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EU WILDLIFE TRADE 2016Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES 2016

EU Wildlife Trade 2016

CONTENTS

Executive Summary 1

1. Introduction 3

2. Overview of CITES trade 4

3. Species showing noteworthy trends 13

4. Value of EU trade 37

Annex A: Supplementary information 45

Annex B: Methodology 48

Annex C: Additional species selected 50

EU Wildlife Trade 2016: Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES 2016Prepared for: The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E - Global & Regional Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. – Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements, Brussels, Belgium.

Published: May 2018.

Copyright: European Commission 2018.

Citation: UNEP-WCMC. 2018. EU Wildlife Trade 2016: Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES 2016.

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Executive summary 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report provides a detailed analysis of the trade data submitted by EU Member States and candidate countries in their annual reports for 2016.

The EU continued to be a key importing market for international wildlife trade, with approximately 95 000 import transactions reported in 2016, over one quarter of all import transactions reported globally. Almost three quarters of the 3200 taxa imported by the EU in 2016 were plants and the vast majority of imports were for commercial purposes. Live ornamental plants were the commodity imported in the highest quantities by the EU in 2016, predominantly consisting of wild-sourced snowdrops (Galanthus spp.) and artificially propagated cacti, cycads and orchids. Other notable imports of plants included artificially propagated stems from sago palm (Cycas revoluta), leaves from Rhipsalis, bark from African cherry (Prunus africana) and wax from candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica). Reptile skins and small manufactured reptile leather products for the fashion industry, were also imported in high levels in 2016.

The EU reported 314 000 export and re-export transactions in 2016, representing slightly lower levels than were reported in 2015. The majority (70%) of these transactions were captive-produced and, similarly to imports, the majority of the 2006 different taxa involved were plants. Prominent exports included live artificially propagated plants exported by the Netherlands, mainly comprising moth orchid (Phalaenopsis spp.), snowdrops and cacti. High levels of captive-bred meat and bodies from sturgeon (Acipenser spp.) were also directly exported in 2016. Wild-sourced re-exports include snowdrops, American alligator skins (Alligator mississippiensis), bark from African cherry, extract from cape aloe (Aloe ferox) and wax from candelilla. As reported in previous years, the main wild-sourced direct export was live small giant clam exported by France (overseas territories) to the United States.

In 2016, candidate countries primarily reported import of wild-sourced reptile skins and small leather products (mostly from wild-sourced python and American alligator), live captive-bred parrots (Psittacidae), and African cherry extract. Exports reported by candidate countries predominantly comprised (re-)exports of live wild-sourced snowdrops to the Netherlands.

Species levels were assessed against ‘noteworthy trends’ criteria based on the methodology that was used in the CITES Review of Significant Trade selection process post-CoP 17. In particular, species were selected on the basis of high volume, high volume (globally threatened), sharp increase (global), sharp increase (country level) or trade in endangered species. In 2016, 89 taxa imported into the EU as wild-sourced or ranched specimens showed noteworthy trends. Of these, 40 are discussed in further detail in this report. The majority of these were corals, followed by reptiles and plants.

In 2016, the estimated financial value of EU imports of CITES-listed animals was EUR 1430 million, an increase of approximately one third compared to 2015. This value was primarily made up of American alligator small leather products, raw corals and reptile skins. The estimated financial value of animal exports from the EU was approximately EUR 1700 million, of which the vast majority of value was from reptile leather products (83%). The value of plant imports in 2016 increased by 5% compared to 2015, to approximately EUR 240 million, while estimates of plant export values in 2016 increased one third compared to 2015 to EUR 278 million. African cherry bark, candelilla wax and afromosia (Pericopsis elata) timber accounted for 57% of the total import value, while almost all of the value of plant exports in 2016 was due to the export of live plants from the Netherlands.

2Am

erican alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

1. INTRODUCTIONThis report provides a comprehensive overview of international wildlife trade by EU Member States and candidate countries1 in 2016 (Figure 1.1). The aim of this analysis is to inform future trade management in the EU, in order to ensure that international trade in wildlife is sustainable.

The report comprises a broad overview of the EU and candidate countries’ trade in 2016; a detailed analysis of species showing noteworthy trends in imports of wild-sourced and ranched specimens, including analysis of those species listed in the EU Annexes but not included in the CITES Appendices, and the economic value of EU imports and exports in 2016.

Species under international trade management are listed in the Appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Annexes of the EU

Wildlife Trade Regulations,2 which enforce CITES in the EU. Member States of the European Union (EU) are required to submit annual reports detailing their trade in species listed in the CITES Appendices and the Annexes of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations. This analysis is based on trade data reported by EU Member States and candidate countries in their annual reports to CITES which was downloaded from the CITES Trade Database (trade.cites.org) on 19th January 2018. The analysis contains data from all 28 Member States and the three candidate countries (The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (hereafter referred to as FYR Macedonia), Serbia and Turkey) that had submitted their annual reports for 2016 at the time of data extraction. Further details of the data included, including details of the basis of compilation of annual reports, can be found in Annex A.

Figure 1.1: EU Member States (28, in blue) and candidate countries (five, in green) in 2016. Overseas territories outside the European region are not shown.

1 Five countries were candidate countries to the EU in 2016.2 During 2016, the relevant EU Wildlife Trade Regulations were Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 amended by (EU) No 1158/2012, and Implementing Regulation (EC) No 865/2006 amended by (EC) No 100/2008, (EU) No 791/2012 and (EU) No 792/2012.

Introduction 3

American alligator (Alligator m

ississippiensis)

http://trade.cites.org


2. OVERVIEW OF CITES TRADEThis chapter provides a general overview of international trade in CITES-listed species in the EU, first focussing on imports and then on exports. In both cases direct and indirect trade are considered together unless otherwise specified. More detailed insights into

particular species showing patterns of noteworthy trade are presented in Chapter 3. An overview of CITES-listed trade between candidate countries and the EU is also provided below.

EU Member States

ImportsThe EU is a key import market for international trade in CITES listed species. In 2016, EU importers reported almost 95 000 import transactions, representing a slight decrease in comparison to 2015. When considered in the global context, EU-reported import transactions accounted for over one quarter of transactions reported globally in 2016. As in previous years, almost all transactions were reported for commercial purposes (93%). In 2016, 3208 different taxa were imported into the EU, predominantly plants (73%).

Imports into the EU in 2016 comprised approximately 22 million items which could be equated to one individual3 (Figure 2.1) and 3.3 million kg of commodities reported by weight (Figure 2.2). Key commodities imported by the EU are summarised in Table 2.1 and included:

• Live ornamental plants, totalling almost 20 million plants, predominantly wild-sourced green snowdrop (Galanthus woronowii). All live snowdrops were imported by the Netherlands, primarily originating in Georgia. Other live plants were predominantly artificially propagated, including cycads from Honduras, cacti from China and orchids from Taiwan, Province of China (hereafter referred to as Taiwan, PoC) and Thailand;

• More than 1 million reptile skins for commercial purposes, including wild-sourced American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) from the United States of America (hereafter referred to as United States), wild-sourced Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator) from Indonesia and ranched Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), predominantly from Zimbabwe;

• Almost 1 million kg of wild-sourced African cherry (Prunus africana) bark imported by France and Spain for commercial purposes, mostly from Cameroon; and

• 650 000 kg of wild-sourced candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica) wax from Mexico for commercial purposes.

In addition, large quantities of commodities reported by number which do not equate to one individual were imported in 2016 (Table 2.1):

• Over 1.4 million artificially propagated leaves from sago palm (Cycas revoluta) and ~ 1.6 million artificially propagated stems from the genus Rhipsalis for commercial purposes; and

• Approximately 861 000 reptile small leather products predominantly imported by France. The majority of these small leather products were wild-sourced alligator imported for commercial purposes.

Candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica)

3 Trade in skins, skulls, bodies, trophies and live reported without a unit.

Overview of CITES trade 5

Figure 2.1: Main groups imported as number of individuals (live, skins, skulls, bodies, trophies) in millions, in 2016. Total = 22 million individuals. Plotted data represents 98% of trade reported as individuals.


ississippiensis)


Figure 2.2: Main groups imported by weight (in tonnes) in 2016. Total = 3300 tonnes. Plotted data represents 96% of trade reported by weight.

Sago palm (Cycas revoluta)


Figure 2.3: Main groups directly imported by the EU from each of the six CITES regions. Groups are ordered by trade volumes shaded by source black: >75% captive-bred/artificially propagated; blue: >75% wild, grey: >75% ranched.

Table 2.1: Imports of commodities by the EU in quantities greater than 500 000 units in 2016, by group (all sources excluding I). Source code A = artificially propagated, F = captive born, W = wild-sourced.

Term (unit) Quantity imported

Main source

Trend 2015-2016

No. taxa involved

Main (re-)exporter Main taxa in trade (%)

Live plant 19674345 W (64%) 23%- 2240 Turkey (74%) Green snowdrop (Galanthus woronowii) (74%)

Plant stems 1973903 A (>99%) 26%- 23 Tanzania (79%) Mistletoe cactus (Rhipsalis baccifera) (34%)

Plant leaves 1424778 A (>99%) 20%- 17 Costa Rica (99%) Sago palm (Cycas revoluta) (99%)

Reptile skins 1098518 W (71%) 2%- 26 United States (35%) American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) (41%)

Bark (kg) 997501 W (100%) 23%+ 1 Cameroon (73%) African cherry (Prunus africana) (100%)

Reptile small leather products 860925 W (90%) 11%- 24 Switzerland (48%) American alligator

(Alligator mississippiensis) (82%)

Plant wax (kg) 645713 W (100%) 78%+ 1 Mexico (79%) Candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica) (100%)

Live coral 505530 F (52%) 17%- 156 Indonesia (65%) Acropora spp. (28%)

Figure 2.3 shows the main EU imports from the six CITES regions:


ExportsThe EU is a key exporter of CITES-listed species, accounting for 56% of global exports (direct and indirect). In 2016, EU countries reported almost 314 000 export transactions, of which 52% were re-exports. This represents a slight decrease in comparison to 2015. Over 70% of transactions related to captive produced or artificially-propagated trade (Sources ‘A’, ‘C’, ‘D’ and ‘F’) and 27% were wild-sourced. In 2016, 2006 different taxa were exported by the EU, over half of which were plants (59%).

Exports by the EU in 2016 comprised approximately 17.6 million items which could be equated to one individual4 (Figure 2.3) and 539 tonnes of commodities reported by weight (Figure 2.4). Key commodities exported by the EU are summarised in Table 2.2 and included:

• 8.8 million live, artificially propagated orchids, 93% of which were moth orchid hybrids (Phalaenopsis hybrid) primarily exported to Norway (2.2. million) and Turkey (1.7 million).

• Over 4.7 million live, artificially propagated cacti, primarily exported to Turkey (1.5 million) and the Republic of Korea (0.7 million).

• Over 1.5 million artificially propagated live snowdrops (Galanthus spp.), predominantly G. ikariae and the common snowdrop (G. nivalis), exported for commercial purposes, and primarily exported to the United States (0.8 million).

• Captive-bred sturgeon meat and bodies (approx. 214 000 kg) exported for commercial purposes, mainly exported to Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan and Belarus.

Additionally, there were notable levels of exports that did not equate to one individual, including:- Reptile leather products (2.2 million), of which two

thirds comprised wild-sourced American alligator and were primarily re-exported to Switzerland.

- Reptile skin pieces (~854 500) which predominantly involved wild-sourced American alligator skin pieces destined for Tunisia and Mauritius for commercial purposes.

Similarly to 2015 and previous years, when direct wild-sourced trade from the EU is considered, the main species directly exported was the small giant clam (Tridacna maxima), with over 10 700 live clams exported by France5 for commercial purposes in 2016, predominantly to the United States. Wild-sourced direct exports of Critically Endangered or Endangered species (according to the IUCN) solely comprised very low levels of specimens of turtles (Cheloniidae), European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) for scientific purposes.

As reported in previous years, exports of Annex A species predominantly consisted of artificially propagated live orchids, cacti seeds and captive-bred live Hermann’s tortoise (Testudo hermanni).

Hermann's tortoise

(Testudo hermanni)

Small giant clam

(Tridacna maxim

a)

4 Trade in skins, skulls, bodies, trophies and live reported without a unit.5 Tridacna maxima is native to French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Réunion.


Figure 2.4: Main groups exported as number of individuals (live, skins, skulls, bodies or trophies) in millions, in 2016. Total = 17.58 million individuals. Plotted data represents 96% of trade as individuals.

Figure 2.5: Main groups exported by weight (in tonnes) in 2016. Total = 538.50 tonnes. Plotted data represents 97% of trade by weight.


Figure 2.6 shows the main trade routes for direct exports from the EU to each of the six CITES regions:

Table 2.2: (Re-)exports of commodities by the EU in quantities greater than 100 000 units in 2016, by group (all sources excluding I). Source code A = artificially propagated, C = captive bred, F = captive born, W = wild-sourced.

Term Quantity (re-)exported

Main source

Trend 2015-2016

No. taxa involved

Main destination Main taxa in trade (%)

Live plants 16837488 A (96%) 26%+ 1119 Turkey (21%) Moth orchid hybrid (Phalaenopsis hybrid) (49%)

Reptile small leather products 2200276 W (74%) 2%- 30 Switzerland (52%) American alligator

(Alligator mississippiensis) (76%)

Reptile skin pieces 854512 W (99%) 10%- 12 Tunisia (33%) American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) (98%)

Plant medicine 419367 A (94%) 28%+ 3 United States (81%) Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) (91%)

Reptile skins 366312 W (67%) 105%+ 21 Mexico (42% American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) (32%)

Live fish eggs 290000 C (90%) 69%- 4 Madagascar (62%) Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) (46%)

Live invertebrates 202633 C (75%) 14%+ 14 United States (51%) Medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) (62%)

Reptile derivatives 181055 F (92%) 7%+ 1 United States (23%) Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii) (100%)

Fish meat (kg) 138763 C (>99%) 124%+ 4 Georgia (28%) Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) (37%)

Figure 2.6: Main groups directly exported by the EU from each of the 6 CITES regions. Groups are ordered by trade volume. All trade was >75% captive-bred/artificially propagated. Arrow width denotes relative volumes.


