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Ethnobotany
Alexey Shipunov
Minot State University
Lectures 27–29
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Outline
1 PharmacognosyPlants curing hormone imbalancePlants curing sexual disorders: aphrodisiacsPlant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)Plants for musculosceletal system and skinPlants for eye, ear, nose and pharynxAnti-cancer plantsPlants for supportive therapy
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing hormone imbalance
PharmacognosyPlants curing hormone imbalance
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing hormone imbalance
Testosterone
In prenatal development, induces gender identityGenerally, promotes growth of muscle system through facilitationthe synthesis of proteinsGrowth of muscle system stimulates growth of bonesHas androgenic effects: secondary sex characteristics, spermdevelopmentRegulates fight-or-flight response, aggressive behavior and overalllevel of muscle energyPresent in both males and females in 10:1 proportion
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing hormone imbalance
Testosteron
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing hormone imbalance
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing hormone imbalance
Estrogens
Group of hormones, most important are estrone (E1) and estradiol(E2)Regulate female menstrual cycleActivate metabolism, reduce muscle mass, increase the level offat storage, fasten cholesterol metabolism, promote femalesecondary sexual characteristicsRapid changes of estrogen levels reflects on mental healthPromote development of some breast cancersPresent in both males and females
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing hormone imbalance
Estradiol
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing hormone imbalance
Phytoestrogens
Plant analogs of steroids, “diet estrogens”Have both estrogen and anti-estrogen effectsSoybeans contain significant amounts of phytoestrogens
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing hormone imbalance
Red clover, Trifolium pratense
First spotted because of effect on grazing sheep fertilityPlant belongs to legume family, LeguminosaeRed, 2–3 cm diameter flower headsEuropean plant, used as a forage and naturalized in NorthAmerica
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing hormone imbalance
Red colver and genistein
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing hormone imbalance
Red clover clinical effects
Genistein and coumestrol are two main componentsTraditionally used for treating skin diseasesNow often used for a natural hormone therapy, decreases risks ofsome cancers
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing hormone imbalance
Black conosh, Cicimifuga racemosa
Belongs to butterwort family, RanunculaceaeThe other name is “squawroot” because of traditional use forfemale therapyTraditionally, also used for curing snake bites (“black snakeroot”)
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing hormone imbalance
Black conosh clinical effects
Glycosides cicimifugosides (e.g., actein) are main activecomponentsImprove menopausal symptoms, also affects menstrual cycleLowering blood pressure
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing hormone imbalance
Black conosh and actein
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing hormone imbalance
Saw palmetto, Serenoa serrulata
Belongs to palm family, PalmaeImportant component of Florida forestsFruits are small black berries
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing hormone imbalance
Florida pine flatwood: saw palmetto and slash pine(Pinus elliotii)
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing hormone imbalance
Clinical effects of saw palmetto
Contains multiple phytosterols (e.g., β-sitosterol) with estrogeneffectsUsed mostly for treating prostate diseases in males
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing hormone imbalance
Saw palmetto and β-sitosterol
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing sexual disorders: aphrodisiacs
PharmacognosyPlants curing sexual disorders:
aphrodisiacs
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing sexual disorders: aphrodisiacs
African Yohimbe, Pausinystalia yohimbe
Belongs to Rubiaceae family (which is rich of medicinal plants)Tall West African treeBark is most rich of pharmaceutical components
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing sexual disorders: aphrodisiacs
Yohimbe and yohimbine
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing sexual disorders: aphrodisiacs
Yohimbe pharmacological effects
Contains multiple alkaloids, including yohimbineAlkaloid is α-adrenergic blocker, widely used as sexual stimulant
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing sexual disorders: aphrodisiacs
Adrenergic receptor
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing sexual disorders: aphrodisiacs
Mediterranean garden rocket, Eruca sativa
Herbaceous plant from cabbage family, CruciferaeUsed as leaf vegetable and as a sexual stimulant from RomantimesSource of digestive alcohol, rucolino
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing sexual disorders: aphrodisiacs
Garden rocket and “Rucolino”
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing sexual disorders: aphrodisiacs
Indian gokharu, Tribulus terrestris
Eurasian herbaceous creeping plant from Zygophyllaceae family,naturalized in U.S.Fruits have extremely large spines dangerous even to bicyclesImportant traditional part of Indian Ayurveda and Unani medicinaltraditionsMain component is steroidal protodioscin, increases the level oftestosterone
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing sexual disorders: aphrodisiacs
Gokharu
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing sexual disorders: aphrodisiacs
Protodioscin
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing sexual disorders: aphrodisiacs
South Asian tonghat, Auricoma longifolia
Small Indonesian tree from Simaroubaceae familyMain active components are extremely bitter (50 times more thanquinine) quassinoids (e.g., eurycomalactone) from tree rootsIt is shown that root extract increase sperm count, testosteronelevel, and even anti-cancerNow widely used as anabolic for bodybuilders
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing sexual disorders: aphrodisiacs
