – Complex TV A - 85
http://www.ecostandby.org
Annex 11 Environmental Assessment: Complex TV
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 11 – Complex TV
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 11 – Complex TV A - 86
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 11 – Complex TV A - 87
http://www.ecostandby.org
Input Data
Product definition:
A commercially available electronic product designed primarily for the reception and display
of audiovisual signals received from terrestrial, cable, satellite, Internet Protocol TV (IPTV),
or other digital or analogue sources. A TV consists of a tuner/receiver and a display encased
in a single enclosure. Complex TVs feature and use an integrated DVB tuner/receiver and
can allow for conditional access.
Broadly speaking, Complex TVs are state-of-the-art digital HD or 3D TVs with integrated
digital tuners, optional decoders and to some extent recording/storage capability (the noise
and lifetime reliability of HDD is an issue in that respect). It is technically possible to wake-up
the TV over network (HDMI-CEC, WOL or WOWLAN), for example, in conjunction with
provider service access or booting of a connected media center.
Product stock assumption:
Overall stock assumptions have been based on TREN Lot 5, 2007. Data was given for years
2005, 2010 and 2020. An interpolation was used for the year 2015 between 2010 and 2020.
We assume an average of two devices per household. The number of Complex TVs is
expected to over the coming years as the number of Simple TVs and Simple STBs which
they replace will decline.
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
Complex TVs have four modes:
• Active mode with 4h use duration per day. Higher power consumption reflects
typically larger and more complex full HD/3D display (mid/high end devices).
• LowP2 is equivalent to active standby with medium network availability. Current
product’s power consumption varies largely between a few Watts and more than 30
W, depending on the functions provided.
• LowP4 is equivalent to active standby. Most products consume less than 1W.
• LowP5 is off-mode with losses.
Explanatory notes 2020:
Power consumption of Complex TV has improved by 20% in all modes. For active mode one
might argue that LED backlights and other technologies have a larger improvement potential.
This is generally correct, but we have to consider the evolving system requirements, for
example, in conjunction with full HD, 4K or 3D. In particular, 3D in conjunction with active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 11 – Complex TV A - 88
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shutter glasses will require higher luminescence setting which results in about 20% more
energy demand of the TV. The important aspect is however the networked standby capability
which is covered by LowP4. We assume a >20% improvement in that respect but due to the
installed base of older TVs further overall improvement until 2010 is not realistic. By 2020,
TVs will have multiple network options.
1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are LoNA 2010 to MeNA 2020.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 11 – Complex TV A - 89
http://www.ecostandby.org
Table 21: Complex TV – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Complex TV 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 150,0 30,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 600,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 10,0 610,0
20 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 219,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 3,7 222,7
Stock per year (TWh/a) 4,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 4,5
LoNA Complex TV 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 150,0 30,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 600,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 40,0 0,0 640,0
20 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 219,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 14,6 0,0 233,6
Stock per year (TWh/a) 4,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,3 0,0 4,7
MeNA Complex TV 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 150,0 30,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 10,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 10,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 600,0 300,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 0,0 920,0
20 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 219,0 109,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 7,3 0,0 335,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 4,4 2,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,0 6,7
HiNA Complex TV 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 150,0 30,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 20,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 600,0 600,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1200,0
20 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 219,0 219,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 438,0
Stock per year (TWh/a) 4,4 4,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 8,8
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 11 – Complex TV A - 90
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Table 22: Complex TV – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Complex TV 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 120,0 24,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 480,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 8,0 488,0
164 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 175,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,9 178,1
Stock per year (TWh/a) 28,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,5 29,2
LoNA Complex TV 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 120,0 24,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 480,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 32,0 0,0 512,0
164 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 175,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,7 0,0 186,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 28,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,9 0,0 30,6
MeNA Complex TV 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 120,0 24,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 10,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 10,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 480,0 240,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 16,0 0,0 736,0
164 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 175,2 87,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,8 0,0 268,6
Stock per year (TWh/a) 28,7 14,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 44,1
HiNA Complex TV 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 120,0 24,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 20,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 480,0 480,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 960,0
164 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 175,2 175,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 350,4
Stock per year (TWh/a) 28,7 28,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 57,5
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 11 – Complex TV A - 91
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Figure 21: Complex TV – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
219,0 219,0 219,0 219,0
109,5
219,0
14,6
7,3
3,7
0,0
50,0
100,0
150,0
200,0
250,0
300,0
350,0
400,0
450,0
500,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Complex TV - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
175,2 175,2 175,2 175,2
87,6
175,2
11,7
5,8
2,9
0,0
50,0
100,0
150,0
200,0
250,0
300,0
350,0
400,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Complex TV - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 11 – Complex TV A - 92
http://www.ecostandby.org
Figure 22: Complex TV – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
4,4 4,4 4,4 4,4
2,2
4,4
0,3
0,1
0,1
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
nu
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lect
rici
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on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Complex TV - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
28,7 28,7 28,7 28,7
14,4
28,7
1,9
1,0
0,5
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
nu
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lect
rici
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on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Complex TV - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results
The overall development and the significant increase in TEC at the EU-27 level reflects an
increasing product stock of complex TVs and has to be seen in conjunction to the decrease
in simple TVs. The power consumption of Idle in the MeNA 2020 is with about 14.4 TWh is
considerable and needs to be addressed. Network availability would be an important issue
for this product group. At the moment we do not have products featuring low power standby
in support of possible network initiated wake-ups.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 12 – Complex Set Top Box A - 93
http://www.ecostandby.org
Annex 12 Environmental Assessment: Complex Set Top Box
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 12 – Complex Set Top Box
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 12 – Complex Set Top Box A - 94
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 12 – Complex Set Top Box A - 95
http://www.ecostandby.org
Input Data
Product definition:
A complex set-top box is a set-top box that allows conditional access. A set-top box is a
stand-alone device, using an integral or dedicated external power supply, for the reception of
Standard Definition (SD) or High Definition (HD) digital broadcasting services via IP, cable,
satellite and/or terrestrial transmission and their conversion to analogue RF and/or line
signals and/or with a digital output signal.20
Product stock assumption:
Stock based on TREN Lot 18, 2008.21. The data was given for 2010, 2015 and 2020 in the
report. In the long term we assume a different trend than the one assumed in Lot 18. We
assume that complex STBs and so called Media Centre or Digital Media Receiver are
merging. This new converging product group will have a high market penetration. A digital
media receiver is a device that connects to a home network using either a wireless or wired
connection. It includes a user interface that allows users to navigate through a digital media
library, search for, and play back media files. The device is connected to a TV using standard
cables.22
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
Complex STB (with conditional access, and return path) features four modes:
• Active mode duration correlates with average 4h of TV receiving and 1h recording of
TV programmes. Power consumption in active is considerably higher than the simple
STB due to integrated recording/storage capability (HDD), the number of digital
tuners and decoder.
• LowP 2 is equivalent to active standby (high) which allows remote access and
reactivation of the device for the service provider.
• LowP 4 is equivalent to passive standby (time function active). The 0.7W assumption
reflects good practice and voluntary agreement compliance in the market.
20 Product and technology definitions according to TREN Lot 18, 2008.
21 [TREN Lot 18, 2007] EuP study on Complex Set Top Boxes, 2008. www.ecocomplexstb.org
22 Modified from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media_receiver. Accessed 22 Jan 2010
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 12 – Complex Set Top Box A - 96
http://www.ecostandby.org
• LowP 5 is off mode with losses.
Explanatory notes 2020:
The product stock is increasing due to the increasing demand and requirements for HD and,
later, 3D TV programmes.
Modes and use assumptions are similar to 2010 scenarios with a general power
consumption improvement of 20% per mode. With the introduction of more advanced
recording/storage technology (e.g. SSD) power consumption could improve even more.
1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are LoNA 2010 to MeNA 2020.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 12 – Complex Set Top Box A - 97
http://www.ecostandby.org
Table 23: Complex Set Top Box – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Complex STB 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 30,0 10,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 150,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 9,5 159,5
82 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 54,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 3,5 58,2
Stock per year (TWh/a) 4,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,3 4,8
LoNA Complex STB 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 30,0 10,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 150,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 38,0 0,0 188,0
82 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 54,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 13,9 0,0 68,6
Stock per year (TWh/a) 4,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,1 0,0 5,6
MeNA Complex STB 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 30,0 10,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 5,0 9,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 9,5 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 150,0 95,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 264,0
82 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 54,8 34,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 6,9 0,0 96,4
Stock per year (TWh/a) 4,5 2,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,6 0,0 7,9
HiNA Complex STB 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 30,0 10,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 5,0 19,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 150,0 190,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 340,0
82 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 54,8 69,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 124,1
Stock per year (TWh/a) 4,5 5,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 10,2
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 12 – Complex Set Top Box A - 98
http://www.ecostandby.org
Table 24: Complex Set Top Box – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Complex STB 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 24,0 8,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 120,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 7,6 127,6
113 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 43,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,8 46,6
Stock per year (TWh/a) 4,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,3 5,3
LoNA Complex STB 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 24,0 8,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 120,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 30,4 0,0 150,4
113 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 43,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,1 0,0 54,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 4,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,3 0,0 6,2
MeNA Complex STB 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 24,0 8,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 5,0 9,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 9,5 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 120,0 76,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 15,2 0,0 211,2
113 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 43,8 27,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,5 0,0 77,1
Stock per year (TWh/a) 4,9 3,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,6 0,0 8,7
HiNA Complex STB 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 24,0 8,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 5,0 19,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 120,0 152,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 272,0
113 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 43,8 55,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 99,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 4,9 6,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,2
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 12 – Complex Set Top Box A - 99
http://www.ecostandby.org
Figure 23: Complex Set Top Box – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
54,8 54,8 54,8 54,8
34,7
69,4
13,9
6,9
3,5
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
140,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Complex STB - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
43,8 43,8 43,8 43,8
27,7
55,5
11,1
5,5
2,8
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Complex STB - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 12 – Complex Set Top Box A - 100
http://www.ecostandby.org
Figure 24: Complex Set Top Box – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5
2,8
5,7
1,1
0,6
0,3
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
nu
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lect
rici
ty c
on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Complex STB - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
4,9 4,9 4,9 4,9
3,1
6,3
1,3
0,6
0,3
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
nu
al e
lect
rici
ty c
on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Complex STB - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results:
Active mode is dominant power consumption although Idle (serving in place of a networked
or active standby mode) is equally important in the MENA and HiNA scenarios. The overall
energy consumption of 5.2 to 11.2 TWh/a is substantial against the growing product stock
and probably more intense use patterns in the future. The improvement potential lays in
power management and additional reduction of power consumption per mode.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 13 – Simple Player/Recorder A - 101
http://www.ecostandby.org
Annex 13 Environmental Assessment: Simple Player/Recorder
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 13 – Simple Player/Recorder
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 13 – Simple Player/Recorder A - 102
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 13 – Simple Player/Recorder A - 103
http://www.ecostandby.org
Input Data
Product definition:
A Simple Player/Recorder is a stand-alone device whose primary function is to decode video
to an output audio/video signal (from recorded or recordable media via a powered or
integrated media interface such as an optical drive, USB or HDD interface), has no tuner
unless it records on a removable media in a standard library format, is mains powered, does
not have a display for viewing, and is not designed for a broad range of home or office
applications.23
Product stock assumption:
Stock assumptions are based on Draft ENTR Lot 3, ongoing24. The data of the stock of the
UK was given in the ENTR Lot 3 report. The UK market for electronics typically represents
18% of the total EU-27 for electronics. The EU totals have been calculated accordingly. It is
questionable if this type of media will really decline in the predicted way. We therefore
adjusted the figures to a slower decline by a correlation to the household penetration rate.
The product group describes currently installed base of VCR, DVD, BluRay, and HDD (single
media) Player/Recorder devices.
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
We consider that such product could feature up to four modes:
• Active mode is actively playing or recording content. We assume an average 1.5h per
day (one movie).
• Idle mode is an active mode where the product is ready but no content is played or
recorded.
• LowP3 is equivalent to active low or passive standby where a timer is running. The
somewhat higher power consumption of 4.5 W reflects the situation that there are still
a substantial number of older devices in the market.
• LowP5 is equivalent to off-mode with losses. The assumption of 1W takes into
account the number of older devices still on the market.
Explanatory notes 2020:
23 Product and technology definitions according to ENTR Lot 3 Draft Task 1-5.
24 [ENTR Lot 3, ongoing] EuP study on sound and imaging equipment www.ecomultimedia.org
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 13 – Simple Player/Recorder A - 104
http://www.ecostandby.org
Modes and use patterns similar to the reference year 2010. General energy consumption
improvement per mode is assumed to be20%.
1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are LoNA 2010 to MeNA 2020.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 13 – Simple Player/Recorder A - 105
http://www.ecostandby.org
Table 25: Simple Player/Recorder – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Simple Player Recorder 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 20,0 16,0 0,0 0,0 4,5 0,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 1,5 0,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 22,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 30,0 8,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,0 49,0
233 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 11,0 2,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 4,0 17,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,6 0,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,9 4,2
LoNA Simple Player Recorder 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 20,0 16,0 0,0 0,0 4,5 0,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 1,5 0,5 0,0 0,0 22,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 30,0 8,0 0,0 0,0 99,0 0,0 0,0 137,0
233 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 11,0 2,9 0,0 0,0 36,1 0,0 0,0 50,0
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,6 0,7 0,0 0,0 8,4 0,0 0,0 11,7
MeNA Simple Player Recorder 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 20,0 16,0 0,0 0,0 4,5 0,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 1,5 0,5 0,0 0,0 22,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 30,0 8,0 0,0 0,0 99,0 0,0 0,0 137,0
233 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 11,0 2,9 0,0 0,0 36,1 0,0 0,0 50,0
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,6 0,7 0,0 0,0 8,4 0,0 0,0 11,7
HiNA Simple Player Recorder 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 20,0 16,0 0,0 0,0 4,5 0,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 1,5 22,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 30,0 360,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 390,0
233 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 11,0 131,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 142,4
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,6 30,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 33,2
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 13 – Simple Player/Recorder A - 106
http://www.ecostandby.org
Table 26: Simple Player/Recorder – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Simple Player Recorder 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 16,0 12,8 0,0 0,0 3,6 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 1,5 0,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 22,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 24,0 6,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 8,8 39,2
174 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 8,8 2,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 3,2 14,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 1,5 0,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,6 2,5
LoNA Simple Player Recorder 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 16,0 12,8 0,0 0,0 3,6 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 1,5 0,5 0,0 0,0 22,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 24,0 6,4 0,0 0,0 79,2 0,0 0,0 109,6
174 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 8,8 2,3 0,0 0,0 28,9 0,0 0,0 40,0
Stock per year (TWh/a) 1,5 0,4 0,0 0,0 5,0 0,0 0,0 7,0
MeNA Simple Player Recorder 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 16,0 12,8 0,0 0,0 3,6 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 1,5 0,5 0,0 0,0 22,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 24,0 6,4 0,0 0,0 79,2 0,0 0,0 109,6
174 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 8,8 2,3 0,0 0,0 28,9 0,0 0,0 40,0
Stock per year (TWh/a) 1,5 0,4 0,0 0,0 5,0 0,0 0,0 7,0
HiNA Simple Player Recorder 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 16,0 12,8 0,0 0,0 3,6 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 1,5 22,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 24,0 288,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 312,0
174 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 8,8 105,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 113,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 1,5 18,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,8
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 13 – Simple Player/Recorder A - 107
http://www.ecostandby.org
Figure 25: Simple Player/Recorder – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
11,0 11,0 11,0 11,0
2,9 2,9 2,9
131,4
36,1 36,1
4,0
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
140,0
160,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Simple Player Recorder - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
8,8 8,8 8,8 8,8
2,3 2,3 2,3
105,1
28,9 28,9
3,2
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Simple Player Recorder - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 13 – Simple Player/Recorder A - 108
http://www.ecostandby.org
Figure 26: Simple Player/Recorder – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
2,6 2,6 2,6 2,6
0,7 0,7 0,7
30,6
8,4 8,4
0,9
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
nu
al e
lect
rici
ty c
on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Simple Player Recorder - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5
0,4 0,4 0,4
18,3
5,0 5,0
0,6
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
nu
al e
lect
rici
ty c
on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Simple Player Recorder - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results
This product group is to some extend fading out due to more media center-type devices and
other media recording/storage options in the market. That said, the energy consumption of
the low power modes at approximately 5 TWh in 2020 is still considerable. If this product
would be left in idle (very unlikely) considerable energy consumption in an order of 10 to 20
TWh would result.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 14 – Complex Player/Recorder A - 109
http://www.ecostandby.org
Annex 14 Environmental Assessment: Complex Player/Recorder
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 14 –
Complex Player/Recorder
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 14 – Complex Player/Recorder A - 110
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 14 – Complex Player/Recorder A - 111
http://www.ecostandby.org
Input Data
Product definition:
A Complex Player/Recorder is a new product group incorporating a TV receiver and media
player/recording capability including DVD, BluRay, HDD or SDD. Stock based on [TREN Lot
18, 2008]25. The data was given for 2010, 2015 and 2020 in the report. In the long term we
assume a different trend than the one assumed in Lot 18. We assume that complex STBs
and so called Media Centre or Digital Media Receiver are merging. This new converging
product group will have a high market penetration. The Complex Player/Recorder connects
to a home network using either a wireless or wired connection. It includes a user interface
that allows users to navigate through a digital media library, search for, and play back media
files. The device is connected to a TV using standard cables.26
Product stock assumption:
Stock assumptions are based on TREN Lot 18, 200827. The data was given for 2010, 2015
and 2020 in the report. In the long term we assume a different trend than the one assumed in
Lot 18. We assume that Complex STBs and so called Media Centre or Digital Media
Receiver are merging to the new product group, Complex Player/Recorder. This new
converging product group will have a high market penetration.
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
The Complex Player/Recorder could feature five modes:
• Active mode wherein the devices is receiving, recoding or playing content. We
assume that such a device is more actively used in comparison to single media
player/recorder. Active and idle duration is, in total, similar to daily TV use.
• Idle mode is an active mode where the product is ready but no content is played or
recorded.
• LowP2 is equivalent to active standby with fast play/quick start option and/or remote
activation over network capability. Power consumption level reflects status of current
devices in the market.
• LowP3 is equivalent to passive standby where a timer is running. The passive
standby reflects already legal compliance with the standby regulation.
25
[TREN Lot 18, 2007] EuP study on Complex Set Top Boxes, 2008. www.ecocomplexstb.org 26
Modified from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media_receiver. Accessed 22 Jan 2010. 27
[TREN Lot 18, 2007] EuP study on Complex Set Top Boxes, 2008. www.ecocomplexstb.org
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 14 – Complex Player/Recorder A - 112
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• LowP5 is equivalent to off-mode with losses.
Explanatory notes 2020:
Mode and use pattern is similar to reference year 2010. General power consumption
improvement per mode is 20%. We assume that product stock could increase more quickly
(10% of European households may use such a device in 2020).
1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are LoNA 2010 to MeNA 2020.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 14 – Complex Player/Recorder A - 113
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Table 27: Complex Player/Recorder – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Compl. Player/Recorder 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 35,0 30,0 0,0 10,0 0,0 1,5 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 105,0 30,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 10,0 145,0
20 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 38,3 11,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 3,7 52,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,8 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 1,1
LoNA Compl. Player/Recorder 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 35,0 30,0 0,0 10,0 0,0 1,5 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 105,0 30,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 30,0 0,0 165,0
20 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 38,3 11,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,0 0,0 60,2
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,8 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,0 1,2
MeNA Compl. Player/Recorder 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 35,0 30,0 0,0 10,0 0,0 1,5 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 1,0 0,0 20,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 105,0 30,0 0,0 200,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 335,0
20 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 38,3 11,0 0,0 73,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 122,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,8 0,2 0,0 1,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,4
HiNA Compl. Player/Recorder 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 35,0 30,0 0,0 10,0 0,0 1,5 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 21,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 105,0 630,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 735,0
20 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 38,3 230,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 268,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,8 4,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,4
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 14 – Complex Player/Recorder A - 114
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Table 28: Complex Player/Recorder – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Compl. Player/Recorder 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 28,0 24,0 0,0 8,0 0,0 1,2 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 84,0 24,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 8,0 116,0
82 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 30,7 8,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,9 42,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,5 0,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,2 3,5
LoNA Compl. Player/Recorder 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 28,0 24,0 0,0 8,0 0,0 1,2 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 84,0 24,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0 0,0 132,0
82 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 30,7 8,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 8,8 0,0 48,2
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,5 0,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,7 0,0 4,0
MeNA Compl. Player/Recorder 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 28,0 24,0 0,0 8,0 0,0 1,2 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 1,0 0,0 20,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 84,0 24,0 0,0 160,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 268,0
82 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 30,7 8,8 0,0 58,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 97,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,5 0,7 0,0 4,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 8,0
HiNA Compl. Player/Recorder 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 28,0 24,0 0,0 8,0 0,0 1,2 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 3,0 21,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 84,0 504,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 588,0
82 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 30,7 184,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 214,6
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,5 15,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 17,6
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 14 – Complex Player/Recorder A - 115
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Figure 27: Complex Player/Recorder – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
38,3 38,3 38,3 38,3
11,0 11,0 11,0
230,0
73,0
11,03,7
0,0
50,0
100,0
150,0
200,0
250,0
300,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Complex Player/Recorder - All Scenarios
2010 (TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
30,7 30,7 30,7 30,7
8,8 8,8 8,8
184,0
58,4
8,82,9
0,0
50,0
100,0
150,0
200,0
250,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Complex Player/Recorder - All Scenarios
2020 (TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 14 – Complex Player/Recorder A - 116
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Figure 28: Complex Player/Recorder – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8
0,2 0,2 0,2
4,6
1,5
0,20,1
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
nu
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lect
rici
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on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Complex Player/Recorder - All Scenarios
2010 (EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5
0,7 0,7 0,7
15,1
4,8
0,70,2
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
18,0
20,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
nu
al e
lect
rici
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on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Complex Player/Recorder - All Scenarios
2020 (EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results
This new product group, with its growing stock, is potentially relevant for networked standby,
depending on its functional configuration and actual utilization. Due to the fact that medium to
high network availability could become a likely scenario, annual energy consumption could
have with 5 to 15 TWh per year a significant impact. In this case, controlling idle-mode power
levels and auto-power down would be a necessary requirements in support of energy saving.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 15 – Game Console A - 117
http://www.ecostandby.org
Annex 15 Environmental Assessment: Game Console
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 15 – Game Console
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 15 – Game Console A - 118
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 15 – Game Console A - 119
http://www.ecostandby.org
Input Data
Product definition:
Game console is a standalone computer-like device whose primary use is to play video
games. Game consoles use a hardware architecture based in part on typical computer
components (e.g., processors, system memory, video architecture, optical and/or hard
drives, etc.). The primary input for game consoles are special hand held controllers rather
than the mouse and keyboard used by more conventional computer types. Game consoles
are also equipped with audio visual outputs for use with televisions as the primary display,
rather than (or in addition to) an external or integrated display. These devices do not typically
use a conventional PC operating system, but often perform a variety of multimedia functions
such as: DVD/CD playback, digital picture viewing, and digital music playback. Current and
future high-consuming game consoles such as Xbox360 and PS3, contains increasing
internal storage and removable media (e.g. DVD, Blu-Ray). It gives the opportunity to stream
A/V-media and data to other devices, such as TVs, displays or HiFi-systems and therefore
uses wake-up functionality and networked standby.
Handheld gaming devices (Nintendo DS, Sony PSP), typically battery powered and intended
for use with an integral display as the primary display, are not covered by this specification.28
Product stock assumption:
Based on the market data available from the new ENTR Lot 3 study on audio and video
equipment, the XBOX 360 and PS3 account 2010 for about 25 million units in the European
market.
Note: For the purpose of this study we assume a highly average product which represents a
mixture of the XBOX 360 and PS3. We are therefore under-representing smaller, standard
definition systems such as the PS2 (about 25 Watt active) and the Nintendo Wii (about 20
Watt active).
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
Change in performance increase power consumption while technology improvements reduce
power consumption from one generation to the next. The game consoles feature effectively
only two modes – active and off. Power consumption in active is not constant. It varies
according to the technical (chip) generation and supported applications. Video games
consume more power than watching a movie on DVD, but the difference is not much. Idle
mode is only about 85 % of active mode.
28
Check ENTR Lot 3 http://www.ecomultimedia.org
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 15 – Game Console A - 120
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The selected power consumption values are based on the results on the NRDC issue paper
(2008): “Lowering the cost of play – Improving the Energy Efficiency of Video Game
Consoles”. There are also individual measurements available on Tech Blog pages on the
internet.
• Active mode is assume to be on average 150 W (190 W to 120 W) for playing 2h per
day video games or watching movies.
• Idle mode is an active mode while the device is ready but not running an application
(e.g. games or movie). Power consumption is on average 125 W (100 W to 140 W).
• LowP4 is a low power standby/soft-off mode with an average power consumption of 2
W. We assume that devices have a programmable auto-power-down (APD), but on
delivery it is not turned on and hard to find in the menu. Our network availability
scenarios reflect different type of settings for fast reactivation.
Explanatory notes 2020:
Mode and use assumptions are similar to the reference scenarios 2010. Improvement of
power consumption per mode: 20%.