Elephant ivory case study 2016Ivory trade is a high profile topic within the EU, with the EU holding public consultations on the sale of ivory.6 The EU Wildlife Trade Regulations impose strict measures on trade in products from species listed in Annex A of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, including Annex A ivory.7 These measures adopted by the EU are stricter than CITES provisions.

The majority of re-exports from the EU of worked and unworked ivory products8 in 2016 were pre-convention (98% of re-export transactions). When considering global trade in pre-Convention ivory in 2016, EU re-exporters accounted for 73% of transactions. The number of EU re-export transactions of pre-convention ivory declined 36% during the five year period from 2217 transactions in 2012 to 1416 in 2016, while the proportion of pre-convention global ivory transactions reported by the EU increased from 66% in 2012 to 73% in 2016. Key import markets of pre-convention ivory from the EU in 2016 were Asia (most notably Hong Kong, SAR (32%) and China (14%)) and Switzerland (10%).

The EU re-exported 420 pre-convention tusks in 2016, equating to at least 210 elephants. Re-exports of tusks in 2016 were lower than in 2014 and 2015 (600 and 637 tusks, respectively). Belgium (48%), Portugal (25%) and Spain (23%) were the main re-exporters of this trade, with nearly all tusks re-exported to Hong Kong, SAR (94%). Very low quantities of ivory pieces were also re-exported in 2016 (0.5 kg and 9 pieces), compared to an average of 178 kg and 279 pieces re-exported annually 2012-2016.

Pre-convention worked ivory products re-exported from the EU in 2016 were mainly ivory carvings (1525) and piano keys (6530). The United Kingdom was the main re-exporter of these products in 2016, with ivory carvings mainly destined for China and piano keys for Mexico. The majority of re-export transactions of worked ivory products in 2016 were for commercial purposes (70%).

In addition to trade reported as pre-Convention, the EU also reported very low levels of wild-sourced re-exports of ivory products in 2016, comprising 11 ivory carvings, five tusks and one ivory piece.

6 Public consultation on ivory trade in the EU: https://ec.europa.eu/info/consultations/public-consultation-ivory-trade-eu_en; 7 Commission Notice Guidance Document covering the EU regime governing intra-EU trade and re-export of ivory (2017/C 154/06) states that the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations provide the following guidelines for ivory trade: “Intra-EU trade and the re-export of ivory for commercial purposes are only permitted under the following conditions: • Intra-EU trade is authorised for ivory items imported into the EU before the elephant species was listed in Appendix I of CITES (18 January 1990 for African

elephant and 1 July 1975 for Asian elephant). Intra-EU trade can only occur if a certificate has been issued to this effect by the relevant EU Member State, except for ‘worked specimens’ (see definition below) acquired before 3 March 1947, which can be traded in the EU without a certificate.

7 • Re-export from the EU is authorised for ivory specimens acquired before the date on which CITES became applicable to them, i.e. 26 February 1976 for African elephants and 1 July 1975 for Asian elephants.

8 Trade reported in Elephantidae species as the following terms: carvings, ivory carvings, ivory pieces, jewellery, jewellery-ivory, piano keys and tusks.

African elephant (Loxodonta africana)

https://ec.europa.eu/info/consultations/public-consultation-ivory-trade-eu_en;


Candidate countriesImportsApproximately 4000 transactions involving CITES-listed species were reported by Turkey, Serbia and FYR Macedonia, the three candidate countries who had submitted annual reports for 2016 at the time of writing9. Of these, over 95% were reported by Turkey.

Imports into candidate countries in 2016 mostly involved reptile skins and small leather products, live birds and African cherry (Prunus africana) extract.

The majority (94%) of live bird imports were parrots (Psittacidae), over 80% of which were captive-bred. Over 8000 wild-sourced python skins were mostly imported from Singapore (50%) and Malaysia (30%). Wild-sourced small leather products were predominantly American alligator from Switzerland. FYR Macedonia reported import of 30 000 units of wild-sourced African cherry extract originating in Cameroon.

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

Live birds Reptile skins Raw corals Reptile smallleather

products

Fingerlings

Wild-sourced Captive-produced Ranched

9 February 2018.

ExportsCandidate countries reported 890 (re-)export transactions involving CITES-listed species. These were reported by Turkey, Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the three candidate countries who had submitted annual reports for 2016 at the time of writing.9 Of these, 72% were reported by Turkey.

The majority of exports from candidate countries were live green snowdrops and giant snowdrops (G. elwesii) exported by Turkey to the Netherlands for commercial purposes (26 million). The majority of these plants (65%) were wild-sourced.

Figure 2.7: Commodities imported by candidate countries at greater than 10 000 units in 2016, by source. Wild-sourced timber extract reported in number of units has been excluded (30 000 'units').

Species showing noteworthy trends 13

This section provides a detailed analysis of taxa imported by the EU and candidate countries in 2016 that showed noteworthy patterns in wild-sourced or ranched trade.

Species were selected according to one or more of the following criteria: high volume of trade in 2016, high volume of trade in a globally threatened species, sharp increase in trade in 2016 at the global level, a sharp increase in trade in 2016 from a particular exporting country or trade in 2016 in an endangered species. The process of selection according to these criteria is summarised below, with further details available in Annex A.

From a total of 89 taxa showing noteworthy trends in EU imports in 2016, 40 are discussed in further detail in Table 3.1. Of these, corals had the highest number of taxa showing noteworthy trends (16), followed by reptiles (9), plants including timber (7), mammals (4), fish (3) and birds (1). Thirty-three per cent of the taxa selected were also selected in the 2015 Analysis. Fourteen taxa showed noteworthy trends in candidate country imports in 2016 including birds (6), mammals (3), reptiles (2), invertebrates (2) and timber (1).

3. SPECIES SHOWING NOTEWORTHY TRENDS

Smooth cauliflower coral (Stylophora pistillata)


Methods In 2016, the selection process followed the methodology that was used for the Review of Significant Trade selection process following CoP17.10

Data includedIn the process of selection of species for discussion in this section, only EU- and candidate country- reported direct imports from wild, ranched and ‘unknown’ sources, as well as trade reported without a source specified, were considered. Terms that cannot easily be related to numbers of individuals (e.g. feathers, hair, and specimens) were not included within the selection process, with the exception of certain terms11 that were considered to be traded in sufficiently high quantities to merit further scrutiny. Conversion factors were applied to all trade data (see Annex A) to make them comparable and more easily equated to numbers of individuals. Trade data for Annex D species was included in the selection process separately and the species selected are presented in Table 3.2.

Species selection methodologyThe dataset was filtered using a set of criteria to extract the species showing noteworthy patterns of trade. The selection of species highlighted in this detailed analysis was derived using the following framework:

Trade levels were selected as noteworthy according to five criteria:i) Endangered Species: Species categorised as

Critically Endangered (CR) or Endangered (EN) according to The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (any species-country combinations with trade meet the criteria);

ii) Sharp Increase (Global): Taxa showing a sharp increase in global trade in 2016, in comparison to the average over the preceding five-year period (2011-2015);

iii) Sharp Increase (Country): Taxa showing a sharp increase in trade in 2016 at the country level (for countries of export) in comparison to the average over the preceding five-year period (2011-2015);

iv) High Volume: Taxa traded at levels considered to be high compared to other taxa in their order in 2016;

v) High Volume (Globally Threatened): Globally threatened,12 Near-Threatened (NT) and Data Deficient (DD) taxa traded at relatively high volumes for their order in 2016.

Further details on these criteria are summarised in Annex B, including a detailed description of each criterion.

10 See AC 29 Doc. 13.3 A2 (Rev 1) (https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/ac/29/E-AC29-13-03-A2-R1.pdf) and PC 23 Doc. 15.3 Annex 2 (https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/pc/23/E-PC23-15-03-A2.pdf)

11 Bark, caviar, extract, meat, musk, powder, raw corals, roots, timber and wax.12 To be considered “globally threatened”, a species must be categorised as Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) or Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List.

Ivy-leaved cyclamen (Cyclam

en hederifolium)

https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/ac/29/E-AC29-13-03-A2-R1.pdf

https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/pc/23/E-PC23-15-03-A2.pdf


Species selectedAll species presented in the following table were selected on the basis of sharp increase (global), sharp increase (country), endangered species or were selected on the basis of high volume or high volume (globally threatened) and had not been selected in the previous five Analyses.

Tables 3.1 and 3.2 provide a summary of trade in 2016 for the species selected, and additional relevant information such as SRG opinions and CITES export quotas. The trade accounts cover all direct trade in the sources included in the selection process (wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified), in all terms, as reported by the EU (in the case of species selected on the basis of EU imports) or candidate countries (in the case of those species selected on the basis of

candidate country imports). Trade levels 2007-2016 are presented graphically in Figure 3.1 for those species included in Table 3.1, with the exception of species selected on the basis of trade for scientific or reintroduction purposes and cases where minimal trade was reported in years prior to 2016. Table 3.2 includes summary details on those Annex D species which were selected as showing noteworthy trends.

The list of species that were selected according to the criteria outlined above on the basis of EU or candidate country imports, but not included in Table 3.1, is presented in Annex C.

African savannah monitor (Varanus salvator)


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e (G

T)Im

ports

of w

hite

-bel

lied

pang

olin

into

the

EU in

20

16 s

olel

y con

siste

d of

53

wild

-sou

rced

sc

ales

impo

rted

from

Gab

on b

y Fra

nce

for

scie

ntifi

c pu

rpos

es.

The

genu

s M

anis

was

trans

ferre

d fro

m

Appe

ndix

II to

App

endi

x I fo

llowi

ng C

ITES

Co

P17.

AI

Chim

panz

ee

(Pan

trog

lody

tes)

ENHi

gh vo

lum

e (G

T);

Shar

p In

crea

se

(glo

bal);

End

ange

red

spec

ies

Wild

-sou

rced

impo

rts o

f chi

mpa

nzee

in 2

016

incl

uded

244

bon

es, 5

9 te

eth

and

five

skul

ls,

all o

f whi

ch w

ere

for s

cien

tific

purp

oses

and

im

porte

d by

Ger

man

y. W

ild-s

ourc

ed b

ones

and

sk

ulls

were

impo

rted

in ve

ry lo

w vo

lum

es (<

5 pe

r yea

r) fo

r sci

entifi

c pu

rpos

es 2

011-

2014

wi

th n

o im

ports

repo

rted

2007

-201

0. T

he

maj

ority

of i

mpo

rts in

201

6 we

re re

porte

d by

Ge

rman

y fro

m G

abon

, acc

ount

ing

for 9

5%

bone

s, 60

% sk

ulls

and

100%

teet

h. In

add

ition

39

1 ha

irs a

nd 6

93 s

peci

men

s we

re im

porte

d fo

r sci

entifi

c pu

rpos

es b

y the

EU

in 2

016.


Anne

xAp

p.Co

mm

on n

ame

(Sci

entifi

c na

me)

IU

CN R

ed

List

sta

tus*

Sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

**

Prev

ious

ly se

lect

ed

(201

1

onwa

rds)

Sum

mar

y of t

rade

Note

s†

ANN

EX A

: BIR

DS

AI

Afric

an g

rey

parro

t (Ps

ittac

us

erith

acus

)

ENHi

gh vo

lum

e (G

T);

Enda

nger

ed s

peci

es20

11, 2

012,

20

13, 2

014,

20

15

In 2

016

the A

frica

n gr

ey p

arro

t was

liste

d in

An

nex B

/App

endi

x II. W

ild-s

ourc

ed im

ports

in

2016

com

prise

d th

ree l

ive b

irds i

mpo

rted

by

Fran

ce fo

r per

sona

l pur

pose

s (tw

o im

porte

d fro

m

Cam

eroo

n an

d on

e im

porte

d fro

m G

abon

) and

th

ree f

eath

ers f

or sc

ientifi

c pur

pose

s im

porte

d by

Ge

rman

y (tw

o im

porte

d fro

m C

amer

oon

and

one

impo

rted

from

Gab

on).

Impo

rts o

f live

, wild

-so

urce

d bi

rds w

ere l

ow 2

007-

2016

with

hig

hest

tra

de re

porte

d in

2011

(31

bird

s); im

ports

in

subs

eque

nt ye

ars h

ave r

emain

ed b

elow

10

indi

vidua

ls.

In 2

016,

the

SRG

had

a po

sitiv

e op

inio

n in

pla

ce

for C

amer

oon

(con

firm

ed 1

2/06

/200

6). I

n 20

16, C

amer

oon

publ

ished

a q

uota

of 3

000

live,

wild

-take

n in

divid

uals

. Afri

can

grey

par

rot

was

sele

cted

for R

evie

w of

Sig

nific

ant T

rade

fo

llowi

ng C

oP12

, with

Cam

eroo

n ca

tego

rised

as

Urg

ent C

once

rn a

nd D

RC a

s Po

ssib

le

Conc

ern

(AC2

2 Do

c. 1

0.2)

, with

vario

us

reco

mm

enda

tions

ado

pted

by t

he S

tand

ing

Com

mitt

ee (S

C55

Doc.

17

Anne

x)).

The

spec

ies

was

sele

cted

aga

in fo

llowi

ng C

oP15

, ex

cept

for c

ount

ries

with

pre

vious

re

com

men

datio

ns s

till in

effe

ct, in

clud

ing

Cam

eroo

n (A

C26

Doc

12.3

). Fo

llowi

ng C

oP17

, Af

rican

gre

y par

rot w

as u

plis

ted

to A

ppen

dix I

on

02/

01/2

017

and

EU A

nnex

A o

n 04

/02/

2017

; EU

opin

ions

for t

his

Anne

x A

spec

ies

were

sub

sequ

ently

rem

oved

.

ANN

EX B

: MAM

MAL

S

BII

Hipp

opot

amus

(H

ippo

pota

mus

am

phib

ius)

VUSh

arp

incr

ease

(S

outh

Afri

ca)

2010

, 201

1◆,

2012

, 201

3,

2014

Hipp

opot

amus

impo

rts fr

om S

outh

Afri

ca in

2016

pr

edom

inant

ly co

nsist

ed of

438

wild

-sou

rced

te

eth.