Tonghat and eurymalactone
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing sexual disorders: aphrodisiacs
Central American damiana, Turnera diffusa
Shrub from Turneraceae family, native to southern U.S. andMexicoNative Americans prepared “damiana tea” as sexual stimulatorIt is shown that constituents may take part in estrogen metabolism
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing sexual disorders: aphrodisiacs
Damiana
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing sexual disorders: aphrodisiacs
Southern American walking palm, Socratea exorrhiza
Small palm from Amazonian forestsWidely known as “walking plant” because it constantly developsnew stilt roots whereas older are decayingInner parts of stilt roots are used as aphrodisiac
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Pharmacognosy Plants curing sexual disorders: aphrodisiacs
Walking palm
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)
PharmacognosyPlant remedies for endocrine and
urinary diseases (the rest)
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)
Antidiabetics
Used for treatment in case of type 2 diabetes(non-insulin-dependent)Lower concentration of glucose in blood (hypoglycaemic effects)
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)
Bitter melon, Momordica charantia, Cucurbitaceae,South Asia
Leaves and fruits contain triterpene glycosides momordicosidesHave hypoglycaemic effects
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)
Bitter melon
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)
Momordicin
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)
Guar, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, Leguminosae,Africa
Cyamopsidis seminisSeeds are normally used, they contain galactose and mannosepolymers which reduce absorption of glucose
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)
Guar
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)
Gymnema, Gymnema sylvestris, Apocynaceae, India
(Covered previously)Large vine, leaves chewing results in temporary disappearance ofsweet taste
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)
Raspberry, Rubus idaeus, Rosaceae, NorthHemisphere
Tea from raspberry leaves was traditionally used to facilitate childbirthActive components are most probably polypeptides and flavonoids
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for endocrine and urinary diseases (the rest)
Raspberry leaves
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
PharmacognosyPlants for musculosceletal system
and skin
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Arthritis, rheumatism and muscle pain
Numerous unrelated diseases, from infections to psychologicalAs a result, no general treatment availableMain synthetic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs:aspirin, ibuprofen) are cyclo-oxygenases which inhibitprostaglandin synthase enzymes
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Willows, Salix spp., Salicaceae, Northern Hemisphere
Salicis cortexContains salicylic acidWork much better with stomach than pure salicylis oracetylsalicylis acids (aspirin)
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Willow
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Salicylates
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Meadowsweet, Filipendula ulmaria, Rosaceae,Eurasia
Perennial herb growing in wet places; leaves and flowers are usedContain high amounts of salicylic acid, “aspirin” is a derivativefrom old name of plant, “spiraea”
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Meadowsweet
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Devil’s claw, Harpagophytum procumbens,Pedaliaceae, South Africa
Harpagophyti radixPlant with extremely spiny fruits; roots are collectedContains bitter iridoids harpagide and harpagoside working well inarthritis
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Devil’s claw
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Turmeric, Curcuma domestica, Zingiberaceae, SouthAsia
Curcumae domestuicae rhizomaHerbaceous plant similar to ginger, rhizomes are usedPlant came from Ayurveda and TCMCurcuminoid phenolic compounds are active, antagonist of someinflammatory factors
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Turmeric
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Curcumin
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, Colchicaceae,Eurasia
Used against gout: severe inflammation of foot joints caused byformation of uric crystalsColchicine is an active compound; extremely toxic!Also, used as anti-cancer
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Autumn crocus
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Colchicine
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Cold and influenza
Mixture of diseases, anti-inflammatory, antiviral drugs andimmunostimulants are usedDemulcents and emollients used for symptomatic treatment
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Linden, Tilia spp., Malvaceae, North Hemisphere
Tiliae flosDeciduous trees with insect-pollinated, fragrant flowersActive components are different essential oils, polysaccharides;some are capable to bind with inhibitory GABA receptors
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Linden
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Coltsfoot, Tussilago farfara, Compositae, Eurasia
Herb with dimorphic leaves and early flowering (both flowers andleaves are used)Main active components are acidic polysaccharides
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Coltsfoot
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Common marshmallow, Althaea officinalis, Malvaceae,Eurasia
Althaeae radixHigh herbaceous perennial plantTissues are rich of mucilage polysaccharides and flavonoids
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Marshmallow
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Echinacea, Echinacea purpurea and other species,Compositae, North America
Perennial herb, widely used by native tribesContain numerous glycosides and other compounds, e.g.,echinacosideImmunostimulant and anti-allergic plant, often combined withgarlic
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Echinacea
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Echinacoside
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Wintergreen, Gaultheria procumbens, Ericaceae,North America