1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are LoNA 2010 to MeNA 2020.
The stock data is based on ENTR Lot 3 study in combination with the pragmatic assumption.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 15 – Game Console A - 121
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Table 29: Game Console – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Game Console 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 150,0 125,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 22,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 300,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 44,0 0,0 344,0
25 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 109,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 16,1 0,0 125,6
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,4 0,0 3,1
LoNA Game Console 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 150,0 125,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 2,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 300,0 250,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 40,0 0,0 590,0
25 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 109,5 91,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 14,6 0,0 215,4
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,7 2,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,4 0,0 5,4
MeNA Game Console 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 150,0 125,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 2,0 12,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 10,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 300,0 1500,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 0,0 1820,0
25 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 109,5 547,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 7,3 0,0 664,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,7 13,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,0 16,6
HiNA Game Console 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 150,0 125,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 2,0 22,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 300,0 2750,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 3050,0
25 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 109,5 1003,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1113,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,7 25,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 27,8
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 15 – Game Console A - 122
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Table 30: Game Console – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Game Console 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 120,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 22,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 240,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 35,2 0,0 275,2
34 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 87,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 12,8 0,0 100,4
Stock per year (TWh/a) 3,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,4 0,0 3,4
LoNA Game Console 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 120,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 2,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 20,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 240,0 200,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 32,0 0,0 472,0
34 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 87,6 73,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,7 0,0 172,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 3,0 2,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,4 0,0 5,9
MeNA Game Console 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 120,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 2,0 12,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 10,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 240,0 1200,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 16,0 0,0 1456,0
34 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 87,6 438,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,8 0,0 531,4
Stock per year (TWh/a) 3,0 14,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,0 18,1
HiNA Game Console 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 120,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,6 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 2,0 22,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
365 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 240,0 2200,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2440,0
34 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 87,6 803,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 890,6
Stock per year (TWh/a) 3,0 27,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 30,3
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 15 – Game Console A - 123
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Figure 29: Game Console – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
109,5 109,5 109,5 109,5
91,3
547,5
1.003,8
16,1
14,6
7,3
0,0
200,0
400,0
600,0
800,0
1.000,0
1.200,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Game Console - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
87,6 87,6 87,6 87,6
73,0
438,0
803,0
12,8
11,7
5,8
0,0
100,0
200,0
300,0
400,0
500,0
600,0
700,0
800,0
900,0
1.000,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Game Console - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 15 – Game Console A - 124
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Figure 30: Game Console – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
2,7 2,7 2,7 2,7
2,3
13,7
25,1
0,4
0,4
0,2
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
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lect
rici
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sum
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on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Game Console - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0
2,5
14,9
27,3
0,4
0,4
0,2
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
nu
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lect
rici
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on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Game Console - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results
The annual energy consumption of game consoles is considerable due to the performance in
active and therefore also in mode. The development scenario MeNA 2020 is with 18 TWh a
considerable impact. In comparison to computers, current game consoles do not feature
much scaled power management. The devices are active/idle or standby/off. If the products
are kept idle in “Pause” or for faster reactivation then improvement potential is clearly in the
reduction of idle mode duration or an advanced power management.
If we take the whole spectrum of game consoles – the smaller products such as Nintendo Wii
– the standby power consumption will increase in total. The “WiiConnect24” standby mode
indicates a higher level of network availability and consumes about 9.5 Watts in comparison
to regular standby of about 1.3 Watts. Let’s assume in a worst case scenario that the 22.5
million Wii consoles in the European market would be in WiiConnect24 standby for 24/7/365.
The resulting annual energy consumption would be 1.8 TWh.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 16 – Office Desktop A - 125
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Annex 16 Environmental Assessment: Office Desktop PC
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 16 – Office Desktop PC
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 16 – Office Desktop A - 126
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Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 16 – Office Desktop A - 127
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Input Data
Product definition:
Desktop PC is a computer where the main unit is intended to be located in a permanent
location, often on a desk or on the floor. Desktops are not designed for portability and utilize
an external computer display, keyboard, and mouse.29
This product group also contains Integrated Desktop Computer, a desktop system in which
the computer and computer display function as a single unit which receives its ac power
through a single cable.30
Product stock assumption:
Stock assumption has been based on [TREN Lot 3, 2007]31 and [ICTEE, 2008].32 The
forecast assumes a slow increase over time due to increasing number of office work places
in the EU-27 (mostly in new member states). In terms of office penetration we assume a
decline due to the increasing use of notebooks and thin clients.
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
Desktop PCs are considered to have an integrated power management on the basis for
ACPI. The implementation of these power management options are supported by the
requirements of the Energy Star Program for Computers. We assume that Desktop PCs are
utilizing the existing hardware and software options for reducing idle power and duration and
start transitioning into low power sleep modes S3 and S5 according to a default delay time
setting. In support of network availability the equipment is utilization Wake-on-LAN in the
respective sleep modes.
The following power modes are considered:
Active: Mode is equivalent to G0/S0 (applications are running). According to industry
sources average active mode power consumption that is approx. factor 1.2 of
idle power.
Idle: Mode is equivalent to G0/S0. No application is running. [HiNA].
LowP1: Mode not yet existent (low power idle, power about 50% of G0/S0 idle)
29
Definition according to Energy Star Program Requirements for Computers (Version 5.0) 30
Definition according to Energy Star Program Requirements for Computers (Version 5.0) 31
[TREN Lot 3, 2007]: EuP Study on Computers and Monitors, 2007; http://www.ecocomputer.org 32
[ICTEE 2008]: Impacts of Information and Communication Technologies on Energy Efficiency, 2008;
ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/ict/docs/sustainable-growth/ict4ee-final-report_en.pdf
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 16 – Office Desktop A - 128
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LowP2: Mode is equivalent to G1/S3. Average power consumption is oriented on
S3sleep with WOL. [MeNA]
LowP3: Mode is equivalent to G1/S3 (sleep).
LowP4: Mode is equivalent to G2/S5 with WOL [LoNA]
LowP5: Mode is equivalent to G2/S5 (soft off)
G1/S4 (hibernate) is not used for Desktop Computers, because it offers only minor savings in
energy consumption while increasing the booting times significantly. For Desktop Computers
it is more likely being shut down (soft off with/without WOL).
Explanatory notes 2020:
Mode and use assumptions are similar to the reference scenarios 2010. Improvement of
power consumption per mode: 20%
1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are LoNA 2010 to MeNA 2020.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 16 – Office Desktop A - 129
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Table 31: Office Desktop PC – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Office Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 3,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 15,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 420,0 150,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 22,5 592,5
60 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 100,8 36,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,4 142,2
Stock per year (TWh/a) 6,0 2,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,3 8,5
LoNA Office Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 3,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 15,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 420,0 150,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 33,0 0,0 603,0
60 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 100,8 36,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 7,9 0,0 144,7
Stock per year (TWh/a) 6,0 2,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,5 0,0 8,7
MeNA Office Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 3,0 0,0 15,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 420,0 150,0 0,0 70,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 640,5
60 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 100,8 36,0 0,0 16,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 153,7
Stock per year (TWh/a) 6,0 2,2 0,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 9,2
HiNA Office Desktop PC 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 70,0 50,0 25,0 4,7 4,0 2,2 1,5
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 18,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 420,0 900,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1320,0
60 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 100,8 216,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 316,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 6,0 13,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,0
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
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Table 32: Office Desktop PC – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Office Desktop PC 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 56,0 40,0 20,0 3,8 3,2 1,8 1,2
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 3,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,0 15,0 26,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 336,0 120,0 0,0 0,0 6,4 0,0 18,0 480,4
70 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 80,6 28,8 0,0 0,0 1,5 0,0 4,3 115,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 5,6 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,3 8,1
LoNA Office Desktop PC 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 56,0 40,0 20,0 3,8 3,2 1,8 1,2
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 3,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 15,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 336,0 120,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 26,4 0,0 482,4
70 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 80,6 28,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 6,3 0,0 115,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 5,6 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,4 0,0 8,1
MeNA Office Desktop PC 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 56,0 40,0 20,0 3,8 3,2 1,8 1,2
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 3,0 0,0 15,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 336,0 120,0 0,0 56,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 512,4
70 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 80,6 28,8 0,0 13,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 123,0
Stock per year (TWh/a) 5,6 2,0 0,0 0,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 8,6
HiNA Office Desktop PC 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 56,0 40,0 20,0 3,8 3,2 1,8 1,2
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 18,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 336,0 720,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1056,0
70 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 80,6 172,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 253,4
Stock per year (TWh/a) 5,6 12,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 17,7
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
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Figure 31: Office Desktop PC – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
100,8 100,8 100,8 100,8
36,0 36,0 36,0
216,0
16,97,95,4
0,0
50,0
100,0
150,0
200,0
250,0
300,0
350,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Office Desktop PC - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
80,6 80,6 80,6 80,6
28,8 28,8 28,8
172,8
13,56,34,3
0,0
50,0
100,0
150,0
200,0
250,0
300,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Office Desktop PC - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
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Figure 32: Office Desktop PC – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
6,0 6,0 6,0 6,0
2,2 2,2 2,2
13,0
1,00,50,3
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
18,0
20,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
nu
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lect
rici
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on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Office Desktop PC - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
5,6 5,6 5,6 5,6
2,0 2,0 2,0
12,1
0,90,40,3
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
18,0
20,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
nu
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lect
rici
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on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Office Desktop PC - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results
The office Desktop PC scenario is to some extent comparable to the home Desktop
scenario. The utilization of the product is more intense and results in combined higher
active/idle energy consumption. The standby modes are still significant but most important
aspect for improving energy efficiency is a fast transition from idle into a medium network
availability standby. The HiNA scenario indicates the worst case situation and the
considerable environmental impact that would result on the economy level. The scenarios
are also based on highly averaged power consumption value per mode. Individual computers
could have significantly higher energy consumption in active and idle.
That said, we also need to consider that with Thin Clients and Zero Clients new product
energy the market which will shift energy consumption into centralized computing (data
center) and necessary networks (WAN and LAN). Most experts assume that this new
architectures will improve overall energy efficiency in computing. However, the correlation
between centralized computing, increase utilization of networks and resulting Quality-of-
Service (QoS) requirements are not well analyzed yet. Particularly the last aspect (QoS)
could lead to potential increase in energy consumption due to higher redundancy
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 16 – Office Desktop A - 133
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requirements. The office Desktop PC market is changing. The new concepts will require a
focus on overall energy efficiency including end-user devices and large computing and
network infrastructures. Advanced power management on all levels as well as networked
standby modes on the end-user level are important aspects that need to be addressed.
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ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 17 – Office Notebook A - 135
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Annex 17 Environmental Assessment: Office Notebook
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 17 – Office Notebook
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 17 – Office Notebook A - 136
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 17 – Office Notebook A - 137
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Input Data
Product definition:
A Notebook is a computer designed specifically for portability and to be operated for
extended periods of time either with or without a direct connection to an ac power source.
Notebooks must utilize an integrated computer display and be capable of operation off of an
integrated battery or other portable power source. In addition, most notebooks use an
external power supply and have an integrated keyboard and pointing device. Notebook
computers are typically designed to provide similar functionality to desktops, including
operation of software similar in functionality as that used in desktops.33
Note: Thin clients and zero clients are not considered under this product category. Industry
and commercially available market surveys suggest that zero clients and thin clients are a
fast growing product segments which will impact not only the enterprise market but also the
end-user market. The utilization of such products is to some extent different from Notebooks
and Desktop PCs due to the necessary software-as-a-service platforms.
Product stock assumption:
Stock data are considering only to some extent [TREN Lot 3, 2007]. The numbers provided
by the older study are not fully plausible. We therefore considered a moderate office
penetration rate of 60% for the reference year 2010 and further increase.
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
Notebooks are considered to have an advanced integrated power management on the basis
for ACPI. They are optimized for mobile (battery) use and therefore reduce power (e.g.
display dimming, shut down devices) whenever possible. The implementation of these power
management options are supported by the requirements of the Energy Star Program for
Computers. We assume that Notebooks are utilizing the existing hardware and software
options for reducing idle power and duration and start transitioning rapidly into low power
sleep modes S3, S4 or S5 according to a default delay time setting. In support of network
availability the equipment is utilization Wake-on-LAN in the respective sleep modes.
The following power modes are considered:
Active: Mode is equivalent to G0/S0 (applications are running). According to industry
sources average active mode power consumption that is approx. factor 1.2 of
idle power.
33
Definition according to Energy Star Program Requirements for Computers (Version 5.0)
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 17 – Office Notebook A - 138
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Idle: Mode is equivalent to G0/S0. No application is running. [HiNA].
LowP1: Mode not yet existent (low power idle, power about 50% of G0/S0 idle)
LowP2: Mode is equivalent to G1/S3. Average power consumption is oriented on
S3sleep with WOL. [MeNA]
LowP3: Mode is equivalent to G1/S3 (sleep).
LowP4: Mode is equivalent to G1/S4 hibernate with WOL [LoNA]
LowP5: Mode is equivalent to G2/S5 (soft off)
Explanatory notes 2020:
Mode and use assumptions are similar to the reference scenarios 2010. Improvement of
power consumption per mode: 20%
Recent data suggest that power consumption might further improve depending on the
performance, configuration, and selected technologies of an individual product. It is feasible
to assume that a combination of LoNA and MeNA is the most realistic real life scenario.
1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are LoNA 2010 to MeNA 2020.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 17 – Office Notebook A - 139
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Table 33: Office Notebook – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Office Notebook 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 30,0 20,0 10,0 2,7 2,0 1,5 0,8
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 3,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 15,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 180,0 60,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 12,0 252,0
45 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 43,2 14,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,9 60,5
Stock per year (TWh/a) 1,9 0,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 2,7
LoNA Office Notebook 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 30,0 20,0 10,0 2,7 2,0 1,5 0,8
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 3,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 15,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 180,0 60,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 22,5 0,0 262,5
45 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 43,2 14,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,4 0,0 63,0
Stock per year (TWh/a) 1,9 0,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,0 2,8
MeNA Office Notebook 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 30,0 20,0 10,0 2,7 2,0 1,5 0,8
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 3,0 0,0 15,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 180,0 60,0 0,0 40,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 280,5
45 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 43,2 14,4 0,0 9,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 67,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 1,9 0,6 0,0 0,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 3,0
HiNA Office Notebook 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 30,0 20,0 10,0 2,7 2,0 1,5 0,8
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 18,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 180,0 360,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 540,0
45 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 43,2 86,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 129,6
Stock per year (TWh/a) 1,9 3,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,8
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
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Table 34: Office Notebook – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Office Notebook 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 24,0 16,0 8,0 2,2 1,6 1,2 0,6
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 3,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 15,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 144,0 48,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 9,0 201,0
68 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 34,6 11,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,2 48,2
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,4 0,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 3,3
LoNA Office Notebook 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 24,0 16,0 8,0 2,2 1,6 1,2 0,6
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 3,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 15,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 144,0 48,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 18,0 0,0 210,0
68 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 34,6 11,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 4,3 0,0 50,4
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,4 0,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,3 0,0 3,4
MeNA Office Notebook 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 24,0 16,0 8,0 2,2 1,6 1,2 0,6
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 3,0 0,0 15,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 144,0 48,0 0,0 33,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 225,0
68 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 34,6 11,5 0,0 7,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 54,0
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,4 0,8 0,0 0,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 3,7
HiNA Office Notebook 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 24,0 16,0 8,0 2,2 1,6 1,2 0,6
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 18,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 144,0 288,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 432,0
68 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 34,6 69,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 103,7
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,4 4,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 7,1
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
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Figure 33: Office Notebook – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
43,2 43,2 43,2 43,2
14,4 14,4 14,4
86,4
9,75,42,9
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
140,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Office Notebook - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
34,6 34,6 34,6 34,6
11,5 11,5 11,5
69,1
7,94,32,2
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Office Notebook - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
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Figure 34: Office Notebook – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
1,9 1,9 1,9 1,9
0,6 0,6 0,6
3,9
0,40,20,1
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
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on
EU
to
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in T
Wh
/a
Office Notebook - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2,4 2,4 2,4 2,4
0,8 0,8 0,8
4,7
0,50,30,1
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
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/a
Office Notebook - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results
Similar to the home notebooks this product group shows in the low and medium network
availability scenarios a high level of energy efficiency. The general improvement assumption
leads on the unit level to an overall improvement from LoNA 2010 (63 kWh/a) to MeNA 2020
(54 kWh/a). Networked standby relevant energy consumption is on an aggregated economy
level about 1 TWh per year and slightly increasing due to the still growing product stock.
HiNA is an unrealistic scenario for this product group.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 18 – Office Display A - 143
http://www.ecostandby.org
Annex 18 Environmental Assessment: Office Display
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 18 – Office Display
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 18 – Office Display A - 144
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 18 – Office Display A - 145
http://www.ecostandby.org
Input Data
Product definition:
A display screen and its associated electronics encased in a single housing, or within the
computer housing (e.g., notebook or integrated desktop computer), that is capable of
displaying output information from a computer via one or more inputs, such as a VGA, DVI,
Display Port, and/or IEEE 1394.34
We consider mostly LCD-based displays with CCFL or LED backlight. OLED displays are an
emerging technology with better energy efficiency.
Product stock assumption:
Stock assumption has been based on [TREN Lot 3, 2007]35 and [ICTEE, 2008]36.
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
The display features an active mode and two low power modes.
Active: Mode in which the equipment provides a picture according to the input from
the computer. Energy consumption could vary according to the display
technology, dynamic backlight adjustment and selected brightness setting.
LowP2: Mode is equivalent to sleep with wake-up over network.
LowP5: Mode is equivalent to soft off.
Product mode assumptions are similar to the home computer displays. The active-mode
duration (daily use pattern) correlates to the average use of office desktop PCs.
Explanatory notes 2020:
The general mode and use assumption is similar to the reference year 2010. General
improvement of power consumption per mode: 20%
Further reduction in on-mode power (W/cm²) is feasible. However, we assume that the
average screen size will increase over time and compensate the improvement to some
extent.
34
Definition according to Energy Star Program Requirements for Computers (Version 5.0) 35
[TREN Lot 3, 2007]: EuP Study on Computers and Monitors, 2007; http://www.ecocomputer.org 36
[ICTEE 2008]: Impacts of Information and Communication Technologies on Energy Efficiency, 2008;
ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/ict/docs/sustainable-growth/ict4ee-final-report_en.pdf
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 18 – Office Display A - 146
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1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are LoNA 2010 to MeNA 2020.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 18 – Office Display A - 147
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Table 35: Office Display – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Office Display 22" 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 25,0 0,0 0,0 1,5 0,0 0,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 0,0 0,0 3,0 0,0 0,0 15,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 150,0 0,0 0,0 4,5 0,0 0,0 7,5 162,0
60 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 36,0 0,0 0,0 1,1 0,0 0,0 1,8 38,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,2 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,1 2,3
LoNA Office Display 22" 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 25,0 0,0 0,0 1,5 0,0 0,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 0,0 0,0 9,0 0,0 0,0 9,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 150,0 0,0 0,0 13,5 0,0 0,0 4,5 168,0
60 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 36,0 0,0 0,0 3,2 0,0 0,0 1,1 40,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,2 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,1 2,4
MeNA Office Display 22" 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 25,0 0,0 0,0 1,5 0,0 0,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 0,0 0,0 18,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 150,0 0,0 0,0 27,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 177,0
60 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 36,0 0,0 0,0 6,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 42,5
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,2 0,0 0,0 0,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,5
HiNA Office Display 22" 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 25,0 0,0 0,0 1,5 0,0 0,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 0,0 0,0 18,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 150,0 0,0 0,0 27,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 177,0
60 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 36,0 0,0 0,0 6,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 42,5
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,2 0,0 0,0 0,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,5
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 18 – Office Display A - 148
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Table 36: Office Display – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Office Display 22" 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 20,0 0,0 0,0 1,2 0,0 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 0,0 0,0 3,0 0,0 0,0 15,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 120,0 0,0 0,0 3,6 0,0 0,0 6,0 129,6
85 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 28,8 0,0 0,0 0,9 0,0 0,0 1,4 31,1
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,4 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,1 2,6
LoNA Office Display 22" 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 20,0 0,0 0,0 1,2 0,0 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 0,0 0,0 9,0 0,0 0,0 9,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 120,0 0,0 0,0 10,8 0,0 0,0 3,6 134,4
85 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 28,8 0,0 0,0 2,6 0,0 0,0 0,9 32,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,4 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,1 2,7
MeNA Office Display 22" 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 20,0 0,0 0,0 1,2 0,0 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 0,0 0,0 18,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 120,0 0,0 0,0 21,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 141,6
85 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 28,8 0,0 0,0 5,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 34,0
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,4 0,0 0,0 0,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,9
HiNA Office Display 22" 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 20,0 0,0 0,0 1,2 0,0 0,0 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 6,0 0,0 0,0 18,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 120,0 0,0 0,0 21,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 141,6
85 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 28,8 0,0 0,0 5,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 34,0
Stock per year (TWh/a) 2,4 0,0 0,0 0,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,9
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 18 – Office Display A - 149
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Figure 35: Office Display – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
36,0 36,0 36,0 36,0
1,1
3,2
6,5 6,5
1,8
1,1
32,0
34,0
36,0
38,0
40,0
42,0
44,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Office Display 22" - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
28,8 28,8 28,8 28,8
0,9
2,6
5,2 5,2
1,4
0,9
26,0
27,0
28,0
29,0
30,0
31,0
32,0
33,0
34,0
35,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Office Display 22" - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 18 – Office Display A - 150
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Figure 36: Office Display – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2
0,1
0,2
0,4 0,4
0,1
0,1
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,6
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
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sum
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EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Office Display 22" - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2,4 2,4 2,4 2,4
0,1
0,2
0,4 0,4
0,1
0,1
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,6
2,7
2,8
2,9
3,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020
MeNA
2020 HiNA
An
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EU
to
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Wh
/a
Office Display 22" - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
Datenreihen7
Datenreihen6
Datenreihen5
Datenreihen4
Datenreihen3
Datenreihen2
Datenreihen1
2. Discussion of results
The further growing utilization of PCs (stock increase) results in an overall increase in energy
consumption related to office displays. In the future this would include Thin and Zero Clients.
The considerable improvements in display technologies are (LED/OLED) have a positive
impact of the energy efficiency. Nevertheless, the screen size is an important aspect with
respect to energy consumption. That means that with larger displays the overall energy
consumption could increase again. The low power energy consumption on the economy level
is about half a TWh per year. This seems rather small. It indicates the however the
importance of an advanced power management. Prolonged active phases (display on) would
result in significant energy impact.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 19 – Office Inkjet Printer/MFD A - 151
http://www.ecostandby.org
Annex 19 Environmental Assessment: Office Inkjet Printer/MFD
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 19 –
Office Inkjet Printer/MFD
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 19 – Office Inkjet Printer/MFD A - 152
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 19 – Office Inkjet Printer/MFD A - 153
http://www.ecostandby.org
Input Data
Product definition:
The product and technology definitions are according to Energy Star Program Requirements
for Imaging Equipment. This product category combines single function printer, copier or
multifunctional devices with Ink-Jet (IJ) marking technology. In support of network availability
the equipment is utilization different network options including wired (LAN, USB) and as a
growing application wireless (WLAN, Bluetooth).
Product stock assumption:
Stock data have been again slightly modified from [TREN Lot 4, 2007]37 and [ICTEE, 2008] in
order to distinguish between home and office use.
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
Imaging equipment such as IJ-Printer/MFD is considered to have an integrated power
management. The implementation of these power management options are supported by the
requirements of the Energy Star Program for Imaging Equipment although the so called
functional added approach seems to be less ambitious. We assume that IJ-Printer/MFD are
utilizing the existing hardware and software options for reducing idle power and duration and
start transitioning into a low power sleep mode according to a default delay time setting.
The following power modes are considered:
Active: Mode is equivalent to G0/S0 (applications are running).
Idle: Mode is equivalent to “ready mode” (imaging equipment industry terminology).
The delay time after the print job is assumed to be no more than 5 to 10
minutes [HiNA]. Then the device shifts into LowP2. A prolonged idle mode is
not assumed in the HiNA scenario due to the existing power management.
LowP1: Mode not yet existent (low power idle, power about 50% of G0/S0 idle)
LowP2: Mode is a sleep mode from which the product can resume operation within
10 to 20 seconds depending on the device. In this mode the product is fax
capable (MeNA).
LowP4: Mode is equivalent to soft-off with WOL [LoNA]
LowP5: Mode is equivalent to soft-off
37
[TREN Lot 4, 2008]: EuP Study on Imaging Equipment, 2007; http://www.ecoimaging.org
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 19 – Office Inkjet Printer/MFD A - 154
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Explanatory notes 2020:
Mode and use assumptions are similar to the reference scenarios 2010. Improvement of
power consumption per mode: 20%
Product mode assumptions are similar to the home IJ Printer/MFDs. The average utilization
is more intensive.