Teet

h wer

e pre

dom

inant

ly im

porte

d by

Fran

ce (9

7%; 4

26 te

eth)

for c

omm

ercia

l pur

pose

s, all

on t

he sa

me e

xpor

t per

mit.

Impo

rts of

teet

h int

o the

EU-

28 in

2016

repr

esen

ted a

17-fo

ld

incre

ase i

n com

paris

on to

2015

, reac

hing t

he

highe

st le

vels

of th

e 10-

year

per

iod.

In ad

dition

, trop

hies a

nd tr

ophy

item

s rep

orte

d as

‘H’, ‘P

’ and

‘T’ e

quat

ing to

appr

oxim

ately

43

indivi

duals

from

Sou

th A

frica

wer

e rep

orte

d in

2016

(31 t

roph

ies, 3

3 tus

ks, s

ix sk

ulls,

four

feet

, tw

o tail

s). A

per

mit a

nalys

is ide

ntifie

d a nu

mbe

r of

case

s whe

re tr

ophy

item

s wer

e rep

orte

d on t

he

sam

e per

mit,

thus

pote

ntial

ly re

ducin

g the

num

ber

of in

dividu

als in

trad

e in 2

016 t

o 40 i

ndivi

duals

, m

ore t

han d

ouble

repo

rted i

mpo

rts in

2015

.

The

spec

ies

was

revie

wed

for S

RG 6

8,

follo

wing

whi

ch a

pos

itive

opi

nion

was

co

nfirm

ed fo

r Sou

th A

frica

on

28/0

5/20

14.

Hipp

opot

amus

hun

ting

troph

ies

are

subj

ect t

o Ar

ticle

4 o

f Reg

ulat

ion

(EC)

No

338/

97, a

s pe

r Co

mm

issio

n Re

gula

tion

(EU)

201

5/87

0. T

he

spec

ies

has

been

sub

ject

to s

crut

iny a

s pa

rt of

th

e CI

TES

Revie

w of

Sig

nific

ant T

rade

Pro

cess

(A

C25

Doc.

9.4

Anne

x).


Anne

xAp

p.Co

mm

on n

ame

(Sci

entifi

c na

me)

IU

CN R

ed

List

sta

tus*

Sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

**

Prev

ious

ly se

lect

ed

(201

1

onwa

rds)

Sum

mar

y of t

rade

Note

s†

ANN

EX B

: REP

TILE

S

BII

Plat

ed le

af

cham

eleo

n (B

rook

esia

st

umpf

fi)

LCSh

arp

Incr

ease

(G

loba

l); S

harp

in

crea

se

(Mad

agas

car)

In 2

016,

EU

impo

rts o

f pla

ted

leaf

cha

mel

eon

com

pris

ed 1

89 liv

e, wi

ld-s

ourc

ed a

nim

als

for

com

mer

cial

pur

pose

s, al

l impo

rted

from

M

adag

asca

r. Im

ports

in 2

016

were

mor

e th

an

six t

imes

gre

ater

than

thos

e re

porte

d in

201

5 (3

0 liv

e an

imal

s), r

each

ing

the

high

est l

evel

s 20

07-2

016.

The

plat

ed le

af c

ham

eleo

n wa

s co

nsid

ered

at

SRG

75, f

ollo

wing

whi

ch a

no

opin

ion

ii) w

as

form

ed o

n 07

/03/

2016

(las

t con

firm

ed

13/1

1/20

17).

In 2

016,

Mad

agas

car p

ublis

hed

a qu

ota

of 5

00 liv

e in

divid

uals

BII

Dom

ergu

e's L

eaf

Cham

eleo

n (B

rook

esia

thie

li)

LCSh

arp

Incr

ease

(G

loba

l); S

harp

In

crea

se

(Mad

agas

car)

2015

Impo

rts o

f Dom

ergu

e's le

af c

ham

eleo

n in

201

6 al

mos

t ent

irely

cons

iste

d of

129

live,

wild

-so

urce

d an

imal

s fo

r com

mer

cial

pur

pose

s, al

l im

porte

d fro

m M

adag

asca

r. Li

ve im

ports

in

2016

repr

esen

ted

a 15

0% in

crea

se in

co

mpa

rison

to 2

015,

reac

hing

the

high

est

leve

ls of

the

ten-

year

per

iod

2007

-201

6.

In 2

016,

Dom

ergu

e's le

af c

ham

eleo

n fro

m

Mad

agas

car h

ad a

pos

itive

opi

nion

, for

med

on

13/1

2/20

04. A

no

opin

ion

ii) w

as th

en fo

rmed

at

SRG

77

on 0

7/11

/201

6 (la

st c

onfir

med

on

13/1

1/20

17).

In 2

016,

Mad

agas

car p

ublis

hed

a qu

ota

of 5

00 liv

e sp

ecim

ens.

A/B

I/II

Nile

cro

codi

le

(Cro

cody

lus

nilo

ticus

)

LCSh

arp

incr

ease

(M

ozam

biqu

e; Za

mbi

a)

2013

, 201

4,

2015

Impo

rts o

f Nile

cro

codi

le fr

om M

ozam

biqu

e in

20

16 p

redo

min

antly

con

siste

d of

773

6 sk

ins,

the

vast

maj

ority

of w

hich

wer

e ra

nche

d an

d im

porte

d fo

r com

mer

cial

pur

pose

s (9

8%).

Impo

rts o

f ski

ns fr

om M

ozam

biqu

e ha

ve

incr

ease

d sin

ce 2

013,

with

impo

rts in

201

6 m

ore

than

20

times

hig

her t

han

thos

e in

201

5.

Impo

rts o

f Nile

cro

codi

le fr

om Z

ambi

a in

201

6 pr

edom

inan

tly c

onsis

ted

of 1

416

ranc

hed

skin

pi

eces

and

558

ranc

hed

skin

s fo

r com

mer

cial

pu

rpos

es. I

mpo

rts o

f ski

n pi

eces

from

Zam

bia

were

onl

y rep

orte

d in

201

6 ac

ross

the

ten

year

pe

riod.

Impo

rts o

f ski

ns p

eake

d in

200

7, an

d we

re th

en lo

w (1

50-3

50) u

ntil 2

013,

whe

n im

ports

of 9

90 s

kins

wer

e re

porte

d.

Subs

eque

ntly,

no

impo

rts o

f ski

ns w

ere

repo

rted

until

201

6.

In 2

016,

Moz

ambi

que

publ

ished

a q

uota

of

1800

wild

-take

n sp

ecim

ens

and

Zam

bia

publ

ished

a q

uota

of t

roph

ies

and

skin

s fro

m

300

anim

als.

Thi

s sp

ecie

s wa

s re

viewe

d fo

r M

ozam

biqu

e fo

r SRG

82,

follo

wing

whi

ch a

po

sitiv

e op

inio

n fo

r ran

ched

spe

cim

ens

was

form

ed o

n 05

/02/

2018

. The

re h

ave

neve

r bee

n an

y SRG

opi

nion

s in

pla

ce fo

r Zam

bia.


Anne

xAp

p.Co

mm

on n

ame

(Sci

entifi

c na

me)

IU

CN R

ed

List

sta

tus*

Sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

**

Prev

ious

ly se

lect

ed

(201

1

onwa

rds)

Sum

mar

y of t

rade

Note

s†

BII

Gian

t Mad

agas

car

day g

ecko

(P

helsu

ma

gran

dis)

LCSh

arp

Incr

ease

(g

loba

l); S

harp

in

crea

se

(Mad

agas

car)

2015

Wild

-sou

rced

impo

rts of

gian

t Mad

agas

car d

ay

geck

o to t

he E

U in

2016

com

prise

d 421

live

indivi

duals

impo

rted f

rom

Mad

agas

car f

or

com

mer

cial p

urpo

ses.

Impo

rts in

2016

incr

ease

d by

mor

e tha

n fou

r tim

es co

mpa

red t

o 201

5, co

ntinu

ing a

year

on y

ear in

crea

se si

nce 2

012.

The

SRG

form

ed a

pos

itive

opi

nion

for t

he

Mad

agas

car d

ay g

ecko

(fro

m w

hich

the

gian

t M

adag

asca

r day

gec

ko w

as s

plit

follo

wing

Co

P15)

on

26/0

9/20

06. I

n 20

16, M

adag

asca

r pu

blish

ed a

quo

ta o

f 150

0 liv

e in

divid

uals

BII

Koch

’s gi

ant d

ay

geck

o (P

helsu

ma

koch

i)

LCSh

arp

Incr

ease

(g

loba

l); S

harp

in

crea

se

(Mad

agas

car)

Wild

-sou

rced

impo

rts o

f Koc

h’s g

iant d

ay g

ecko

in

to th

e EU-

28 in

201

6 co

nsist

ed so

lely o

f 246

live

indi

vidua

ls im

porte

d fro

m M

adag

asca

r for

co

mm

ercia

l pur

pose

s. Im

ports

incr

ease

d by

m

ore t

han

four

tim

es b

etwe

en 2

015

and

2016

, to

the h

ighe

st le

vels

in th

e 10

year

per

iod.

The

SRG

form

ed a

pos

itive

opi

nion

for

Mad

agas

car d

ay g

ecko

(fro

m w

hich

Koc

h’s

gian

t day

gec

ko w

as s

plit

follo

wing

CoP

15) o

n 26

/09/

2006

. In

2016

, Mad

agas

car p

ublis

hed

a qu

ota

of 1

000

live

indi

vidua

ls.

BII

Afric

an s

avan

nah

mon

itor (

Vara

nus

exan

them

atic

us)

LCHi

gh vo

lum

eIn

201

6, 3

913

live

Afric

an s

avan

nah

mon

itors

we

re im

porte

d in

to th

e EU

-28,

thre

e qu

arte

rs

were

wild

-sou

rced

from

Gha

na a

nd o

ne q

uarte

r we

re ra

nche

d fro

m T

ogo.

All i

mpo

rts w

ere

for

com

mer

cial

pur

pose

s. L

ive im

ports

pea

ked

in

2008

(580

2 an

imal

s) a

nd d

eclin

ed to

the

lowe

st le

vels

of th

e 10

-yea

r per

iod

in 2

014

(157

5). H

ighe

st le

vels

of im

port

from

Gha

na

were

repo

rted

in 2

007

(447

9 an

imal

s) a

nd

high

est l

evel

s fro

m T

ogo

were

repo

rted

in 2

011

(165

3).

The

SRG

form

ed a

pos

itive

opi

nion

for w

ild

spec

imen

s fro

m G

hana

on

02/1

2/20

08 a

nd a

no

opi

nion

i) fo

r ran

ched

spe

cim

ens

on

12/0

3/20

09. F

or T

ogo,

the

SRG

form

ed a

po

sitiv

e op

inio

n fo

r ran

ched

spe

cim

ens

≤35

cm o

n 12

/06/

2006

(las

t con

firm

ed fo

r ran

ched

sp

ecim

ens

<35

cm o

n 07

/11/

2016

) whe

reas

cu

rrent

sus

pens

ions

hav

e be

en in

pla

ce fo

r ra

nche

d sp

ecim

ens

>35

cm s

ince

22/

12/1

997

and

for w

ild-s

ourc

ed s

peci

men

s sin

ce

10/0

5/20

06. I

n 20

16, T

ogo

publ

ished

quo

tas

for 7

000

ranc

hed

and

3000

wild

-take

n sp

ecim

ens.

Thi

s sp

ecie

s wa

s re

viewe

d fo

r Gh

ana

and

Nige

r for

SRG

79.


Anne

xAp

p.Co

mm

on n

ame

(Sci

entifi

c na

me)

IU

CN R

ed

List

sta

tus*

Sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

**

Prev

ious

ly se

lect

ed

(201

1

onwa

rds)

Sum

mar

y of t

rade

Note

s†

ANN

EX B

: FIS

H

BII

Hum

phea

d wr

asse

(C

heilin

us

undu

late

s)

ENHi

gh vo

lum

e (G

T);

Enda

nger

ed s

peci

es20

15Th

ree

live,

wild

-sou

rced

hum

phea

d wr

asse

we

re im

porte

d by

the

Neth

erla

nds

in 2

016

for

purp

ose

“Z”, f

rom

Aus

tralia

. Im

ports

201

0-20

15

fluct

uate

d be

twee

n on

e an

d si

x ind

ividu

als.

In 2

016

the

SRG

had

a "n

o op

inio

n" in

pla

ce fo

r Au

stra

lia, w

hich

was

form

ed o

n 29

/02/

2008

, th

is wa

s re

plac

e by

a n

o op

inio

n i)

for A

ustra

lia

form

ed a

t SRG

77

on 0

7/11

/201

6.

BII

Barb

our’s

se

ahor

se

(Hip

poca

mpu

s ba

rbou

ri)

VUSh

arp

Incr

ease

(g

loba

l); S

harp

in

crea

se (A

ustra

lia)

Wild

-sou

rced

impo

rts o

f Bar

bour

’s se

ahor

se in

20

16 c

ompr

ised

of 5

0 liv

e in

divid

uals

from

Au

stra

lia im

porte

d by

Den

mar

k for

com

mer

cial

pu

rpos

es. T

he o

nly o

ther

repo

rted

impo

rt of

wi

ld-s

ourc

ed in

divid

uals

2007

-201

6 wa

s 15

0 liv

e in

divid

uals

from

Indo

nesia

impo

rted

by

Irela

nd fo

r com

mer

cial

pur

pose

s in

200

9.

Barb

our’s

sea

hors

e wa

s in

clud

ed in

the

CITE

S RS

T pr

oces

s at

AC2

5, re

viewe

d fo

r the

Ph

ilippi

nes

(AC2

7 Do

c. 1

2.4

(Rev

.1)) t

hen

subs

eque

ntly

rem

oved

from

the

proc

ess

(AC2

7 Su

mm

ary R

ecor

d).

BII

Wes

t Aus

tralia

n se

ahor

se

(Hip

poca

mpu

s su

belo

ngat

us)

DDHi

gh vo

lum

e (G

T)20

15EU

impo

rts o

f wes

t Aus

tralia

n se

ahor

se in

20

16 c

onsis

ted

of 7

5 liv

e, wi

ld-s

ourc

ed

indi

vidua

ls im

porte

d fro

m A

ustra

lia b

y the

Ne

ther

land

s fo

r com

mer

cial

pur

pose

s, a

decr

ease

of 7

4% c

ompa

red

to im

ports

in 2

015.

