etb - focus: world conflicts (english)

Editorial Toolbox Focus

A supplement to Nordstrm & Franks Editorial Toolbox 2009. Nordstrm & Frank AB, www.nordstromfrank.se, [email protected]

Purchase now! Send a mail to:

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2,500Contains facts, maps, flags

and templates for use in InDesign.

ENGLISH EdITIoN

Editorial team:

Rikard FrankConcept developer, art director, news graphics, cartographer and researcher.

Jacob NordstrmConcept developer and design.

Ingela RutbergResearch and texts. Journalist, Kristianstadsbladet.

Pr JanssonCartographer.

Lars ArvestlMilitary Silhouettes (p. 7).

Udo SpongbergChecking of facts. Researcher, Gteborgs Posten.

Tobias RegnellProof-reading. Editor in Chief, football magazine Offside.

Helene MurdochTranslation.

A supplement to nordstrm & FrAnks editoriAl toolbox 2009. nordstrm & FrAnk Ab, www.nordstromFrAnk.se, [email protected]

Afghanistan .......................... 8Angola ...................................12basque region ....................14Central African republic ....18Chad .....................................20Chechnya ............................22Colombia .............................24Cyprus .................................26eritrea ..................................28ethiopia ................................30Georgia ................................32indonesia & east timor .....36

iraq .......................................38israel-palestine ...................40kasmir .................................46kyrgyzstan ..........................50Congo-kinshasa ................52korea ....................................54kosovo .................................56the kurds ............................58lebanon ..............................60liberia ..................................62macedonia ..........................64burma (myanmar) ............66

northern ireland ................68pakistan ...............................70senegal ................................ 72sierra leone.........................74somalia................................ 76sri lanka.............................. 78sudan ..................................80thailand ...............................82uganda ................................84uzbekistan ..........................86Zimbabwe ...........................88

The Worlds Conflicts Focus Contents

With the help of journalists, graphic artists and experts, nordstrm & Frank has put together this compendium of all the worlds conflicts. Youll find country flags, maps and background facts on every conflict a manual that provides the basis for a long-term look into the future.

The material is designed so that it is easy to read and use, either as a whole or by selected chapters.

Updated January 2009.

many of the worlds conflicts are rooted in religious and ethnic divisions, but they can also be rooted in the battle for oil and water.

iraq invaded kuwait on the suspicion that kuwait was pumping oil that belonged to iraq. kurds are demanding that oil-rich kirkuk should be part of a future kurdistan. in sudan, burma (myanmar), liberia and indonesia, people are unwilling to share the income from oil which is creating tensions. in sudans case, the government is using oil revenues to buy weapons, while guerillas are trying to sabotage the oil industry.

even the most important element of life water is creating conflict. the mursi and bodi tribes in ethiopia lay claim to highlands that catch the most rainwater. in the Central African republic, local farmers squabble with nomads about access to water.

Countries/regions arguing over oil Countries/regions arguing over water

CypruS

CoLomBIA

BASquE rEGIoN

NorTHErN IrELANd

SENEGAL

SIErrA LEoNE

LIBErIA

The Worlds conflicts often a question of oil and water

SOURCES: INSTITUTIONEN FR FREdS- OCH kONFLIkTFORSkNINg vId UPPSALA UNIvERSITET, SkERHETSPOLITIk.SE

EAST TImor

INdoNESIA

ISrAEL-pALESTINE

SrI LANkA

THAILANd

CypruS

BurmA (myANmAr)

kASHmIr

pAkISTANIrAq

AFGHANISTANLEBANoN

CHAd

korEA

CoNGo-kINSHASA

ANGoLA

zImBABwE

koSovo CHECHNyA

GEorGIA

kurdISTAN

kyrGyzSTAN

uzBEkISTAN

ErITrEA

SomALIAuGANdA

ETHIopIACENTrAL AFrICAN rEpuBLIC

mACEdoNIA

SudAN

INFO gRAPHICS: NORdSTRM & FRANk

A supplement to nordstrm & FrAnks editoriAl toolbox 2009. nordstrm & FrAnk Ab, www.nordstromFrAnk.se, [email protected] 6

Map symbolsArrows, points and silhouettes

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EUROPENORTH AMERICA

AFRICASOUTH AMERICA

THE WORLD

OCEANIA

SWEDEN


Xxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxx xxxxx xxx.













The Worlds conflictsAfghanistan



Violence increases in Afghanistandespite billions on dollars in humanitarian aid and a huge international security effort, violence is increasing in Afghanistan. in the first seven months of 2008, some 3,800 people died, including 1,500 civilians. not since the overthrow of the taliban regime in 2001 have so many died. one reason for this is the return of the taliban and the strengthening of their position with the help of al-Qaida. Among other things, they have bombarded the national army and international security force with rockets. And the number of suicide bombings has increased from 123 in 2006 to 160 in 2007.

1979 The Soviet Union invades Aghanistan in support of the commu-nist regime. Over one million people die and several million become refu-gees during the decade-long conflict.

198889 After UN negotiations, the Soviet Union pulls out of Afghanistan. The Soviet withdrawal begins in February 1.

1989 Several groups, armed with heavy weapons from the Soviet Union and the USA, lay waste to numerous parts of Kabul. Insurgency takes hold of the city.

1994 The Taliban emerge in southern Afghanistan, gaining support from many who are tired of the war.

1996 The Taliban occupy Kabul, ban-ning everything from popular music to football as a consequence of their deeply-conservative Islamic beliefs.

Women can no longer work outside their homes and must cover them-selves completely, wearing the Burka. Men are forbidden to shave and girls are banned from attending school.

1998 Opposition to the Taliban cre-ates the Northern Alliance and begin guerilla warfare. Further opposition followed from Shiite factions, and when Taliban forces took Mazar-i-Sharif, thousands of Shiites were killed. Opinion against the Taleban regime grows, even overseas. The USA points its finger at Osama bin Laden, who was responsible for bomb attacks in Kenya and Tanzania. Af-ghanistan is bombed as a result of the Talebans protection for bin Laden.