1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are LoNA 2010 to MeNA 2020. This selected
scenario considers best practice and the implementation of advanced power management
(about 80% of products fulfill Energy Star Program Requirements). The MeNA scenario (e.g.
the assumption that the equipment is use with wireless LAN interface) would increase overall
energy consumption considerably. Again, we try to show a tendency in the market. For an
individual environmental assessment the reader should consider mixed scenarios including
prolonged medium network availability phases.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 19 – Office Inkjet Printer/MFD A - 155
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Table 37: Office Inkjet Printer/MFD – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Office IJ Printer/MFD 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 34,0 17,0 0,0 4,0 0,0 1,5 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 0,5 2,0 0,0 6,5 0,0 0,0 15,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 17,0 34,0 0,0 26,0 0,0 0,0 7,5 84,5
46 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 4,1 8,2 0,0 6,2 0,0 0,0 1,8 20,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,2 0,4 0,0 0,3 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,9
LoNA Office IJ Printer/MFD 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 34,0 17,0 0,0 4,0 0,0 1,5 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 0,5 2,0 0,0 6,5 0,0 15,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 17,0 34,0 0,0 26,0 0,0 22,5 0,0 99,5
46 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 4,1 8,2 0,0 6,2 0,0 5,4 0,0 23,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,2 0,4 0,0 0,3 0,0 0,2 0,0 1,1
MeNA Office IJ Printer/MFD 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 34,0 17,0 0,0 4,0 0,0 1,5 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 0,5 2,0 0,0 21,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 17,0 34,0 0,0 86,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 137,0
46 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 4,1 8,2 0,0 20,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 32,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,2 0,4 0,0 0,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,5
HiNA Office IJ Printer/MFD 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 34,0 17,0 0,0 4,0 0,0 1,5 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 0,5 2,0 0,0 21,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 17,0 34,0 0,0 86,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 137,0
46 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 4,1 8,2 0,0 20,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 32,9
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,2 0,4 0,0 0,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,5
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 19 – Office Inkjet Printer/MFD A - 156
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Table 38: Office Inkjet Printer/MFD – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Office IJ Printer/MFD 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 27,2 13,6 0,0 3,2 0,0 1,2 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 0,5 2,0 0,0 6,5 0,0 0,0 15,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 13,6 27,2 0,0 20,8 0,0 0,0 6,0 67,6
46 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 3,3 6,5 0,0 5,0 0,0 0,0 1,4 16,2
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,2 0,3 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,7
LoNA Office IJ Printer/MFD 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 27,2 13,6 0,0 3,2 0,0 1,2 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 0,5 2,0 0,0 6,5 0,0 15,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 13,6 27,2 0,0 20,8 0,0 18,0 0,0 79,6
46 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 3,3 6,5 0,0 5,0 0,0 4,3 0,0 19,1
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,2 0,3 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,9
MeNA Office IJ Printer/MFD 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 27,2 13,6 0,0 3,2 0,0 1,2 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 0,5 2,0 0,0 21,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 13,6 27,2 0,0 68,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 109,6
46 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 3,3 6,5 0,0 16,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 26,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,2 0,3 0,0 0,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,2
HiNA Office IJ Printer/MFD 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 27,2 13,6 0,0 3,2 0,0 1,2 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 0,5 2,0 0,0 21,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 13,6 27,2 0,0 68,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 109,6
46 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 3,3 6,5 0,0 16,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 26,3
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,2 0,3 0,0 0,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,2
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 19 – Office Inkjet Printer/MFD A - 157
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Figure 37: Office Inkjet Printer/MFD – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
4,1 4,1 4,1 4,1
8,2 8,2 8,2 8,2
6,2 6,2
20,6 20,6
5,4
1,8
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Office IJ Printer/MFD - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
3,3 3,3 3,3 3,3
6,5 6,5 6,5 6,5
5,0 5,0
16,5 16,5
4,3
1,4
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Office IJ Printer/MFD - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 19 – Office Inkjet Printer/MFD A - 158
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Figure 38: Office Inkjet Printer/MFD – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4
0,3 0,3
0,9 0,9
0,2
0,1
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
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lect
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sum
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on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Office IJ Printer/MFD - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3
0,2 0,2
0,8 0,8
0,2
0,1
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
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sum
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EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Office IJ Printer/MFD - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results
The environmental assessment of office IJ-Printer/MDF considered the implementation of
power management, more intense use in comparison to home equipment, as well as a
further general 20% improvement of power consumption per mode. A mix of LoNA and
MeNA should be also in this case considered a real life scenario. The MeNA scenario is
insofar realistic due to the growing application of wireless network technology. Against that
background economy level energy consumption could increase again. Active use is not
dominant. Idle could be underestimated talking into account that some of the devices are
used in front desk environments (e.g. reception desk) with disabled power management. This
type of application indicates the importance of power management and the utilization of low
power modes. The LowP2 energy consumption is with about 1 TWh per year the single most
important energy consumption (MeNA scenario). New network options (wireless) in
conjunction with larger data volumes could easily increase the overall energy consumptions.
The product group should be considered for networked standby.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 20 – Office EP Printer A - 159
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Annex 20 Environmental Assessment: Office EP Printer
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 20 – Office EP Printer
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 20 – Office EP Printer A - 160
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 20 – Office EP Printer A - 161
http://www.ecostandby.org
Input Data
Product definition:
The product and technology definitions are according to Energy Star Program Requirements
for Imaging Equipment. This product category combines single function printer, copier or
multifunctional devices with Electro-Photography (EP) marking technology. In support of
network availability the equipment is utilization different network options including wired
(LAN, USB) and as a growing application wireless (WLAN). This product group represents a
typical workgroup laser printer with output of about 40 images per minute.
Product stock assumption:
Stock data have been again slightly modified from [TREN Lot 4, 2007]38 and [ICTEE, 2008] in
order to distinguish between home and office use. The installed base seems again a little bit
low.
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
Imaging equipment such as EP-Printer/MFD is considered to have a highly advanced power
management. The implementation of these power management options are supported by the
requirements of the Energy Star Program for Imaging Equipment based on the Typical
Energy Consumption (TEC) approach. We assume that EP-Printer/MFD are utilizing the
existing hardware and software options for reducing idle power and duration immediately and
start transitioning into a low power sleep mode according to a default delay time setting.
The following power modes are considered:
Active: Mode is equivalent to G0/S0 (applications are running).
Idle: Mode is equivalent to “ready mode” (imaging equipment industry terminology).
The delay time after the print job is assumed to be no more than 5 to 10
minutes [HiNA]. Then the device shifts into LowP2. A prolonged idle mode is
not assumed in the HiNA scenario due to the existing power management.
LowP1: Mode not yet existent (low power idle, power about 50% of G0/S0 idle)
LowP2: Mode is a sleep mode from which the product can resume operation within
10 to 20 seconds depending on the device. In this mode the product is fax
capable (MeNA).
LowP4: Mode is equivalent to soft-off with WOL [LoNA]
38
[TREN Lot 4, 2008]: EuP Study on Imaging Equipment, 2007; http://www.ecoimaging.org
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 20 – Office EP Printer A - 162
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LowP5: Mode is equivalent to soft-off
Explanatory notes 2020:
Mode and use assumptions are similar to the reference scenarios 2010. Improvement of
power consumption per mode: 20%
During the investigation of exemplary products we observed that products featuring Energy
Star Label or the Blue Angel Label have considerably lower ready and sleep mode power
consumption and feature strict power management settings. For example idle mode for a
similar product could be 50 Watt or 120 Watt. Such differences are influencing the impact of
this product group to a large extent.
1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are LoNA 2010 to MeNA 2020. This selected
scenario considers best practice and the implementation of advanced power management
(about 80% of products fulfill Energy Star Program Requirements). The MeNA scenario
assumes an increasing utilization of the wireless LAN interface for data input. With the
selected scenario we try to show a tendency in the market. For an individual environmental
assessment the reader should consider mixed scenarios including prolonged medium and
high network availability phases. A consequent HiNA scenario with prolonged idle mode is
not considered.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 20 – Office EP Printer A - 163
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Table 39: Office EP Printer – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Office EP Printer 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 800,0 80,0 0,0 10,0 0,0 7,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 0,5 2,0 0,0 6,5 0,0 0,0 15,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 400,0 160,0 0,0 65,0 0,0 0,0 7,5 632,5
18 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 96,0 38,4 0,0 15,6 0,0 0,0 1,8 151,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 1,7 0,7 0,0 0,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,7
LoNA Office EP Printer 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 800,0 80,0 0,0 10,0 0,0 7,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 0,5 2,0 0,0 6,5 0,0 15,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 400,0 160,0 0,0 65,0 0,0 105,0 0,0 730,0
18 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 96,0 38,4 0,0 15,6 0,0 25,2 0,0 175,2
Stock per year (TWh/a) 1,7 0,7 0,0 0,3 0,0 0,5 0,0 3,2
MeNA Office EP Printer 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 800,0 80,0 0,0 10,0 0,0 7,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 0,5 2,0 0,0 21,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 400,0 160,0 0,0 215,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 775,0
18 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 96,0 38,4 0,0 51,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 186,0
Stock per year (TWh/a) 1,7 0,7 0,0 0,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 3,3
HiNA Office EP Printer 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 800,0 80,0 0,0 10,0 0,0 7,0 0,5
Use hours (h/d) 0,5 2,0 0,0 21,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 400,0 160,0 0,0 215,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 775,0
18 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 96,0 38,4 0,0 51,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 186,0
Stock per year (TWh/a) 1,7 0,7 0,0 0,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 3,3
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 20 – Office EP Printer A - 164
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Table 40: Office EP Printer – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Office EP Printer 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 640,0 64,0 0,0 8,0 0,0 5,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 0,5 2,0 0,0 6,5 0,0 0,0 15,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 320,0 128,0 0,0 52,0 0,0 0,0 6,0 506,0
19 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,8 30,7 0,0 12,5 0,0 0,0 1,4 121,4
Stock per year (TWh/a) 1,5 0,6 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,3
LoNA Office EP Printer 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 640,0 64,0 0,0 8,0 0,0 5,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 0,5 2,0 0,0 6,5 0,0 15,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 320,0 128,0 0,0 52,0 0,0 84,0 0,0 584,0
19 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,8 30,7 0,0 12,5 0,0 20,2 0,0 140,2
Stock per year (TWh/a) 1,5 0,6 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,4 0,0 2,7
MeNA Office EP Printer 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 640,0 64,0 0,0 8,0 0,0 5,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 0,5 2,0 0,0 21,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 320,0 128,0 0,0 172,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 620,0
19 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,8 30,7 0,0 41,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 148,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 1,5 0,6 0,0 0,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,8
HiNA Office EP Printer 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 640,0 64,0 0,0 8,0 0,0 5,6 0,4
Use hours (h/d) 0,5 2,0 0,0 21,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 320,0 128,0 0,0 172,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 620,0
19 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 76,8 30,7 0,0 41,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 148,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 1,5 0,6 0,0 0,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,8
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 20 – Office EP Printer A - 165
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Figure 39: Office EP Printer – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
96,0 96,0 96,0 96,0
38,4 38,4 38,4 38,4
15,6 15,6
51,6 51,625,2
1,8
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
140,0
160,0
180,0
200,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Office EP Printer - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
76,8 76,8 76,8 76,8
30,7 30,7 30,7 30,7
12,5 12,5
41,3 41,320,2
1,4
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
140,0
160,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Office EP Printer - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 20 – Office EP Printer A - 166
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Figure 40: Office EP Printer – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7
0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7
0,3 0,3
0,9 0,90,5
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
nu
al e
lect
rici
ty c
on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Office EP Printer - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5
0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6
0,2 0,2
0,8 0,80,4
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
nu
al e
lect
rici
ty c
on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Office EP Printer - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results
The overall energy impact of this product groups (about 3 TWh/a) depends on the actual
utilization. Active mode and ready (idle) are highly considerable. The industry has displayed
in the past years great awareness for power management. This resulted in an improvement
of the product’s overall energy efficiency. A mix of LoNA and MeNA should be considered a
real life scenario. The MeNA scenario is insofar realistic due to the growing application of
wireless network technology. The LoNA 2010 to MeNA 2020 scenario displays good practice
leading to an overall reduction in energy consumption including networked standby of about
1 TWh per year.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 20 – Office EP Printer A - 167
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Annex 21 Environmental Assessment: Office Phones
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 5
Annex 21 – Office Phones
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 20 – Office EP Printer A - 168
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 20 – Office EP Printer A - 169
http://www.ecostandby.org
Input Data
Product definition:
Office phone is a commercially available electronic product with a base station and a handset
whose purpose is to convert sound into electrical impulses for transmission. Most of these
devices require an external power supply for power, are plugged into an AC power outlet for
24 hours per day, and do not have a power switch to turn them off. To qualify, the base
station of the cordless phone or its power supply must be designed to plug into a wall outlet
and there must not be a physical connection between the portable handset and the phone
jack.39
The product group is represented by an average DECT telephone.
Product stock assumption:
Stock based on ICTEE, 2008. Data given for 2010 and 2020, interpolated for 2015
Power Modes and Power Management Options:
The telephone is ether active or idle. Own measurements indicate that some telephones
actually consume more power in idle, because the display is on when the device is in the
cradle. Product is always online (HiNA). We therefore made no use distinction in the
scenarios. The utilization of the phones in the office environment is more intensive in
comparison to home use.
Explanatory notes 2020:
Energy consumption per mode is assumed to decrease by 20% across all modes.
1. Input and result tables
The following tables present the input assumptions and results according to the selected
assessment methodology. A distinction is made between:
• Product level assessment (TEC unit)
• Economy level assessment (EU stock)
Selected Scenarios for Base Case:
The selected scenarios for the base case are LoNA 2010 to MeNA 2020.
39 Product and technology definitions according to Energy Start Program Requirements for Telephony.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 20 – Office EP Printer A - 170
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Table 41: Office Phones – Input data for scenarios of reference year 2010
NoNA Office Phones 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 6,0 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 20,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 24,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 124,0
75 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 5,8 24,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 29,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,4 1,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,2
LoNA Office Phones 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 6,0 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 20,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 24,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 124,0
75 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 5,8 24,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 29,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,4 1,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,2
MeNA Office Phones 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 6,0 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 20,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 24,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 124,0
75 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 5,8 24,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 29,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,4 1,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,2
HiNA Office Phones 2010
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 6,0 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 20,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 24,0 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 124,0
75 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 5,8 24,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 29,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,4 1,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,2
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 20 – Office EP Printer A - 171
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Table 42: Office Phones – Input data for scenarios of forecast year 2020
NoNA Office Phones 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 4,8 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 20,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 19,2 80,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 99,2
85 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 4,6 19,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 23,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,4 1,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0
LoNA Office Phones 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 4,8 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 20,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 19,2 80,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 99,2
85 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 4,6 19,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 23,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,4 1,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0
MeNA Office Phones 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 4,8 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 20,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 19,2 80,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 99,2
85 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 4,6 19,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 23,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,4 1,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0
HiNA Office Phones 2020
Value Active Idle LowP 1 LowP 2 LowP 3 LowP 4 LowP 5 Total
Power (W) 4,8 4,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Use hours (h/d) 4,0 20,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 24,0
240 d/a Mode Power (Wh/d) 19,2 80,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 99,2
85 mill ion TEC Unit/year (kWh/a) 4,6 19,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 23,8
Stock per year (TWh/a) 0,4 1,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0
Stock
Stock
Stock
Stock
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 20 – Office EP Printer A - 172
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Figure 41: Office Phones – Comparison of all scenarios TEC
5,8 5,8 5,8 5,8
24,0 24,0 24,0 24,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Office Phones - All Scenarios 2010
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6
19,2 19,2 19,2 19,2
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
TE
C in
kW
h/a
Office Phones - All Scenarios 2020
(TEC Unit in kWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 5: Annex 20 – Office EP Printer A - 173
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Figure 42: Office Phones – Comparison of all scenarios EU total
0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4
1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
2010 NoNA 2010 LoNA 2010 MeNA 2010 HiNA
An
nu
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lect
rici
ty c
on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Office Phones - All Scenarios 2010
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4
1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
2020 NoNA 2020 LoNA 2020 MeNA 2020 HiNA
An
nu
al e
lect
rici
ty c
on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
Office Phones - All Scenarios 2020
(EU Total in TWh/a)
LowP 5
LowP 4
LowP 3
LowP 2
LowP 1
Idle
Active
2. Discussion of results
As the device is always on, there is no change in annual energy consumption at the EU-27
level across the different scenarios. The overall energy consumption is decreasing form 2.2
TWh in 2010 to 2.0 TWh in 2020 due to the assumed general improvement scenario. The
idle mode dominates the overall energy consumption in all scenarios presenting a possible
target for improvement.
The 2020 scenarios show slightly increasing overall energy consumption due to growing
number of devices, despite increasing efficiency.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 6: Technical Analysis 6-1
http://www.ecostandby.org
EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 6
Technical Analysis BAT
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 6: Technical Analysis 6-2
http://www.ecostandby.org
Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 6: Technical Analysis 6-3
http://www.ecostandby.org
Contents
6 Task 6: Technical Analysis BAT .................................................................................. 6-4
6.1 Industry Best Practice .......................................................................................... 6-6
6.1.1 Personal Computers and Displays ................................................................ 6-6
6.1.2 Imaging Equipment ....................................................................................... 6-8
6.1.3 Networking and Customer Premises Equipment ........................................... 6-9
6.1.4 Consumer Electronics ................................................................................. 6-11
6.1.5 Mobile Communication ................................................................................ 6-12
6.2 Standardization for Energy Efficiency ................................................................. 6-13
6.2.1 Energy Efficient Ethernet ............................................................................. 6-13
6.2.2 Network Proxying ........................................................................................ 6-13
6.3 Best Available Products ..................................................................................... 6-15
6.3.1 Computer Products ..................................................................................... 6-15
6.3.2 Display ........................................................................................................ 6-18
6.3.3 Home NAS .................................................................................................. 6-18
6.3.4 Imaging Equipment (Printer) ........................................................................ 6-19
6.3.5 Home Gateway ........................................................................................... 6-19
6.3.6 Television .................................................................................................... 6-20
6.3.7 Complex Set-Top-Boxes and Player/Recorder ............................................ 6-21
6.3.8 Smart Phones ............................................................................................. 6-24
6.3.9 Summary ..................................................................................................... 6-25
6.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 6-26
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6 Task 6: Technical Analysis BAT
General objective: The subsequent analysis has been modified from the given methodology
in order to serve the particular purpose of this horizontal study on networked standby. The
objective of this task report however remains and is to identify and describe Best Available
Technology (BAT), their technical and environmental performance parameters, as well as the
state-of-the-art in technology and product implementation.1
Introduction: The results of the technical analysis (task report 4) and the environmental
assessment (task report 5) support the conclusion that networked standby modes are very
beneficial – and against the background of growing network capability of products –
necessary instruments for saving energy. Networked standby only achieves an improvement
of energy efficiency when implemented within an advanced and consequent power
management. Technically, this includes a specific selection or development of hardware (e.g.
System-on-Chip), circuitry design (e.g. power supply), and corresponding software (e.g.
power policy of operating system in conjunction with firmware). The improvement is not only
related to the single product’s design. The computing and network infrastructure, in which the
product is implemented, also have a considerable influence with respect to an effective
power management. The following analysis of BAT will consider these product- and system-
specific aspects.
Existing best practice: Power management is not a novelty for many product sectors
although networked standby and dedicated networked standby modes are quite a new
concept. The starting point is the existing best practice in the computer and mobile device
industry. The technical assessment indicated that there are some driving and limiting factors
for an advanced power management.
Driving factors:
• Battery-powered devices (limited energy budget, convenience of use)
• Form factor and noise (thermal limits of small devices, avoid active cooling/fans)
• Customer (user’s energy / cost awareness in conjunction with convenience of use)
Limiting factors:
• Products with mostly passive utilization
(Consumer electronics are basically used passively and with limited input/interaction
1 While the MEEuP would tend to include an analysis of Best-Not-Available-Technology (BNAT) in this section,
the technologies which are involved in the networked standby issue are developing so quickly that it is very
difficult to determine what is BNAT or BAT at present, and only more difficult when looking to 2020. As such,
this report focues primarily
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options in comparison to a computer, which is more actively used and allows due to
constant feedback from the user a simpler detection of application demand.)
• Cost of hardware and software options
(Good power management and low power modes are mostly achieved through
dedicated design of components. With respect to network interfaces, system large
scale integration (system LSI or system-on-chip) provide advantages in terms of
power consumption per function, but might limit the freedom of design (also with
respect to software) and could have a considerable cost factor.)
• Missing standardization of interoperability and power mode schemes
(The advantage of ACPI has been discussed already, but there are some limits.
Suspend-to-RAM and suspend-to-disk are important concepts in the power
management of computers. It is based on the availability of enough memory capacity
and read/write speed. In the discussion with consumer electronics manufacturer the
following argument was presented. Suspend-to-disk is not a feasible concept e.g. for
TVs due to the limited technical lifetime, reliability, and noise associated to HDD. It is
not simple to agree or disagree with such an argument, but the study will address
these issues in the discussion of best available technology.)
Content of chapters: In the first chapter an overview on existing best practice in different
product groups is provided. We start with a general assessment of the “state-of-the-art”.
Then we investigate the driving and limiting factors for the implementation of power
management (see short discussion above). Finally, we are listing existing technology
solutions. Again, this approach of investigating the driving and limiting factors for power
management in individual product groups is designed to support the identification of general
improvement options and the evaluation of the necessity for individual solutions.
The second chapter briefly takes up the standardization activities for energy efficient
networks, as these are also considered best practice approaches.
In the third chapter best available products and their technical parameters are listed in order
to provide examples and orientation for improvement options. We focus on power
consumption in conjunction with certain levels of network availability and respective resume
time to application (e.g. sleep modes with WOL).
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6.1 Industry Best Practice
6.1.1 Personal Computers and Displays
General assessment:
• The personal computer, imaging equipment, and to some extent the mobiles industry,
applying ACPI standardized technology platforms and operation systems have to be
considered as best practice.
• With ACPI an open standard for device interoperability and power management exists
that supports the equipment designer in the creation of energy saving solutions. The
combined effort of the computing industry over the past 15 years warrants positive
recognition.
• The industry is featuring capable and mature local area network standards including
Ethernet (IEEE802.3), USB, and WiFi (IEEE802.11). Within these standards
interoperability, recently energy efficiency and wake-up procedures have been
addressed. With Energy Efficient Ethernet (IEEE802.3az) and Proxying (ECMA 393)
two major efforts have been undertaken to improve the energy efficiency of networks
and networked equipment.
• The draw-back is the relative openness (still not always full interoperability) and
indirect limitation in design options (architectures) and technologies. With the
digitalization of media new copyright issues occur as it becomes trivially inexpensive
to reproduce content. Customer Premises Equipment, Complex STB/TVs and Media
Player/Recorder currently feature firmware with the intention of limiting the user’s
option for downloading, copying and storing media content. This conflict is to some
extent relevant in the context of network availability as providing such copy protection
may require increased power levels or inhibits power management.
Driving factors and limitations:
• The Energy Star Program has addressed computers and computer peripheral devices
for a long time. The industry supported this effort of the US EPA. With the
introduction of TEC (typical energy consumption) test methodology the energy
consumption under dynamic use conditions has been addressed. This type of
product testing (and respective energy requirements for different products) resulted
in an implementation of advanced power management featuring multiple sleep
modes, and automatic power-down through preset default delay times.
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• Battery-powered portable or mobile products (e.g. notebooks) require advanced low
power components, circuitry and power supply design, and an ambitious system
power management.
• Small form factor (flat, light) and thermal constraints (less active cooling) are
considerable incentives to reduce power consumption in mobile, portable and all-in-
one products.
Technology solutions:
• Display technology and setup:
o Short default delay times for screen-off,
o LED technology supporting adaptive brightness adjustment,2
o Sensor-based user detection for screen-off (e.g. Philips Brilliance 225P1)
• Low power modes (ACPI):
o Idle mode power reduction: Reducing functionality, clock speed adjustment,
multi-core management, active cooling adjustment, adaptive network control
o Multiple sleep modes: S3 Suspend-to-RAM (with WoL option) and utilization of
fast read & write memory (Flash, SSD, HDD) for saving status of RAM and
processor (S4 with WoL), fast and reliable reactivation possible (this
increased user acceptance)
o Manual and automatic activation of power management: Optional default delay
times, application and device deactivation (e.g. WLAN), reliable power-down
routines including user interaction (pop-ups for saving content etc.)
• Efficient power supply:
o Conversion efficiency supporting feasible low power modes,
o High efficiency external power supplies
o Improved battery systems for longer use time and lifetime
• Energy efficient networks (see details in Task 4):
o IEEE 802.3az (Energy Efficient Ethernet)
2 In some cases, the energy-saving potential of adaptive brightness appears to be overstated. See the study by
the UK Defra MTP: http://efficient-products.defra.gov.uk/spm/download/document/id/950
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o ECMA 393 (Proxying)
o Wake-on-LAN (Magic packet)
o Wake-on-Wireless
6.1.2 Imaging Equipment
General assessment:
• The imaging equipment sector features two main and at least six other imaging
technologies with different power requirements ranging from a few watts up to a few
hundred watts and even kilowatts. Electro-photography (EP) is a main imaging
technology, which requires high thermal energy for the printing process. Thermal and
power management is an essential consideration in the design of these products.
• It was this high power EP-printer and EP-copier industry that introduced a multi-tiered
power management. Functionality and through that power consumption is reduced
step-by-step after a preset time duration. The reactivation capability (and resume time
to application) has been a critical factor in all solutions.