Ende

mic

to A

ustra

lia.

ANN

EX B

: COR

ALS

BII

Acro

pora

hor

rida

VUSh

arp

Incr

ease

(g

loba

l); S

harp

in

crea

se (A

ustra

lia)

Impo

rts o

f Acr

opor

a ho

rrida

into

the

EU in

201

6 co

nsis

ted

of 4

4 liv

e, wi

ld-s

ourc

ed in

divid

uals

from

Aus

tralia

impo

rted

by th

e Un

ited

King

dom

fo

r com

mer

cial

pur

pose

s. Im

ports

200

7-20

16

peak

ed in

200

7 wi

th 4

48 liv

e in

divid

uals

impo

rted

into

the

EU, a

fter w

hich

impo

rts w

ere

repo

rted

in 2

008,

201

3 an

d 20

15 a

nd re

mai

ned

belo

w 56

indi

vidua

ls.

A po

sitiv

e op

inio

n fo

r Acr

opor

a sp

p. fr

om

Aust

ralia

was

form

ed o

n 07

/11/

2014

. As

per

CITE

S No

tifica

tion

No. 2

013/

035,

Acr

opor

a is

one

of th

e co

ral t

axa

wher

e re

porti

ng tr

ade

at

the

genu

s le

vel is

acc

epta

ble.

BII

Acro

pora

m

illepo

raNT

Shar

p In

crea

seEU

impo

rts o

f Acr

opor

a m

illepo

ra in

201

6 pr

edom

inan

tly c

onsis

ted

of 2

41 liv

e, wi

ld-

sour

ced

indi

vidua

ls fro

m A

ustra

lia, m

ore

than

do

uble

the

num

ber o

f im

ports

repo

rted

in

2015

. Im

ports

incr

ease

d ye

ar o

n ye

ar s

ince

20

12. A

dditi

onal

ly, G

erm

any i

mpo

rted

64

wild

-sou

rced

raw

cora

ls fro

m F

iji fo

r sci

entifi

c pu

rpos

es. P

rior t

o 20

16, b

etwe

en 2

007

and

2015

, impo

rts o

f raw

cor

als

were

onl

y rep

orte

d in

200

7 (3

), 20

09 (3

) and

201

3 (1

80).

A po

sitiv

e op

inio

n fo

r Acr

opor

a sp

p. fr

om

Aust

ralia

was

form

ed o

n 07

/11/

2014

. As

per

CITE

S No

tifica

tion

No. 2

013/

035,

Acr

opor

a is

one

of th

e co

ral t

axa

wher

e re

porti

ng tr

ade

at

the

genu

s le

vel is

acc

epta

ble.


Anne

xAp

p.Co

mm

on n

ame

(Sci

entifi

c na

me)

IU

CN R

ed

List

sta

tus*

Sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

**

Prev

ious

ly se

lect

ed

(201

1

onwa

rds)

Sum

mar

y of t

rade

Note

s†

BII

Bran

ched

flo

werp

ot c

oral

(A

lveop

ora

giga

s)

VUSh

arp

Incr

ease

(g

loba

l); S

harp

in

crea

se (A

ustra

lia)

In 2

016,

676

live,

wild

-sou

rced

bra

nche

d flo

wer

pot c

oral

s we

re im

porte

d by

the

EU-2

8 fro

m

Aust

ralia

for c

omm

erci

al p

urpo

ses,

mor

e th

an

doub

le th

e nu

mbe

r of i

mpo

rts re

porte

d in

20

15. N

o im

ports

wer

e re

porte

d 20

07-2

011.

As p

er C

ITES

Not

ifica

tion

No. 2

013/

035,

Al

veop

ora

is on

e of

the

cora

l tax

a wh

ere

repo

rting

trad

e at

the

genu

s le

vel is

ac

cept

able

.

BII

Huin

ay c

up c

oral

(C

aryo

phyll

ia

huin

ayen

sis)

-Sh

arp

Incr

ease

(G

loba

l); s

harp

in

crea

se (C

hile)

Nine

ty liv

e co

rals

were

impo

rted

in 2

016,

re

pres

entin

g a

130%

incr

ease

in c

ompa

rison

to

201

5, re

achi

ng th

e hi

ghes

t lev

els

of th

e te

n-ye

ar p

erio

d. G

erm

any r

epor

ted

impo

rts o

f liv

e, wi

ld-s

ourc

ed H

uina

y cup

cor

als

from

Chi

le

for s

cien

tific

purp

oses

in 2

013-

2016

onl

y.

Ende

mic

to C

hile

.

BII

Cat’s

eye

cor

al

(Cyn

arin

a la

crym

alis)

NTSh

arp

incr

ease

(T

onga

)20

11Im

ports

of c

at’s

eye c

oral

into

the E

U in

2016

fro

m To

nga c

onsis

ted

of 2

584

live i

ndivi

duals

and

62 ra

w co

rals,

bot

h of

whic

h we

re w

ild-s

ourc

ed

and

impo

rted

for c

omm

ercia

l pur

pose

s. Im

ports

of

raw

cora

ls in

crea

sed

to m

ore t

han

12 ti

mes

the

num

ber o

f raw

cora

ls im

porte

d in

2015

, and

the

highe

st re

porte

d im

ports

200

7-20

16; im

ports

of

live c

orals

dec

reas

ed to

less

than

half

the n

umbe

r re

porte

d in

2015

.

Note

unc

erta

in d

istri

butio

n in

Ton

ga.

BII

Echi

noph

yllia

ni

shih

irai

NTSh

arp

Incr

ease

(g

loba

l); S

harp

in

crea

se (F

iji)

2011

●In

201

6, F

ranc

e re

porte

d im

port

of 2

15 liv

e, wi

ld-s

ourc

ed E

. nish

ihira

i fro

m F

iji fo

r co

mm

erci

al p

urpo

ses.

Live

impo

rts in

201

6 re

pres

ente

d a

5-fo

ld in

crea

se in

com

paris

on

to 2

015;

no

live

impo

rts o

f E. n

ishih

irai w

ere

repo

rted

2007

-201

4.

The S

RG fo

rmed

a no

opi

nion

ii) fo

r Ech

inoph

yllia

from

Fiji

on 2

5/01

/201

6. In

201

6, Fi

ji pub

lishe

d a

quot

a of 9

03 E

. nish

ihira

i piec

es, li

ve o

r dea

d an

d 24

50 E

chino

phyll

ia pi

eces

, live

or d

ead.

As p

er

CITE

S No

tifica

tion

No. 2

013/

035,

Echi

noph

yllia

is

one o

f the

cora

l tax

a whe

re re

porti

ng tr

ade a

t th

e gen

us le

vel is

acc

epta

ble.

BII

Bowl

cor

al

(Hal

omitr

a pi

leus

)LC

Shar

p In

crea

se

(glo

bal);

Sha

rp

incr

ease

(Sol

omon

Is

land

s)

In 2

016,

Ital

y rep

orte

d th

e im

port

of 3

38

wild

-sou

rced

raw

bowl

cor

als fr

om th

e Sol

omon

Is

land

s for

com

mer

cial p

urpo

ses.

Impo

rt of

raw

cora

ls in

201

6 we

re m

ore t

han

four

tim

es

grea

ter t

han

thos

e rep

orte

d in

201

4, w

ith n

o im

ports

repo

rted

2007

, 200

9-20

13 a

nd 2

015.

An o

verv

iew

of s

tatu

s an

d m

anag

emen

t of

cora

ls in

the

Solo

mon

Isla

nds

was

prod

uced

fo

r SRG

71.


Anne

xAp

p.Co

mm

on n

ame

(Sci

entifi

c na

me)

IU

CN R

ed

List

sta

tus*

Sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

**

Prev

ious

ly se

lect

ed

(201

1

onwa

rds)

Sum

mar

y of t

rade

Note

s†

BII

Blue

cor

al

(Hel

iopo

ra

coer

ulea

)

VUHi

gh vo

lum

e (G

T)20

15◆

EU im

ports

of b

lue

cora

l in 2

016

cons

iste

d of

42

3 liv

e wi

ld-s

ourc

ed in

divid

uals

from

In

done

sia fo

r com

mer

cial

pur

pose

s. W

hile

im

ports

incr

ease

d by

just

ove

r 10

% in

201

6 co

mpa

red

to 2

015,

in g

ener

al im

ports

de

crea

sed

from

a p

eak i

n 20

10 (9

00 liv

e in

divid

uals)

.

In 2

016,

Indo

nesia

pub

lishe

d a

quot

a fo

r 250

0 liv

e bl

ue c

oral

s. B

lue

cora

l fro

m In

done

sia w

as

revie

wed

for S

RG 4

8, fo

llowi

ng w

hich

a p

ositi

ve

opin

ion

was

confi

rmed

on

30/0

6/20

09.

BII

Leaf

cor

al

(Pav

ona

cact

us)

VUSh

arp

Incr

ease

(g

loba

l); S

harp

in

crea

se (F

iji)

2015

●

In 2

016,

the

Unite

d Ki

ngdo

m re

porte

d im

port

of

22 liv

e, wi

ld-s

ourc

ed le

af c

oral

s fro

m F

iji fo

r co

mm

erci

al p

urpo

ses.

Thi

s wa

s th

e fir

st

repo

rted

impo

rt of

leaf

cor

als

from

Fiji

to th

e EU

-28

durin

g th

e 10

-yea

r per

iod.

Hig

hest

leve

ls of

impo

rts o

f live

leaf

cor

als

2007

-201

6 we

re

repo

rted

in 2

007

(373

), of

whi

ch a

lmos

t 75%

we

re fr

om In

done

sia. N

o liv

e im

ports

wer

e re

porte

d 20

09-2

015.

An o

verv

iew

of s

tatu

s an

d m

anag

emen

t of

cora

ls in

Fiji

was

prod

uced

for S

RG 7

1. In

201

6,

Fiji p

ublis

hed

a qu

ota

of 4

270

Pavo

na s

pp.

piec

es, li

ve o

r dea

d. A

s pe

r CIT

ES N

otifi

catio

n No

. 201

3/03

5, P

avon

a is

one

of th

e co

ral t

axa

wher

e re

porti

ng tr

ade

at th

e ge

nus

leve

l is

acce

ptab

le.

BII

Caul

iflow

er c

oral

(P

ocillo

pora

m

eand

rina)

LCSh

arp

Incr

ease

(g

loba

l); S

harp

in

crea

se (S

olom

on

Isla

nds)

EU im

ports

of c

aulifl

ower

cor

al in

201

6 co

nsist

ed o

f 193

5 wi

ld-s

ourc

ed ra

w co

rals,

55%

of

whi

ch w

ere i

mpo

rted

for s

cient

ific p

urpo

ses,

and

45%

of w

hich

wer

e im

porte

d fo

r com

mer

cial

purp

oses

. All c

omm

ercia

l impo

rts w

ere f

rom

th

e Sol

omon

Isla

nds.

Impo

rts in

201

6 we

re

mor

e tha

n do

uble

com

pare

d to

201

3, w

hen

impo

rts o

f raw

cor

als w

ere l

ast r

epor

ted.

Cor

als

impo

rted

for c

omm

ercia

l pur

pose

s dec

reas

ed

by ju

st o

ver 1

0 %

com

pare

d to

201

3, w

here

as

impo

rts fo

r scie

ntifi

c pur

pose

s wer

e mor

e tha

n 53

tim

es g

reat

er th

an 2

010,

with

no

impo

rts fo

r sc

ient

ific p

urpo

ses i

n th

e int

erve

ning

year

s.

Poci

llopo

ra s

pp. w

as re

viewe

d fo

r SRG

71,

follo

wing

whi

ch a

no

opin

ion

ii) w

as fo

rmed

for

the

Solo

mon

Isla

nds

on 0

9/04

/201

5. A

s pe

r CI

TES

Notifi

catio

n No

. 201

3/03

5, P

ocillo

pora

is

one

of th

e co

ral t

axa

wher

e re

porti

ng tr

ade

at

the

genu

s le

vel is

acc

epta

ble.

BII

Rasp

cor

al

(Poc

illopo

ra

verru

cosa

)

LCSh

arp

Incr

ease

(g

loba

l); S

harp

in

crea

se (S

olom

on

Isla

nds)

Impo

rts o

f ras

p co

ral in

to th

e EU

in 2

016

cons

isted

of 5

00 w

ild-s

ourc

ed ra

w co

rals

from

th

e Sol

omon

Isla

nds i

mpo

rted

by G

reec

e for

co

mm

ercia

l pur

pose

s. Im

ports

of r

aw c

orals

in

2016

wer

e the

hig

hest

repo

rted

over

the p

erio

d 20

07-2

016,

how

ever

, muc

h hi

gher

leve

ls of

live

cora

ls we

re re

porte

d 20

07-2

013.

Pocil

lopo

ra sp

p. w

as re

viewe

d fo

r SRG

71,

follo

wing

whic

h a n

o op

inion

ii) w

as fo

rmed

for

the S

olom

on Is

lands

on

09/0

4/20

15. A

s per

CI

TES

Notifi

catio

n No

. 201

3/03

5, Po

cillo

pora

is

one o

f the

cora

l tax

a whe

re re

porti

ng tr

ade a

t the

ge

nus l

evel

is ac

cept

able.


Anne

xAp

p.Co

mm

on n

ame

(Sci

entifi

c na

me)

IU

CN R

ed

List

sta

tus*

Sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

**

Prev

ious

ly se

lect

ed

(201

1

onwa

rds)

Sum

mar

y of t

rade

Note

s†

BII

Lobe

cor

al

(Por

ites l

obat

a)NT

Shar

p In

crea

se

(glo

bal)

2010

●, 2

011●

In 2

016,

Fra

nce

impo

rted

468

wild

-sou

rced

raw

lobe

cor

als

for s

cien

tific

purp

oses

. The

m

ajor

ity (8

7%) w

ere

impo

rted

from

Chi

le a

nd

the

rem

aind

er fr

om P

anam

a. N

o im

ports

of

raw

lobe

cor

al w

ere

repo

rted

2007

-201

5.