2001 The leader of the Northern Alli-ance is murdered. Two days later ter-rorists attack the World Trade Center in New York. The USA demands the extradition of bin Laden, but Afghani-

stan refuses. In October the USA begins a bombing campaign against Afghanistan. At the same time, the Northern Alliance pushes against Kabul. By December the Taleban is vanquished and a new, provisional government is founded.

2002 A traditional Afghan assembly is held with 1,600 delegates from all the provinces. The first UN peace-keeping force arrives.

2004 A new constitution gives the president stronger powers. A two-tier parliament with independent judi-ciary is established. The constitution gives both men and women equal rites and protects religious and lin-guistic minorities. The country holds its first presidential election, which is won by Hamid Karzai. The UN sets up the first bases.

2005 The first parliamentary session

is held. The right to vote is extended. The Taleban carries out its first coun-ter-attack.

2006 The Taleban launch rocket attacks against the national army and the international peacekeepers. Suicide bombing attacks increase.

2007 The number of victims of terror attacks reaches 66 per month, up from 2 per month during 2006. More than 0 UN food convoys are attacked and there are more than 10 attacks on humanitarian aid pro-grams. 0 aid workers are killed.

2008 Terror attacks continue. Febru-ary is the bloodiest month since 2001, with 67 civilians killed and 0 injured in the Arghandab district. The next day, 7 civilians are killed and 2 injured, including three International Security Assistance Force members when a convoy is attacked .

170 10 10 2000

AFGhAnistAn

soviet union

sourCes: swedish institute oF internAtionAl AFFAirs, un, dn, swedish militArY serviCe And sAkerhetspolitik.se inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnk

usA



Forces in AfghanistanMembers: 41 countriesTotal: 50,700 personnel Jordan

Personnel on site: 0

SingaporePersonnel on site: 0

United Arab EmiratesPersonnel on site: 0

AustriaPersonnel on site: 1

georgiaPersonnel on site: 1

UkrainePersonnel on site:

IrelandPersonnel on site: 7

IcelandPersonnel on site:

LuxemburgPersonnel on site:

AzerbaijanPersonnel on site:

LatviaPersonnel on site: 70

PortugalPersonnel on site: 70

SlovakiaPersonnel on site: 70

SloveniaPersonnel on site: 70

FinlandPersonnel on site: 0

EstoniaPersonnel on site: 120

greecePersonnel on site: 10

denmarkPersonnel on site: 70

SpainPersonnel on site: 70

TurkeyPersonnel on site: 00

AustraliaPersonnel on site: 1 00

PolandPersonnel on site: 1 10

NetherlandsPersonnel on site: 1 770

ItalyPersonnel on site: 2 0

CanadaPersonnel on site: 2 00

FrancePersonnel on site: 2 70

germanyPersonnel on site: 10

United kingdomPersonnel on site: 0

USAPersonnel on site: 20 600

MacedoniaPersonnel on site: 1

AlbaniaPersonnel on site: 10

New ZealandPersonnel on site: 1

LithuaniaPersonnel on site: 200

HungaryPersonnel on site: 20

CroatiaPersonnel on site: 20

SwedenPersonnel on site: 20

Czech RepublicPersonnel on site: 1

BelgiumPersonnel on site: 20

NorwayPersonnel on site:

BulgariaPersonnel on site: 60

RomaniaPersonnel on site: 72

The number of personnel on site changes daily. Information from ISAF 200.

ISAFInternational Security Assistance Force (FN)



during 2008 the UN and NATO had 2,000 personnel in the country, of which 7 were Swedes.

The intention is that the ISAF (International Security As-sistance Force) shall reinforce security in the country until the Afghan govern-ment can fend for itself. The Swedish group has, among other missions, the task of reducing crime and attacks on roadways.

Opposition grows

Opposition to the international peacekeeping force is growing among inhabit-ants following the deaths of civilian Afghans on suspected terrorist strong-holds.

A critical problem is the deeply-rooted corruption and drug trade in which even regional leaders are involved.

If president karzai and the international peacekeeping force intervene too strongly, the government will make itself more unpopular.

The four provinces in which Swedish forces operate are Balkh, Samangan, Jawzan and Sari Pul. These equate to a fifth of Swedens landmass.

Kabul

Lashkar Gh

JAwzJAn

AFGHANISTAN

SAri Pul

BAlkh

SAmAngAn

Kandahar

helmAnd kAndAhArnmrz

0 200 km

Zaranj

FarhFArh

hert

Hert

Qaleh-ye Now

Chaghcharn

BAdghS

FryB

Meymaneh

Shebergan

Sari Pul

irAn

turkmeniStAn

uzBekiStAntAJikiStAn

PAkiStAn

indiA

In the troubled southern area of the country the ISAF force operates with troops from Denmark, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, USA and Canada. It is more difficult to maintain these forces because of the fighting.

ghowr

oruzgn

Trin Kowt zBol

Qalt

ghAzn

Ghazn

Sharan

PAktk

Swedish forc-es in northern Afghanistan

Bmn

Bmn

MeydnShahr

VArdAk

Mazr-e-Sharf

Samangn

BAghlnPol-e Khomr

tAkhr

TloqnKondz

kondoz

BAdAkhShn

Rao

khowSt

PAktA

loweAr nAngArhAr

PAkVAn nureStn

kABollAghmAnkAPiSA

konArNurestn

Asadabad

Jallnd

Mantar Lm

Pol-e Alam

Gardz

Khowst

Al Gach

inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnk


The Worlds conflicts Angola


The Worlds conflictsAngola

On the road to democracyAngola is both one of Africas largest oil producers, and one of the worlds poorest countries. it gained independence from portugal in 1975. but even before independence, the mplA and unita rebel groups were in conflict with each other. After independence, the mplA occupied the capital and civil war broke out. the communist mplA was supported by the soviet union; unita by the usA.