• The energy saving efforts made by the industry have to be recognized in a positive
way. In conjunction with energy efficiency the industry addressed the improvement of
reliability with respect to the power-down routines, the development of fast
reactivation technologies, as well as the improvement of the Digital Front End and
respective network interface for controlled wake-up routines (avoid faulty wake-ups).
• There are many technical lessons learned. However, most important is the growing
customer acceptance for power management settings and its utilization.
• This generally good assessment of best practice in the imaging equipment sector is
limited by the fact that a considerable number of low priced inkjet products do not
feature such advanced power management and consume significant energy in ready
or sleep. The Energy Star’s Functional Adder Approach for these products seems to
be suboptimal and needs attention in future setting of requirements.
Driving factors and limitations:
• Similar to the computer industry and in conjunction with tightening energy
consumption requirements under the Energy Star® Programme, the imaging
equipment industry has been, for the past ten years, a best practice example for
implementing functional power management schemes into a technically very
heterogeneous market segment.
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• The cascaded power-down concept has been developed deliberately in order to meet
the resume-time-to-application demand of the customers as best as possible, while at
the same time reducing overall energy consumption.
• Public awareness of the high power consumption (in ready) has been a strong
incentive. The awareness raised by energy labeling and public information campaigns
of governmental and non-governmental organizations.
Technology solutions (basically similar to computers):
• Fast fuser technologies for electro-photography imaging machines3
• Automatic device deactivation (e.g. scanner lamp)
• Adaptation of ACPI and respective component development
• Strict default delay time for power-down (typically only a few seconds or minutes, no
long ready modes anymore)
• Power management options on the top-level of the menu (eco-menu)
• Manual power saving options (some products feature soft switches and hard offs)
• Detailed product information (power consumption per modes)
6.1.3 Networking and Customer Premises Equipment
General assessment:
• Telephones, home gateways (modem/router), LAN switches/routers, WLAN access
points, and “headed” complex set-top-boxes (tuner/decoder with integrated modem)
in home and office environment are products (small equipment) with an average
power consumption of mostly under 20 Watt (Note: There are of course exceptions
when the gateway becomes a home/media server-type product). This situation is the
result of the business models related to customer premises equipment. The service
provider (telecom, tv-cable, etc) is interested in providing price-oriented equipment to
the customer. That means that the products are not “overloaded” with high
performance functionality.
• The resulting design requirement for the product includes a small form factor and
passive cooling. The product designer will focus on reliable performance (get all
3 The energy-saving effectiveness of fast-fuser technologies requires additional support from a full duty-cycle
analysis.
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those new technologies and network options running) while at the same time
demanding low power components and better power supply designs. The cost factor
(low price) is limiting the availability of highly integrated (low power) devices.
• The semiconductor industry providing higher integrated components (system on chip)
are becoming aware of the “energy efficiency” demand by the equipment
manufacturers. However, component costs are still a considerable limitation to best
practice.
• The power-down of networking equipment and CPEs is currently limited by network
availability demand of the service providers. This demand results from frequent
service downloads and updates of the CPEs including firmware, application, and
electronic program guide updates. A particular concern is the updates by TV service
providers. The problem in this case is the limited bandwidth capacity of digital video
broadcast resulting in the active state of tuners and decoders over the long durations
of the downloads.
Driving factors and limitations:
• The small form factor is supporting energy efficient product design (thermal
management, low/no noise, this limits the integration of HDD).
• Customers are less aware of the power consumption (however, there are some nice
blogs in the internet that prove otherwise). The situation might change in the near
future.
• IPTV options and the utilization of more efficient network architectures (Ethernet) are
potential drivers for new TV solutions or at least efficient program updates.
Technology solutions:
• System-on-Chip (highly integrated, energy efficient network interfaces in conjunction
with e.g. IEEE 802.3az)
• Energy Efficient Ethernet (IEEE 802.3az) in conjunction with low-power design of the
network protocols, e.g. energy efficient routing protocols)
• Support of Proxying (ECMA 393) solutions
• Support of ADSL/VDSL low power options (improved interoperability with network
service provider, not limited to DSL but also passive optical networks, DOCSIS)
• Selected power management and deactivation of functionality (e.g. WLAN module,
signal processor, adaptive link rate)
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• Smart antenna technology (MIMO multiple-input and multiple-output in WiFi IEEE
803.11n, and cellular 4G wireless Long Term Evolution)
• Night switch off (timer, not only during the night)
• Broadband access network utilization (e.g. Fibre-to-the-home)
6.1.4 Consumer Electronics
General assessment:
• Similar to the PC, IE, and NE industry the audio/video (AV) and consumer electronics
(CE) industry is featuring large product portfolios with the trend to hybrid equipment.
Coming from long-time analogue technology the consumer electronic equipment is
typically not based on computer architectures (there are exceptions). The resulting
diversity of system designs, specifically designed hardware and software solutions
including network technologies leads to a lack of interoperability.
• Power consumption has been a big issue in the past few years with respect to lowest
power standby/off on the one hand, and the reduction of average active power
consumption (e.g. large TVs) on the other hand. The power management was limited
(mainly to the remote control standby) due to the more passive utilization of such
equipment (you turn it on and it runs as long as you like to hear or see the content).
• With more complex, network, and storage capable devices active power management
is a necessity. But at the present no standards comparable to ACPI are available. CE
industry should focus on standardization of interoperability and power management.
Driving factors and limitations:
• Most CE products will be network-capable (wired or wireless). PC industry network
standards (LAN, WLAN) and computing architectures are strong competitors. Power
management could be a competition factor.
• Stakeholders from the TV industry indicated that the technical lifetime of non-volatile
memory (HDD/SDD) to save RAM and processor states is not long enough
(sufficient) for the more than 10 years expected lifetime of their products. This would
presumably apply for constantly writing the system state into non-volatile storage.
Nevertheless, HDD have been integrated in TV-sets already in order to facilitate
program recording functionality such as Time Shift Viewing.
Technology solutions:
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• Introduce or adapt power management when product architectures reach “booting
required” complexity,
• Top-level eco-menu (dimmer settings, smart interface deactivation),
• Light sensors, display dimming, presence detection (where applicable)
• Sleep function (auto-off timer)
• HDMI network signalling which could power down connected equipment when the
display is switched off
6.1.5 Mobile Communication
General assessment:
• The mobile phone and smart phone industry had to take extreme power saving
approaches in order to extend functionality on a fixed energy budget. Even though
the type of network connections and the wake-up behaviours differ from the non-
mobile products, enough technical overlap exists to draw BAT conclusions.
• Apart from UMTS and GSM, which play a smaller role for the other product groups
under investigation, many smart phones feature wireless LAN, Bluetooth and USB
interfaces, which are also features of non-mobile products.
• Processor, memory and graphics capacity of smart phones are surpassing older PC
equipment, while maintaining “few chip” system architectures with low power demand.
Driving factors and limitations:
• Limited battery storage capacity versus small form factor and maximum functionality
all of the time. Recharge as seldom as possible.
• Interoperability with peripheral or host devices (mainly through Bluetooth and USB so
far).
• Combining more expensive mobile network internet access with wireless LAN access,
when available
• Using wireless LAN to realize universal remote control at home
• Cell phone and wireless LAN technologies are also incorporated into many ebook
readers, so these are effectively part of the mobile phone architecture family.
Technology solutions:
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• Smallest scale, smallest power integrated communication chips (or all-in-one)
• Interface modules to allow upgrades or market customization (usually for the
manufacturer, not accessible for the user)
• All current wireless technologies adapt signal strength to save energy.
6.2 Standardization for Energy Efficiency
6.2.1 Energy Efficient Ethernet
IEEE standard 802.3az (Energy Efficient Ethernet) has been introduced in Task Report 4
(Chapter 4.4.1.4).
Energy Efficient Network Interface Controller by Broadcom4
According to a current white paper of Broadcom network equipment of all types can benefit
from lower power consumption, which reduces energy costs and lowers overall operating
costs for IT organizations. Broadcom® EEE-compliant products offer additional energy
savings and provide customers with end-to-end silicon and software solutions that enable
faster deployment of energy efficient networks.
As part of the EEN initiative, Broadcom has developed its proprietary AutoGrEEEn™
technology to facilitate the adoption of EEE and provide a faster migration path for legacy
networking equipment. AutoGrEEEn technology implements the EEE standard directly into
Broadcom PHYs and allows them to be in EEE mode when interfacing with non-EEE
enabled MAC devices, without requiring changes to those devices. This innovation allows
customers to make existing network equipment EEE-compliant by simply changing the PHY
devices.
6.2.2 Network Proxying
ECMA-393 (ProxZzzy™) Standard has been introduced in the Task Report 4 (Chapter
4.4.1.5).
Implementation is already ongoing, as the growing support in mainstream operating systems
shows. The two prominent examples are covered in short.
Apple’s Wake-On-Demand (WOD) is a proprietary technology that supports ECMA-393
network proxying on the base of Apple’s latest Operating System (OS X 10.6).5
4 Broadcom white paper (October 2010): http://www.broadcom.com/collateral/wp/EEE-WP101-R.pdf
5 Apple’s website: Mac OS X v10.6: About Wake on Demand: http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3774
(downloaded 26.08.2010)
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The WOD technology allows properly enabled and configured Macintosh computers to
provide network services (like file, music or printer sharing) in low power sleep states with a
WOL-type wakeup. This is done in conjunction with the Apple airport base station or time
capsule, running the new “bonjour sleep proxy” (BSP) service, which then acts as a proxy for
the sleeping Macintosh computer offering the network service.
The BSP handles requests for the Macintosh’s network service (e.g. occasional synchs to
the server) while it sleeps and then wakes it up when it is required e.g. access a file, stream
song/movie or print a file to a network printer. When Wake on Demand is enabled, any Mac
on your network running Snow Leopard will automatically register itself and its shared items
with the Bonjour Sleep Proxy. This is in larger networks (with multiple routers) somehow
problematic. When a request is made to access a shared item on a Mac running Snow
Leopard, the Bonjour Sleep Proxy asks that Mac to wake and handle the request (that
happens with all requests). Once that request is complete, the Mac will go back to sleep at its
regularly-scheduled interval as set in the Computer Sleep section of the Energy Saver
preferences pane.
This technology has some advantages but could lead in larger networks to false wake-ups.
Windows 7 incorporates ECMA-393 network proxying and adds support for Address
Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Neighbour Solicitation (NS) offloads, which allows a proxy
service to maintain a Windows 7 computer offering network services to sleep while a proxy
server maintains its presence on the network.
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6.3 Best Available Products
The selection of Best Available Products has been done according to the following criteria:
• The product examples feature power management options with low power modes
similar to networked standby. Power consumption values are available and have
been published (e.g. in test magazines).
• The low power consumption should not be related to an under-configured product.
The product selection considers state-of-the art functional performance, including
considerable computing power, storage capacity, latest (multiple) network
configuration, and good display performance.
• The product selection also considers customer convenience. This includes time-shift
functionality, internet access and media streaming capability (of non ICT products),
sensors etc.
For the following study of best available products only a few products have been selected.
There are a large number of products in different configurations available on the market. We
do not attempt in this study a complete performance benchmark.
6.3.1 Computer Products
The active and idle power consumption of personal computers including desktop, all-in-one,
notebook, tablets as well as thin and zero clients are varying largely in relation to its data
processing, memory and network performance (display size if applicable). The complexity of
the operating system as well as the application programs are influencing memory and
processing and through that the power consumption as well. In terms of network availability
(networked standby) the power consumption is mostly influenced by the type and number of
network interfaces. The resume time, however, is determined by the individual configuration
and the performance parameters of the equipment. Battery-powered devices feature already
an advanced power management. In conjunction with a somewhat reduced performance the
power consumption is in general much lower. Against that background it is difficult to provide
uniform examples of best available products. A selection of examples highlighting differing
aspects of available low power modes follows.
Acer Veriton N260G (Nettop):
• Configuration: Intel Atom N280 (1x1.6 GHz), Onboard VGA, 2 GB RAM, 160 GB
HDD, GB-LAN, 6xUSB, VGA, HDMI
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• Power: Active (max 22.8 W, Idle (max) 15.6 W, Sleep (WOL) 3.8 W, Standby (S5 with
WOL) 1.4 W6
Lenovo Thinkpad X100e (Notebook):
• Configuration: AMD Athlon Neo MV-40 (1x1.6 GHz), Mobility Radeon HD 3200, 2GB
RAM, 250 GB HDD, GB LAN, 3xUSB, WLAN, Bluetooth, UMTS, VGA
• Power: Active (max 35.4 W, Idle (max) 14.3 W Idle (min) 9.8 W, Standby (S5) 0.5 W7
INTEL Corporation provided the following test results for new products as input to the Lot 26
Study. Systems under test (partially identified by the internal platform names) and test results
are listed below.
Desktop platform examples:
• Sugar Bay CRB (SandyBridge+CougarPoint, Mainstream)
• Dell OptiPlex960 (Penryn Core 2 Duo+EagleLake, Low cost VPro)
Notebook platform examples:
• Huron River CRB (SandyBridge+CougarPoint)
• HP EliteBook 2540p Notebook (Arrandale i5+IbexPeak, Business Notebook)
The results are summarized in table 1.
Table 1: Test results of desktop and notebook PC (provided by Intel)
System Type S3 PWR
S3 WOL
Pwr
S3 WOL
AMT Pwr S4 Pwr
S4 WOL
Pwr S5 Pwr
S5 WOL
Pwr
Idle (disp
on)
Idle (dis
off)
ARP S3
WOL Res
time
ARP S3
AMT Res
time
ARP S3
WOL Res
Energy
ARP S3
AMT Res
Energy1[W]
1[W]
1[W]
1[W]
1[W]
1[W]
1[W]
1[W]
1[W]
1[W] [Sec] [Sec] [W*Sec] [W*Sec]
SugarBay CRB DT 1.28 1.4 1.65 0.87 1.08 0.87 1.08 28.77 28.31 8 342
Dell Optiplex 960 DT 1.62 1.62 2.23 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 32.42 31.94 11 0.1 412 8.23
Huron River CRB NB 0.84 1.06 1.3 0.57 0.78 0.57 0.78 8.32 11.42 9 230
HP Elite 2540p NB 0.66 0.978 1.25 0.5 0.84 0.5 0.84 8.47 12.67 10 170
6 Source: http://www.pcwelt.de/produkte/Acer-Veriton-N260G-Business-Nettop-Verbrauch-und-Lautstaerke-
Idealer-Arbeitsplatz-PC-452884.html
Please notice: DEA suggests different values for these computers (Idle: 19.1 W – Sleep: 2.4 W – Standby/Off:
1.4 W with WOL enabled) 7 Source: http://www.notebookcheck.com/Test-Lenovo-Thinkpad-X100e-Subnotebook.25522.0.html
DEA suggests different values for Idle: 11.4 W – Sleep: 1.5 W – Standby/Off: 0.9 W.
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Figure 1: Comparison of test results for desktop and notebook PC (provided by Intel)
The results of these test measurements show the low power performance with medium
network availability (S3 WOL).
The desktop PC power consumption in sleep S3 WOL (+Intel AMT) is below 2.5 Watts and in
the best case 1.65 Watts.
The notebook PC power consumption in sleep S3 WOL (+Intel AMT) is below 1.5 Watts and
in the best case 1.25 Watts. The lowest sleep (S4/S5 Base plus WOL) is under 1 Watt.
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S4 and S5 states with WOL would be considered low network availability, and are shown
with 1.2 and 1.08 W for the desktop PC examples and 0.78 and 0.84 W for the notebooks.8
6.3.2 Display
Display energy consumption including standby has been optimized in the past years due to
new technologies (e.g. LED) and in conjunction with power saving measures (e.g. dimming,
default delay time settings, user detection sensors).
LG W2286L:
• Configuration: 22 inch-Display with LED-Backlight, 2xHDMI, DVI-D, VGA
• Power: Active 19 W, Standby and Off <0.1 W
In standby the product will still reactivate, when signal changes are detected on the inputs,
so this is a networked standby implementation at below 0.1 W.
6.3.3 Home NAS
This product group is again quite diverse. Power consumption is mainly influenced by the
memory capacity, chip set family and types/number of network interfaces (interoperability).
The products presented below are good examples (providing power consumption
specification) but not necessarily best available products.
Buffalo LS-WSX500L/R1EU
• Configuration: 2x250 GB HDD, Raid 0/1/JBOD, DLNA-Server, i-Tunes-Server,
Torrent-Client, LAN, USB
• Power: 8 W Active, 5.5 W Idle, 2.3 W Standby (with WOL)
LG N2R1
• Configuration: 2x1TB HDD, RAID, DLNA-Server, Gigabit LAN, eSATA, 3xUSB
• Power: 22 W Active, 19 W Idle, 9.3 W Standby (10 sec. reactivation), 2.3 W Hibernate
(40 sec. reactivation)
8 The UK MTP has suggested that in WOL enabled sleep mode 0.9W is possible for desktop PCs, and 0.7W for
laptops.
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6.3.4 Imaging Equipment (Printer)
Imaging equipment has been the focus for power management in the past years. There is a
high diversity of products on the market.
Canon Pixma MG 6150
• Configuration: IJ-MFD, 9-12 ipm, USB, LAN, WLAN, Duplex, CD/DVD-Print
• Power: 25 W Active, 7.4 W Idle, 3.72 W Sleep (USB: Active, Wireless LAN: Active,
Wired LAN: Inactive) 2.0 W Sleep (USB: Active; LAN (Wireless / Wired): Inactive), 0.5
W Off
Ricoh Aficio SP 3400SF
• Configuration: EP (laser) All-in-One: A4; black and white
• Power: Max. 850 W, Active 475 W, Idle 68.8 W, Standby 9.7 W (15 sec. reactivation)
Although the standby value might seem high, the reactivation time is actually quite
low for this type of equipment, showing once more the relation between the two
parameters. Additionally, the UK MTP has evidence suggesting that for an inkjet
printer, 0.6W is possible in sleep and 0.2W in off mode, and for a large format EP
printer 4.6W is possible in sleep.
6.3.5 Home Gateway
Power consumption of home gateways are determined by the type(s) of modem, VoIP, LAN,
WLAN and other network configuration. The product examples below are not the simplest
products on the market.
Conceptronic C300GBRS4
• Configuration: 1xWAN, Router (4xLAN), W-LAN (n), WOL
• Power: with 1xWAN, 1xLAN and 1WLAN client registered, 4W Idle,
Sitecom WL-351
• Configuration: 1xWAN, Router (4xLAN), W-LAN (n), Multi-SSID
• Power: with 1WAN, 1xLAN and 1WLAN client registered, 3.3W Idle,
AVM FritzBox 7270
• Configuration: DSL Modem, Router (4xLAN FE), W-LAN (n), 3 Antenna, 1xUSB host,
2 TAE
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• Power: Active 6.3 Watt, (Internet: Idle-timeout, auto reconnect), UPnP deactivation,
Night timer)
AVM FritzBox Phone WLAN 7390
• Configuration: VDSL- und ADSL2+ Modem, Router (4xLAN), W-LAN (n), VoIP, ISDN,
analogue Telephone (2), 2x USB
• Power: 9.3 W Active, 8.1 W Idle, WLAN-off-switch
6.3.6 Television
Most simple and complex TVs feature very low <<1W standby/off due to the EC1275/2008
regulation requirements. Complex TVs are just starting to enter the market. The problem is
the considerable booting time. These products therefore increasingly feature idle modes (fast
play, quick start), which can coincide with added network availability. The following products
are not necessarily best available products in terms of networked standby power. They
however show the current situation in the market.
Panasonic TX-L37GW20
• Configuration: 37-inch-Display, Full-HD, DVB-C, DVB-T, DVB-S2, analog, recording
functionality (on USB), DLNA-Client, VIERA-CAST Web-Services, LAN, USB, HDMI,
CI+
• Power: 98 W Active, 20 W (Recording), 0.25 W (Standby)
Sony KDL-52LX905
• Configuration: 52-inch-Display, Full-HD, DVB-C, DVB-T, DVB-S2, analog, DLNA-
Client, LAN, W-LAN, USB, HDMI, 3D, presence-detector
• Power: 130 W Active, ca. 60-80W Eco-Mode, 20 W Fast-Reactivation-Mode, 0.2 W
Standby
According to a comment from the Danish Energy Agency the following two TV’s from
Samsung have a very low consumption in standby mode with quick start. The information is
based on results from the independent Danish consumer magazine TÆNK.
http://www.taenk.dk/test/fladskaerm/testresultater/
Samsung UE40C7705:
• Configuration: 40-inch-Display, Full HD, 4 x HDMI 1.4, 2 x USB, Ethernet, Wi-Fi (via
dongle), Internet@TV med Twitter, YouTube, Facebook, Skype, Google Maps.
• Standby with quick start 0.15 watt
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Samsung LE40C775:
• Standby with quick start 0.30 watt
6.3.7 Complex Set-Top-Boxes and Player/Recorder
The differentiation of complex Set-Top-Box and Media Player/Recorders is difficult, as these
product groups are merging regarding the functionality options. There are many hybrid
products in the market featuring integrated TV-tuner/decoder (with and without pay-tv),
media recording/storage (integrated HDD, or USB-connected), DVD, Blu-Ray, server-
functionality (e.g. with PC hardware) and defined internet capability (mostly firmware
solution).
Sat-Receiver SL HD-100 S
• Configuration: HD-DVB-S-Receiver without Pay-TV, HDMI, SCART, USB
• Power: 8.5 W Active, 3.2 W Standby with timer (networked), <0.2 W Standby
Sat-Receiver WISI Or 187 HDTV-CI plus
• Configuration: HD-DVB-S-Receiver with Pay-TV, CI+, HDMI, SCART, USB,
Recording via USB
• Power: 11.5 W Active, 0.2 W Standby (incl. timer)
Samsung Blu-Ray Player BD-C5500
• Configuration: Blu-Ray-, DVD-, CD-Playback, HDMI, USB, LAN, Internet@TV,
AllShare (DLNA)
• Power: 9.2 W Active (Blu-Ray), 7.8 W Active (DVD), 0.1 W Standby
AVM FRITZ!Media 8260 (Maxdome MediaCenter HD-TV)
• Configuration: HD-DVB-S2-Receiver with Pay-TV, CI, DLNA/UPnP-AV-Streaming,
Video-On-Demand, Web-Services, LAN, USB, HDMI, external HDD (optional)
• Power: 14 W Active, 11 W Standby incl. streaming access, 1.7 W “Deep Standby”
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Stakeholders from the CSTB industry have remarked that this list of products may not be
entirely representative of the current CSTB market. That said, no better data on example
cases was provided.
For reference, the following tables provide the limit values as specified in the Complex Set
Top Box Voluntary Agreement (as discussed in Task 1).The VA specifies the maximum
energy consumption for compliant devices (expressed in kWh/year) with two tiers, one
effective from 2010 until 2013, the other from 2013 onwards. The limit values are calculated
by taking a base value for the type of device (Tier 1 limits are given in Table 6-2, Tier 2 limits
are given in Table 6-3), and adding a functional allowance for any additional functionalities
present (Tier 1 limits are given in Table 6-4, Tier 2 limits are given in Table 6-5).
Table 6-2: Base Functionality Annual Energy Allowance for Tier 1 of the CSTB VA
Base Functionality Tier 1 Annual Energy Allowance (kWh/year)
Cable 45
Satellite 45
IP 40
Terrestrial 40
Thin-Client/Remote 40
Table 6-3: Base Functionality Annual Energy Allowance for Tier 2 of the CSTB VA
Base Functionality Tier 2 Annual Energy Allowance (kWh/year)
Cable 40
Satellite 40
IP 35
Terrestrial 35
Thin-Client/Remote 35
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Table 6-4: Additional Functionalities Annual Energy Allowance for Tier 1 of the CSTB VA
Additional Functionalities Tier 1 Annual Energy Allowance (kWh/year)
Advanced Video Processing 20
High Definition 20
Access to additional RF Channels 20
DVR 20
Return Path 60
Multi-Decode/Trans-code and Display 38
VDSL or DOCSIS 3.0 7
Table 6-5: Additional Functionalities Annual Energy Allowance for Tier 2 of the CSTB VA
Additional Functionalities Tier 2 Annual Energy Allowance (kWh/year)
Advanced Video Processing 0
High Efficiency Video Processing 20
High Definition 0
Full High Definition 20
Ultra High Definition 30
3DTV 20
Access to Additional RF Channels 15
DVR 20
Return Path Functionality 2
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6.3.8 Smart Phones
Smart phones exemplify the ability to stay connected to a network at low power levels.
Although no direct power measurements are available, some aspects of the power
consumption can be calculated from technical base data and use tests.
iPhone 4
• Configuration: 3.5-inch-display (LCD, multitouch), 16-32 GB memory,
GSM/UMTS/HSDPA/W-LAN, 2x camera, photolight, different office-, internet- and
entertainment-software
• Calculation input: Battery: 1600 mAh @ 3.7 V; Runtime: 6 h (internet via W-LAN), 300
h (standby with GSM/UMTS)
• Calculated power consumption:
o Internet via W-LAN: approx. 1 W (average)
o Standby GSM/UMTS: approx. 20 mW (average)
Samsung I9000 Galaxy S
• Configuration: 4-inch display (AMOLED, multitouch), 8-16 GB memory,
GSM/UMTS/HSDPA/W-LAN, 2x camera, different office-, internet- and entertainment-
software
• Calculation input: Battery: 1500 mAh @ 3.7 V; Runtime: 4.5 h (internet via W-LAN),
750 h (standby GSM)
• Calculated power consumption:
o Internet via W-LAN: approx. 1.2 W (average)
o Standby GSM: approx. 7.5 mW (average)
The GSM standby is possible with an averaged power consumption of just 7.5 mW. With
wireless LAN the calculated value is not a minimum value for only keeping the connection,
but rather for full internet operation. Hence W-LAN network availability is possible at below
1 W with smart phone architectures.
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6.3.9 Summary
The following table shows a summary of the current product data.