As p

er C

ITES

Not

ifica

tion

No. 2

013/

035,

Porit

es

is on

e of t

he co

ral t

axa w

here

repo

rting

trad

e at

the g

enus

leve

l is a

ccep

tabl

e.

BII

Clus

ter c

oral

(S

tylo

phor

a pi

stilla

ta)

NTSh

arp

incr

ease

(S

olom

on Is

land

s)20

11●

, 201

5●In

201

6, It

aly i

mpo

rted

593

wild

-sou

rced

raw

clus

ter c

oral

s fro

m th

e So

lom

on Is

land

s fo

r co

mm

erci

al p

urpo

ses.

Raw

cor

al im

ports

from

th

e So

lom

on Is

land

s we

re re

porte

d 20

07, 2

008,

20

10-2

012

and

2016

by I

taly.

Ital

y rep

orte

d hi

ghes

t lev

els

of im

port

in 2

010

(829

).

The S

RG co

nfirm

ed a

posit

ive o

pinio

n fo

r clus

ter

cora

l on

12/0

6/20

06 an

d fo

rmed

a no

opi

nion

ii)

for t

rade

at t

he g

enus

leve

l on

09/0

4/20

15

(follo

wing

a re

view

of th

e gen

us fo

r SRG

71)

. As

per C

ITES

Not

ifica

tion

No. 2

013/

035,

Stylo

phor

a is

one o

f the

cora

l tax

a whe

re re

porti

ng tr

ade a

t th

e gen

us le

vel is

acc

epta

ble.

BII

Ende

sa s

auce

r co

ral

(Tet

hocy

athu

s en

desa

)

-Sh

arp

Incr

ease

(G

loba

l); S

harp

in

crea

se (C

hile)

Seve

nty t

hree

live

, wild

-sou

rced

end

esa

sauc

er c

oral

s w

ere

impo

rted

by G

erm

any

from

Chi

le in

201

6 fo

r sci

entifi

c pu

rpos

es.

Impo

rts w

ere

only

repo

rted

in 2

015

and

2016

w

ith 2

016

impo

rts re

pres

entin

g a

38%

decr

ease

in c

ompa

rison

to 2

015.

Ende

mic

to C

hile

.

ANN

EX B

: PLA

NTS

BII

Hear

t-lip

ped

bras

savo

la

(Bra

ssav

ola

cord

ata)

-Sh

arp

Incr

ease

(g

loba

l); S

harp

in

crea

se (J

amai

ca)

Germ

any i

mpo

rted

25 liv

e, wi

ld-s

ourc

ed

hear

t-lip

ped

bras

savo

las fr

om J

amaic

a for

co

mm

ercia

l pur

pose

s in

2016

. Ger

man

y also

re

porte

d 40

live i

mpo

rts fr

om J

amaic

a in

both

20

09 an

d 20

11, w

ith n

o fu

rther

repo

rted

impo

rts

over

the t

en ye

ar p

erio

d 20

07-2

016.

Ende

mic

to J

amaic

a.

BII

Bloo

d re

d br

ough

toni

a (B

roug

hton

ia

sang

uine

a)

-Sh

arp

Incr

ease

(g

loba

l); S

harp

in

crea

se (J

amai

ca)

EU im

ports

of b

lood

red

brou

ghto

nia

in 2

016

cons

iste

d of

50

live

wild

-sou

rced

indi

vidua

ls im

porte

d by

Ger

man

y fro

m J

amai

ca, f

or

com

mer

cial

pur

pose

s. O

ther

impo

rts o

f live

bl

ood

red

brou

ghto

nia

2007

-201

6 co

nsis

ted

of

50

indi

vidua

ls in

200

9 an

d 10

0 in

201

1.

Occu

rs in

Jam

aica a

nd p

ossib

ly M

exico

.


Anne

xAp

p.Co

mm

on n

ame

(Sci

entifi

c na

me)

IU

CN R

ed

List

sta

tus*

Sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

**

Prev

ious

ly se

lect

ed

(201

1

onwa

rds)

Sum

mar

y of t

rade

Note

s†

BII

Roug

h tre

e fe

rn

(Cya

thea

aus

tralis

)-

High

volu

me

2015

The

Neth

erla

nds

impo

rted

66 liv

e ro

ugh

tree

fern

s fro

m A

ustra

lia in

201

6, re

pres

entin

g a

2.5-

fold

dec

reas

e in

com

paris

on to

201

5. A

ll im

ports

dur

ing

the

10-y

ear p

erio

d we

re liv

e, wi

ld-s

ourc

ed a

nd im

porte

d fro

m A

ustra

lia w

ith

peak

leve

ls re

porte

d in

200

9 (7

583

live

trees

) by

the

Unite

d Ki

ngdo

m.

The s

pecie

s was

revie

wed

for S

RG 5

9 fo

llowi

ng

which

a po

sitive

opi

nion

was f

orm

ed fo

r Aus

tralia

on

23/

02/2

012.

BII

Sowb

read

cy

clam

en

(Cyc

lam

en

hede

rifol

ium

)

-Hi

gh vo

lum

e; Sh

arp

Incr

ease

Im

ports

of s

owbr

ead

cycl

amen

into

the

EU in

20

16 c

onsis

ted

of 5

7 90

0 liv

e, wi

ld-s

ourc

ed

indi

vidua

ls fro

m T

urke

y im

porte

d by

the

Neth

erla

nds

for c

omm

erci

al p

urpo

ses.

Impo

rts

repo

rted

in 2

016

rem

aine

d at

app

roxim

atel

y ha

lf th

e le

vels

repo

rted

annu

ally

2007

-201

0; n

o im

ports

wer

e re

porte

d 20

11-2

015.

In 2

016,

Turk

ey p

ublis

hed

a quo

ta fo

r 200

000

wi

ld-ta

ken

tube

rs. A

pos

itive

opi

nion

for T

urke

y wa

s con

firm

ed o

n 16

/02/

2010

.

BII

Moo

re’s

cyca

d (M

acro

zam

ia

moo

rei)

NTHi

gh vo

lum

e (G

T);

Shar

p In

crea

seIn

201

6, 15

8 liv

e, wi

ld-s

ourc

ed M

oore

’s cy

cads

we

re im

porte

d fro

m A

ustra

lia b

y Spa

in (8

7%)

and

the

Neth

erla

nds

(13%

) for

com

mer

cial

pu

rpos

es. N

o ot

her i

mpo

rts o

f Moo

re’s

cyca

d to

the

EU-2

8 we

re re

porte

d 20

07-2

015.

Ende

mic

to A

ustra

lia.

BII

Blac

k tre

e fe

rn

(Sph

aero

pter

is m

edul

laris

)

-Hi

gh vo

lum

eIm

ports

of b

lack

tree

fern

in 2

016

cons

iste

d of

al

mos

t 870

kg o

f wild

-sou

rced

pow

der

impo

rted

from

New

Zea

land

by F

ranc

e fo

r co

mm

erci

al p

urpo

ses.

Impo

rts h

ave

incr

ease

d ye

ar o

n ye

ar s

ince

201

4, p

rior t

o wh

ich

the

last

re

porte

d tra

de in

pow

der w

as in

200

8.

Asse

ssed

as ‘N

ot th

reat

ened

’ in N

ew Z

ealan

d.13

13 D

e La

nge,

P. J

. et a

l. 20

13. C

onse

rvat

ion

stat

us o

f New

Zea

land

indi

geno

us v

ascu

lar p

lant

s, 2

012.

New

Zea

land

thre

at c

lass

ifica

tion

serie

s 3.


Anne

xAp

p.Co

mm

on n

ame

(Sci

entifi

c na

me)

IU

CN R

ed

List

sta

tus*

Sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

**

Prev

ious

ly se

lect

ed

(201

1

onwa

rds)

Sum

mar

y of t

rade

Note

s†

ANN

EX B

: TIM

BER

BII

Afro

rmos

ia

(Per

icop

sis e

lata

)EN

High

volu

me

(GT)

; En

dang

ered

spe

cies

2011

, 201

2,

2013

, 201

4W

ild-s

ourc

ed im

ports

in 2

016

com

pris

ed 9

076

m3 o

f tim

ber,

alm

ost a

ll of w

hich

was

impo

rted

for c

omm

erci

al p

urpo

ses.

App

roxim

atel

y tw

o-th

irds

of im

ports

wer

e fro

m C

amer

oon

and

the

rem

aind

er fr

om D

RC. I

mpo

rts in

crea

sed

by

29%

betw

een

2015

and

201

6, b

ut re

mai

ned

belo

w le

vels

repo

rted

in 2

007

and

2010

-201

2.

In 20

16, th

e rele

vant

opin

ions f

or D

RC w

ere a

po

sitive

opin

ion fo

rmed

on 1

5/09

/201

5 (co

nfirm

ed

07/0

3/20

16), w

ith th

e ann

otat

ion ‘im

ports

can o

nly

be ac

cept

ed fr

om th

e 12 f

ores

try co

nces

sions

for

which

man

agem

ent in

vent

ories

wer

e sub

mitt

ed by

co

mpa

nies t

o the

DRC

fore

stry

adm

inist

ratio

n, co

rresp

ondin

g to a

n ove

rall q

uota

of 31

905

m³

(roun

d woo

d equ

ivalen

t)’. T

he po

sitive

opin

ion w

as

confi

rmed

on 2

7/06

/201

8 with

the f

ollow

ing

amen

ded a

nnot

ation

‘Wild

impo

rts ca

n only

be

acce

pted

from

the 1

0 com

panie

s / 12

fore

stry

co

nces

sions

for w

hich m

anag

emen

t inve

ntor

ies

were

subm

itted

by co

mpa

nies t

o the

DRC

fore

stry

ad

mini

stra

tion,

corre

spon

ding t

o an o

vera

ll quo

ta

of 49

356 m

³ (ro

und w

ood e

quiva

lent)’.

In 20

15 a

ne

gativ

e opin

ion w

as fo

rmed

on 1

5/09

/201

5 for

DR

C fo

r a ‘tr

ansit

ional

quot

a of 3

1763

m³ (

roun

d wo

od eq

uivale

nt)’ a

nd in

2016

a no

opin

ion ii)

for

‘17 4

51 m

3 (rou

nd w

ood e

quiva

lent)’

was f

orm

ed

on 07

/03/

2016

.

Curre

ntly

ther

e is a

pos

itive

opi

nion

for D

RC

cove

ring

impo

rts ‘f

rom

the 1

0 co

mpa

nies

/ 12

fo

rest

ry c

once

ssio

ns fo

r whi

ch m

anag

emen

t in

vent

ories

wer

e sub

mitt

ed b

y com

pani

es to

the

DRC

fore

stry

adm

inist

ratio

n, co

rresp

ondi

ng to

an

ove

rall q

uota

up

to 5

6 20

1 m

3 (rou

nd w

ood

equi

vale

nt) f

or 2

016

and

for t

he q

uota

of 4

1 10

8 m

3 for 2

017’.

The

SRG

con

firm

ed a

pos

itive

op

inio

n fo

r Cam

eroo

n on

12/0

3/20

09.

The

spec

ies

was

sele

cted

for t

he C

ITES

Rev

iew

of S

igni

fican

t Tra

de p

roce

ss fo

llowi

ng C

oP14

; Ca

mer

oon

was

cate

goris

ed a

s Le

ast C

once

rn

and

DRC

as P

ossib

le C

once

rn a

t the

19t

h m

eetin

g of

the

Plan

ts C

omm

ittee

. Thi

s sp

ecie

s wa

s se

lect

ed fo

r the

CIT

ES R

evie

w of

Si

gnifi

cant

Tra

de p

roce

ss fo

llowi

ng C

oP17

for

Cong

o, C

amer

oon

and

DRC

and

is du

e to

be

disc

usse

d at

the

24th

mee

ting

of th

e Pl

ants

Co

mm

ittee

in J

uly 2

018.


Anne

xAp

p.Co

mm

on n

ame

(Sci

entifi

c na

me)

IU

CN R

ed

List

sta

tus*

Sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

**

Prev

ious

ly se

lect

ed

(201

1

onwa

rds)

Sum

mar

y of t

rade

Note

s†

ANN

EX C

: REP

TILE

S

CIII

Russ

ell’s

vipe

r (D

aboi

a ru

ssel

ii)Hi

gh vo

lum

e; Sh

arp

Incr

ease

(glo

bal);

Sh

arp

incr

ease

(T

haila

nd)

Impo

rts in

201

6 pr

edom

inan

tly c

ompr

ised

53

74 s

kins

impo

rted

by It

aly f

rom

Tha

iland

, re

porte

d wi

thou

t a p

urpo

se a

nd s

ourc

e co

de

spec

ified

. Im

ports

of s

kins

incr

ease

d by

mor

e th

an 2

5 tim

es c

ompa

red

to 2

015

(207

ski

ns),

but r

emai

ned

lowe

r tha

n le

vels

repo

rted

in

2008

(944

0 sk

ins)

. In

addi

tion,

192

0 un

its o

f ex

tract

wer

e im

porte

d by

Ital

y fro

m th

e Un

ited

Stat

es fo

r com

mer

cial

pur

pose

s in

201

6, a

ll ex

tract

was

repo

rted

with

out a

sou

rce

code

sp

ecifi

ed. N

o ot

her i

mpo

rts o

f ext

ract

wer

e re

porte

d 20

07-2

015.

List

ed in

App

endi

x III

by I

ndia

on

13/0

2/19

84.

CIII

M

ap tu

rtles

(G

rapt

emys

spp

.)5

LC/ 2

NT/

3

EN/ 3

VU

Shar

p In

crea

se

(glo

bal);

Sha

rp

incr

ease

(Chi

na)

EU im

ports

of m

ap tu

rtles

in 2

016

cons

iste

d

of 5

1 00

0 liv

e in

divid

uals

from

an

unre

porte

d so

urce

from

Chi

na im

porte

d by

Ital

y for

co

mm

erci

al p

urpo

ses.

Impo

rts in

crea

sed

by

mor

e th

an fi

ve ti

mes

com

pare

d to

201

5.