0 500 km

Luanda

AngolA

CONGO-KINSHASA

ZAMBIA

NAMIBIA

ZAIREUGE

BENGO

LUANDA

MALANJECUANZA NORTE

CUANZA SUL

LUNDA NORTE

LUNDA SUL

MOxICO

Saurimo

Malanje

CUANDO CUBANGO

CUNENE

HULA

NAMIBE

BEHUAMBO

MenongueLubangoNamibe

Benguela

lobito

Porto Amboin

Huambo

Ambriz

Soyo

Cabinda

CABINDA

BENGUELA

1992 A first election is held, but the result goes against Unita. Fighting breaks out.

1994 New peace talks were initiated with the UN over-seeing the peace process.

1999 UN peacekeepers leave the country after fighting breaks out.

2002 Civil war ceases when Unita leader Jonas Savimbi is killed.

2006 Angola is a member of OPEC and producing 1. million barrels of oil a day.

2008 The first election

since 12 is held. Opposi-tion parties protest at the governing MPLA partys voting campaign. The elec-tion result shows that the MPLA has collected nearly 2 percent of the vote; Unita barely 10 percent. EU monitors endorse the result, but note that there are irregularities at the poll-ing stations: for example, not all people casting their votes are properly regis-tered, and that MPLA has large amounts of coverage in the state-controlled media.

2009 The first presidential vote since 12 is held.

mplA (pArtY)

AnGolA

10 2000

unitA (pArtY)

inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnksourCes: swedish institute oF internAtionAl AFFAirs, bbC world, CiA world FACt book, www.europA.eu.int, sAkerhetspolitik.se


The Worlds conflicts The Basque region


1999 ETA ends its ceasefire.

2000 In the first post-ceasefire mur-der, a car bomb kills a high-ranking Spanish officer in Madrid. The motive is that the government will not negoti-ate over its political demands.

2001 The Spanish government inten-sifies its hunt for ETA members after the /11 terror attack in New York. Some 200 ETA members are arrested after a ceasefire breaks down.

2002 Parties that support terror-ism are banned. The partys bank funds are seized by the central court because they refused to pay damages to victims of ETA violence. This sparks fresh outbreaks of violence in the Basque region.

2003 The EU and the USA officially classify ETA as a terrorist organiza-tion.

2004 11 people die and over 1000 are injured in a terrorist attack on a train in Madrid. The Spanish govern-ment accuses ETA over the attack, but Islamic extremists are behind the attack.

2005 The government is willing to talk with ETA, but the various factions within ETA cannot agree; a car bomb is detonated several days later.

2006 ETA is weakened: leaders are arrested and violence is reduced following the attack in Madrid. ETA is willing to announce a permanent ceasefire and talks begin, but are abandoned following an attack on Madrid airport, in which two people are injured.

2007 Spains highest court bans 00 candidates from two Basque parties from standing in local elections; ETA cancels its ceasefire. Six people die in attacks between summer 2007 and May 200. Spain and France announce stronger measures for controlling ETA.

2008 ETAs key political leader, Javier Lopez Pena (known as Thierry), is arrested for his part in the Madrid airport bombing in 2006. In Novem-ber, ETAs suspected military leader, Garikoitz Aspiazu Rubina (known as Txeroki) is also arrested.

1876 After two Spanish civil wars, the Basques autonomy was annulled.

193639 During the Spanish civil war, the Basques who struggled against Franco declared their own indepen-dence in Guipzcoa and Viscaya, where the bombing of Guernica took place in 17.

1940 With the end of the civil war, many Basques are imprisoned, tortured and killed. It is forbidden to speak Basque, and all areas are given Spanish names.

1959 ETA evolves as a student move-ment. The name stands for Euskadi Ta Askatsuna Basque Homeland and Freedom. It starts at first with infor-mation and underground teaching, but grows increasingly militant.

1968 ETA carries out its first murder; a member of the Spanish civil guard.

1970 16 militant Basques are tried by military court. Several are sentenced to death, but reprieved. ETA receives widespread support.

1973 The Spanish prime minister is murdered by ETA, which increases their popularity among those who struggle against the dictatorship.

1975 The dictator Franco dies.

1978 Spain becomes a democracy. The region becomes independent. Hundreds of ETA detainees are re-leased from detention, but ETA seeks greater autonomy, and commences new attacks.

1980 ETAs bloodiest year to date, with 2 people killed. The movement is at its strongest, with around 1000 active members. ETAs political wing, Herri Batasuna, wins 16 percent of the vote in Basque regional elections.

198387 27 Basques are tried for suspected ETA murders.

1986 Herri Batasuna is allowed as a political party allthough the party hasnt denounced the violence of ETA.

198889 The socialist government tries for high-level talks with ETA.

1997 More than six million people demonstrate over four days against the ETA murder of a Basque politician.

1998 A former interior minister, his colleague and the socialist partys head of security are sentenced to long prison sentences for the suspected murder of ETA members during the 10s. ETA declares a ceasefire.

inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnksourCes: swedish institute oF internAtionAl AFFAirs, bbC world, CiA world FACt book, www.europA.eu.int, sAkerhetspolitik.se

The Worlds conflictsThe Basque region

The Basque regions bloody historythe struggle for an independent basque region has been going since the end of the 1800s. And the basque nationalist party, eAJ/pnv, also wants the basue region in France to be included. today, the spanish region has its own parliament and is autonomous; but French basques are governed from paris.

170 10 10 100 110 120 10 10 10 160 170 10 10 2000

etA, euskadi ta Askatasuna (Group)

eAJ pnv (pArtY)

spAin

FrAnCe

bAsQue (reGion)



ETAs victimsETA carried out its first murder in 16. The bloodiest year since was 16.

sourCes: ministerio de interior espAA inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnk

Support weakensETA was supported by 1-20 percent of Basques in the beginning, but that support has successively weakened.

According to the El Pais newspa-per, the terror campaign has cost the Span-ish government 11 billion dollars between 1 and 200.

According to the Spanish authorities, ETA is behind 1,600 terror attacks and the deaths of over 00 people.