Table 6: Summary of product data
Product Network Types
Idle (current),
HiNA equiv.
LowP2/MeNA
equiv.
LowP4/LoNA
equiv.
Desktop PC 10.0 - 85.0 1.4 - 4.7 1.1 - 3.2
Notebook PC 10.0 - 45.0 1.0 - 3.7 0.8 - 2.2
IJ Imaging Eqp. 6.0 - 20.0 1.5 - 4.0 0.4 (off)
EP Imaging Eqp. 40.0 - 140.0 6.0 - 9.7 0.4 (off)
Networked Storage 5.5 - 27.0 2.3 - 17.5 -
Game Console 20.0 - 125.0 - -
Complex Recorder 15.0 - 30.0 3.2 - 16.6 1.7 - 16.6
Complex TV 15.0 - 45.0 - -
Complex STB WAN, HDMI, local 8.0 - 14.5 2.5 - 14.5 -
Home Gateway WAN, LAN, WLAN 6.0 - 15.0 1.9 - 13.0 -
Mobile Phone GSM, UMTS, WLAN 7.5 - 20 mW (GSM standby); 1 - 1.2 W (web via WLAN)
LAN, WLAN, local
HDMI, LAN + tbd
Current (2010) Power Range (Watts)
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6.4 Conclusion
Should all products with network capabilities use mobile and PC technologies? That is one
possible conclusion from looking at the possible low power states still allowing reactivation
over a network. Without prescribing architecture, chip sets or interface components this is an
available baseline for all further developments – making development time, and not the
technical or cost issues, the main obstacle.
PC and mobile computing devices show, that low network availability can be delivered at
about 1 W (slightly more for desktops and slightly less for notebooks). Medium network
availability can be implemented at below 2 W – even including additional remote
administration support (in this case AMT). The computing examples also show that the
influence of the power supply size is not major or can technically be managed, since some of
these products are in the 300-500 W power supply range. That is why these products serve
as the exemplary case: strong functionality (even in the low power modes), large power
supply size (hence applicable to other larger products), and stringent power management
implementation (hence all players of the supply chain know how to contribute).
As an extension of that analysis low network availability at below 2 W should certainly be
possible for many other products, which
• are smaller regarding active power and the power supply size
• have less computing and memory demands
• have leaner architectures (SoC) and fewer interfaces
Medium network availability has been shown to be possible at below 2 W as well, but this
might be harder to transfer to all product types and configurations. Nevertheless, it is a clear
BAT case for “fat” non-mobile devices with resume times below 10 seconds and still only
1.4 W power consumption (1.65 W with AMT enabled). Mobile architectures deliver the same
functionality at 1 W (0.978 W in the data table) or 1.25 W (with AMT).
Some special cases deliver medium network availability at below 0.5 W, such as monitors
still detecting signals even at 0.1 W, which is effectively the soft-off level of the product. In
the monitor case the signal detection is much simpler, or even purely analogue in the VGA
case, so this does not transfer to complex networks, where keeping network integrity is a
must.
Mobile phone based architectures however show that even keeping an active network
presence with wireless technology is possible at well below 1 W. For the growing section of
wireless LAN capable smart phones and eBook readers reliable power measurements are
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hard to find, but calculating average power consumption from battery capacity and tested use
times is possible. Keeping the connection to the mobile phone network during “standby” is
certainly close to the lowest possible power consumption at 7.5 mW, yet near instantaneous
reactivation is possible. Comparable values with wireless LAN enabled during standby are
not available, but even with wireless LAN (and most of the phone) fully active during internet
activity, only 1 W is consumed on average. The actual power consumption of the WLAN
connection would therefore be a fraction of 1 W.
Thus, a relaxed upper BAT for keeping a wireless LAN connection open would be 1 W (with
energy supplied from battery, so excluding power supply losses, which would arise when
integrated in other products).
For high network availability the spread of product features and requirements is even less
uniform, but BATs do exist. When summarizing “low idle”, “energy efficiency modes” or
“active standby” for a generic “IT or CE box” with potentially more than one interface active,
candidates are:
• 6.3 W for idle home gateway (fully available, and with many features active)
• 3.2 W for network availability of a complex set-top-box (usually also classified as high
network availability)
We conclude that indeed PC and notebook examples serve as a kind of generic BAT for
many other products. “If the PC can do it, why can’t the other products?” At the same time
we acknowledge that the transfer of these accomplishments to other products and sectors
can be lengthy, requiring a reorientation of the whole product value chain and – as one
enabling path – further progress in standardization. The mobile phone examples show
additionally, what power levels can be reached while keeping a two-way connection to the
network open.
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EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 7
Improvement Potential
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
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Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
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Contents
7 Task 7: Improvement Potential .................................................................................... 7-4
7.1 Options ................................................................................................................. 7-6
7.1.1 Implementation of power management ......................................................... 7-6
7.1.2 Power-down routine, target modes, and energy budgets ............................... 7-9
7.1.3 Manual and automatic power-down ............................................................. 7-13
7.1.4 Power management needs support along the value chain .......................... 7-14
7.1.5 Option 1: Manual and automated activation of standby/off .......................... 7-16
7.1.6 Option 2: Manual activation of power-down routine ..................................... 7-17
7.1.7 Option 3: Automatic activation of power-down routine ................................. 7-18
7.1.8 Option 4: Individual power management settings ........................................ 7-19
7.1.9 Option 5: Power-down target for networking equipment .............................. 7-20
7.1.10 Option 6: LowP1 average power consumption limit ..................................... 7-21
7.1.11 Option 7: Power-down routine for all other products .................................... 7-22
7.1.12 Option 8: LowP2 energy budget .................................................................. 7-24
7.1.13 Option 9: LowP4 average power consumption limit ..................................... 7-25
7.2 Impacts .............................................................................................................. 7-26
7.2.1 Overall Improvement Scenario .................................................................... 7-26
7.2.2 Improvement potential of individual product groups ..................................... 7-29
7.3 Analysis of LLCC and BAT ................................................................................. 7-34
7.3.1 Electricity costs of the improvement scenario .............................................. 7-34
7.3.2 Cost Benefits ............................................................................................... 7-34
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7 Task 7: Improvement Potential
The general objective of this task report is the identification of eco-design options for
improving energy consumption related to networked standby, as well as their monetary
consequences in terms of additional costs and revenues from energy savings. The
improvement options are basically drawn from well established and best available
technology, as introduced in Tasks 4 and 6. This existing best practice indicates achievable
development targets with a mid-term time horizon for transfer to other products and
manufacturers.
In this report we will argue that the main improvement potential derives from the
implementation of an integrated power management. There are actually no real singular
improvement options. It is always the combination of measures that will result in
improvement. The improvement options for many individual product groups are in effect not
entirely new. Mobiles, computers, and imaging equipment are featuring well implemented
power management schemes. Product tests however indicate that the implementation of
given power management options is not achieved in the market. For other product groups
particularly consumer electronics, streaming clients and some networking equipment
advanced power management seems to be still something new.
The implementation of the improvement options will require great efforts in conjunction with
standardization and the development of integrated hardware and software solutions that
support the energy saving objective. We are also arguing that improvement is a collaborative
effort along the value chain starting with the component and software suppliers, followed by
the equipment manufacturers, and finally ending with the access network and application
service providers. Policy making needs to find a way to address this value chain.
Against that background the quantification of the improvement potential is inherently difficult.
There are many assumptions and variables involved. Our approach is nevertheless
straightforward: We are going to compare for selected examples business-as-usual
scenarios (BAU scenario) against scenarios considering improvement options (ECO
scenario). Again, it is not possible within the framework of this horizontal study to evaluate
single improvement options for their potential for all product types covered, nor would the
recipients of this study benefit from such an exercise. Hence the selection of the examples
(representative of other networks and products) and the formulation of the worst case
approach (if this improvement is possible for a product group, then others should be able to
reach similar levels) is the backbone of the pragmatic approach. The same consideration
applies to the financial benefit and burdens assessment (LLCC).
Despite these challenges with the assessment of the improvement potential there is good
news as well. As a matter of fact, we have no problem with defining advanced best available
technology. There are very strong product segments, which have developed power
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management due to necessity. The main driver is the mobile devices industry. Being limited
in energy supply, form factor, and thermal specifications, the designers of mobile products
developed a vast technical portfolio and became proficient in reducing energy consumption.
This is the benchmark. It indicates without doubt the improvement potential of an integrated
power management.
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7.1 Options
7.1.1 Implementation of power management
The basic concept for improving the energy efficiency of products that require network
availability (networked standby) is the step-by-step reduction of functionality and respective
power consumption while maintaining certain resume-time-to-application levels. Such
approach secures convenience in the use of the equipment as well as required quality-of-
service. The final objective is to reach a minimum level in energy consumption while
maintaining the remote reactivation capability via a network connection for a specific level of
network availability (high, medium, or low network availability) depending on the application.
2W
4W
6W
8W
10W
Power
Time1h 2h 3h 4h
medium
network availability
Act ive
Low network availability
high
network availability
Improvement st rategy and opt ions
Idle Power-down targets & limits
Energy budget for f lexibility
Automat ic power-down
Figure 1: Improvement strategy and options (scale not representative)
This improvement strategy reflects directly the second-tier eco-design requirements of the
Commission Regulation (EC) No 1275/2008 implementing “Eco-design requirements for
standby and off mode electric power consumption of electrical and electronic household and
office equipment”. In the Annex II, § 2d, power management has been outlined as a basic
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concept including automatic power down of equipment when the equipment is not actively
used. This generic eco-design requirement takes effect in the year 2012. The ENER Lot 26
study in a way provides specifications for such required power management, but now for a
differing functional scope including the network availability.
EC 1275/2008, Annex II, § 2d “Power Management”
When equipment is not providing the main function, or when other energy-using product(s)
are not dependent on its functions, equipment shall, unless inappropriate for the intended
use, offer a power management function, or a similar function, that switches equipment after
the shortest possible period of time appropriate for the intended use of the equipment,
automatically into:
— standby mode, or
— off mode, or
— another condition which does not exceed the applicable power consumption
requirements for off mode and/or standby mode
when the equipment is connected to the mains power source. The power management
function shall be activated before delivery.
The improvement options in this report are reflecting existing power management schemes
deriving from the mobile, computer, and imaging equipment industry as well as a couple of
other best practice examples.
There is a “chicken or the egg” causality dilemma involved at this point.1 Many options that
we discuss are not only useful for products with networked standby capability. These options
are generally applicable for improving energy efficiency of products. We have already
discussed in Tasks 4 and 6 that there are some product groups with well established
(standardized) power management routines and other product groups that are missing this
level of standardization and therefore widespread advanced power management capabilities.
So requiring advanced power management in the networked product states could also lead
to significant savings in the non-networked states, even though they are not in the scope of
the study.
1 Hans-Paul Siderius commented on this the following way: “This is not a dilemma … It can be better
characterized by a “win-win situation”: several options are not only beneficial for reducing power
consumption in networked standby but also in other modes”. (comment received on 2011-01-05)
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There is a second dilemma, which also addresses the complexity of power management.
This dilemma has to do with “weighing convenience versus energy consumption”. The
following examples explain some of these aspects in more detail.
Example 1: A very straightforward option for networked standby would be a power
management that powers down the equipment without long delay from active/idle into a low
network availability mode (aka LowP4 in our technical analysis). The critical aspect of such
an option is not how this could be done. The critical aspect is that the user might lose a lot of
convenience (fast resume time) due to a missing step in-between idle and the low network
availability mode. A cascaded power down using an intermediate step such as medium
network availability mode (LowP2) for a limited time before eventually going into the most
energy efficient (but less convenient) low power mode seems to be a more acceptable and
therefore practical option.
This example shows an option in the style of ACPI power management. Personal computers
shift from idle-mode into S3 sleep-mode after certain delay and eventually down into S5 off-
mode (or S4 hibernate). The sleep-mode in the case of the PC is a very useful instrument to
save energy while maintaining a high level of convenience for the user. This cascaded power
management increases not only energy efficiency. It also increases the acceptance of power
management measures by the user. This understanding is critical for the successful
implementation of an automatic power management.
Example 2: The trend analysis showed that more and more complex consumer electronics
(TVs, Media Server) are entering the market. With more complex hardware these products
more often require boot times considered inconvenient for the user. They introduce a power
management “feature” that provides convenience but not necessarily better energy
performance. These options in new products are called “Fast Play” or “Quick Start” options,
which have the task of reducing the considerably long booting times of about 20 to 30
seconds to an acceptable resume time of about 10 seconds. In order to achieve that, they
keep many functional components in idle. Such features, let’s call them convenience modes,
could be misunderstood as low power sleep mode, and may even be accessible in the setup
menu in the power management section. But the energy consumption is not 2 to 5 Watts as it
is the case of S3 sleep mode. The respective power consumption is 10, 20, 30 or even 40
Watts depending on the equipment type and configuration.2 The problem with this example is
2 Comment by German Federal Environmental Agency: "Since this interpretation may be questioned,
the consultants should indicate their argumentation. Assuming that the quick-start mode of Complex
TVs and Media Server are considered Standby as defined in (EC) 1275/2008, do the data given in
chapter 6.3.6 indicate that the devices are not compliant: A complex TV – reflecting the market -
consumes 20 W for Fast-Reactivation-Mode? This could lead to a considerable violation, at least when
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also that although most of these new CE products feature the capability for remote wake-up
via network connection, not all products are capable of it and would not qualify for network
standby.
So while fast play or quick start may coincide with network availability (in which case new
requirements could apply), such user enabled convenience features do not depend on an
active network. If no network is active and no network service is offered, then a product in
fast play configuration could be argued to fall under the existing standby regulation, since
“faster reactivation” is not a function recognized as an exemption from 1275/2008 standby.
Regardless of that, the power management requirement of 1275/2008 could apply from
2012.
Conclusion: The well established power management scheme of the personal computer
industry (ACPI) with the best practice of mobile equipment in particular is the benchmark for
all other product groups. Product groups which do not have such means available are
strongly recommended to start or re-establish respective standardization activities.
7.1.2 Power-down routine, target modes, and energy budgets
With the introduction of the “Network Availability” concept we have recognized certain
product specific requirements in terms of user-demanded functionality (usability) and
respective resume time to application. The following network availability conditions have
been defined:
• HiNA - High network availability (resume time to application: milliseconds)
• MeNA - Medium network availability (resume time to application: <10 seconds)
• LoNA - Low network availability (resume time to application: >10 seconds)
This concept includes the understanding that different resume times to application require
different levels of energy for maintaining necessary components in an (re)active state. The
faster the reactivation has to be, the more functional components are active, and the higher
the resulting energy level of the equipment will be. The technical analysis also indicated that
the functionality and the complexity of a specific product need to be considered, because of
the power demand of certain functional components. A home gateway with an integrated
WLAN module (activated) requires somewhat more energy than a comparable product
without this wireless interface.
the second stage of (EC) 1275/2008 enters into force! If “quick start” is neither considered falling under
(EC 1275/2008) nor networked standby the risk of a loop hole exists. "
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The improvement options outlined in this report are reflecting this network availability concept
and the related understanding of product-specific energy demand. The basic improvement
approach however works horizontally for all products. It is the implementation of a smart
power management.
In the following paragraph we are going to explain the instruments and terminology we use in
conjunction with the improvement options. There are two main terms:
• Power-down routine: Basic power management structure (e.g. delay times, modes)
• Power-down targets: Final network availability level to be reached (e.g. LowP1 or
LowP4 incl. suggested average power consumption or energy budgets)
The power-down routine is initiated manually or automatically (default delay time setting)
and starts from an “idle” condition. In idle condition the equipment is activated with all
essential logic, memory, and power supply ready to process signals or data. This includes
the network components and interfaces as well. The equipment maintains network integrity
communication but there is no signal transmission or active traffic in the idle state.3 The
average power consumption of home and office equipment in “active” varies largely from
about 15 Watts for a home gateway (modem/router) to about 150 Watts for a PC and up to
1500 Watts for a larger laser-copier/printer. In “idle” the power consumption is still
considerable raging from about 5-10 Watts for the home gateway, about 50 Watts for the PC
and over 100 Watts for the laser-copier/printer.
The reduction of this significant energy consumption is the main objective of the power
management. Energy is saved by cutting the “idle” duration. Consecutively functionality is
reduced to a minimum. Assuming an automatic power management, the power-down routine
is initiated by means of a default delay time set-up. The selection of the default delay time
needs to consider the energy consumption necessary for the reactivation of the equipment.
An overly short default delay time might compensate the energy saving from the low power
mode in case of an instant reactivation. However, a few minutes delay is usually sufficient
and achieves energy savings, even if frequent reactivation occurs.
3 Comment by Bruce Nordman: There is the mention in Task 7 (7/10) and elsewhere that when a
device is idle “there is not signal transmission or active traffic”. Networked devices have a
considerable amount of routine network traffic for various applications, and so some of this will occur
when a system is merely idle. Some of this is generated by the device itself, and some of it is traffic
from elsewhere that must be monitored and sometimes responded to. This is a feature of modern
networks and not something likely to change.
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With the initiation of the power-down routine the equipment is designed to makes a transition
into a specified low power mode. This low power mode (LowP) is a networked standby mode
reflecting a specific level of network availability (see Task 5). The power-down routine might
end there, if this mode is the defined power-down target. If not, the power-down routine
continues until the power-down target is reached.4
The Power-down target is a necessary power management instrument, indicating the final
networked standby mode of the power-down sequence. The power-down target is therefore
a mode with specified average power consumption (Watt hours per hour). The mode
provides a defined level of minimum network availability without specifying the functionality.
This means that low level duty cycles are possible, if the average power consumption (Wh/h)
is maintained over time.
Power-down targets in conjunction with networked standby are:
• High network availability mode (LowP1)
• Low network availability mode (LowP4)
With respect to improvement options we consider only these two power-down targets.
High network availability mode (LowP1) is the power-down target basically for stand-alone
(non-rack) networking equipment. This includes typical customer premises equipment (CPE)
such as home gateways featuring wide area network (WAN) access modems (e.g. different
types of DSL modem, DOCSIS modem, FTTH modem, cellular-wireless UMTS or LTE
modem) and local area network interfaces (e.g. different types of LAN, WLAN, USB, HDMI,
etc.). LowP1 is also applicable to non-rack networking equipment without modem such as
LAN-switch or WLAN-repeater. Another product segment could be non-rack servers. The
network service of this type of equipment could be time-critical. In this case however the
4 Comment by German Federal Environmental Agency: "This concept needs further explanation. It will
be crucial to define an appropriate time for individual appliances to be in individual modes. How and
using which parameters will this duration be determined? Could the consultants suggest a procedure?
Regulation (EC) 1275/2008 requires appliances (placed on the market after 7th January 2013) to
power down „after the shortest possible period of time appropriate for the intended use of the
equipment“. It is obvious that the word “appropriate” allows for interpretation.
The concept of “energy budgets” suggested by the ENER26 consultants might contribute to a
meaningful implementation of (EC) 1275/2008. Thus, we would appreciate if the consultants would
suggest policy options in the light of the current standby-regulation.
"
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product should not get necessarily a permanent power consumption limit. Embedded in a
power-down routine LowP1 could be designed as an energy budget similar to LowP2. With
respect to power consumption level of LowP1 the best available technology would suggest a
range of 5 to 8 Watts. The results of Tasks 4 and 6 clearly show that high network availability
on the LAN-side can be design with about 2Watts. The critical point is the average idle power
consumption and power-down capability (in conjunction with the WAN link) of the modem.
DSL modems require about 2 Watt, DOCSIS modems considerably more with 4 Watt.
Low network availability mode (LowP4) is the basic power-down target for all other home
and office equipment including stand-alone data and media server. This consequent
targeting of lowest power networked standby takes of course a long resume time to
application into consideration. We argue that there is no “network service” in the typical home
and small office use environment, which require a permanent immediate (milliseconds) or
fast (<10sec.) reactivation. Even with remote VPN wake-up request it cannot be argued that
a general fast reactivation is essential. However, we recognize the request for a more
elaborate power management routine in order to support usability, convenience and overall
system efficiency. At this point we introduce the medium network availability mode (LowP2),
an intermediate step improving service quality and convenience for the customer.
Medium network availability mode (LowP2) is not considered a power-down target. This
mode functions as a flexible instrument for achieving usability and energy efficiency. How
does it work? Whereas the power-down targets (LowP1 and LowP4) are defined by limit
values for average power consumption (Wh/h) the LowP2 is defined as an energy budget.
The energy budget (Watt hours) is a flexible limitation, which allows a higher power
consumption over a shorter period of time or a lower power consumption over a longer
period of time. As an example you can utilize a 5 Wh energy budget by designing a mode
which runs ½ hour at 10 Wh/h or 2 hours at 2.5 Wh/h. After the energy budget is used the
power management needs to ensure that the equipment transfers automatically into the
power-down target LowP4. The energy budget is functioning as a flexible limitation. The
energy budget is designed to overcome medium-length periods of inactivity.
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2W
4W
6W
8W
10W
Power
Time1h 2h 3h 4h
medium
netw ork availability
Act ive
LowP2 energy budget for f lexibility
Idle
Product # 3Product # 2Product # 1
Figure 2: Energy budget for LowP2
7.1.3 Manual and automatic power-down
Power management including the automatic transition into cascaded low power states are
known from the computer and imaging equipment industry. Such automatic power
management routines work quite well, because computers and imaging equipment are
utilized by means of frequent user interaction (input commands). The user’s inactivity (no
input) results in an idle state and starts a timer. After a certain delay time the equipment
transfers from idle into the cascaded low power routine.
An automatic power management routine is more difficult to implement for passively used
equipment such as TV or AV media player. The consumer electronics (CE) have less
frequent input commands. One typical application is the audio or video display of Radio/TV
broadcasts. Once set this can run indefinite. Automatic power-down is therefore a challenge.
It would require an active detection of the user’s presence and an adequate feedback loop
from the user before a power-down routine starts. There are products getting into the market
that feature “presence sensors” in conjunction with other automatic power management
options. Nevertheless, it seems necessary that “passively used” products (e.g. consumer
electronics) need special attention with respect to manually and automatically initiated power
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management. This includes the “fast play” issue. The improvement options will reflect these
aspects.
7.1.4 Power management needs support along the value chain
We like to emphasize again that networked standby modes are in the first place instruments
for saving energy. This objective is only achieved, if the industry collaborates along the whole
value chain including upstream component suppliers and downstream service provider.
Standardization of power management schemes in all product categories: In order to
achieve energy efficiency without losing convenience and functionality networked standby
has to be designed properly on a hardware and software level. The ACPI example of the
personal computer industry shows that good results are achieved when standards for
interfaces and power management routines are developed in a collaborative effort. This
includes the collaboration of all major component manufacturers (chip maker) and software
houses along the supply chain of OEMs. If system chips, dedicated processors, network
interfaces, and other electronic components are not supporting the low power strategy of the
system, the equipment manufacturer has little room for improvement.
Infrastructure and service provider interaction: There is another support effort necessary.
That effort has to be made by the access network provider. Customer premises equipment is
limited in its energy efficiency efforts by the wide area network link. It is known for instance
that ADSL (G.992.3) and ADSL2+ (G.992.5) recommendations define a power management
feature including power trim steps in L2 (reduced power) and transition into L3 (idle). These
features can be initiated on the central office (CO) or remote unit. Due to the several seconds
transition time (L2) and the potential of losing data and connectivity (L3) most network
provider are not using this power management feature. Their experience with unhappy VoIP
(Voice over IP) customers cannot be denied. That does not mean however that the idea is
wrong. The provider of the access network is influencing (with the technology, network
topology, node configuration, and system setup) the energy consumption of the customer’s
equipment. If there is no traffic in the loop, the system should support low power modes.
The actual internet and TV service provider located downstream in the value chain are also
influencing the energy efficient utilization of the customer’s equipment. The known example
from the TV/STB sector is the update of the Electronic Program Guide (EPG). This download
requires energy for network availability and for the slow download due to the bandwidth
limitations. There are obviously better ways to update the EPG, but that’s not the subject of
this study. However, the service provider should develop and support more energy efficient
options for EPG and other system updates.
Interoperability and copyright issues: Power management in the PC industry works fine
because this is quite an open system. PCs need to collaborate with other devices. This
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“interoperability” and “networking” necessity is just starting gaining ground in the CE industry
due to the transition from analogue to digital media. With this transition signal and data
processing got more complex and network options increased. The CE industry is in the
process of migrating from firmware solutions to more open software solutions. This
development creates certain dangers. Important issues are “media copyrights” and “on-
demand services”. It has been argued that firmware solutions provide more security. Why is
that a power management issue? It is difficult to standardize interoperability and power
management against the background of hundreds of firmware solutions. Our point is that
standardization is an important improvement option but requires feasible development time.