Leaves and stems contain oils rich of methyl salicylatesOften used topically, e.g., for many kinds of muscular pains
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Wintergreen
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Red pepper, Capsicum spp., Solanaceae, CentralAmerica
(Already covered)Provides the revulsive effect
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Skin diseases
Eczema, dry skin, infectious diseases, local inflammation etc.Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and some specific drugs are used
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Yarrow, Achillea millefolium, Compositae, Eurasia
Perennial plant with dissected leaves, all parts are usedEssential oils and tannins are responsible for anti-inflammatoryand astringent effects
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Yarrow
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Arnica, Arnica montana, Compositae, Eurasia
Perennial mountainous plant from AlpsContain a rich combination of active compounds: proteins,essential oils, sesquiterpene lactones (e.g., helenalin)
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Arnica
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Helenalin
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Aloë vera, Asparagaceae, Africa
African tree with succulent leavesMixture of different components with antibacterial,anti-inflammatory and other effects
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Aloë vera
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Calendula, Calendula officinalis, Asteraceae, Eurasia
Herbaceous plant with bright yellow or orange inflorescencesOils, polysaccharides, saponins (like calenduladiol),carotenes—with anti-inflammatory and antiseptic effects
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Calendula
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Evening primrose, Oenothera spp., Onagraceae,North America
Used by local tribesActive is γ-linolenic acid which has topical anti-inflammatory andanti-eczematic effects
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Evening primrose
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
γ-linolenic acid
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Witch hazel, Hamamelis virginiana, Hamamelidaceae,North America
Shrub with hazel-like leaves and extremely early (or late) floweringLeaves and bark contain tannins with positive astringent effects toskin
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Pharmacognosy Plants for musculosceletal system and skin
Witch hazel
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Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx
PharmacognosyPlants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx
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Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx
Eyebright, Euphrasia spp., Orobanchaceae, Eurasia
Traditional European plant remedyActive components are iridoid glycosides: aucubin, euphrosideetc., lignans and tanninsHelps in conjunctivitis
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Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx
Eyebright
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Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx
Jaborandi leaf, Pilocarpus spp., Rutaceae, SouthAmerica
Contains alkaloid pilocarpineStimulating eye muscles, contracting pupils after atropine; usedagainst glaucoma
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Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx
Jaborandi leaf
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Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx
Pilocarpine
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Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx
Deadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna, Solanaceae,Mediterranean
Contains alkaloid atropineUsed for medical examination to open iris
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Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx
Deadly nightshade
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Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx
Atropine
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Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx
Essential oil plants for nose and orthopharynx
Essential oils are using as antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agentsSage (Salvia officinalis), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) andpeppermint (Mentha × piperita) are most frequently used
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Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx
Clove, Syzygium aromaticum, Myrtaceae, SouthwestAsia
Caryophylli flosFlower buds extremely rich of eugenolUsed also as a culinary spice
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Pharmacognosy Plants for eye, ear, nose and pharynx
Clove
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Pharmacognosy Anti-cancer plants
PharmacognosyAnti-cancer plants
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Pharmacognosy Anti-cancer plants
Camptotheca acuminata, Cornaceae, East Asia
TCM plantStudy started in the end of 1950sWood and bark contain camptothecin, highly unsaturated alkaloid(toxic!)Active against gastrointestinal tumors of short duration
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Pharmacognosy Anti-cancer plants
Camptotheca acuminata
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Pharmacognosy Anti-cancer plants
Camptothecin
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Pharmacognosy Anti-cancer plants
Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, Taxaceae, North America
Conifer tree with berry-like conesContains taxol which is active against leukemia: it stops mitosisdue to inhibition of tubulin depolymerisationActually, taxol is produced mostly by yew fungal symbiont,Taxomyces
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Pharmacognosy Anti-cancer plants
Yew
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Pharmacognosy Anti-cancer plants
Taxol
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Pharmacognosy Anti-cancer plants
Mayapple, Podophyllum peltatum, Berberidaceae,North America
Rhizomes contain cytotoxic glycoside podophyllotoxinWorking similarly to colchicine: binds to tubulin and preventsmicrotubule formation