The govern-ment reckons that ETA has 0 cells, each with four members, which carry out the attacks.

40 years of violence etAs armed struggle gas claimed 824 lives includ-ing 342 civilians. At the same time, around 100-200 etA members have been killed.

1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

2 1 0 0 1

6

1916 17

10

66

76

92

30

37

32 32

37

43

52

2119

25

46

26

1412

15

5

13

6

23

15

53

0 02 2

1999

4

200 km

SPAin

FrAnCeBASQue region

Madrid Barcelona

Port

ugAl

CAtAloniA

nAVArre57 Other

549Basque

123

Total killed

Basque victims

Madrid

40 Navarre

55 Cata-lonia

Total824

ToTAl: 824 vIcTImS

Cea

sfire

Nov

N

ov

342Civilians

Police andmilitary

482

Total killed

Total824

Number of civilian victims



Basques in seven provinces

The autonomous Basques can be found in the re-gions of Viscaya, Guizpzcoa, and lava, and can also be found in nearby area of Navarre.

In France, there is no recognized Basque region, but Basque people live in the departments of Labourd, Basse-Navarre and Soule.

These provinces contain upwards of two million people who claim Basque roots. Many Basques have also emi-grated.

Pamplona(Irua)

Eges

Aranguren

Sanguesa

Carcastillo

Olite

Tafalla

Peralta

Lodosa

SanAdrian

Cortes

BorjaAgreda

Tarazona

Cascante

Corella

Alfaro

Arnedo

Calahorra

VianaOyn

NjeraBelorado

Santo Domingode la Calzada

Miranda de Ebro

Medina de Pomar

Onati

Durango

Galdakao

Gernika-Lumo

Neguri

Santurtzi

Azpeitia

Hernani

Andoain

Tolosa

Baztan

BayonneBiarritz

San Sebastian

Vitoria-Gasteiz

Bilbao

lABourd(lAPurdi)

BASSe-nAVArre(nAFArroA BehereA)

Soule(zuBeroA)

NAVARRE(nAFArroA)

guiPzCoA(giPuzkoA)

lAVA(ArABA)

ViSCAyA(BizkAiA)

SPAIN

FRANcEA-8

A-15

A-10

E-80AP-1

E-804

E-80

AP-1

Llodio

AmurrioMondragn

Tudela

Ribaforada

AP-15A-12

A-21

A-8

0 50 km 400 km

FrAnCe

Basque

SPAinMadrid Barcelona

Port

ugAl

BASQUE REGION(PAiS VASCo)

LA RIOJA

Attacks in 087 MarchA former advisor to the socialist is shot dead outside his home in Mon-dragn.

14 MayBomb in Legutiano. 1 dead and four injured.

19 MayCar bomb in Bilbao. No injuries.

20 JulyBombings in Neguri, Laredo (2) and Noja (2). One in a bank, four at tourist sites. No injuries.

21 SeptemberCar bomb in On-dorroa, injuring at least 11 people. Car bomb in Vitoria.

22 SeptemberCar bomb in San-tona.

4 OctoberBombing in Tolosa.

30 OctoberCar bomb in Pam-plona. 1 people injured.

3 decemberBusinessman shot dead in Azpeitia.

Legutiano

Noja

Ondarroa

Santona

sourCes: swedish institute oF internA-tionAl AFFAirs, bbC world, eu And CounCil oF ForeiGn relAtions, usA. www.nAtionAl-terrorAlert.Com

Laredo



The Worlds conflicts Central African Republic


The Worlds conflictsCentral African Republic

Lawlessness spreads After several quiet years between 2003 and 2005, renewed violence has broken out in one of the worlds poorest countries. ethnic groups are fighting over grazing grounds, byways and water. outrages are committed both by rebels and the presidential guard.

1960 Country gains in-dependence from France.

1962 Country becomes a single-party state.

1965 President David Dacko is overthrown by Corporal Bokassa, who later proclaims himself Emperor.

1979 Fall of Bokassa. Dacko is reinstated as President with help from France.

1981 General Andr Kolingba takes over after a military coup and begins the slow process of democ-ratizing the country.

1993 Ange-Flix Patass is chosen as the new president in the first free election. But disturbance break out between riverside dwellers and those who live in the savannah.

2001 A military coup against Patass is put down. Army chief Francois Boziz is removed, charged with leading the latest coup.

2003 Francois Boziz takes power in a new military coup and is elected president in 200.

2006 Two new rebel groups, the UFDR and the

APRD, are formed. The army and the presidential guard open a new offen-sive in the north west of the country, supported by France. Civilians suspected of helping the rebels are killed, and thousands of homes are torched. According to the UN, some 220,000 people fled during 20062007, and lawless-ness spread.

2008 Peacekeeping forces from the EU and the UN arrive to build refugee camps and support peacekeepers in Sudan. Sweden contributed with 120 personnel.

Young populationInhabitants:. million. 0 percent are under 1 years old.

Largest ethnic groups:

160 170 10 10 2000

sourCes: sAkerhetspolitik.se, internAtionAl Crisis Group, institute For peACe- And ConFliCt reseArCh, uppsAlA, CiA world FACt book. inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnk

CentrAl AFriCAn republiC

Sara

Baya

27%

Mandija

13%

10%

33%

Banda

0 150 km

Bangui

Ndl

CentrAl AFriCAn rePuBliCKaga Bandoro

BambariSibutBouarBozoum

Bossangoa

ChAd SudAn

Congo-kinShASA

Congo-BrAzzAVille


The Worlds conflicts Chad


The Worlds conflictsChad

Trouble on several frontsCivil war has rampaged in Chad since the country became independent from France in 1960. rebels have struggled against the government at the same time as African and Arab groups are fighting against each other.

1960 Chad gains indepen-dence.

1962 Opposition parties are forbidden.

1965 Groups from the under-developed northern areas revolt, which leads to civil war.

1975 After a military coup general Flix Malloum builds a more ethnically-representative govern-ment, but does not succeed in stabilizing the country.