Conclusion: In this section we argued that energy efficient network availability and
respective power management is system-dependent and requires a collaborative effort along
the value chain including the hardware and software suppliers as well as the network
infrastructure and application service provider.
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7.1.5 Option 1: Manual and automated activation of standby/off
Option: Manual and automated activation of standby/off (soft-off <1W)
Scope: All equipment
Reasoning: It is necessary to provide the user with a direct option for saving energy,
even if it means that he/she is losing functionality (e.g. network availability).
Specification: Hardware:
• Standby/off button (soft switch)
• Sensor pad on the equipment
Software aspects include:
• Appropriate shutdown routine
• Required user interaction such as instruction for file saving, etc. via respective top-level-menu
• Optional timer settings
Problems: In the past additional costs, stability of handling, and optical design
considerations have been the arguments for not implementing a soft-off
button.
Example: Best practice example is the soft-off switch and menu-based shutdown
routine of mobiles, personal computers, imaging equipment, and some
home gateways.
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7.1.6 Option 2: Manual activation of power-down routine
Option: Manual activation of the power-down routine (power management)
Scope: All equipment
Reasoning: The user should have the option to initiate directly and anytime a power-
down routine for saving energy but without losing a certain level of network
availability (see power down-targets). This option provides the user with a
direct capability for starting the power management. This is a new option for
more passively used products such as TVs or AV systems.
Specification: Hardware:
• Power-save button on the remote control or equipment (additional switch to the standby/off-button)
• Direct input via keypad or touch screen panel
Software:
• Top-level-menu: This indicates that user interaction (input/activation) is provided on the highest level in the menu (top-level)
• Shipment setting must allow instant use of this option
Problems: Harmonization of the software menu (top-level) including terminology,
sequence, icons, activation feedback (display), colouring, etc.5
Example: Best practice example is the menu-based power management options of
mobiles, personal computers, and imaging equipment.
5 Comment by Bruce Nordman: For electronics, the user interface is a topic researched extensively
several years ago (see: http://www.energy.ca.gov/reports/2003-10-31_500-03-012F_APP.PDF), and
the results of that work are embodied in an international standard. This can provide the basis of any
policy in this area. For example, colour meaning is clearly important for power control, and is covered
by this research and standard. For electronics products with a network connection, having the device
power down to a sleep mode (that retains connectivity) is much more likely to be acceptable to the
user than to an off mode which does not. For devices other than electronics, there is a need for
attention to user interfaces, and this likely will show the need for further standards development.
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7.1.7 Option 3: Automatic activation of power-down routine
Option: Automatic activation of the power-down routine based on a specified default
delay time of 15 minutes maximum for the idle mode duration.
Scope: All equipment
Reasoning: The best power management provides a smart system (the user might be
the weakest link in the chain). In times of inactivity (no traffic, data and signal
processing, etc.) the equipment should save energy by powering down
automatically. The power-down routine varies according to the network
availability specification of individual equipment.
Specification: The power-down is typically initiated out of an idle mode. The option includes:
• Shipment setting with automatic power down activated.
• 15 minutes maximum default delay time for shifting from idle to first low power mode. More ambitions settings 5 or 10 minutes recommended (if resume time to application is fast). However, exemptions are also possible, if overall energy efficiency is prohibited by too ambitious settings. The selection of an appropriate default delay time needs to consider the average energy demand (watt hours) for the reactivation of the system out of a particular low power mode.
• Power management menu on the top of the setup-hierarchy. Provide simple and easy access, clear instructions for the user.
Problem: Products such as game consoles and media player feature “Pause” modes.
We suggest that such “Pause” mode is considered an idle state.
Development of conformity testing and measurement procedures necessary.
For products that are typically tested according to a TEC methodology
(Energy Star) such as IE, PCs should consider modification of test method.
The TEC is in general a good approach for measuring typical energy
consumption and should be considered also for other product groups.
Suggested time to implementation 3 years.
Example: Best practice examples are mobiles, personal computers, and imaging
equipment.
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7.1.8 Option 4: Individual power management settings
Option: The equipment should provide the means for an individual power
management set-up by the user. The individual set-up options have to be
more ambitions than the power-down requirement. Setup deactivation of
functions and ports.
Scope: All equipment
Reasoning: The user should have the alternative for more ambitious power management
routines such as shorter default delay time settings, specific deactivation of
functions or ports (e.g. WLAN and other interfaces), and timer-based night
routines.
Specification: Top-level menu setting for more ambitious power management:
• Deactivation of functions or ports (e.g. ensure that user understands impact on network availability). Possibly smart deactivation could be offered (auto-detect links, deactivate all other interfaces).
• Timer-based night routines (e.g. soft-off at night with timer, automatic activation of certain network availability during daytime)
• Installation / first initialization set-up
Eco-rating of power management options:
• Menu (slide) button: Green – best, Yellow – sufficient, Red – critical
• Provide average power consumption value as information in the menu
Problem: Address the issue of “Fast Play” or “Quick Start”, and reactivation of game
consoles.6
Example: Best practice examples are mobiles, personal computers, and imaging
equipment.
6 Nintendo comment: Reactivation time is not an appropriate indicator for network availability cause it
can highly differ depending on the game that is currently played. In this case, Nintendo support the
proposal made in the Lot ENTR 3 preliminary study.
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7.1.9 Option 5: Power-down target for networking equipment
Option: Power-down target for networking equipment is LowP1, a mode that
supports high network availability. The power down routine starts from an
idle state and is triggered manually or automatically with default delay time.
Scope: Stand-alone networking equipment (non-rack), consider mission critical
server as well.
Reasoning: Although networking equipment requires the highest network availability
there are phases during the day and particularly at night when no traffic
occurs. In order to save energy during these periods networking equipment
should reduce functionality (power) to a minimum without losing high
network availability.
Specification: Technical considerations:
• Default delay time setting for idle mode duration: 15 minutes max.
• Specifications for Idle and LowP1 (product-specific)
• Design product with LAN components according to IEEE 802.3az (Energy Efficient Ethernet)
• Deactivate unused ports / wireless interfaces
• Adaptive clock speed, adaptive link rates (longer intervals)
• Consider out-of-band signalling
• Focus on power supply design
• But support Proxying for system efficiency7
Problem: Networking equipments are potential hosts for plug-in devices such as Zero
Clients and Streaming Clients. The network connection may also supply
power. Power-over-Ethernet and Power-over-USB devices have to be
addressed in conjunction with design of power management (of the host).
7 Comment by Bruce Nordmann: Options 5 and 6 propose low-power modes for network equipment
which is not a good idea. In addition, Proxying (Ecma-393) is not "interoperability with links"; rather it is
about the protocols going to devices at the edge of the network, not about the link. In any case, it is
not clear that proxying should require any more power on network equipment. Apple wireless access
points added proxying capability in 2009 through adding software, not hardware.
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7.1.10 Option 6: LowP1 average power consumption limit
Option: The high network availability mode LowP1 should not exceed an average
power consumption of 8 Wh/h.
Scope: Stand-alone networking equipment with modem (non-rack)
Consider other networking equipment and mission critical server (non-rack)
Reasoning: We consider 8 Wh/h as sufficient average power consumption for providing
high network availability. This value is based on a minimum functionality for
maintaining high network availability (signal detection and processing) at the
modem, local wired and wireless interfaces. We expect that power saving
measures need to be implemented in order to achieve this level.
Specification: The level of power consumption is influenced by the overall product configuration and various technical aspects including:
• Number, types an standard of access network modem (e.g. DSL standards, DOCSIS standards, FTTX standards, Wireless)
• Number, types an standard of local network interfaces (e.g. LAN, WLAN, USB, HDMI)
• Power supply design (e.g. switching frequency)
• IEEE 802.3az (Energy Efficient Ethernet) implementation
• Distance of network connections (network topology)
• Interoperability with links (Proxying)
Problem: Products with integrated modems / USB modems
Product with more than 4 active LAN or 4 telephone interfaces
Example:
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7.1.11 Option 7: Power-down routine for all other products
Option: The power-down routine for all other products consists of the power-down
target LowP4 with an intermediate step LowP2 (optional) for convenient use.
The power-down routine starts from an idle state and is triggered manually
or automatically with default delay time (15 minutes maximum).
Scope: All products (excl. networking equipment covered above)
Reasoning: A “one-step” power management would be an auto-power-down routine from
active/idle into standby/off. This approach loses efficiency and convenience.
Following the well established power management approach of the
computer industry we suggest a multi-step power-down routine with the final
target LowP4. The LowP2 provides medium network availability with fast
resume time to application (with a goal below 10 seconds, but up to 15
seconds may also apply). An energy budget is considered a flexible
instrument (conformity testing needs to be addressed).
Specification: LowP2:
• Power-down from idle (pause) mode after 15 minutes maximum8
8 Comment by DigitalEuope: Idle times need to be set based on the industry and product, and the 15
minute delay times used in the PC industry may not be appropriate for other products. A fundamental
portion of this calculation is what is the energy required to enter and exit the power-down routine. This
transition energy will give you the minimum amount of time the equipment must stay in the low power
mode to justify the transition energy (divide by the average power of the low power mode). If the idle
time is too short, then the overall energy may raise because transition energy dominates the low
power state energy. Given equipment with high energy transitions (e.g. printers) should be allowed to
optimize this idle timeout.
Comment by Sony Computer Entertainment: 2 hours by default with current PS3. We can not say 15
minutes is appropriate as default settings for products, game. We would like to handle game consoles
in New Lot3 and set appropriate time for APD in consideration of merchantability of game."Sony
suggests that the automatic power down time should be 1h instead of 15min, which is too low and not
realistic.
Comment by Nintendo: Auto power mode in 15 minutes is too low for the pause mode, which is
considered as an idle mode. In addition, switching on and off the console can cause soldering points
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• Medium network availability with about 10 seconds reactivation
• Typically suspend to RAM
LowP4:
• Power-down from LowP2 or if applicable from idle
• Low network availability with more than 10 seconds reactivation
• Typically suspend to disk, or full reboot after reactivation
• Low level duty cycle possible
Problem: Product with no hard disk drive or large flash memory: CE industry argues
that suspend to disk is not feasible due to limited lifetime of non-volatile
memory, reliability, form factor and sound (moving parts). In our view this
would only apply for very extreme scenarios, see Task 6 report. 9
Example: Best practice examples are mobiles and personal computers.
to fracture. For these reasons, Nintendo believe that a longer time period prior to APD is necessary. It
would be preferable for game consoles to be regulated by a product-specific measure.
9 Comment by Sony Computer Entertainment: "PS3 support WOL condition but power consumption
limit and actual value are worlds apart. We can not accept it as we need to fundamentally overhaul
architecture to comply with the limit, and the cost for it would be just about the cost of establishing new
platform. (Also the limit value is quite hard to meet, we don't think it is not the value that every product
category can meet.) We would like to handle game consoles in New Lot3 and make the requirements
relevant to its merchantability."
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7.1.12 Option 8: LowP2 energy budget
Option: Medium network availability mode LowP2 energy budget of 5 Watt hours
Scope: All products (excl. networking equipment)
Reasoning: The energy budget of 5 Wh for LowP2 is based on computer sleep mode S3
with WoL. This energy budget should allow fast reactivation over a period of
about one hour. Depending on the actual set-up higher average power
consumption is possible but over shorter time duration and vice versa.
Assuming that reactivation occurs within this time high user convenience is
maintained.
Specification: LowP2:
• Power-down from idle (pause) mode after 15 minutes maximum
• Medium network availability with about 10 seconds reactivation
• Power budget 5Wh (Note: The actual average power determines default delay time for the transition into LowP4.)
• Typically suspend to RAM
Problem: See option 7
Example: See option 7
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7.1.13 Option 9: LowP4 average power consumption limit
Option: Low network availability mode LowP4 should not exceed an average power
consumption of 2 Wh/h.
Scope: All products (excl. networking equipment)
Reasoning: We consider 2 Wh/h as sufficient average power consumption for providing
low network availability. This value is based on a minimum functionality for
maintaining signal detection at a local network wired or wireless interface.
We expect that power saving measures need to be implemented in order to
achieve this level.
Specification: LowP4:
• Power-down form LowP2 or if applicable from idle
• Low network availability with more than 10 seconds reactivation
• Average power consumption of 2Wh/h (no time limit)
• Typically suspend to disk mechanism
• Low level duty cycle possible (peaks above 2 W permitted)
Problem: See option 7
Example: See option 7
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7.2 Impacts
7.2.1 Overall Improvement Scenario
In order to assess the improvement potential an improvement scenario 2020 (ECO 2020)
was created including the following mode assumptions:
Active: Same duration and power consumption as in selected base scenario for 2020
Idle: Adjusted, 10 minutes idle per 1 hour active mode (rounded to a quarter hour),
power consumption same as in base scenario for 2020
LowP1: High network availability standby mode, 8 Wh/h
LowP2: Medium network availability mode, 2 x 5 Wh per day energy budget (this
assumption indicates two full phase of medium network availability per day)
LowP3: NoNA, not considered in the scenario
LowP4: Low network availability mode, 2 Wh/h continuously for the remaining use
phase per day
LowP5: NoNA, not considered in the scenario
The following ten product cases have been modified in the 2020 improvement scenario (ECO
2020). The other products have been not considered yet or already have multi-level power
management.
1. Home Gateway
2. Home Desktop PC
3. Home Notebook PC
4. Home NAS
5. Game Console
6. Complex TV
7. Complex STB
8. Complex Player/Recorder
9. Office Desktop PC
10. Office Notebook PC
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The Figure 3 shows the results of the improvement scenario 2020 in comparison to the
business as usual scenario 2010 and 2020. In the improvement scenario 2020 the overall
energy consumption decreases substantially from 204 TWh (BAU 2020) to 164 TWh (ECO
2020). This is an overall improvement by about 40 TWh. The main impact comes from a
significant reduction of idle duration and the utilization of the energy budget in medium
network availability mode LowP2 as a transition phase down to LowP4. The LowP4 (low
network availability standby) increased to some extent through shifting energy consumption
from other low power modes.
The comparison of the reference year scenario (BAU 2010) with the improvement scenario
(ECO 2020) also indicates an overall improvement by 8.1 TWh. This result indicates a
general positive development through the adoption of power management including low
power targets, even though device numbers and functionality offered increase.
120,34113,40 113,40
23,46
61,23
13,28
10,35
5,15
17,33
6,67
8,42
5,03
5,03
14,82
6,99
15,62
Sum: 172,48
Sum: 203,98
Sum: 164,36
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2010 2020 2020 Improved
An
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Wh
/a
Energy consumption in comparison (EU-27 in TWh/a)
LowP5
LowP4
LowP3
LowP2
LowP1
Idle
Active
Figure 3: Improvement scenario 2020 in comparison to business as usual scenario 2020
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Figure 4 below is indicating the improvement in direct comparison of BAU 2020 with ECO
2020 (all modes) with ranking of impact by products. Due to our assumption that simple
products (e.g. Simple TV, Simple STB, and Simple Player/Recorder) do not change the use
patterns, it is not surprising that some of these products are still high in the ranking.
Interesting to notice however is the positive development with respect to the Complex TV,
the Home and Office Desktop PC, and particularly the Game Consoles.
The home gateway is in the ranking of products in third place. It needs to be noticed that the
annual energy consumption of this group remains the same in both scenarios (BAU and
ECO). This is due to our general improvement assumption of 20% already in the BAU 2020
(compared to 2010 performance levels). The idle mode power consumption (as an average
2020 level) and LowP1 power consumption are practically the same with 8W in both 2020
scenarios. This coincidence does not mean that the proposed improvement option (power-
down target LowP1 for networking equipment) will not have a positive impact in the future. It
rather indicates two aspects. Firstly, home gateways with higher idle mode power
consumption (>8W) will still show improvement. Secondly, lower levels or more advanced
power management might be considered for this product group.
0,00
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100,00
150,00
200,00
250,00
2020 2020 Improved
An
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on
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to
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Wh
/a
Comparison: 2020 vs. 2020 with improved Power Management
(EU Total in TWh/a)
Simple TV
Complex TV
Home Gateway
Home Desktop PC
Office Desktop PC
Simple Player/Recorder
Complex STB
Home Notebook
Home Phones
Home Display
Compl. Player/Recorder
Simple STB
Game Consoles
Office Notebook
Office Display
Office EP Printer
Home NAS
Office Phones
Home IJ Printer
Office IJ Printer/MFD
Home EP Printer
Figure 4: Comparison of BAU 2020 with ECO 2020 with ranking of impact by products
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7.2.2 Improvement potential of individual product groups
The previous discussion of results already indicated the different impacts of the improvement
options on individual products. Figure 5 below shows a comparison of BAU 2020 and ECO
2020 without active mode. This figure provides a more detailed overview on the energy
saving with respect to all products. According to our scenarios, the most considerable
improvement potential comes from complex products (e.g. Complex TV, Complex
Player/recorder, Complex STB) and Desktop PCs, and Game Consoles.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2020 2020 Improved
An
nu
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sum
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EU
to
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in T
Wh
/a
Comparison: 2020 vs. 2020 with improved Power Management, without
active mode (EU Total in TWh/a)
Home Gateway
Simple Player/Recorder
Home Phones
Complex TV
Home Desktop PC
Simple TV
Home Notebook
Complex STB
Compl. Player/Recorder
Office Phones
Home IJ Printer
Office EP Printer
Simple STB
Office Desktop PC
Home Display
Home NAS
Office IJ Printer/MFD
Game Consoles
Office Notebook
Home EP Printer
Office Display
Figure 5: Comparison of BAU 2020 and ECO 2020 without active mode (incl. Ranking)
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 7: Improvement Potential 7-30
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The following Figure 6: Comparison of product according to improvement potential provides
a ranking of product groups with the largest improvement potential.
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
100,00
2010 2020 2020 Improved Improvement potential
Ele
ctri
city
co
nsu
mp
tio
n E
U t
ota
l in
TW
h/a
Comparison of products according to improvement potential
(EU Total in TWh/a)
Game Consoles
Complex TV
Home Desktop PC
Compl. Player/Recorder
Complex STB
Figure 6: Comparison of product according to improvement potential
Game Consoles and Complex TV show an improvement potential of more than 10 TWh
each. Both scenarios reflect a critical business-as-usual scenario (BAU) with 12h idle per
day. The consideration was that these products do not feature a dedicated power
management including low power modes with fast resume time to application. For details on
Game Consoles see Figure 7 and for Complex TV see Figure 8.
Home Desktop PCs, although assumed to have good power management already, still show
an improvement potential. For details on Home Desktop PCs see Figure 9. Figure 10 and
Figure 11 show the individual improvement potentials of Complex Player/Recorder and
Complex Set-Top-Boxes.
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2,74 2,98 2,98
2,28
14,89
0,31
0,37
0,20
0,49
Sum: 5,38
Sum: 18,07
Sum: 3,90
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
14,00
16,00
18,00
20,00
2010 2020 2020 Improved
An
nu
al e
lect
rici
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on
sum
pti
on
in T
Wh
/a
Game console - improvement potential (EU-27 in TWh/a)
LowP5
LowP4
LowP3
LowP2
LowP1
Idle
Active
Figure 7: Game Console improvement potential
4,38
28,73 28,73
14,37
1,080,60
0,29
0,96
2,07
Sum: 4,67
Sum: 44,06
Sum: 32,47
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
45,00
50,00
2010 2020 2020 Improved
An
nu
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rici
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on
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on
in T
Wh
/a
Complex TV - improvement potential (EU-27 in TWh/a)
LowP5
LowP4
LowP3
LowP2
LowP1
Idle
Active
Figure 8: Complex TV improvement potential
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10,048,77 8,77
4,78
4,18
1,04
3,77
0,52
2,00
1,93
Sum: 16,82 Sum: 16,71
Sum: 12,27
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
14,00
16,00
18,00
20,00
2010 2020 2020 Improved
An
nu
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lect
rici
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on
sum
pti
on
in T
Wh
/a
Home Desktop PC - improvement potential (EU-27 in TWh/a)
LowP5
LowP4
LowP3
LowP2
LowP1
Idle
Active
Figure 9: Home Desktop PC improvement potential
0,77
2,51 2,51
0,22
0,720,36
4,79
0,30
0,22
1,11
Sum: 1,20
Sum: 8,02
Sum: 4,28
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
6,00
7,00
8,00
9,00
10,00
2010 2020 2020 Improved
An
nu
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lect
rici
ty c
on
sum
pti
on
in T
Wh
/a
Complex Player/Recorder - improvement potential (EU-27 in TWh/a)
LowP5
LowP4
LowP3
LowP2
LowP1
Idle
Active
Figure 10: Complex Play/Recorder improvement potential
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4,494,95 4,95
3,13
0,25
0,41
1,14
0,63
1,34
Sum: 5,63
Sum: 8,71
Sum: 6,95
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
6,00
7,00
8,00
9,00
10,00
2010 2020 2020 Improved
An
nu
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lect
rici
ty c
on
sum
pti
on
in T
Wh
/a
Comples Set-top-box - improvement potential (EU-27 in TWh/a)
LowP5
LowP4
LowP3
LowP2
LowP1
Idle
Active
Figure 11: Complex STB improvement potential
Note: We encourage all stakeholders to provide comments on the scenario assumptions and
improvement options.
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7.3 Analysis of LLCC and BAT
7.3.1 Electricity costs of the improvement scenario
The cost assessment mirrors the assessment of annual energy consumption in the individual
scenarios (see Figure 12).10
24,0722,68 22,68
4,69
12,25
2,66
2,07
1,03
3,47
1,33
1,68
1,01
1,01
2,96
1,40
3,12
Sum: 34,50
Sum: 40,80
Sum: 32,87
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
45,00
50,00
2010 2020 2020 Improved
An
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s in
Bil
lio
n E
UR
Electricity costs for the selected scenarios 2010, 2020 and 2020 with
improvements (EU-27 in Billion Euro)
LowP5
LowP4
LowP3
LowP2
LowP1
Idle
Active
Figure 12: Electricity costs for selected scenarios
7.3.2 Cost Benefits
In order to calculate least life cycle costs (LLCC) specific component prices would be
necessary. Such data are not only difficult to obtain, the representative character of
components and their integration in products is questionable. We are taking a different
10 Following the publication of the draft final report and respective comments, we changed our
assumptions for the electricity costs: In 2010 the assumption is 0.17 €/kWh, in 2020 0.22 €/kWh.
According to this new assumption the cost factor in 2010 changes to 29.3 billion €/a, in 2020 to 44.9
billion €/a and in the improved scenario 2020 36.2 billion €/a.
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approach by calculating cost benefits. Cost benefits result from the comparison of annual
energy consumption for certain power levels and daily utilization. Figure 13 below shows this
approach. We have calculated the energy consumption of different power levels (from 2W to
26W) for a daily period of 12 hours (daily use) and multiplied by 0.2 EUR per resulting kWh.
This value has been multiplied by 365 days (annual use) and mapped for an overall life time
of 5 years.
If we assume that a home gateway is 12h per day at 12W idle the resulting cost after 5 years
are 52.5 EUR. If we now assume that the same product utilizes a high network availability
mode LowP1 with 8W the resulting energy costs are only 35 EUR. The cost benefit is
therefore is 17.5 EUR. This amount of money could be invested into an energy saving
LowP1 solution without increasing the life cycle costs for the customer.
This simplified approach provides us with an order of magnitude with respect to improvement
costs. In reality we have to consider R&D investments, market price development and other
risk factors. Nevertheless, the example calculation indicates a single product benefit.
Following expected feedback after publication of this draft report, we will provide on the
example of the selected product case studies a matrix of resulting cost benefits from the
improvement options.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5
Elec
tric
ity
Co
sts
in E
UR
(€
)
Annual electricity costs per power level over a daily period of 12h
2 W 4 W 6 W 8 W 10 W 12 W 14 W
16 W 18 W 20 W 22 W 24 W 26 W
Power Level:
[12h/day]
Lifetime (years)
Figure 13: Annual electricity costs per power level for 12h/day use
Data for Figure 13 are given below.
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Table 1: Annual electricity costs per power level for 12h/day use
Power
12h/day 1 2 3 4 5
2 W 1,75 3,50 5,26 7,01 8,76
4 W 3,50 7,01 10,51 14,02 17,52
6 W 5,26 10,51 15,77 21,02 26,28
8 W 7,01 14,02 21,02 28,03 35,04
10 W 8,76 17,52 26,28 35,04 43,80
12 W 10,51 21,02 31,54 42,05 52,56
14 W 12,26 24,53 36,79 49,06 61,32
16 W 14,02 28,03 42,05 56,06 70,08
18 W 15,77 31,54 47,30 63,07 78,84
20 W 17,52 35,04 52,56 70,08 87,60
22 W 19,27 38,54 57,82 77,09 96,36
24 W 21,02 42,05 63,07 84,10 105,12
26 W 22,78 45,55 68,33 91,10 113,88
Lifetime in years / Electricity Costs in EUR
As a simplification the numbers in the table can also be used to extract the cost benefit
directly, by using the power saving as the input on the left hand. A product saving an average
of 4 W over 12 hours for three years would achieve a cost benefit of 10.51 €, for example.