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Pharmacognosy Anti-cancer plants
Mayapple
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Pharmacognosy Anti-cancer plants
Podophyllotoxin
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Pharmacognosy Anti-cancer plants
White birch, Betula alba, Betulaceae, Eurasia
Betulinic acid (almost non-toxic!) is shown to have inhibiting effecton several tumor cell linesIt is believed that birch canker fungus (“chaga”) also containsanti-cancer agents
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Pharmacognosy Anti-cancer plants
Birch canker
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Pharmacognosy Anti-cancer plants
Madagascar periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus,Apocynaceae, Madagascar
Has multiple effects, long believed to be a “magic plant”Multiple indole alkaloids like vincristine inhibit cell division in manycancer lines, especially sarcomas
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Pharmacognosy Anti-cancer plants
Madagascar periwinkle
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Pharmacognosy Anti-cancer plants
Vincristine
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Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
PharmacognosyPlants for supportive therapy
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Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
Ashwaganandha, Withania somniferum, Solanaceae,South Asia
Roots are used in Ayurveda from more than 4,000 yearsContain different steroidal lactones and alkaloids like withaferinEffects are still under research, plant is believed to have sedativeand immunostimulating, adaptogene and anti-stress properties
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Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
Ashwaganandha
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Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
Withaferin
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Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
Golden root, Rhodiola rosea, Crassulaceae, NorthHemisphere
Traditional plant in Siberian medicine, went to Europe and to TCMRoots contain rosavin glycosidesHave anti-stress, stimulating and adaptogene properties
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Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
Golden root
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Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
Rosavin
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Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
Ginseng, Panax ginseng, Araliaceae, East Asia
Extremely important TCM plantActive components are ginsenosidesFacilitate metabolism, improve concentration, increase level ofadaptation, etc. etc.American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) and Siberian ginseng(Eleuterococcus senticosus) contain similar compounds
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Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
American ginseng
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Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
Ginsenoside
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Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
Gotu kola, Centella asiatica, Araliaceae, South Asia
Traditional Ayurveda plant, belongs to “rasayana”Contains multiple glycosides (centelloside etc.) which haveimmunostimulatory and sedative effects
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Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
Gotu kola
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Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
Maca, Lepidium meyeri, Cruciferae, South America
Also called “Peruvian ginseng”Contains multiple benzyl glucosinolates and polyphenols withstimulatory and sexual enhancement effectsThere is a possibility (small though as maca roots are boildeand/or dried) that some harmful compounds present, it is notrecommended to eat it fresh
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lectures 27–29 129 / 137
Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
Maca
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lectures 27–29 130 / 137
Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
Reishi (Lingzhi) mushroom, Ganoderma spp.,Polyporaceae, East Asia
Important component of TCM, “fungus of immortals”Triterpenes (like ganoderic acids) have general tonic andcholesterol-lowering effects
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lectures 27–29 131 / 137
Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
Lingzhi
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lectures 27–29 132 / 137
Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
Magnolia vine, Schisandra sinensis, Schisandraceae,East Asia
Berries contain lignans like schizandrinIn TCM, it is believed to prolong life via increasing the “vitalenergy”Clinical investigations provide some support for antioxidative,brain-stimulating and even anti-cancer activities
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lectures 27–29 133 / 137
Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
Magnolia vine
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lectures 27–29 134 / 137
Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
Schizandrin
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lectures 27–29 135 / 137
Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
Summary
Anti-cancer plant compounds often suppress cell divisionMany supportive plants are still waiting for the scientific evidenceof their effectsAnti-inflammatory, antibacterial and astringent compounds aremost important for treating cold and skin diseasesPlant quinones and essential oils tend to be antimicrobial
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lectures 27–29 136 / 137
Pharmacognosy Plants for supportive therapy
For Further Reading
A. Shipunov.Ethnobotany [Electronic resource].2011—onwards.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310
Heinrich et al. 2012 (or 2004).Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy.Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.Mode of access: http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310/heinrich2004_fund_pharm_part.pdf
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lectures 27–29 137 / 137