1982 Hissne Habr occupies the capital, NDjamena. Under his au-thoritarian control, 0,000 of the opposition are killed.

1983 Libya occupies north-ern Chad.

198788 Ceasefire. Libyan troops leave northern Chad.

1990 General Idriss Dby overthrows Habr, which benefits his own folk group.

1991 More parties are permitted.

1994 The UNs interna-tional court gives Chad the Aouzou strip and Libyan occupation is stopped.

1996 Idriss Dby wins the first presidential vote, but is criticized for interfering with the opposition.

2005 New rebel groups make attacks in eastern Chad.

2006 A bloody year in which over 1,200 people die in direct fighting. At the same time, there is fighting between the army and rebels , and between Arabs and African groups.

2008 In February, NDjamena is attacked by rebels. In March, peace-keepers from the UN and EU are sent, among them a Swedish detachment of 200 men.

Islam dominates

Population: 10 million.

Life expectancy: 7 years

The three largest folk groups: Sara 28% Arab 12%Mayo-kebbi 11,5%

Over 0 percent are Muslim, % Christian and a minority belong to other African religions.

inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnk sourCes: sAkerhetspolitik.se, depArtment oF peACe And ConFliCt reseArCh At uppsAlA universitY, internAtionAl Crisis Group, CiA world FACt book

160 170 10 10 2000

ChAd libYA Fn eu

0 150 km

ChAdFaya-Largeau

Borkou-ennedi-tiBeSti

kAnem

BAthA

Biltine

ouAddAi

SAlAmAt

ChAri-BAguirmi

mAyo-keBBi

guerA

mAyen-ChArilogone

oCCidentAllogoneVorientAl

tAndJile

niger

liByA

SudAn

CentrAl AFriCAn rePuBliC

nige

riA

CAmeroun

Ati

Mongo

Abch

BiltineMao

Bol

NDjamena

Bongor

Lai

MoundouDoba

Sarh

Am Timan

AOuZOu-REMSAN


The Worlds conflicts Chechnya


The Worlds conflictsChechnya

Violence against civilians growsthere is a long history of conflict and mistrust between russia and Chechnya. in recent years there has been a lull in the conflict as key people in the struggle for freedom have been killed. but civilians are still vulnerable to outrages.

1944 Stalin deports over 00,000 Chechens to Kazakhstan.

1957 Chechen-Ingushetia is formed.

1991 Dudayev declares an independent Chechnya, and is elected President.

1994 Russia bombs Grozny to stop the rebels. Hun-dreds of Chechens flee.

1996 Dzhokhar Dudayev Dudayev is killed. A cease-fire is ordered, but rebels take Grozny. The shooting stops after a half-promise of autonomy.

1997 Opposition leader Maschadov becomes president. Gangsters make money through kidnapping.

1999 Chechen military takes towns in Dagestan. Russia drives them out and commences a bombing of-fensive after terror attacks.

2002 Chechens take 00 people hostage in a theatre in Moscow, until the Rus-sian military goes in with gas, killing over 100 people.

2003 Fighting subsides. 6 percent say yes to au-tonomy within the Russian Federation.

2004 President Kadyrov is killed.

2005 Over 1,000 school-children, teachers and parents are taken hostage in Belasn, North Ossetia. Several of the terrorists are thought to be Chechen. First parliamentary vote since 17.

2007 Kadyrovs son, Ram-zan, is selected president by Putin. His private militia is suspected of murdering civilians.

2008 Clan leader Ruslan Jamadayev is murdered.

Chechnya

Population: 1.1 million, according to controversial census. Most are Sunni Muslims.

200,000 00,000 died in the war.

sourCes: sAkerhetspolitik.se, swedish institute oF internAtionAl AFFAirs, bbC news, tt, uppsAlA ConFliCt dAtA proGrAm, CheChnYA bY AnnA politovskAJA inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnk

200010101701601010

tJetJenien(reGion)

rYsslAnd

0 50 km

CheChnyA

Shatoy

georgiA

ruSSiA

Vladikavkaz

Mozdok

Bamut urus-Martan

Shali

Vedeno

ArgunGudermes

Chervlennaya

KalinovskayaNedterechnaya

Kamyshev

Kargalinskaya

Groznyy

georgiA

dAgeStAn

StAVroPol dAgeStAnruSSiA

northoSSetiA

inguShetiA

CheChNyA


The Worlds conflicts Colombia


The Worlds conflictsColombia

The struggle against violence in Colombiarecently the government of Colombia has taken a tougher line against violence in the country. Farc is responsible for most of the sporadic attacks, but new groups are also emerging.

1948 Violence spreads throughout the country after the murder of a leftist-liberal politician. The following period is called La Violencia.

1957 Conservatives and liberals agree to alternate government. Other politi-cal groups disagree.

1964 The largest guerilla group, Colmombias revolutionary armed force (Farc), and the national libera-tion army (ELN), are formed. Every year, they kidnap thousands of people and carry out sabotage against the oil industry and the electricity network.

1981 Drug barons establish para-military groups who are responsible for murdering thousands of people suspected of sympathizing with left-wing guerillas.

1984 Farc negotiates a ceasefire, forms the Patriotic Front and wins success in elections.

1997 Right wing paramilitary extrem-ists group together to form the AUC.

1999 Farc gains control of certain areas and uses them to arm itself and hold hostages.

2002 Presidential candidate Ingrid Betancourt is kidnapped by Farc. New President, Alvaro Urbe Velez, begins an offensive against Farc. 00 gueril-las are killed in a little over a month.

2006 The government and the paramilitary AUC over the disarming of 2,000 AUC members, but newly-armed groups begin to appear.

2008 Big demonstrations against Farcs kidnappings. Farc leader Manuel Marulanda dies. A military operation forces Farc into releas-ing 1 hostages, among them Ingrid Betancourt.

10 10 160 170 10 10 2000

Casualties0,000-60,000 people have died during the conflict since it began in the 10s.

Colombia has the most refu-gees in the world, after Sudan.