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EuPLot 26
Networked Standby Losses
TREN/D3/91-2007/Lot 26
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of EuP
Study funded by the European Commission
EuP Preparatory Studies
Lot 26: Networked Standby Losses
Final Report Task 8
Policy Options
Contractor:
Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration, IZM
Department Environmental and Reliability Engineering
Dr.-Ing. Nils F. Nissen
Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Contact: Tel.: +49-30-46403-132
Fax: +49-30-46403-131
Email: [email protected]
Berlin, Paris 21st June 2011
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 8: Policy Options 8-2
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Authors:
Dr. Nils F. Nissen, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Lutz Stobbe, Fraunhofer IZM
Kurt Muehmel, Bio Intelligence Service
Shailendra Mudgal, Bio Intelligence Service
Additional Contributions:
Karsten Schischke, Fraunhofer IZM
Sascha Scheiber, Fraunhofer IZM
Dr. Andreas Middendorf, Technische Universität Berlin and Fraunhofer IZM
Disclaimer
The findings presented in this document are results of the research conducted by the IZM
consortium and are not to be perceived as the opinion of the European Commission.
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Contents
8 Task 8: Policy Options ................................................................................................. 8-5
8.1 Policy Recommendation ....................................................................................... 8-5
8.1.1 Reasoning for policy recommendations ......................................................... 8-5
8.1.1.1 Product scope ........................................................................................ 8-5
8.1.1.2 Improvement of power management ...................................................... 8-7
8.1.1.3 Technical assessment ............................................................................ 8-8
8.1.1.4 User interaction and aspects ................................................................ 8-10
8.1.2 Specific policy recommendations ................................................................ 8-11
8.1.2.1 Horizontal approach ............................................................................. 8-11
8.1.2.2 Two tiers of requirements ..................................................................... 8-12
8.1.2.3 Tier 1 requirements .............................................................................. 8-13
8.1.2.4 Tier 2 requirements .............................................................................. 8-16
8.1.2.5 Information disclosure and user options ............................................... 8-17
8.1.2.6 Test procedure for measuring power consumption ............................... 8-18
8.1.2.7 Additional options and recommendations ............................................. 8-21
8.2 Impact Analysis .................................................................................................. 8-23
8.2.1 Changes to base data ................................................................................. 8-23
8.2.2 Scenario types ............................................................................................ 8-24
8.2.3 Scenario results .......................................................................................... 8-24
8.2.4 Cost calculations ......................................................................................... 8-29
8.3 Sensitivity Analysis ............................................................................................. 8-30
8.3.1 Increase of energy prices ............................................................................ 8-30
8.3.2 Variability within product groups .................................................................. 8-31
8.3.3 Products not covered, but intended to fall into the scope ............................. 8-32
8.3.4 Time dependencies of the scenarios ........................................................... 8-33
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A note on the Wh/h unit:
This recommendation uses the “watt-hours per hour” (Wh/h) unit for when describing power
consumption levels. While mathematically equivalent to watts, this unit is used to express
average power consumption over time, which must not be exceeded, rather than a strict
power threshold level. As such, if the requirement is “12 Wh/h”, then devices could exceed
12 W temporarily as long as that consumption is offset by periods below 12 W. A power
threshold of “12 W” in contrast would demand that at each point in time the measured power
consumption is below 12 W. This additional flexibility is important for networked devices,
which may need to periodically increase power consumption so as to maintain network
integrity. The Wh/h unit, a measure of average power over time, should not be confused with
Wh, a measure of energy.1
1 According to Hans-Paul Siderius this issue is addressed in EN50564 (EN62301 second edition),
which also deals with cycling loads and measures the average power over a certain period.
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8 Task 8: Policy Options
The general objective of this task report is to present a clear recommendation to the
Commission, concerning which of the several different policy options should be put in place
to address networked standby energy consumption. This recommendation is supported by
introductory remarks, which lay out the principal arguments in support of this approach.
8.1 Policy Recommendation
8.1.1 Reasoning for policy recommendations
8.1.1.1 Product scope
The principal advantage of maintaining a "horizontal" approach of Commission Regulation
(EC) No 1275/2008 is to capture new “converged” products, which often blur the lines
between traditional product categories in home and office application. This is a continuing
trend in the case of network-connected devices, where more and more non-networked
devices are gaining this functionality. Anticipating future product configurations (incl. network
technologies), and especially those “winners”, which will gain considerable market share, is
very difficult and risks missing devices with significant aggregate consumption.
Products that would need networked standby modes are in general products that offer a
networked service to a user (see Task 1). On the technical level this means that such
products provide media/file storage or player capability (e.g. considerable solid state
memory, hard disk drives, and other media disk drive options). The product also features
network technology and operation system, which supports a wake-up and activation of the
network service (e.g. start a video file from a hard disk drive or other integrated/attached
memory).
Conclusion: A horizontal approach is preferable as it would cover those products, which may
fall into the “gaps” between several existing and future vertical measures. Nevertheless,
"vertical" product-specific implementing measures could specify, where appropriate, a stricter
requirement for the networked modes of a particular product.
The product scope of a potential ecodesign implementing measure for networked standby
operating conditions could be based on the scope of Commission Regulation (EC) No
1275/2008, including the distinction between EMC classes for IT equipment. The product
scope of Regulation EC 1275/2008 does not include equipment that is not dependent on
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energy input from the mains power source.2 Battery powered products that intermittently run
connected to mains (e.g. Notebooks) should be part of a new regulation as market trends
continue to shift towards mobile devices with chargers.
Considering sources of power, the regulation should anticipate devices which receive “power
over network” such as Power over Ethernet or Power over USB. Though this technology has
relatively limited use at present, it is expected to become increasingly common as
consumers continue to seek convenience of new features added to an existing system. Also
other DC powered devices are principally in scope, should a separate DC power distribution
in home and office buildings ever catch on.345
While falling within the announced scope of this study, it was not possible to obtain specific
market and significant product data for home automation products and "white goods"
2 DIGITALEUROPE (comments from 31 may 2011) disagreed with this statement by arguing that
mobile devices have a totally different AC energy consumption model by referring to charging the
battery. While this is correct, our concern is related to portable products (such as large configured
notebooks) that are at times used with the external power supply unit connected to mains. In this
configuration the equipment should follow power management requirements same as a non-mobile
product.
3 DIGITALEUROPE further believes that: “Devices which receive their power from another device
whose primary job is not to provide power to the original device should be out of scope. However, if
the primary function of the parent USB or POE host is to provide power, then the device could be
considered in scope. For example, an Ethernet switch which receives power from a USB AC brick
would be in scope. A mouse which receives power over a USB cable connecting to a computer would
be out of scope.”
4 The Danish Energy Agency (comment from 13 May 2011) notes in that respect: “We think it will be
important to extent the scope to cover products which receive power over network (for instance
Ethernet and USB). However, mobile products which are solely operated by battery could still be
excluded. Refrigerators, freezers and air-condition equipment is not included in the scope of (EC)
1275/2008. In a medium term perspective it will probably be more common to design this kind of
equipment with network interfaces. It should therefore be considered to make network standby
requirements for white goods and similar products, when revising the regulation.”
5 This issue is also closely linked to the issue of what is a “remote trigger”, and what is an “internal
trigger”. Mr. Siderius (NL Agency) remarked in a contributing document from 31 May 2011 that
respects: “An internal counter to trigger an event does not constitute a remotely initiated trigger, nor
does a signal from a remote control that is part of the product as put on the market. Another example
of an internal trigger is a wake-up signal from the mouse or keyboard of a PC”
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providing network functionality. The conclusions of the study remain nevertheless valid for
such products, as they will use similar hardware components as other networked products.
For sensor-type products analysed in this study, it is not always apparent (for the individual
product) whether such products have external wake-up capability, or whether in most cases
they only keep the network connection and send their data on own initiative from time to
time. In any case the concepts and power consumption levels are still valid, if the basic
definition of networked standby applies (see Task 1).
8.1.1.2 Improvement of power management
On the EU total level more than 30 TWh of energy demand per year could be allocated to the
issue of network availability. This is considered a substantial energy consumption, which
potentially will increase even further. The technology trend and the “always connected”
mentality is likely to lead to an increase of such products, which potentially remain in a high
“network aware” state all of the time, despite only occasional active use.6 In particular, new
networked hybrid products and feature enhanced products not covered vertically or by
EC 1275/2008 are to be targeted. The study has outlined an accelerating market trend
towards medium to high network availability (e.g. complex products, networked services,
interoperability). Some product groups meanwhile show suboptimal technical solutions for
network availability (e.g. products remain in relatively high power “idle”, or constantly shift
into active for the wireless solutions).
The impact and benefit of an ecodesign implementing measure will depend largely on the
effective integration of networked standby mode(s) into advanced power management
schemes. The power management must not only address networked standby mode(s) with
respect to the network interface but the total hardware/software system including data
processing and respective operation system.
Some summarised findings of the study:
• Network availability and therefore networked standby is a horizontal issue. Due to the
technology progress (e.g. hardware and software) and standardized operational
principles (e.g. protocols and power management rules) network functions including
report reactivation can now be implemented in all products universally.
6 If for instance every European household (approx. 200 Million) would add only one divice, and if that
device would stay for 12 h per day (365 d/a) in a networked mode with 10 W, then we would add about
9 TWh per annum to the European energy bill.
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• Individual configuration and resulting performance of a product in conjunction with
actual services and service requirements (QoS) however may demand specific
energy conditions for providing certain functionality.7
• The key to energy efficiency nevertheless is an advanced power management for all
power states (incl. active and low power modes).
• The basic improvement strategy is to power down such system components or
functions, which are not actively required by the user (at the moment). Note that the
aspects of actively used and passively used products have been discussed at various
occasions of the study.
• The study concludes that it is not required to provide/define an exhaustive list of
functions, which are “on” or “off” in certain product states.
8.1.1.3 Technical assessment
If power management were to become mandatory for products to enter into networked low
power modes, the power down target values and in addition possibly the sequence of
powering down should be defined. Some of the arguments about power down targets and
procedures are summarised in the next paragraphs:
• The personal computer, portable computing and mobile devices industry has
developed solutions (see Task 4 and power management according to ACPI) to
provide medium network availability (MeNA) at low energy consumption. They have
introduced power management and interoperability rules that distinguish certain
active, idle and sleep states. The study indicated in that respect the close relationship
between “idle” and “networked standby” and the necessity to distinguish both power
modes (see Task 4 and 6).
• Based on the provided BAT from the computing industry we argue that considerable
networked services (e.g. file/media uploads, product status information, activation of
AV components) can be resumed from a 5 W suspend/sleep level in time of about 10
seconds. This performance is a current benchmark (see fast booting OS examples)
7 There have been various comments on this statement. DIGITALEUROPE for instance elaborates on
the issue of servers and argues that multi-client servers should be out of scope. According to CLASP
(comments from 13 May 2011): “The draft Task 8 report acknowledges this in a number of ways, but
does not take the next step of assigning power/energy to these functions. To do so would require
identifying, measuring, and rewarding these functions, and note critical technology standards relevant
to their efficient operation.”
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and indicates two things: First, smaller applications (e.g. email down load, open a
browser) should be resumed in shorter time or from lower power levels. Second,
larger applications such as media up-loads (e.g. which require readout of large
storage, complex programs, and security features to synchronize) may need longer or
more energy to maintain the resume time to application.
• Performance improvement is in that respect strongly related to chip and system level
functional integration (incl. processing, memory performance) as well as software.
Highly efficient solutions are mostly VLSI solutions with respective cost factor, which
is estimated to be 2 to 20 Euro per unit.8 As a consideration, industry should work out
a technical Roadmap showing how to deal with necessary improvement of network
standards, respective components and software (interoperability).
• High network availability (HiNA) is a feature of general network equipment and
customer premises equipment including modems, small routers, switches, and
telephone systems. Under certain conditions it could be argued that set-top-boxes
with conditional access and small server equipment with certain quality of service
requirements are HiNA.
• Technical progress provides already highly individual product configurations. It is
possible to integrated CPE functionality in any type of end-user-product. Multiple
network architectures and topologies are possible, where network options offered by
a product are under real life conditions not accessed by the user.
• The market and BAT assessment indicated that most CPE could handle high network
availability with 8 W. However, industry indicated that certain – more capable
products – with currently energy inefficient wide area network interfaces (e.g.
DOCSIS) will require considerably more energy at a range of 15 W.
• Best not yet available technology (BNAT) is a wild card. A considerable potential for
supporting advanced power management are further improved non-volatile memory
to save and restore the system state. Although existing in a large variety non-volatile
memory is still not fulfilling all necessary requirements for high speed read/write in
conjunction with high memory capacity.
8 DIGITALEUROPE remarks in that respect: “The price impact should be calculated for each device
type, and compared to the current price of the product. For some product types, the price impact may
be as high as 70 Euro per unit.” This comment by DIGITALEUROPE seems to exaggerate the cost
issue and should be based on provision of more substantial data. Industry stakeholders should prove
the financial impact on their products.
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• Network technology and interoperability standardization has a great potential for
implementing networked standby mode(s). The study concludes that current and
future standardization (including codes of conduct) needs to address power
management issues and networked standby in particular. Roadmaps addressing
technical barriers, stakeholder interaction (e.g. software updates by provider
services), and other interoperability issues are recommended as an instrument to
reduce future market risks.
• Standard test procedures for measuring the mode-specific or performance-specific
power consumption is still at a beginning. Although some activities are in progress
such as EPA Energy Star Programme on Small Networking Equipment (see Task 1)
dedicated test standards need to be defined.
8.1.1.4 User interaction and aspects
Energy efficient utilization of products with functional benefit for the user is the main objective
while networked standby has been investigated in this study. The study concludes that (the
partially existing) inefficient technical solutions for providing networked standby mode(s) will
lead to a considerable increase in overall energy consumption in the European Union. There
are legitimate networked services provided by networked standby mode(s). But the study has
also argued that in many cases (specifically in home multimedia network environment) a
remote, network-based wakeup is a technical option that provides some convenience service
for a high energy price. Against that background networked standby mode(s) has been
evaluated from both perspectives – as part of a problem and as part of a solution (see Task
4).
In conclusion, the user needs transparency with respect to the energy consumption of
networked services (networked standby mode(s)). Consumer stakeholder groups have
strongly argued that the user needs options to clearly recognize the power state and
respective power consumption. The user also needs the option to change the power
management setting so that the equipment can be put into EC1275/2008 standby or off.
Finally, changes to power management settings (whether in the eco-menu or in deeper
levels of the menu structure) must be made transparent to the user (e.g. with colour codes,
or with exemplary power consumption values) in the case they are leaving the requirement
levels of networked standby. There have been various improvement options described in
Task 7 that are linked to user choices and user interface options (see also comments by
CLASP).
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8.1.2 Specific policy recommendations
Based on the study’s findings documented in the task reports, the constant stakeholder
feedback received, the input from the stakeholder meeting, and the above considerations,
the recommendation of the study contractors follows. Note the original disclaimer in particular
for this part: this is the view and recommendation of the contractors and not of the European
Commission. Although parts of this recommendation may be taken up by the Commission for
drafting further documents, the Commission is in no way bound to endorse this proposal. It is
nevertheless the basis for a valuable feedback round (to the contractors and to the
Commission), even if this feedback may not be integrated in the final published study report.
8.1.2.1 Horizontal approach
It is recommended that a horizontal implementing measure be established covering the
power management and minimum requirements necessary for efficient networked standby.
The main intention is to ensure power management, automatic power down routines and
power down targets as broadly as possible.
It is recommended to integrate networked standby as an amendment into existing
Commission Regulation (EC) No 1275/2008 and through that maintaining the horizontal
approach and scope of Commission Regulation (EC) No 1275/2008, including the distinction
between EMC classes for IT equipment. It is recommended to differentiate specific energy
requirements primarily between:
• High Network Availability (HiNA) equipment,
• Non-HiNA equipment.
HiNA equipment is characterized by its main networking functionality, which requires
millisecond response time and instant resume of application. It is recommended to consider
100 ms as a resume time to application, meaning the time from receiving the trigger signal
until the start of output of the required task.
Stakeholder comments indicated various problems with this definition of resume time in
general (due to different types of products and their main functionality and respectively the
method to time the resumption of at least one application). DIGITALEUROPE and other
stakeholder suggested the “resume time” is the duration until the product acknowledges the
receipt of the trigger at the session level (OSI layer 5). Such a definition is, however, not
supporting the “customer perspective” – the main criteria argued throughout the Lot 26 study.
It is recommended to specify “resume time” in conjunction with test procedures and
respective standardization.
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As an orientation for the scope for HiNA equipment it is recommended to consider the
Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) definition in the current Broadband Equipment Code
of Conduct Version 4.0 published February 2011.
According to this definition, the consumer end-user CPE comprises:
• Home Gateways
• Simple Broadband Access Devices
• Home Network Infrastructure Devices
• Other Home Network Devices
Further equipment not covered by this Code of Conduct may also qualify for HiNA. Rack-
mounted, modular, provider-grade configured network equipment (see Task 1) is
recommended to be out of scope.
With respect to the non-HiNA equipment scope, it is recommended not to distinguish
product-specific energy requirements based on a specific product category (vertical
approach) but on the actual “resume time to application”. This means, that due to different
configuration and respective technical performance, one product must conform to MeNA
requirements while another product within the same product category must conform to LoNA.
8.1.2.2 Two tiers of requirements
So far, not all products with network capability have power management. In order to make
the transition manageable for industry, yet maintain a clear reduction goal also with respect
to future products, a two tiered or even three tiered (as proposed by DEA) implementation is
proposed. Tier 1 of networked standby could possibly be aligned in timing with tier 2 of the
EC 1275/2008 regulation (year 2013), which will require power management in all products
covered, with auto power down to a standby or off state (unless technical considerations,
such as a “live” network connection, prevent this). Stakeholder comments indicated that this
is too short a time period for making software and hardware design adjustments. Lot 26
takes these arguments into consideration and agrees that a feasible date for the tier 1 should
rather be the year 2014.
Tier 1 would therefore concentrate on establishing the power management for networked
products with a power down sequence, which effectively is allowed to stay in networked
standby, rather than powering down to standby or off.
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Tier 2 would then enforce stricter levels of power thresholds for the networked standby
states, corresponding to levels, which are already now achieved by many products, but not
all product types.
8.1.2.3 Tier 1 requirements
Tier 1 of the regulation is suggested to enter into force in 2014 as an amendment to the
EC 1275/2008.9 At this stage, power management would be required for all products falling
within the scope of the regulation.
It is recommended that products offering networked standby modes (i.e. reactivation over
one or more network connections), are excluded from the requirement of EC 1275/2008 to
power down into a standby or off mode. Instead, it will be allowed to remain in a defined
networked standby mode, potentially for an unlimited duration, so long as it achieves the
power consumption levels detailed below. The threshold for power consumption in networked
standby modes will depend on the classification of Network Availability and respective
resume time to application.
The power consumption values are defined in “Wh/h” to indicate that fluctuations in power
draw even above the threshold value are temporarily permitted. See measurement proposal
section for more details. The recommended threshold values are targeted at currently less
energy efficient products. Industry should be encouraged to continue the improvement of
energy performance and implement an even more ambitious power management.
It is recommended that a power down sequence will have to be activated by default, when
the equipment remains “idle” (e.g. the system stops executing any type of instruction or
applications, no active input occurs for a defined period of time, no payload traffic is
processed, a connected devices ceases to send a signal, sensors detect absence of
operator).10 This principle applies to all products including a media player that finished a
program and shifts back to the main menu.
9 This approach was first recommended by Hans-Paul Siderius (NL Agency) in the 30 May 2011 draft
document “Amending regulation 2008/1275/EC to accommodate for network standby”.
10 The definition of idle is very product specific and had been an issue throughout the study. However,
idle definitions are available in various standards and should be applied accordingly for the different
product groups. In case of passively used TV and AV products a certain delay time should be defined
after which the product switches from active into idle and then into respective low power modes. For
instance the TV regulation allows for continuous broadcasts a 4h time duration. Other products such
as media players (e.g. DVD, BluRay) can detect when the media has been played or put into “pause”.
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In order to allow for convenient use the default setting requirements for LoNA has two
phases with a total of 40 minutes, twice as long as for HiNA and MeNA. This two phase
approach is similar to the energy budget option outlined in Task 7. It is intended to create an
active power management while providing flexibility and convenience in the use of the
equipment.
Passively used products such as TVs and AV streaming clients may require a further
clarification of the start to power down. These types of products (e.g. TV, distributed
speakers and video displays) receive a broadcast signal, video or audio stream that could
run infinitely. In order to provide convenient use the power down routine should start after a
longer delay time. The TV regulation allows currently a 4 hour transition phase to auto power
down. This is a considerably long period of time and individual product set-ups should allow
for shorter periods.
In the case of products featuring a “pause” option (e.g. media player, game consoles), a 1
hour “pause” period seems to be sufficient, before the power down routine should start.
HiNA equipment requirements:
• Maximum default delay time 20 minutes
• Power down target ≤ 12 Wh/h
• Resume time to application < 100 millisecond
MeNA equipment requirements:
• Maximum default delay time 20 minutes
• Power down target ≤ 6 Wh/h
• Resume time to application ≤ 15 second (10 seconds intended resume, but with
additional time for the short introductory phase of tier 1)
LoNA equipment requirements (in two phases):
• Phase 1: Maximum default delay time 20 minutes
• Phase 1: Power down target not specified, value should however be clearly lower
than idle mode power consumption (consider 12 W as orientation)
• Phase 2: Maximum default delay time 20 minutes after start of phase 1
The countdown into Idle should start at this point and 1h period seems to be sufficient before the
products powers down into a standby mode.
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• Phase 2: Power down target ≤ 3 Wh/h
The proposed power-down routine and targets for Tier 1 (2014) are summarised in Table
8-1.
Table 8-1: Tier 1 (2014) power-down targets
Tier 1 (2014) Scope Resume Time Power Down Target Default Delay Time
Mandatory HiNA 100 milliseconds 12 Wh/h 20 Min.
Mandatory MeNA 15 seconds 6 Wh/h 20 Min.
Mandatory LoNA (Phase 1) no requirement < idle 20 Min.
Mandatory LoNA (Phase 2) no requirement 3 Wh/h 20 Min.
Further recommendations for ecodesign and standardization:
It is recommended that individual ecodesign measures focus firstly on the design of a “self
aware product” and secondly on a “network aware product”. In the first case that means that
the product should feature an operation system and components that supports power
management (e.g. demand-based wake-up and power down routines). The computer
industry has developed and implemented power management on software and hardware
level including all aspects of the product including the network technology (see technical
description in Task 4 and Best Available Technology in Task 6). The second task is to enable
the product to communicate its own status and perceive the status of the connected
products. For instance, a TV should signal a STB that it goes to standby. Thus the STB could
assume “idle” condition and also power down after 10 minutes. The same principle applies
for all networked products.
It is recommended that those network standards are implemented that already support not
only the power management of the device (e.g. ACPI and DASH) but also the interaction with
connected equipment within a network (e.g. Energy Efficient Ethernet, WiFi Power Save,
HDMI CEC). The industry should further improve reliability and interoperability of these
technologies. The problem of legacy technologies particularly in the CE sector needs to be
addressed as well.
The European Commission should therefore trigger respective standardization activities. The
task is to make power management a mandatory requirement in all network technologies and
interoperability standards. It is recommended to initiate roadmaps. Roadmaps are an
established management instrument in many industry sectors (e.g. electronic components
and manufacturing). Roadmaps improve technology planning and risk management. It helps
to evaluate technical opportunities and barriers.
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8.1.2.4 Tier 2 requirements
Tier 2 of the regulation would come into effect two years after the introduction of Tier 1,
potentially entering into force in 2016. Tier 2 defines more challenging minimum
requirements including shorter resume times to application, default delay times, and power
down target values, which could require for some product groups inter-market collaboration
and standardization efforts to a larger extent.
Current trends in technology, and specifically the BATs identified in the course of this study,
show that these stricter values are possible even for larger, full-featured products that require
fast resume time to application.
HiNA equipment requirements:
• Maximum default delay time 10 minutes
• Power down target ≤ 8 Wh/h
• Resume time to application < 100 millisecond
MeNA equipment requirements:
• Maximum default delay time 10 minutes
• Power down target ≤ 4 Wh/h
• Resume time to application ≤ 10 second
LoNA equipment requirements (in two phases):
• Phase 1: Maximum default delay time 10 minutes
• Phase 1: Power down target not specified, value should however be clearly lower
than idle mode power consumption (consider 8 W as orientation)
• Phase 2: Maximum default delay time 10 minutes after start of phase 1
• Phase 2: Power down target ≤ 2 Wh/h
The proposed power-down targets for Tier 2 (2016) are summarised in Table 8-2.
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Table 8-2: Tier 2 (2016) power-down targets
Tier 2 (2016) Scope Resume Time Power Down Target Default Delay Time
Mandatory HiNA 100 milliseconds 8 Wh/h 10 Min.
Mandatory MeNA 10 seconds 4 Wh/h 10 Min.
Mandatory LoNA (Phase 1) no requirement < idle 10 Min.
Mandatory LoNA (Phase 2) no requirement 2 Wh/h 10 Min.
8.1.2.5 Information disclosure and user options
It is recommended that manufacturers disclose in the user manual:
• Mandatory: the power consumption values and functionality of different modes in the
settings and configuration as shipped (out of the box),
• Not mandatory but recommended: Additional information on possible power
consumption for optional settings including information of the possible influence of
software updates and interoperability issues (e.g. if my device powers down does the
linked equipment acknowledge this change in status).
