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Where we are?Origin of life
Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Alexey Shipunov
Minot State University
August 31, 2012
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Outline
1 Where we are?
2 Origin of lifeProofs of evolution
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Outline
1 Where we are?
2 Origin of lifeProofs of evolution
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Very basics of chemistry
pH of distilled water is equal to − log(10−7) = −(−7) = 7Molar mass is a gram equivalent of molecular massFor example, molecular mass of salt (NaCl) is23 + 35 = 58. Therefore, 1 mole of salt is 58 gEvery mole contains 6.02214078 × 1023 molecules(Avogadro’s number)In water solution, 1 M (1 molar) concentration of saltmeans in 1 liter of distilled water 58 g of salt was diluted
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Continental drift and plate tectonics
Continents of Earth are constantly changing their positiondue to the mantle convection (“plate tectonics”)In the past (Permian period) all continents formedsuper-continent Pangaea, which then broke into Laurasiaand GondwanaTwo living examples of continental drift on U.S. territory:Yellowstone hotspot and Hawaiian hotspot
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
What is going on now
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Origin of lifeProofs of evolution
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Evolution is a working research program
“Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in theLight of Evolution”
Theodosius Dobzhansky1973
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
New useful characters appear as a result of mutations
Wild rice evolved into domesticable by one mutation:http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1936.short
Malaria parasite became resistant to drugs due to onemutation: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5948/1680.abstract
Two mutations may turn worms into hermaphrodites:http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5955/1002.abstractand so on
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Hermaphroditic worms
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Artificial selection is a bridge to natural selection
Artificial selection is a full analog of natural selectionAnimals are also doing “artificial” selectionResults of artificial selection may be called “new species”
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Cabbages
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
There are dozens of observed and documented casesof evolution
Bacteria make major evolutionary shift in the lab (40,000generations experiment):http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14094-bacteria-make-major-evolutionary-shift-in-the-lab.htmlHarmful insects escaped from viral biological weapons:http://www.sciencemag.org/content/317/5846/1916.abstractMaggot flies and their parasitic wasps formed several newspecies for 150 years: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5915/776.abstractAccidental hybridization turned black chokecherry into delightfulfruit (Aronia melanocarpa to Aronia mitchurinii)American evening primrose gave birth to new species, red-stemevening primrose in Europe (Oenothera biennis to Oenotherarubricaulis) in 100 years
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Apple maggot fly: new species
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Black choke cherry and Russian Aronia mitchurinii(new species)
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Evening primroses: American and European (newspecies)
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Fossils are direct evidence of evolution
The older fossils are, the more unusual are theyMany fossils are transitional forms (seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_transitional_fossils)Many fossils could be arranged in well-documented“evolutionary chains”
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Hallucigenia—mysterious Cambrian fossil
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Hallucigenia in stone
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Tiktaalik—half-fish, half-salamander
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Evolution of horses
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Similarities in structure (morphology) prove evolution
So-called homological structures are descendants of oneancestral structureVestigial organs remind us of the pastReversion organs demonstrate ancestral statesAnalogous structures demonstrate how evolution led to thesame outcome
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Pentadactyl limb of terrestrial vertebrates
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Insect mouth
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Vestigial hind legs of python
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Reversal hind legs in dolphin
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Analogous structures help shark, ichthyosaur anddolphin to swim
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Embryonic development is another proof
Embryos retain ancestral charactersWe may now switch development programs and uncoverhidden structures
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Mammal embryo with gills
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Switching fly back to four wings
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Molecular biology tells about common roots
All living things have same molecular baseGenetic distance between close species is smallHuman DNA contains “fossil” viruses: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/8/266 andsilenced genes (pseudogenes, e.g., olfactory receptorgenes in humans)
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Chimpanzee and human: only 1% difference
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Biogeography shows why species evolve
Isolated islands and small continents facilitate analogousforms (parallel evolution and radiation)Many groups of animals and plants now reflectGondwanan distribution
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Can you distinguish Australian sugar glider fromAmerican flying squirrel?
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Araucaria in growing only in South America, NewZealand and Australia
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Evolution evolved from hypothesis to the fact
HypothesisTheoryFact
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
Summary
Given the amount of evidence presented, evolution is a factEvolution is also an extremely useful, working researchprogram, both in biology and medicine
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5
Where we are?Origin of life
Proofs of evolution
For Further Reading
Evolution.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution
Evidence of common descent.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent
Shipunov Introduction to Biology. Lecture 5