According to the government, Farc is holding some 700 hostages.

sourCes: sAkerhetspolitik.se, swedish institute oF internAtionAl AFFAirs, internAtionAl Crisis Group, svt.

FArC (Group)ColombiA

eln (Group)

AuC (Group)

0 200 km

Quito

ColomBiA

Florencia

Peru

eCuAdor

VenezuelAPAnAmA

BrAzil

Bogota

Caracas

Panama

Mocoa

San Jos del Guaviare

MitPasto

Popayn

Neiva

Cali

Buenaventura

Quibd

Medellin

Manizales

Ibague

PereiraArmenia

Inirida

Puerto Carreo

YopalTunja

BucaramangaArauca

Ccuta

Montena

Sincelejo

Cartagena

BarranquillaSanta Marta

Riohacha

Valledupar



The Worlds conflicts Cyprus


The Worlds conflictsCyprus

Divided CyprusCyprus has been divided since 1974. that was when the military junta in Athens carried out a coup on the island; turkeys answer was to invade northern Cyprus. in the following war, a third of all inhabit-ants fled their homes and over 1000 Greek Cypriots disappeared. not until 1999, when Greece gained a new government that was willing to negotiate, was there hope for a new resolution to the conflict.

1960 Cyprus gains indepen-dence from the United Kingdom.

1963 Acts of vio-lence take place. Turkish Cypriot ministers leave the joint govern-ment.

1964 UN troops arrive.

1967 A military junta takes power in Athens and declares that Cyprus belongs to Greece. They blow life into the old guerilla army on the island.

1974 The military junta and guerilla forces declare a coup in Cyprus. Turkey answers by invading the northern part of the island. In the ensuing conflic 1000 Greek Cypriots disap-peared without trace. The island is divided by a buffer zone.

1996 Greek Cypriots demon-strate at the bor-der. This leads to violence in which several Greek Cypriots and a Turkish military

policeman are shot dead.

1999 Greece gains a new government will-ing to cooperate over Cyprus.

2002 Turkey elects a new gov-ernment open to cooperation.

2003 Greek and Turkish Cypriots can travel across the buffer zone.

2004 It is now possible for all EU citizens to travel across the border. Turkish

Cypriots agree to a UN peace plan, but Greek Cypriots say no. The internation-ally recognized Greek Cypriot part of the island becomes an EU member.

2005 Turkey applies for EU membership.

2008 Greek Cypriots gain a new president who begins talks with the Turkish Cypriot president. A new border passage opens in Nicosia.

inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnksourCes: sAkerhets-politik.se, swedish institute oF internA-tionAl AFFAirs, bbC world

160 170 10 10 2000

0 40 km

0 10 km 0 10 km

Limassol

dhekeliAAkrotiri

Akrotiri

Episkopi BayAkrotiri

Bay

Mediterranean Sea

Mediterranean Sea

uN buffer zone

Ayios Nikolaos

Famagusta

uN buffer zone

Larnaca

Nicosia

uN buffer zone

Larnaca

Limassol

CyPruS

Akrotiri

dhekeliA

Turkish Cypriot-administered area

Greek Cypriot area controlled by Cyprus Government

Mediterranean Sea

Mediterranean Sea

Larnaca Bay

GreklAnd

CYpern

turkiet

Population:Around 0 000

Others 2%Turkish cypriots

18%

80%

Greek cypriots


The Worlds conflicts Eritrea


The Worlds conflictsEritrea

Border disputes continueborder disputes between eritrea and ethiopia have been the norm in recent years. the un has been upholding the peace since 2000, but left the area in the middle of 2008. A un resolution in 1952 made eritrea a part of ethiopia, but people struggled for inde-pendence. ten years after the un resolution, a civil war began which was to last for 30 years.

1974 Emperor Haile Sellasie was removed from power and a military govern-ment took over Ethiopia, of which Eritrea was part.

1991 Rebel groups over-throw the Ethio-pian military government.

1993 After a referendum, Eritrea becomes an independent country.

1998 A fullscale war erupts against Ethiopia, fueled by economic difficulties and the drawing of a border between the two coun-tries. Approximately 70,000 Eritreans and around 0,000 Ethiopians are af-fected by the war. Both sides wish for peace, but disputes over the border increase.

UN troops return to supervise peace.

2000 ,000 homes in north-ern Eritrea are destroyed in an attack. Around 70,000 Eritreans and approximately 0,000 Ethiopi-ans are affected by the war. Both countries seek peace, but border disputes continue. UN troops have ar-

rived to keep the peace.

2007 Numerous troops cross the border and the committee that worked to lessen border tensions stops its work. Eritrea blocks fuel to the UN forces.

2008 UN pulls back its peace-keeping force. Up to 200 troops had been in the area.

Population:. million.

43 percent are under 1 years old.

58.6 percent can read and write.

A dictatorship with no opposi-tion parties permitted.

170 10 10 2000

inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnk sourCes: sAkerhetspolitik.se, swedish institute oF internAtionAl AFFAirs, n Y times, CiA world FACt book oCh Fn

0 300 km

ethioPiA

eritreA

SudAn

dJiBouti

eritreA ethiopiA

Nakfa

Asmara

KerenAkordat

BarentuTeseney

Om HajerBadme

Massawa

Adi KeyihZela Ambesa

Ghelaelo

Assab

Dekemhare

Adi Kwala

Adi ugre

Djibouti


The Worlds conflicts Ethiopia


The Worlds conflictsEthiopia

Guerilla war in three regionsthe conflict between ethiopia and eritrea was going on while ethiopia had troops in somalia. in addition, the government had huge internal political problems, with guerilla groups at war in three regions.

1974 Emperor Hailie Sellasie was deposed in a military coup.

19751983 Western Soma-lias freedom front, the WSLF and, until 17, Somali troops, battle against Ethiopia to bring the Ogaden region under Somali rule.

1991 The military council of Dergen is overthrown by two rebel groups. Nationalized companies are privatized. A market economy

is introduced. Nine ethnic-based regions are created, but several of these want more inde-pendence; their inhabitants are not happy.