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It is recommended that policy measures also include the following requirements:
• Users should – except where this is inappropriate for the intended use – have the
possibility to activate a standby or off mode conforming to EC 1275/2008.
• Even though products are allowed to stay in networked standby indefinitely, users
should be able to change power management settings so that after a predefined time
networked standby mode ends and the power down sequence of EC 1275/2008 is
entered.
• Users should have the option to disable individual network interfaces such as WLAN
and others (this might be also important in conjunction with test procedures).
• Products offering at least one networked standby mode and featuring a setup menu
of some kind should offer one top level menu for eco-settings. These settings should
in particular offer access to disabling unneeded interfaces or hardware modules, and
to return to “EuP conforming” settings, if changes have been made.11
8.1.2.6 Test procedure for measuring power consumption
If a regulation specifies a specific level of energy consumption, then it must also include at
least a rudimentary explanation of the conditions, in which energy consumption should be
measured. While an international standard for such measurements is a desirable, long-term
goal, it is also a long process, which would likely not be complete before the implementation
of any regulation (see Task 1). As such, some form of “simplified measurement” is required
in the interim, between the implementation of the regulation and the creation of an
international standard.
This simplified measurement should be based on the product as it is delivered “out-of-the-
box” and following any initial (necessary) configuration required by the user. Such a
measurement would not include later changes/options to the configuration of the device nor
later changes to the hardware configuration, including the addition or removal of network
interfaces.
A simplified procedure could therefore progress along the following steps:
• Remove from packaging and connect to power source (mains, battery, power-over-
network)
11 Bruce Nordman recommended the consideration of the industry standard IEEE 1621 "Standard for
User Interface Elements in Power Control of Electronic Devices Employed in Office/Consumer
Environments“.
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• Basic configuration, until network interface is known to work
• Record pre-settings of power management
• If applicable, additionally wait until battery fully charged (fast or standard charging
should not be active during measurements)
• Put device under test into networked standby mode(s), if manually possible, else wait
beyond the maximum delay times
• Trigger external wake-up and measure resume time to application (check at least
once that external wake-up is possible)
• Measure power and timing profile without link or actual active network connection
(compare this part to CoC Broadband equipment; see proposal by Mr. Siderius
below)
• Compare power down sequence (levels and timing) with requirements
• Check documentation, user interface and other potential generic requirements
• Requirements for measurement equipment, ambient conditions etc. should be as
defined in the new "standby" measurement standard.
If a simplified procedure as outlined above would not be used, then for each network
interface kept active a controlled network environment would be needed. This would have to
ensure defined times of activity, no activity and possible duty cycles. Through this,
reproducibility could be achieved and false wakeups could be avoided. This approach would
however mean massive testing capabilities for the various network types.
In addition to the data acquisition procedure a pass / fail procedure (verification) needs to be
defined, regarding dealing with measurement uncertainty, and potential sequence of more
than one test device for borderline cases. This part would principally be aligned with the
existing EC 1275/2008 approach.
Test method for compliance testing proposed by Hans Paul Siderius:
The test method for compliance testing is crucial to deal with the issue of products having
multiple ports for different type of networks. In order to avoid dealing with multiple network
connections by allowances, which would very quickly become a very long list, the following
is proposed.
The product should comply with the required value for all types of network connection when
one network connection is present. Current types of network connections are defined in
the Lot 26 report. If one type of network connection can have various characteristics, e.g. in
speed (100 Mb vs 1000 Mb Ethernet), the product should comply in all these situations, but
may be tested only for the situation with the highest power consumption level.
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It is expected that if the product has different (types of) network connections, the other
connections/ports apart from the one that is receiving the remote trigger, will be power
managed (i.e. switched off because the connection is not used) so that the product meets
the requirements.
Wired network ports, e.g. Ethernet, USB, can easy detect whether there is a connector
attached. For wireless connections, the connections that are not used may be switched off
during the test. Since the ability to switch (wireless) connections off is a requirement for the
product, this should be no problem.
In the technical product documentation (Annex II, point 4 of the Siderius document) the
manufacturer shall indicate for each network connection the network availability, the
maximum specifications (worst case) and the (maximum) power consumption when 1 port of
this type of network connection is used. The declared power consumption need not be the
actual value when measured, it might be a value based on engineering calculations, but
when tested for compliance this value should not be exceeded (and should of course not
exceed the requirements).
Note that a port can be classified as networked port if and only if the product can be
reactivated through this port by a remotely initiated trigger (and this can be confirmed by a
test).
The compliance testing goes as follows.
1. The authorities shall test 1 single unit as follows. For each type of network
connection according to the categorization of NA in HiNA, MeNA and LoNA, where
the product has more than one port available, one port is randomly chosen (i.e. the
manufacturer can not specify which port to measure) and that port is connected to
the appropriate network complying with the maximum specification of the port. If for a
certain type of network connection only one port is available, that port is connected
to the appropriate network complying with the specification of the port. The other
ports are not connected (in case of wired connections) or switched off (in case of
wireless connections). The unit is put in the on mode and once the proper working of
the unit in the on mode is established, the unit is allowed to go into a mode with the
networked standby condition as specified for that type of connection by the
manufacturer. If no networked standby condition is specified by the manufacturer,
the product is assumed to be in a mode having the LoNA network availability after 1
hour the latest. The power consumption is measured according to the appropriate
harmonized standard (i.e. EN50564). After measuring the power consumption a
trigger signal is sent to the unit via the connected port and the resume time is
measured. If the unit meets the requirements regarding power management, power
consumption requirement (tolerance 5 %) and resume time (tolerance 10 %) in any
of these tests, the model is deemed to comply.
2. If the unit fails regarding the requirements on any of the tests under 1, the authorities
shall test another 3 units according to the procedure under 1.
If in the 3 tests the unit meets the requirement regarding power management and if
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the average value of the 3 power consumption measurements does not exceed the
power consumption requirement by more than 5 % and if the average value of the 3
resume time measurements does not exceed the specified time by more than 10 %,
the model is deemed to comply.
3. Otherwise the model shall be considered not to comply.
Example: a product with 4 Ethernet ports, 2 WiFi connections and 2 USB ports, where for
the Ethernet and USB ports the manufacturer has specified the LoNA condition, whereas for
the WiFi connections the specification is HiNA, the project is subjected to 2 tests, one for a
port with a HiNA condition and one for a port with a LoNA connection. The product shall
comply with the requirements for the various networked standby conditions relevant for each
test.
In this way the testing burden is limited whereas because in principle each port must comply
with the target value (the manufacturer does not know which port will be tested), overall
compliance is ensured.
8.1.2.7 Additional options and recommendations
Self-regulation pursuant to Annex VIII of the Ecodesign Directive 2009/125/EC appears to be
no option, as the large number of manufacturers from very different sectors placing on the
market products with networked standby operating conditions makes it difficult to fulfill the
requirements for self-regulation. In fact to date no initiative for self-regulation was suggested
by operators.
Nevertheless, a further improvement of overall energy efficiency could be achieved in the
field of customer premises equipment, if the service provided would coordinate the power
management of the equipment on the end-user-side with the service up-date profiles on the
provider side. One improvement option in Task 7 had been the utilization of timers in
conjunction with service updates. Against that background, it is recommended to develop a
Code of Conduct for network and content provider services that specifies the power
management in conjunction with remote networked services (i.e. EPG).
For some product groups integration of the energy consumption in networked standby mode
into a Typical Energy Consumption (TEC) could be considered, in order to exploit
improvement potential beyond "minimum" ecodesign requirements. Although TEC
approaches offer the best way to balance between all modes of a product (at least for one
averaged user profile) this is not viewed as a replacement for an implementing measure, but
possibly for a limited number of products as a complimentary approach (e.g. imaging
equipment and small services).
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A dedicated energy labeling measure for networked standby conditions is not considered to
be as effective for realising energy efficiency improvement potentials, as the absolute energy
consumption and energy savings per product related to such conditions is often
comparatively small, and therefore may not be an important purchasing criterion. Integration
into other labels would encourage however improvements beyond the minimum
requirements. But again, a separate new label is not proposed.
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8.2 Impact Analysis
8.2.1 Changes to base data
Following from the feedback received and the discussions in the stakeholder meeting a few
localized changes have been made to the base data assumptions. Therefore the 2010 “base
case” and the 2020 “business as usual” scenario data are slightly different in the Task 8
policy analysis from the Task 5 base case assessment.
Game Consoles
For 2010 LoNA is still considered as the dominant case. Active mode duration is assumed
with 2 hours, idle mode also with 2 hours and the remainder of the day is spent in LowP4
with a slow reactivation possibility at 12 W. The 12 W were proposed by industry
stakeholders (or 11 W in the actual proposal). 1.4 hours of idle per day were also brought up
in the feedback, but for now not entered into the calculation as this is sufficiently close to the
current 2 hours.
For 2020 MeNA is considered the dominant use, even though not all game consoles are
moving in the direction of becoming part-time multi-functional media centres. To consider this
mix of “media centre” and “gaming only” characteristics, the idle time has been reduced from
12 to 6 hours per day (compared to the original MeNA base case). The remainder of the day
is again apportioned to LowP4 with a 20% reduction forecast resulting in 9.6 W on average.
Note that the game consoles covered are already capable of media centre functionalities
(such as HD video), and this trend may increase, even though other types of game consoles
do not follow this trend.
Home Gateways
A general adjustment of the power consumption values for active, idle, and LowP1 mode was
necessary, because the study had not sufficiently considered the ongoing trend towards
high-speed broadband network access technology including FTTH, DOCSIS 3.0, and LTE.
According to the current “CoC Broadband Equipment power consumption targets for Home
Gateways” this increase in symmetric bandwidth is not leading to a continuous reduction in
power consumption (20% reduction in the previous forecast) but rather to an increase in
some cases. In the midterm, technical progress will compensate this currently negative
development. In conclusion, the assumed improvement in Task 5 has been adjusted for this
product group. In the new 2020 business-as-usual scenario we assume the same power
consumption level for active (12 W) and idle (11 W) as in the 2010 base case. No changes in
the use case have been made.
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Complex Set Top Boxes
Due to increased functionality of average complex set top boxes the value for idle mode has
been modified to 15 W. This higher power consumption considers integrated storage
capacity as a standard feature, and assumes that the storage remains powered up in idle. No
changes were made to the use patterns.
8.2.2 Scenario types
Four simplified scenarios have been developed for comparison with the 2010 base case and
are explained in Table 8-3.
Table 8-3: Scenario designations
Short scenario name Scenario description
“2010” or “2010 BC”
Base Case
Synonymous for the 2010 base case, including the
modifications explained above
“2020 BAU”
Business as Usual
2020 projection, which includes a general 20% improvement of
average power consumption levels for all product groups and
all modes
“2020 BAU+20%”
BAU without general
improvement assumption
A 2020 projection without the general 20% improvement in
power consumption. Since use patterns and product numbers
are unchanged this is not yet a worst case scenario, but
serves as an indication for a worst case possibility, if no action
were taken.
“2020 Tier 1”
Only tier 1 considered
A simplified policy effect scenario, by assuming that all 2020
products achieve tier 1 requirements or better. The basis is
“2020 BAU” not “2020 BAU+20%”.
“2020 Tier 2”
Tier 2 considered for all
products
A simplified policy effect scenario, by assuming that all 2020
products achieve tier 2 requirements or better. The basis is
“2020 BAU” not “2020 BAU+20%”.
8.2.3 Scenario results
The following Figure 8-1 is showing the mode-specific power consumption of the four
scenarios (2020 BAU, 2020 BAU+20%, 2020 Tier 1, 2020 Tier 2) in comparison to the 2010
base case.
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120,34 114,78
141,75
114,78 114,78
23,89
59,53
70,58
13,30 7,59
18,3414,92
5,15
17,34
21,49
20,98
17,708,42
5,03
6,29
16,65
8,70
10,87
10,31
9,14
Sum: 174,72
Sum: 205,38
Sum: 250,98
Sum: 177,70
Sum: 164,14
0,00
50,00
100,00
150,00
200,00
250,00
300,00
2010 BC 2020 BAU 2020 BAU +20% 2020 Tier 1 2020 Tier 2
An
nu
al e
lect
rici
ty c
on
sum
pti
on
in T
Wh
/a
Energy consumption in comparison (EU-27 in TWh/a)
Total
LowP5
LowP4
LowP3
LowP2
LowP1
Idle
Active
Figure 8-1 Base case and scenarios annual energy consumption
The 2020 BAU and 2020 BAU+20% scenarios are showing a considerable increase in total
energy consumption in comparison to the 2010 base case. With constant use pattern
assumptions and constant market data assumptions the 2020 BAU+20% scenario consumes
an additional 45 TWh compared to the 2020 BAU scenario (without active mode it is an
additional 19 TWh). This shows the magnitude of increase, which could happen in addition to
the business as usual. However, a “realistic worst case” would have to include some
expected improvements (but not 20% for all products in all modes), which might then be
offset by even more time share of networked standby (“always connected”) and potentially
higher product sales for some network intensive product groups.
In the mix of these effects the 2020 BAU+20% scenario is useful to display what could
happen, if no regulation is implemented and no further efforts are pursued to increase energy
efficiency of the covered product groups.
The Tier 1 and Tier 2 improvement scenarios are showing the effect of an implemented
power management. Although this is a simplification of reality, it nevertheless indicates the
significant effect of the proposed policy measures. When taking the 205 TWh of the 2020
BAU scenario as a benchmark, the Tier 1 measures are reducing the overall energy
consumption by almost 28 TWh and the Tier 2 measures by about 41 TWh. These scenarios
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are assuming that all products in stock in 2020 were to comply with the proposed Tier 1
regulation or Tier 2.
Note, that if Tier 2 is in force starting in 2016, not all products will have been exchanged by
2020, so the error is in principle bigger than for the Tier 1 scenario (the values would on
average be achieved later). On the other hand, if Tier 1 does precede Tier 2 as proposed,
then the worst performing products will already have had a few years to work on their
mandatory power management routines.
Figure 8-2 and Figure 8-2 below show the simplified effect of Tier 1 and Tier 2 regulation in
2020 without the contribution of active mode and broken down by product groups. The effect
of the regulation varies according to the selected product groups and in between the Tier 1
and Tier 2. For example, the effects on Home Gateways are show considerably larger effect
in the Tier 2 implementation scenario. For other products the difference between Tier 1 and
Tier 2 is rather small due to the existing good level of energy efficiency. The Game Consoles
show a considerable improvement in this first tier due to the introduction of power
management.
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
100,00
2020 BAU 2020 Tier 1
An
nu
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rici
ty c
on
sum
pti
on
EU
to
tal
in T
Wh
/a
All products w/o active mode 2020 BAU vs. 2020 Tier 1
(EU Total in TWh/a)
Home Desktop PC
Home Notebook
Home Display
Home NAS
Home IJ Printer
Home EP Printer
Home Phones
Home Gateway
Simple TV
Simple STB
Complex TV
Complex STB
Simple Player/Recorder
Compl. Player/Recorder
Game Consoles
Office Desktop PC
Office Notebook
Office Display
Office IJ Printer/MFD
Office EP Printer
Office Phones
Figure 8-2 Simplified effect of Tier 1 regulation in 2020 without the contribution of active
mode (broken down by product groups)
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2020 BAU 2020 Tier 2
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All products w/o active mode 2020 BAU vs. 2020 Tier 2
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Home Desktop PC
Home Notebook
Home Display
Home NAS
Home IJ Printer
Home EP Printer
Home Phones
Home Gateway
Simple TV
Simple STB
Complex TV
Complex STB
Simple Player/Recorder
Compl. Player/Recorder
Game Consoles
Office Desktop PC
Office Notebook
Office Display
Office IJ Printer/MFD
Office EP Printer
Office Phones
Figure 8-3 Simplified effect of Tier 2 regulation in 2020 without the contribution of active
mode (broken down by product groups)
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Table 8-4: Ranking of product groups according to improvement from 2020 BAU to Tier 2
11 Complex TV 0,29 15,32 19,16 5,42 3,92
15 Game Consoles 4,47 9,35 11,69 2,28 1,23
8 Home Gateway 7,17 15,36 15,36 14,39 9,92
1 Home Desktop PC 6,78 7,94 9,88 6,05 4,68
12 Complex STB 1,14 5,33 6,66 3,12 2,23
14 Compl. Player/Recorder 0,44 5,51 6,88 3,77 2,45
13 Simple Player/Recorder 9,10 5,44 6,80 3,90 2,78
16 Office Desktop PC 2,64 2,97 3,70 2,37 1,64
2 Home Notebook 1,58 3,31 4,10 2,69 2,38
4 Home NAS 0,91 2,23 2,78 2,05 1,69
20 Office EP Printer 1,43 1,37 1,71 1,08 0,92
17 Office Notebook 0,89 1,32 1,64 1,10 0,87
6 Home EP Printer 0,40 0,45 0,56 0,24 0,19
5 Home IJ Printer 1,66 1,47 1,83 1,22 1,22
3 Home Display 0,86 1,26 1,51 1,26 1,26
7 Home Phones 3,96 4,61 5,76 4,61 4,61
9 Simple TV 5,61 2,87 3,59 2,87 2,87
10 Simple STB 2,09 1,36 1,71 1,36 1,36
18 Office Display 0,26 0,44 0,55 0,44 0,44
19 Office IJ Printer/MFD 0,91 1,06 1,32 1,06 1,06
21 Office Phones 1,80 1,63 2,04 1,63 1,63
54,39 90,60 109,23 62,92 49,36
Item No. Product Category
Total:
Total
2010 BC 2020 BAU2020
BAU+20%2020 Tier 1 2020 Tier 2
Table 8-4 above shows a ranking of the product groups with respect to the largest reduction
in power consumption (all modes with active). This ranking is based on the comparison of the
2020 BAU scenario with the 2020 Tier 2 scenario. This direct comparison of individual
product groups indicates that the proposed measures would have an effect with respect to
those products that have been identified in the study as products with improvement potential.
Table 8-5 summarises the scenarios without the contributions from active modes.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 8: Policy Options 8-29
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Table 8-5: Scenario comparison (without active mode, in TWh for EU-27)
2010 BC 2020 BAU 2020 BAU+20% 2020 Tier 1 2020 Tier 2
Total 54.39 90.60 109.23 62.92 49.36
Difference to 2010 BC +36.22 +54.85 +8.54 -5.03
Difference to 2020 BAU -36.22 +18.63 -27.68 -41.25
8.2.4 Cost calculations
Figure 8-4 shows the electricity costs associated with the non-active power consumption.
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Electricity costs with price increase scenario without active mode
(EU-27, in Billion Euros)
Electricity costs
Figure 8-4 Electricity costs for all scenarios (without active mode)
The relevant estimated savings amount to 6 billion Euros for Tier 1 in comparison to 2020
BAU and 9 billion Euros for Tier 2 respectively.
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 8: Policy Options 8-30
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8.3 Sensitivity Analysis
In order to develop a manageable policy scenario, certain assumptions need to be made and
some influences must be excluded from the analysis. In particular, this analysis does not
take fully into account the following factors:
• Increase of energy prices;
• The general economical situation in the EU influencing the capital spending of the
consumers and the price awareness with respect the products full life cycle;
• Variability within product groups;
o in terms of variations in the real use pattern, including the possible changes to
power management settings, or disconnection from the network;
o in terms of differences in features, performance and available modes; the
average power consumption will change accordingly, we need to assume that
energy improvements on the component level will be over-compensated by an
increase in functionality;
o in terms of home and office network architecture including network standards,
physical components, organization and policy rules (configuration)
• Products not covered, but intended to fall into the scope of the regulation;
• The time dependencies of the scenarios, this includes the dynamics of technology
migration on product and provider network infrastructure (e.g. shift to FTTH).
In order to understand the potential impact of these factors, this section will perform a
sensitivity analysis along some of the aspects. This analysis will provide the stakeholders
and the European Commission with a clearer understanding of the factors, which could have
an effect on the efficacy of the proposed policy recommendations.
8.3.1 Increase of energy prices
The base cases calculated in Tasks 7 and 8 assume a fixed energy price. That said, it is
expected that energy prices will continue their gradual trend upwards. The influencing factors
are e.g. the ongoing increase in fuel prices, the discussion on nuclear power, the rollout of
renewable energy and the necessary investments for new and smart energy distribution
networks. A likely scenario is a 25% increase in average energy price. There would be two
principle outcomes of such an increase, which are relevant to this study:
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• the cost savings that consumers enjoy as a result of using more efficient products will
increase;
• the potential increase in product prices resulting from redesigns or additional
components would be allowed to be higher without endangering the cost of
ownership net benefit to the consumer.
In order to demonstrate the scale of this impact, Figure 8-5 below illustrates the results of an
increase in 2020 electricity prices from 0.22€ per kWh to 0.25€ per kWh. The scenarios
calculated above in Task 8 showed a savings to consumers of 9 billion € for “2020 Tier 2”
relative to “2020 BAU”, while this scenario, with its higher electricity prices, shows a savings
of more than 10 billion €, an increase of 1.3 billion €.
9,25
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Electricity costs with alternative price increase scenario without active mode
(EU-27, in Billion Euros)
Electricity costs
Electricity costs - alternative
increase
Figure 8-5 Electricity costs for all scenarios with alternative electricity costs in 2020
While the arithmetic is almost trivial (when all 2020 costs rise by 13% then the savings also
increase by 13%), the potential additional savings could be reinvested into the necessary
power saving technologies.
8.3.2 Variability within product groups
The mix of 21 different product groups ensues that a wide range of network technologies,
services, user behaviours, and technical developments are accurately modelled. Within each
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product group it is assumed that all products and users are equal. While this is clearly a
simplification of real-world users and behaviours, it is necessary in order to have a
manageable data set and calculations.
It is important that the European Commission takes this variability into account when
developing and implementing a regulation, especially as some of the underlying assumptions
have been challenged by manufacturers and interest groups. In some cases, this has led the
project team to revise its models, though in others the model is not able to integrate
particularly complex (i.e. differentiated) use patterns or highly variable product performance
within a single product group (i.e. imaging equipment). Furthermore, the changes in user
behaviour out to 2020 are particularly difficult to predict and remain a point of uncertainty.
Another uncertainty with respect to the scenario assumptions is the actual design of home
and office network architecture including the applied network standards, physical
components, organization, and policy rules. The dynamic technical development with respect
to network standards (i.e. Ethernet over HDMI), and the option to create multiple parallel
networks or consolidate existing networks into one architecture is increasing options of how
equipment is applied in real life situation.
Despite this general uncertainty, it is possible to make an informed estimation of how use
patterns will likely evolve over time. As such, the scenarios developed in this study use only
modes, which either currently exists or which are assumed to be available in products by
2020. These modes are generally networked standby modes, which would tend to increase
convenience to consumers. Assuming that these modes actually exist in 2020, it is
reasonable to assume that consumers will continue their trend towards higher network
availability, shifting usage patterns towards more connectedness. The projected use patterns
used in the scenarios take into account that a portion of users might defect from the general
trend and power down their devices completely, rather than leaving them in a networked
standby mode. However, the general trend towards “always connected” and “always
available” is nevertheless dominant.
While efficiency improvements will be the primary measure to tackle the increased energy
consumption brought on by these changes in behaviour and expectations, efforts to change
user behaviour and expectations for the network availability of their products should also be
considered complementary to purely technical efficiency increases.
8.3.3 Products not covered, but intended to fall into the scope
The horizontal approach of the ENER Lot 26 study is particularly challenging in terms of
product and market data. The study assumed a hybrid approach by selecting 21
representative product groups. These cover 2 billion products in the market. This approach is
by necessity a simplification of reality. However, the authors like to point out again, that the
ENER Lot 26 Final Task 8: Policy Options 8-33
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EU total product stock is in reality larger than the EU total referred to in the base case
assessment and related scenarios. With respect to future policy measures this means that
more products will eventually be covered increasing the overall energy figures.
For example, white goods were not included in the study calculations as there were not a
sufficient number of examples on the market to be able to create a useful base case. That
said, as these tend to be larger devices with greater levels of energy consumption, there is a
risk that they would find it difficult to meet the requirements. For some product types, where
these products will be relatively new to the market with network capabilities in 2013 and
2016, the designers may not have had the time and experience required to develop an
optimised and efficient product, making compliance more of a challenge. On the other hand
even in the white goods sector many test generations of networked appliances have already
been demonstrated.
Other products wanting to expand into network availability at a later stage will be able to
make use of even more efficient, integrated communication modules, so late hybridisation is
not a reason for not achieving the power level requirements.
For transparency of this study it was decided to elaborate and declare all totals based on the
21 product groups without adding an overhead for networked devices principally in scope but
not covered by the calculations.
8.3.4 Time dependencies of the scenarios
As with other factors, the analytical model developed in this study simplifies factors related to
time as well. For example, the rate at which existing products are exchanged for more
efficient products is a simple linear rate for the base scenario and does not take into account
other rapid advances, which could take place. For the Tier 1 and more specifically for the
Tier 2 scenario the 2020 values assume even faster stock replacement than the standard
linear models. However, as has been discussed with the scenarios above, the numerical
deviation is assumed to be smaller than other uncertainties.