The

genu

s Gr

apte

mys

was

list

ed in

App

endi

x III

by t

he U

nite

d St

ates

on

14/0

6/20

06.

CIII

Re

eves

’ tur

tle

(Mau

rem

ys

reev

esii)

ENSh

arp

Incr

ease

(g

loba

l); S

harp

in

crea

se (C

hina

); En

dang

ered

spe

cies

2011

, 201

2,

2013

, 201

4Im

ports

of R

eeve

s’ tu

rtle

in 2

016

com

pris

ed

35 8

00 liv

e in

divid

uals

from

Chi

na, a

lmos

t fou

r tim

es th

e nu

mbe

r im

porte

d in

201

5. A

lmos

t all

impo

rts (9

7%) w

ere

for c

omm

erci

al p

urpo

ses

Of th

e im

ports

repo

rted

in 2

016,

app

roxim

atel

y ha

lf we

re w

ild-s

ourc

ed in

divid

uals

, with

the

rem

aind

er h

avin

g no

repo

rted

sour

ce.

Live

impo

rts in

201

6 re

pres

ent a

4-fo

ld

incr

ease

in c

ompa

rison

to 2

015,

reac

hing

the

high

est l

evel

s of

the

ten-

year

per

iod.

List

ed in

App

endi

x III

by C

hina

on

17/0

2/20

05.

Orig

inal

ly lis

ted

as M

aure

mys

meg

aloc

epha

la,

whic

h wa

s lu

mpe

d in

to M

aure

mys

reev

esii i

n 20

17, f

ollo

wing

taxo

nom

ic c

hang

es a

dopt

ed a

t Co

P17.


Anne

xAp

p.Co

mm

on n

ame

(Sci

entifi

c na

me)

IU

CN R

ed

List

sta

tus*

Sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

**

Prev

ious

ly se

lect

ed

(201

1

onwa

rds)

Sum

mar

y of t

rade

Note

s†

ANN

EX C

: COR

ALS

CIII

Cora

llium

ela

tius

High

volu

me;

Shar

p In

crea

se (g

loba

l);

Shar

p in

crea

se

(Tai

wan,

PoC

)

2015

Italy

impo

rted

high

leve

ls of

raw

cora

ls

(11

745

kg) f

or c

omm

erci

al p

urpo

ses

with

out a

so

urce

cod

e sp

ecifi

ed, a

lmos

t all o

f whi

ch

were

impo

rted

from

Tai

wan,

PoC

. Im

ports

of

raw

cora

ls in

crea

sed

by m

ore

than

6 ti

mes

be

twee

n 20

15 a

nd 2

016,

reac

hing

the

high

est

leve

ls ov

er th

e te

n-ye

ar p

erio

d 20

07-2

016.

List

ed in

App

endi

x III

by C

hina

on

01/0

7/20

08.

CIII

Whi

te c

oral

(C

oral

lium

konj

oi)

-Sh

arp

Incr

ease

(g

loba

l); S

harp

in

crea

se (T

aiwa

n,

Prov

ince

of C

hina

)

In 2

016,

impo

rts o

f whi

te c

oral

alm

ost e

ntire

ly co

nsis

ted

of 9

429

kg ra

w co

ral f

rom

Tai

wan,

Po

C, fo

r com

mer

cial

pur

pose

s an

d re

porte

d wi

thou

t a s

ourc

e co

de. R

aw c

oral

impo

rts w

ere

not r

epor

ted

2014

-201

5. A

ppro

ximat

ely 1

200

kg ra

w co

rals

were

impo

rted

in 2

010,

follo

wing

wh

ich

impo

rts re

mai

ned

low

until

201

6 wh

en

they

pea

ked

at e

ight

tim

es th

e qu

antit

y re

porte

d in

201

0.

List

ed in

App

endi

x III

by C

hina

on

01/0

7/20

08.

Key

* ‘CR

’ = C

ritic

ally

Enda

nger

ed, ‘E

N’ =

End

ange

red,

‘VU’

= V

ulne

rabl

e, ‘N

T’ =

Nea

r Thr

eate

ned,

‘LC’

= L

east

Con

cern

, ‘DD’

= D

ata

Defic

ient

, ‘-’ =

not

yet a

sses

sed

for t

he IU

CN R

ed L

ist.

** ‘G

T’ =

glo

bally

thre

aten

ed. S

peci

es w

ere

cons

ider

ed g

loba

lly th

reat

ened

if th

ey w

ere

clas

sifie

d as

CR,

EN,

VU,

NT

or D

D on

the

IUCN

Red

Lis

t.●

Spe

cies

sel

ecte

d at

the

genu

s le

vel.

◆ =

met

the

crite

ria b

ased

on

cand

idat

e co

untri

es’ t

rade

onl

y.

† ‘no

opi

nion

i)’ =

no

signi

fican

t tra

de a

ntic

ipat

ed; ‘n

o op

inio

n ii)

’ = d

ecisi

on d

efer

red;

‘no

opin

ion

iii)’ =

refe

rral t

o th

e SR

G.


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Brookesia stumpffi (wild-sourced live)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Brookesia thieli (wild-sourced live)

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Crocodylus niloticus (ranched skins)

Mozambique Zambia

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Phelsuma grandis (wild-sourced live, imported from Madagascar)

Figure 3.1: Accompanying graphs for Table 3.1 Annex A

050

100150200250300350400450500

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Hippopotamus amphibius (wild-sourced teeth, imported from South Africa)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Psittacus erithacus (live, wild-sourced)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Phelsuma kochi (wild-sourced live)

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Varanus exanthematicus (live)

Wild Ranched


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Cheilinus undulatus (live, wild-sourced)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Hippocampus barbouri (wild-sourced live)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Hippocampus subelongatus (wild-sourced live)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Acropora horrida (wild-sourced live)

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Acropora millepora (wild-sourced live)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Alveopora gigas (wild-sourced live, imported from Australia)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Caryophylla huinayensis (wild-sourced live)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Cynarina lacrymalis (wild-sourced live, imported from Tonga)


0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Pocillopora meandrina (wild-sourced raw corals)

Solomon Islands Other exporters

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Pocillopora verrucosa (wild-sourced raw corals)

Solomon Islands Other exporters

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Stylophora pistillata (wild-sourced raw corals, imported from the Solomon Islands)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Tethocyathus endesa (wild-sourced live)

0

50

100

150

200

250

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Echinophyllia nishihirai (wild-sourced live, imported from Fiji)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Halomitra pileus (wild-sourced raw corals)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Heliopora coerulea (wild-sourced live)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Pavona cactus (wild-sourced live)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Brassavola cordata (wild-sourced live)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Broughtonia sanguinea (wild-sourced live)

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Cyathea australis (wild-sourced live)

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Cyclamen hederifolium (wild-sourced live)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Wei

ght i

mpo

rted

(kg)

Sphaeropteris medullaris (wild-sourced powder)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Volu

me

impo

rted

(m3 )

Pericopsis elata (timber, wild-sourced)

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Graptemys spp. (live, imported from China with unreported source)

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Daboia russelii (skins, reported without a source)


0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

No.

impo

rted

Mauremys reevesii (live)

China Other exporters

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Wei

ght i

mpo

rted

(kg)

Corallium elatius (raw coral)

China Japan Taiwan, Province of China

01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,000

10,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Wei

ght i

mpo

rted

(kg)

Corallium konjoi (raw coral)

Taiwan, Province of China Other exporters

Reeves' turtle (Maurem

ys reevesii)


Table 3.2: Annex D species meeting criteria for noteworthy trends and summary of main trade in 2016.

Taxon IUCN Red List Status* Selection criteria** Main trade in 2016

BIRDS

Golden-breasted starling (Lamprotornis regius)

LC High volume Ten live, wild-sourced birds were imported for commercial purposes from Tanzania. Imports of live, wild-sourced birds remained below 60 per year 2008-2015.

REPTILES

Chinese water dragon (Physignathus cocincinus)

- High volume Imports in 2016 primarily comprised 6138 live animals, all of which were reported with an unknown source or without a source specified. Forty-five per cent was for commercial purposes and the remainder reported without a purpose code specified. The majority of imports were from Viet Nam (82%) and the remainder from the United States.

Four-lined girdled lizard (Zonosaurus quadrilineatus)

VU Sharp increase 25 live, wild-sourced Z. quadrilineatus were imported from Madagascar for commercial purposes. Imports in 2016 represented the first trade reported since 2007 (74 live, wild-sourced animals).

Indochinese rat snake (Ptyas korros)

Sharp Increase 33 live animals were imported from Indonesia, all of which were reported without a source or purpose specified and represented the highest level of trade reported 2007-2016.

Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma)

LC Sharp Increase 15 live animals were imported from Indonesia in 2016, all of which were reported without a purpose and source code. No trade was reported 2010-2015; 120 live animals were imported from Malaysia for commercial purposes in 2007.

Sword-tailed newt (Cynops ensicauda)

EN Endangered species; High volume (GT)

20 live animals from an unknown source were imported from Japan for commercial purposes in 2016. Imports of live animals reported with source ‘U’ were previously reported in 2010, 2011 and 2013 (100, 75 and 38 live animals, respectively).

PLANTS

Calibanus hookeri High volume; Sharp Increase

60 live plants were imported in 2016, all of which were for commercial purposes and reported with an unknown source (source ‘U’). All imports were from the United States; all other imports of C. hookeri were reported in 2008 (50).

Common club moss (Lycopodium clavatum)

High volume 10,000 kg of wild-sourced dried plants were imported from China for commercial purposes in 2016. Imports of dried plants reported by weight in 2016 increased by 2.5 times compared to 2014.

Devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens)

High volume 175 901 kg roots and 17 960 kg of dried plants were imported, 54% of which were wild-sourced for commercial purposes and the remainder reported without a purpose or source code specified. Over 95% of imports were from Namibia.

Bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata)

LC High volume 3398 kg of leaves imported from Ukraine by Italy, reported without a purpose or source code provided.


Tabl

e 3.

3: T

axa

show

ing

note

worth

y pat

tern

s of

can

dida

te c

ount

ry-re

porte

d di

rect

impo

rts fr

om w

ild, r

anch

ed, u

nkno

wn a

nd u

nspe

cifie

d so

urce

s in

201

6 ac

cord

ing

to th

e cr

iteria

: hig

h vo

lum

e of

trad

e, hi

gh vo

lum

e of

trad

e (g

loba

lly th

reat

ened

), sh

arp

incr

ease

in tr

ade

(glo

bal),

sha

rp in

crea

se in

trad

e (c

ount

ry) a

nd tr

ade

in e

ndan

gere

d sp

ecie

s.

Anne

xAp

p.Ta

xon

(C

omm

on n

ame)

IUCN

Red

Li

st s

tatu

s*Se

lect

ion

crite

ria**

Prev

ious

ly se

lect

ed

(201

1

onwa

rds)

Sum

mar

y of t

rade

ANN

EX A

: MAM

MAL

S

AI

Siam

ang

(Sym

phal

angu

s sy

ndac

tylu

s)

ENHi

gh vo

lum

e (G

T)En

dang

ered

spe

cies

In 2

016,

the

Form

er Y

ugos

lav R

epub

lic o

f Mac

edon

ia im

porte

d on

e liv

e sia

man

g fro

m

Belg

ium

for z

oolo

gica

l pur

pose

s, wi

th n

o so

urce

spe

cifie

d.

ANN

EX B

: MAM

MAL

S

BII

Cana

da ly

nx

(Lyn

x can

aden

sis)

LCHi

gh vo

lum

e20

11■

; 20

12■

; 20

13; 2

014

◆

In 2

016,

Tur

key i

mpo

rted

50 w

ild-s

ourc

ed C

anad

a lyn

x ski

ns fo

r com

mer

cial

pur

pose

s, al

l of

whic

h we

re im

porte

d fro

m C

anad

a. Im

ports

of C

anad

a lyn

x ski

ns w

ere

prev

ious

ly re

porte

d in

201

1 (th

ree

skin

s) a

nd 2

012

(322

ski

ns).

BII

Bobc

at (L

ynx r

ufus

)LC

High

volu

me

2011

■;

2012◆

; 20

13■

; 20

14■

Wild

-sou

rced

impo

rts o

f bob

cat i

n 20

16 c

ompr

ised

74

skin

s fo

r com

mer

cial

pur

pose

s, im

porte

d by

Tur

key f

rom

Can

ada.

Impo

rts o

f ski

ns d

eclin

ed 9

2% b

etwe

en 2

015

and

2016

an

d re

mai

ned

well b

elow

the

high

est l

evel

200

7-20

16 (7

831

skin

s re

porte

d in

201

4).

ANN

EX B

: BIR

DS

BII

Duco

rps’s

coc

kato

o (C

acat

ua d

ucor

psii)

LCSh

arp

Incr

ease

In 2

016,

Tur

key i

mpo

rted

675

live,

wild

-sou

rced

Duc

orps

’s co

ckat

oos

from

the

Solo

mon

Is

land

s fo

r com

mer

cial

pur

pose

s. N

o ot

her i

mpo

rts o

f wild

-sou

rced

Duc

orps

’s co

ckat

oo

were

repo

rted

2007

-201

5.

BII

Card

inal

lory

(C

halc

opsi

tta

card

inal

is)

LCSh

arp

Incr

ease

Impo

rts o

f car

dina

l lory

in 2

016

cons

iste

d of

265

wild

-sou

rced

live

bird

s fo

r com

mer

cial

pu

rpos

es, im

porte

d by

Tur

key f

rom

the

Solo

mon

Isla

nds.

No

othe

r im

ports

of w

ild-s

ourc

ed

card

inal

lory

wer

e re

porte

d ov

er th

e te

n-ye

ar p

erio

d.

BII

Yello

w-b

ibbe

d lo

ry

(Lor

ius c

hlor

ocer

cus)

LCSh

arp

Incr

ease

In 2

016,

wild

-sou

rced

impo

rts o

f yel

low

-bib

bed

lory

com

pris

ed 2

05 liv

e bi

rds

for

com

mer

cial

pur

pose

s im

porte

d by

Tur

key f

rom

the

Solo

mon

Isla

nds.

No

othe

r im

ports

of

wild

-sou

rced

yello

w-b

ibbe

d lo

ry w

ere

repo

rted

2007

-201

5.