1998 War breaks out against Eritrea.

2006 ONLF Ogaden National Liberation Army fight again for independence for Ethiopian Somalis in the Ogaden region. ONLF warns international oil and gas com-

panies against starting projects in the area. Some units of government troops are sent to the area.

2007 A Chinese oilfield is at-tacked by ONLF and 7 workers are killed. The Ethiopian army begins a large offensive. The Red Cross and Doctors Without Borders are forced to leave.

2008 Certain aid organizations are allowed back into the area.

170 10 10 2000

Population:2. million

Literacy:2.7%

Ethnic groups:around 70

Largest export:Coffee

Life expectancy: years

Rebels in three regionsOromiyaThe wealthiest region. Opposi-tion arose when inhabitants were forbidden to speak their own language in the 170s.AfarOne of the poorest regions. Guerilla groups emerged to op-pose the seizing of territory by the state.OgadenPart of Ethiopia until 1, but during the 0s, 60s and 70s the region was the subject of a struggle between Ethiopia and Somalia. Conflict increased during 2007.

inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnk sourCes: sAkerhetspolitik.se, swedish institute oF internAtionAl AFFAirs, CiA world FACt book, Fn, united stAtes depArtement oF stAte, uppsAlA ConFliCt dAtA proGrAmme

0 300 km

ethioPiA

eritreASudAn

dJiBouti

SomAliA

kenyA

eritreAethiopiA somAliA

Goba OGADEN (SOMALI)

OROMIYA

SNNPR

GAMBELLA

BENISHANGuL/GuMuZ

AMHARA

AFAR

TIGRAY

Addis Abeba

Melu

Arba Minch

Awasa

Des

Mekel

Gonder

Asmara

Djibouti

NekemtHarer

DIRE DAwA

HARARIADDIS ABEBA

oromiYA(reGion)

AFAr(reGion)

oGAden/somAli(reGion)


The Worlds conflicts Georgia


The Worlds conflictsgeorgia

Gas pipes make Georgia sensitivebecause of Georgias strategic position, its conflict with russia in the summer of 2008 drew world attention. oil and natural gas pipelines pass through the country from Azerbaijan to turkey: the west does not want to see trouble in the area. the armed struggle was the culmination of many years struggle for independence for Georgias break-away republics of south ossetia and Abkhazia. russias irritation with Georgias closeness to the eu was also a factor.

1991 Georgia becomes independent. There are violent demonstrations after the countrys first election. Fol-lowing a coup against the president, the Soviet Unions former Foreign Minister, Edvard Shevardnadze takes power. South Ossetia declares unilat-eral independence.

1992 Shevardnadze will not allow South Ossetia to become indepen-dent. Around 100 people are killed in the struggle before a ceasefire is agreed upon. A peace force is estab-lished, but the conflict isnt over. Now Abkhazia wants to break away from Georgia after 60 years as an autono-mous region.

1993 Government troops lose the fight for Abkhazia. Thousands are killed and over 20,000 Georgians are forced to flee from their homes in Abkhazia. Georgia imposes an embargo on Abkhazia, but Russia continues to supply the region.

1998 New fighting results in the deaths of at least 20 people. 0,000 Georgians flee from Abkhazia.

2003 The opposition gains more votes than Shevardnadze, but he still declares himself the winner. People protest in the streets carrying roses in their hands. They storm the parlia-ment and Shevardnadze is forced to flee the building. The event becomes known as The Rose Revolution, because the episode did not lead to violent conflict.

2004 New elections are held. The new president is Mikhail Saakashvili, who wants to see the country become a member of both the EU and NATO. Georgian forces attempt to take control over parts of South Ossetia and several people are killed. Saa-kashvili agrees to give the breakaway republics more autonomy, but wants to keep them as part of the country. They say no.

2005 South Osettian leaders are invited to Moscow, where a train is loaded with food, medicines, tents and equipment. Georgia finds this action provocative. Russia has also prepared a roadway in South Ossettia for re-supplying the separatists.

2006 A Russian gas pipeline is sabotaged in North Ossetia. Russia imposes a ban on Georgian wine and mineral water, which are Georgias most important export products.

2007 Thousands of people demon-strate against Saakashvili. The level of police violence causes western countries to react.

2008 Kosovo is recognized by several countries, but not Russia; it maintains that South Ossetia and Abkhazias independence should be equally acknowledged. NATO discuses Geor-gian membership, but Russia warns against this.

War between georgia and Russia, 2008

7 aug: After a struggle between Georgian forces and Ossetian groups dur-ing the week, a ceasefire is agreed.8 aug: Georgian forces are still present in South Ossetias capital Tschinvali and five other towns. Rus-sia declares war. ,000 Georgians protest outside the Russian embassy in Tblisi.9 aug: A state of emergen-cy is declared in Georgia.10 aug: Russia bombs a military airfield near Tblisi. Russian ships moor outside the port of Poti to prevent fuel supplies reaching Georgia. 11 aug: Georgian troops leave South Ossetia and

sign a ceasefire agree-ment, but Russia has seized control in the towns of Gori, Senaki and Zugdidi, together with im-portant roads in Georgia. 12 aug: French president Nicolas Sarkozy visits Moscow with a ceasefire proposal, but Russia sets the conditions. Russia bombs Gori. 13 aug: The ceasefire be-gins, but Georgia accuses Russia of breaking the agreement twelve hours later. 16 aug: Russia signs the agreement, but does not pull back all its troops. Their tanks reach Igoeti, 0 km from Tblisi.26 aug: Russia acknowl-edges Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states.