BII

Rain

bow

lory

(T

richo

glos

sus

haem

atod

us)

LCSh

arp

Incr

ease

In 2

016,

Tur

key i

mpo

rted

300

live,

wild

-sou

rced

rain

bow

lory

for c

omm

erci

al p

urpo

ses

from

th

e So

lom

on Is

land

s. N

o wi

ld-s

ourc

ed im

ports

of t

he ra

inbo

w lo

ry w

ere

repo

rted

2007

-20

15.


Anne

xAp

p.Ta

xon

(C

omm

on n

ame)

IUCN

Red

Li

st s

tatu

s*Se

lect

ion

crite

ria**

Prev

ious

ly se

lect

ed

(201

1

onwa

rds)

Sum

mar

y of t

rade

BII

Ecle

ctus

par

rot

(Ecl

ectu

s ror

atus

)LC

Shar

p In

crea

seW

ild-s

ourc

ed im

ports

of t

he e

clec

tus

parro

t in

2016

com

pris

ed 2

85 liv

e bi

rds

for

com

mer

cial

pur

pose

s, im

porte

d by

Tur

key f

rom

the

Solo

mon

Isla

nds.

No

wild

-sou

rced

im

ports

of t

he e

clec

tus

parro

t wer

e re

porte

d 20

07-2

015.

BII

Red-

front

ed p

arro

t (P

oice

phal

us g

ulie

lmi)

LCSh

arp

Incr

ease

In 2

016,

Tur

key i

mpo

rted

1200

live,

wild

-sou

rced

red-

front

ed p

arro

ts fo

r com

mer

cial

pu

rpos

es, t

he va

st m

ajor

ity o

f whi

ch w

ere

from

Mal

i (92

%) a

nd th

e re

mai

nder

from

DRC

. Im

ports

pea

ked

in 2

016

and

incr

ease

d m

ore

than

four

tim

es c

ompa

red

to im

ports

in 2

014.

20

16 w

as th

e fir

st ye

ar th

at im

ports

wer

e re

porte

d fro

m D

RC.

ANN

EX B

: REP

TILE

S

BII

New

Guin

ea c

roco

dile

(C

roco

dylu

s no

vaeg

uine

ae)

LCHi

gh vo

lum

e20

15◆

Wild

-sou

rced

impo

rts o

f New

Gui

nea

croc

odile

in 2

016

com

pris

ed 2

6 sk

ins,

impo

rted

by

Turk

ey fr

om In

done

sia fo

r com

mer

cial

pur

pose

s. Im

ports

of w

ild-s

ourc

ed s

kins

ove

r the

te

n-ye

ar p

erio

d we

re re

porte

d in

201

2 an

d 20

14-2

016;

impo

rts p

eake

d in

201

6 wi

th im

ports

m

ore

than

four

tim

es g

reat

er th

an re

porte

d in

201

5 (s

ix sk

ins)

.

BII

Indo

nesia

n co

bra

(N

aja

sput

atrix

) LC

High

volu

me

Impo

rts o

f wild

-sou

rced

Indo

nesia

n co

bra

in 2

016

cons

iste

d of

61

skin

s, im

porte

d by

Tur

key

from

Indo

nesia

for c

omm

erci

al p

urpo

ses.

Impo

rts in

201

6 re

pres

ente

d a

94%

decr

ease

co

mpa

red

to 2

013,

the

only

othe

r yea

r in

the

ten-

year

per

iod

when

impo

rts o

f wild

-sou

rced

sk

ins

were

repo

rted.

ANN

EX B

: IN

VERT

EBRA

TES

(NON

COR

ALS)

BII

Borin

g cl

am

(Trid

acna

cro

cea)

LCHi

gh vo

lum

e; Sh

arp

Incr

ease

2015

In 2

016,

Tur

key i

mpo

rted

137

live,

wild

-sou

rced

bor

ing

clam

s fro

m V

iet N

am fo

r com

mer

cial

pu

rpos

es; t

his

repr

esen

ts a

n in

crea

se o

f 174

% in

com

paris

on w

ith 2

011,

the

only

othe

r yea

r in

the

ten-

year

per

iod

in w

hich

impo

rts o

f live

bor

ing

clam

s we

re re

cord

ed (5

0).

BII

Smal

l gia

nt c

lam

(T

ridac

na m

axim

a)LC

High

volu

me;

Shar

p In

crea

se20

11◆

; 20

12◆

; 20

13◆

; 20

14◆

Impo

rts o

f sm

all g

iant

cla

m in

201

6 co

mpr

ised

58

live

clam

s im

porte

d by

Tur

key f

rom

Vie

t Na

m, f

or c

omm

erci

al p

urpo

ses.

The

onl

y oth

er re

cord

of w

ild-s

ourc

ed s

mal

l gia

nt c

lam

im

ports

in th

e te

n-ye

ar p

erio

d wa

s 75

live

clam

s im

porte

d by

Tur

key f

rom

Cam

bodi

a fo

r co

mm

erci

al p

urpo

ses

in 2

011.


Anne

xAp

p.Ta

xon

(C

omm

on n

ame)

IUCN

Red

Li

st s

tatu

s*Se

lect

ion

crite

ria**

Prev

ious

ly se

lect

ed

(201

1

onwa

rds)

Sum

mar

y of t

rade

ANN

EX B

: TIM

BER

BII

Afro

rmos

ia

(Per

icop

sis e

lata

)EN

High

volu

me

(GT)

; Sh

arp

Incr

ease

; En

dang

ered

spe

cies

2011◆

; 20

12◆

; 20

13◆

; 20

14◆

Impo

rts o

f wild

-sou

rced

afro

rmos

ia in

201

6 co

nsis

ted

of 3

16.12

m3

timbe

r, im

porte

d by

Tu

rkey

from

DRC

, for

com

mer

cial

pur

pose

s. N

o ot

her i

mpo

rts o

f afro

rmos

ia w

ere

repo

rted

over

the

ten-

year

per

iod.

Key

*‘CR’

= C

ritic

ally

Enda

nger

ed, ‘E

N’ =

End

ange

red,

‘VU’

= V

ulne

rabl

e, ‘N

T’ =

Nea

r Thr

eate

ned,

‘LC’

= L

east

Con

cern

, ‘DD’

= D

ata

Defic

ient

, ‘-’ =

not

yet a

sses

sed

for t

he IU

CN R

ed L

ist.

** ‘G

T’ =

glo

bally

thre

aten

ed. S

peci

es w

ere

cons

ider

ed g

loba

lly th

reat

ened

if th

ey w

ere

clas

sifie

d as

CR,

EN,

VU,

NT

or D

D on

the

IUCN

Red

Lis

t.

■ =

met

the

crite

ria b

ased

on

both

EU

and

cand

idat

e co

untri

es’ t

rade

.

◆ =

met

the

crite

ria b

ased

on

EU tr

ade

only.

Value of EU trade 37

4. VALUE OF EU TRADEThis chapter provides an estimate of the financial value of CITES-listed species imported into and exported from the EU in 2016.

Animal importsEstimates of financial value could be assigned to 98% (74 658) of the import transactions reported by the EU for animals during 2016, and 90% (884) of the animal taxa reported in trade during this period. The animal taxa for which values could not be assigned include 48 mammal taxa, 20 bird taxa, and 17 reptile taxa, amongst others.

The financial value of EU imports of CITES-listed animals in 2016 (excluding sturgeon extract and cosmetics) was estimated at EUR 1430 million, approximately a 32% increase compared to 2015. The following animal products imported into the EU together accounted for over 90% of the trade value:

- Wild-sourced American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) small leather products (Appendix II) accounted for 35% of the value of animal imports. Switzerland exported 51% of this value EUR 255.1 million, followed by Tunisia (26%).

- Wild-sourced raw corals (primarily Appendix II) traded for commercial purposes accounted for 35% of the value of EU animal imports. Taiwan (PoC) exported 42% of this value (EUR 195.7 million), followed by Indonesia (37%).

- Reptile skins accounted for 16% of the value of EU animal imports, the majority of which (61%) was wild-sourced. American alligators accounted for 55% of the value of reptile skin imports. The United States14 exported 46% of this value (EUR 106.6 million), followed by Singapore (10%).

- Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica) hair (Appendix III) accounted for 3% of the value of EU animal imports. The majority of the value of this trade (EUR 32.7) was wild-sourced and exported from China.

Figure 4.1: Main trade routes of key animal commodities imported directly and indirectly by the EU in 2016 by estimated value in EUR. Values quoted in the legend refer to the value of trade shown in the figure. Arrows weighted by relative value of trade. Plotted data represent 78% of the value of animal imports. Source: Trade data sourced from the CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC and price data sourced from the United States annual reports submitted to CITES.

14 Alligator mississippiensis is an endemic species to the United States


Of the top imported products, Siberian weasel hair had the highest estimated value per unit - EUR 14 597 per kilogram, while reptile skins had the lowest estimated value per unit, ranging from EUR 8 per skin for wild-

sourced Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) up to EUR 878 per skin for ranched saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus).

Figure 4.2: Animal products imported by the EU in 2016 accounting for the highest proportion of the estimated value of direct and indirect imports. Stacked bars reflect the estimated value of imports in EUR, coloured by source: captive produced (sources ‘C’, ‘D’, and ‘F’), ranched (source ‘R’ only), wild-sourced (source ‘W’), and other (sources ‘U’, ‘O’, ‘X’ and trade reported without a source). Black dots indicate the quantity of product imported.

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Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus)


Plant importsEstimates of financial value could be assigned to 92% (14 880) of the import transactions reported by the EU for plants and timber during 2016, and 92%

(2262) of the plant and timber taxa reported in trade during this period.

The value of EU imports of CITES-listed plants and timber in 2016 was estimated at EUR 239.7 million, approximately a 5% increase compared to 2015. The following plant products imported into the EU together accounted for over 70% of the trade value:- Wild-sourced African cherry (Prunus africana) bark

in kilograms (Appendix II) traded for commercial purposes accounted for 31% of the value of plant and timber imports. Cameroon exported 73% of this value (EUR 53.6 million), with the remainder exported from Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda. All trade was imported by France and Spain.

- Wild-sourced candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica) wax in kilograms (Appendix II) traded for commercial purposes accounted for 13% value of plant and timber imports. Mexico exported, 79% of this value, with the remainder of trade originating in Mexico and re-exported from Japan, the United States of America and Switzerland.

- Wild-sourced afromosia (Pericopsis elata) timber in m3 (Appendix II) traded for commercial purposes accounted for 13% value of plant and timber imports. Cameroon exported, 69% of this value, followed by the Democratic Republic of Congo (31%).

- Wild-sourced live green snowdrops (Galanthus woronowii) (Appendix II) traded for commercial purposes accounted for 11% value of plant and timber imports. Turkey exported 85% of this value, with the remainder exported from Georgia. All trade was imported by the Netherlands.

Live, artificially propagated sago palm (Cycas revoluta), cacti and orchids accounted for a further 18% of the trade value.

Figure 4.3: Main trade routes of key plant commodities imported directly and indirectly by the EU in 2016 by estimated value in EUR. Values quoted in the legend refer to the value of trade shown in the figure. Arrows weighted by relative value of trade. Plotted data represent 68% of the value of plant imports. Source: Trade data sourced from the CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC and price data sourced from the United States annual reports submitted to CITES.


Figure 4.4: Plant products imported by the EU in 2016 accounting for the highest proportion of the value of direct and indirect imports. Stacked bars reflect the estimated value of imports by EUR, coloured by source: artificially propagated (source ‘A’ and ‘D’), wild-sourced (source ‘W’ only), or other (source ‘D’, ‘O’ and trade reported without a source). Black dots reflect the quantity of product imported.

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Of the top imported products, wild-sourced afromosia timber per m3 had the highest estimated average value per unit (EUR 3447 per m3), while live

green snowdrops had the lowest value per item (EUR 2.31).

Giant snowdrop (Galanthus elwesii)


Animal exportsEstimates of financial value could be assigned to 99% (153 782) of the export transactions reported by the EU for animals during 2016, and 90% (886) of the animal taxa reported in trade during this period. The

animal taxa for which values could not be assigned include 28 mammal taxa, 30 bird taxa, and 19 reptile taxa, amongst others.

Figure 4.5: Main trade routes of key animal commodities exported directly and indirectly from the EU in 2016 by estimated value in EUR. Values quoted in the legend refer to the value of trade shown in the figure. Arrows weighted by relative value of trade. Plotted data represent 55% of the value of animal exports. Source: Trade data sourced from the CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC and price data sourced from the United States annual reports submitted to CITES.

The value of EU exports of CITES-listed animals in 2016 (excluding sturgeon extract and cosmetics) was estimated at EUR 1700 million, a less than 1% increase compared to 2015. The following animal products exported from the EU together accounted for over 50% of the trade value:- Wild-sourced American alligator small leather

products (Appendix II) accounted for 58% of the value of animal exports (American alligator products without a reported source accounted for a further 12% of the value). Switzerland imported 57% of this value (EUR 799.2 million).

- Wild-sourced Siberian weasel hair (Appendix III) traded for commercial purposes accounted for 4% of the value of animal exports. Exports from the United Kingdom to the United States accounted for 99% of this trade.

- Reptile skins accounted for 3% of the value of animal exports. Approximately 56% of this trade was in wild-sourced American alligator skins exported for commercial purposes. Switzerland imported 40% of this value, followed by Mexico (30%). The majority of the trade was in re-exported products (<1% originated in the EU).

Of the top exported products, Siberian weasel hair had the highest estimated value per kilogram (EUR 14 597), while reptile skins had the lowest values at an average of EUR 157 per unit.15

15 The dog-faced water snake (Cerberus rynchops) was the lowest value reptile small leather product averaging EUR 47 per unit. The saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) was the highest value small leather product per unit, averaging EUR 6 053 per unit.



ississippiensis)

Figure 4.6: Animal products exported from the EU, 2016 accounting for the highest proportion of the estimated value of direct and indirect imports. Stacked bars reflect the estimated value of imports in EUR, coloured by source: captive produced (sources ‘C’, ‘D’, and ‘F’), ranched (source ‘R’ only), wild-sourced (source ‘W’ only) and other (source ‘U’, ‘O’, ‘X’ and trade reported without a source.). Black dots indicate the quantity of product imported.

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Plant exportsEstimates of financial value could be assigned to 99% (151 498) of the export transactions reported by the EU for plants and timber during 2016, and 94% (1 153)

of the plant and timber taxa reported in trade during this period.

The value of EU exports of CITES-listed plants and timber in 2016 was estimated at EUR 277.6 million, approximately a 33% increase compared to 2015. The following plant products exported from the EU together accounted for 97% of the trade value:- Artificially propagated, live plants from the

Netherlands accounted for 95% value of the value of plant and timber exports (EUR 263.6). Orchids accounted for the majority of this value (70%), followed by cacti (25%) and aloes (1%). The Netherlands exported to 88 countries, including Turkey (23% of this value) and Norway (20%).

- Wild-sourced African cherry bark in kilograms (Appendix II) traded for commercial purposes accounted for 2% of the value of plant and timber exports. All trade originated in Cameroon, and was mainly exported to Madagascar from France (87% of the value).

Of the top exported products, African cherry bark per kilogram had the highest average value per unit, (EUR 73), while live, artificially propagated aloes had the lowest average value per unit (EUR 9).

Figure 4.7: Main trade routes of key plant commodities exported directly and indirectly from the EU in 2016 by estimated value in EUR. Values quoted in the legend refer to the value of trade shown in the figure. Arrows weighted by relative value of trade. Plotted data represent 55% of the value of plant exports. Source: Trade data sourced from the CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC and

Cape aloe (Aloe ferox)


Figure 4.8: Plant products imported by the EU in 2016 accounting for the highest proportion of the value of direct and indirect imports. Stacked bars reflect the estimated value of imports by EUR, coloured by source: artificially propagated (source ‘A’ and ‘D’), wild-sourced (source ‘W’ only), or other (sources ‘O’ and trade reported without a source). Black dots reflect the quantity of product imported.

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Golden barrel cactus (Echinocactus grusonii)

Annex 45

ANNEX A: SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONTable 1: Data included from EU Member States

Member State Received Basis of reporting

Austria 13/06/2017 Actual trade

Belgium 22/06/2017 Actual trade

Bulgaria 18/10/2017 Actual trade/Permits issued

Croatia 12/06/2017 Actual trade/Permits issued

Cyprus 01/06/2017 --

Czech Republic 05/06/2017 Actual trade

Denmark 13/06/2017 Permits issued

Estonia 21/06/2017 Permits issued

Finland 27/07/2017 Actual trade/Permits issued

France 04/08/2017 --

Germany 09/06/2017 Actual trade

Greece 08/06/2017 --

Hungary 15/06/2017 Actual trade/Permits issued

Ireland 25/10/2017 --

Italy 30/05/2017 Actual trade

Latvia 16/06/2017 Actual trade/Permits issued

Lithuania 14/06/2017 --

Luxembourg 14/11/2017 --

Malta 15/06/2017 --

Netherlands 13/06/2017 Actual trade/Permits issued

Poland 09/05/2017 --

Portugal 08/09/2017 Actual trade

Romania 22/06/2017 --

Slovakia 02/06/2017 Actual trade/Permits issued

Slovenia 13/06/2017 Actual trade/Permits issued

Spain 14/06/2017 Actual trade

Sweden 19/09/2017 --

United Kingdom 14/06/2017 Actual trade


Table 2: Data included from candidate Countries

Candidate country Received Basis of reporting

FYR Macedonia 28/12/2017 Actual trade/permits issued

Serbia 13/10/2017 Actual trade/permits issued

Turkey 12/10/2017 Permits issued

Table 3: Conversion Factors

Converted from Converted to

Grams; milligrams Kilograms (kg)

Millilitres Litres (l)

Centimetres Metres (m)

Pairs Whole values [1 pair = 2 items]

Sides Whole skins [2 sides = 1 skin]

Timber (including logs, sawn wood, veneer etc) in kilograms

Cubic meters (m3) [calculated using the mid-point of the range of specific weights provided in the CITES Identification Manual (Vales et al., 199916)].

Table 4: Codes for purpose of trade

Code Description

B Breeding in captivity or artificial propagation

E Educational

G Botanical gardens

H Hunting trophies

L Law enforcement/judicial/forensic

M Medical (including biomedical research)

N Reintroduction or introduction into the wild

P Personal

Q Circuses and travelling exhibitions

S Scientific

T Commercial / Trade

Z Zoos

16 Vales, M. A., Clemente, M. & García Esteban, L. (1999) Timber identification. In CITES Identification Manual: Flora. CITES Secretariat, Switzerland.

Annex 47

Table 5: Codes for source of specimens in trade

Code Description

AAnnex A plants artificially propagated for non-commercial purposes and Annexes B and C plants artificially propagated in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

C Annex A animals bred in captivity for non-commercial purposes and Annexes B and C animals bred in captivity in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

DAnnex A animals bred in captivity for commercial purposes and Annex A plants artificially propagated for commercial purposes in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

F Animals born in captivity, but for which the criteria of Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006 are not met, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

I Confiscated or seized specimens17

O Pre-Convention specimens1

R Specimens originating from a ranching operation

U Source unknown (must be justified)

W Specimens taken from the wild

X Specimens taken in “the marine environment not under the jurisdiction of any State”

17 To be used only in conjunction with another source code.


ANNEX B: METHODOLOGYSelection of species showing noteworthy trends – Chapter 3In 2016, the selection process followed the methodology that was discussed by the 2nd meeting of the Advisory Working Group (AWG) of the Evaluation of the Review of Significant Trade (Shepherdstown, 2015) and was used for the Review of Significant Trade selection process post-CoP17. Further details of this process can be found in AC29 Doc. 13.Annex 2 and PC23 Doc. 15.3 Annex 2. However the following key differences between the methodology used here and that in the aforementioned documents should be noted:

• In the case of this analysis, importer-reported data on imports into the EU were used in place of gross exports;

• The high volume selection was based on only the most recent year of trade (2016), rather than the mean of the most recent three years;

• The high volume threshold for all taxa excluding corals was set at the top 10% of taxa traded in each order; and

• As an exceptional case, only the top 5% of coral taxa of the order Scleractinia were selected as ‘High Volume’ on the basis of a very large number of taxa in trade within this order.

Criterion i) Endangered SpeciesSpecies in trade that have been classified as Critically Endangered and Endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species18 were automatically selected for inclusion if any trade was reported in 2016.

Criterion ii) Sharp Increase (Global)Taxa met this criterion if the volume of direct exports in 2016 at the global level was more than three times the average trade volume of the preceding five years (2011-2015). Taxa that, despite a sharp increase in trade, were still only traded in very low volumes (i.e. totalling less than 100 over the 10 year period 2007-2016), were not considered to meet this criterion.

Criterion iii) Sharp Increase (Country)Taxon/country combinations met this criterion if the volume of direct exports in 2016 for a taxon were more than three times the average trade volume of the preceding five years as exported by a particular country (based on gross exports), and the total trade level for the taxon/country combination over the last 10 years was 100 units or more.

Criterion iv and v) High Volume and High Volume (Globally Threatened)To identify representative taxa traded at high volumes across taxonomic groups, the most highly traded taxa within each order (based on the sum of trade across all accepted terms) were selected as “High Volume”. As the first step, taxa were excluded if trade averaged less than 20 units for the most recent year of trade (2016) (unless listed as Endangered or Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, in which case they were included if they averaged at least 1 unit for the most recent year of trade). The remaining taxa met the High Volume criterion if they then fell within the top 10% of taxa in each order by volume of trade (or top 5% for Scleractinia), based on the sum of direct trade levels during the most recent year (2016). Where only one or two taxa within an order were represented, these were selected (provided that the most recent year of trade comprised of 20 or more units).

Global threat status was taken into consideration when applying the ‘High Volume’ criterion. To account for global threat status, the trade volumes for globally threatened species19 in the most recent year (2016), as well as those species classified as Near Threatened and Data Deficient, were adjusted by multiplying by 10. This was done prior to selecting the top third of the order. It should be noted that not all species have been assessed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; the trade volumes are not adjusted where species have not been assessed by the IUCN.

18 www.iucnredlist.org Data downloaded on 10th January 201819 Defined as species classified in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable. For this criterion, species

considered Near Threatened and Data Deficient have also been included.

http://www.iucnredlist.org

Annex 49

Valuation – Chapter 4To calculate the value of relevant 2016 imports to the EU, we use the methodology developed by UNEP-WCMC for the 2014 Analysis report. Financial values for animals have been calculated using the methodology which was updated for the 2014 Analysis, caution should therefore be used when comparing 2016 values with years prior to 2014. Caviar extract, used in cosmetics, is excluded from this valuation; this commodity is imported in very small quantities, and it is unclear whether the declared prices in the United States dataset represent the actual price for the extract in its natural form or the luxury commodity containing the extract, both of which are traded. Trade for educational, law enforcement, scientific and reintroduction/introduction into the wild purposes (purpose codes E, L, S and N) was excluded from the valuation, as this trade does not contribute to national economies in the same manner as trade for commercial or similar purposes. The value of trade for these purposes from animal and plant products was EUR 0.97 million. Confiscated or seized products (source I) were also excluded on the basis of potential unstandardised use by reporters. Values of trade are based on direct and indirect trade. The sources of price data for plants and animals differ and are discussed separately in the chapter, as they are not directly comparable.

Data collection: AnimalsFinancial values for animal products were obtained using species-specific values in United States dollars (USD) that are included in the United States annual report to CITES (as transmitted by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service). All annual reports from 2011 to 2016 were used to compile price data for the analysis, and prices were corrected for inflation.

Data collection: PlantsThe United States annual reports do not report prices for most plant imports so data for plants were collected from retail and wholesale websites from around the world. Google searches for the names of the main plant groups in trade (e.g. orchids, timber) plus the phrases ‘for sale’, and ‘buy’ were carried out to find plants and plant products for sale. In addition, eBay searches for the main plant groups and genera plus terms were carried out. The process was repeated using the names of some of the key genera, species and trade terms that lacked price data after the first phase. All prices were converted to USD. Price data was primarily available for live ornamental plants, meaning value of plant and timber trade is likely to be under reported.

AnalysisThe two datasets were used to calculate the median value for each combination of taxa/term/unit/source for animals, and taxa/term/unit for plants, as the source could not be determined for the majority of retail products. These medians were then multiplied by the reported trade volume of that combination to obtain total values for CITES-listed exports from the region. Only medians for which at least five prices were found were used in the final calculations. In cases where there was an insufficient sample size, a suitable proxy was used. For example, where the sample size at the species level was not large enough, a proxy of the next lowest taxonomic level for which there was a large enough sample size was used (up to order). In cases where no suitable proxy could be found, the data were excluded.

LimitationsThe exclusion of some trade records will reduce the overall estimated value of trade, and this exclusion is likely to be biased towards taxa/term/unit/source combinations that are infrequently traded. In addition, the use of proxies at the family or order level may underestimate trade values at the species level, especially for particularly high value species.

Retail and wholesale prices for plants and import values for animals may also not be comparable, due to the different sources of these data. Overall figures should therefore be interpreted with some caution


ANNEX C: ADDITIONAL SPECIES SELECTEDTable 1: Species selected as showing noteworthy trends in wild-sourced and ranched EU imports in 2016 but excluded from Table 3.1 due to their selection at higher taxonomic level or selection as high volume in 2016 whilst having been selected in at least one of the previous five analyses as high volume.

Taxon Current Listing Current EU Annex

Selection criteria Red List Status

ANNEX B: MAMMALS

Pecari tajacu II B High volume LC

Lynx canadensis II B High volume LC

Equus zebra hartmannae II B High volume (GT) VU

Ceratotherium simum simum II B High volume (GT) NT

Loxodonta africana II B High volume (GT) VU

ANNEX B: REPTILES

Alligator mississippiensis II B High volume LC

Salvator merianae II B High volume LC

Salvator rufescens II B High volume

Varanus niloticus II B High volume

Varanus salvator II B High volume LC

Python brongersmai II B High volume LC

Python reticulatus II B High volume

Testudo horsfieldii II B High volume (GT) VU

ANNEX B: AMPHIBIANS

Mantella betsileo II B High volume LC

ANNEX B: FISH

Polyodon spathula II B High volume (GT) VU

Lamna nasus II B High volume (GT) VU

Arapaima gigas II B High volume (GT) DD

ANNEX B: NON-CORAL INVERTEBRATES

Hirudo verbana II B High volume

Ornithoptera rothschildi II B High volume (GT) VU

Strombus gigas II B High volume

Tridacna maxima II B High volume (GT) NT

Annex 51

Taxon Current Listing Current EU Annex

Selection criteria Red List Status

ANNEX B: CORALS

Millepora spp. II B High volume

Leptoseris spp. II B Sharp Increase

Pachyseris spp. II B Sharp Increase

Catalaphyllia jardinei II B High volume (GT) VU

Euphyllia ancora II B High volume (GT) VU

Euphyllia glabrescens II B High volume (GT) NT

Duncanopsammia axifuga II B High volume (GT) NT

Turbinaria spp. II B Sharp increase (Indonesia)

Echinopora spp. II B Sharp Increase

Oulophyllia spp. II B Sharp Increase

Scleractinia spp. II B High volume

Echinophyllia spp. II B Sharp increase (Indonesia)

Pectinia spp. II B Sharp increase (Fiji)

Seriatopora spp. II B Sharp Increase

Goniopora stokesi II B High volume (GT) NT

Trachyphyllia geoffroyi II B High volume (GT) NT

Tubipora musica II B High volume (GT) NT

Distichopora spp. II B High volume

Stylaster spp. II B High volume

ANNEX B: PLANTS

Echinopsis chiloensis II B High volume LC

Eulychnia acida II B High volume LC

Euphorbia antisyphilitica II B High volume

Galanthus elwesii II B High volume (GT) DD

Bulbophyllum spp. II B High volume

Tolumnia spp. II B High volume; Sharp Increase

ANNEX B: TIMBER

Gonystylus spp. II B High volume

Prunus africana II B High volume (GT) VU

Bulnesia sarmientoi II B High volume (GT) NT

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