10 2000 2008

GeorGiA russiA

sourCes: sAkerhetspolitik.se, new York times, dn, bbC news, Fn, GAZprom, vostok GAs. inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnk


The Worlds conflictsgeorgien

georgiA

kAzAkhStAn

uzBekiStAn

turkmeniStAntAJikiStAn

kyrgyzStAn

ChinA

PAkiStAnAFghAniStAnirAn

irAQ

turkey

AzerBAiJAn

ruSSiA

ukrAine

ArmeniA

Qaraghandy

Astana

Saryshaghan

Qyzylorda

Baykonur

Shymkent

Taraz

Talas

BishkekAksu

Osh

Kashi

Dushanbe

Tashkent

Samarqand

Buxoro

Nukus

Trkmenabat

MaryAshgabat

Gyzylarbat

Balkanabat

Astrakhan

Nizhnly NovgorodMoskva

Volgograd

Novorosslysk

Donetsk

Groznyy

Tiblisi

yerevan

Baku

Mosul

TabrizKaspiska havet

Aralsjn

0 300 km


The Worlds conflictsgeorgien

Population: .6 million of which Ossetians represent 1.%, Abkhazians .2%.

According to the UN refugee organization 0,000 South Ossetians and 12,000 ethnic Goergians have been displaced by the fighting.

1591 kilometers of gas pipeline and 1253 kilometers of oil pipelines cross the country.

TiblisiBatumi

turkey

ArmeniA

irAn

AzerBAiJAn

AzerBAiJAn

irAn

dAgeStAn

CheChnyAnorthoSSetiA

SouthoSSetiA

ABkhAziA

AJArA

kABArdino-BAlkAr

ingu

Shet

iA

kArAChAy-CherkeSSiA ruSSiA

Groznyj

georgiA

0 100 km

Poti

SokhumiVladikavkaz

Rustavi

Black Sea

Caspian Sea


The Worlds conflicts Indonesia & East Timor


The Worlds conflictsIndonesia & East Timor

Freedom in different directionspresident suharto governed indonesias 1,300 islands and 250 ethnic groups with an iron hand, but when he fell in 1998 fighting broke out in numerous places.

Aceh The GAM guerilla movement has campaigned for Acehs inde-pendence since 1976.19992000 vio-lence increases. 2004 Aceh is hit by a tsu-nami. More than 10,000 people are killed and over half a million more made homeless. The catastrophe dampens the fire of unrest. Peace has reigned since 2005. A parlia-mentary vote is due in 2009.

IndonesiaPopulation: 2 million.Official language: Bahasa Indone-sia. In addition, 0 other local and regional languages are spoken.

East TimorInvaded in 1975 by Indonesia, which was unhappy that a communist-ori-ented leadership was going to take over the leadership of East Timor after Portugal, which had just left its former colony. In 1999 East Timor voted for independence,

but pro-Indo-nesian forces resented this. 1,00 people died. After UN intervention stopped the vio-lence, East Timor became its own nation in 2002.On the 11th February 2008 president Jos Ramos-Horta was shot in an attack by East Timor rebels.

Papua Indonesia took control of Papua from the UN in 1963. The only people voting, a small pro-In-donesian group, voted for Indo-nesian control of Papua in 1968, but the struggle for freedom had already begun. Nature had been an impor-tant symbol. Grasberg, one of the worlds

largest gold and copper mines and owned by an American com-pany, was the focus for several attacks. By 2002 Papua had strength-ened its autonomy, but still struggled for full indepen-dence. After increasing unrest in 2006, Indone-sia strengthened its troop pres-ence.

160 170 10 10 2000

inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnk sourCes: sAkerhetspolitik.se, swedish institute oF internAtionAl AFFAirs, internAtionAl Crisis Group

INDONESIA

mAlAySiA

BORNEO

Ho Chi Minh

SuMATRA

indoneSiA

CAMBODIA

THAILAND

VIETNAMBuRMA(MYANMAR)

LAO

S

PAPuA

TIMOR

EAST TIMOR

BRuNEI

PHILIPPINES

SINGAPORE

Rangoon

Bangkok

Phnom Penh

Singapore

Kuala LumpurMedan

Bandar SeriBegawan

Palembang

JakartaSemarang

Denpasar

Makassar

Dili

Sangkulirang

BanjanmasinKendawangan

TelukbatangPontianak

Banda Aceh

Phuket

0 400 km

JAVA

AuSTRALIA

Religion:Others 2%Buddist 1%Hindu 2%Catholic 3%Protestant 6%

Muslim 86%


The Worlds conflicts Iraq


The Worlds conflictsIraq

The struggle of keeping Iraq togetherthe us-led alliance has handed provincial control to the iraqi government, but can the government keep the country together peacefully once the alliance forces leave iraq?

1932 Iraq be-comes indepen-dent.

1947 Baath party founded.

1968 Military government ou-sted. Baath party takes power.

1970s Spiralling oil prices bring better times. Hospitals and schooling are improved.

1979 Saddam Hossein comes to power.

1980 Iraq begins the war with Iran.

1988 War ends, with up to a mil-lion dead.

1990 Iraq invades Kuwait.

The UN inter-venes. After the conflict, the UN demands Iraq rids itself of weapons of mass destruction.

199596 UN allows Iraq to sell oil for food under supervised con-ditions, but Iraq wants a complete end to sanctions.

199798 Constant inter-ference in the work of the UN inspectors.

2001 America accuses Iraq of supporting international ter-rorism after the /11 attacks.

2003 Without UN support USA, United Kingdom,

Australia and Po-land enter Iraq to prevent spread of weapons of mass destruction and stop oppression. It later becomes evident that Iraq does not have weapons of mass destruction. Sad-dam Hussein is arrested.

2004 The US-led alliance attacks towns in the hunt for terrorists in an effort to bring tranquility before the 200 elec-tions, but this creates further outbreaks of unrest.

2005 The Shiite-led United Iraqi Alliance wins most votes in the parliamentary election.

2006 Terrorists bomb a Shia Muslim mosque in Samarra. 000 people a month die in revenge attacks. Saddam Hossein is executed.

2007 The USA sends an ad-ditional 0,000 troops to quell the violence, opposed by public opinion at home. Shia mi-litias announce a unilateral ceasefire.

2008 The cease-fire is extended. Government troops battle militia groups for control of Basra. Iraqs parlia-ment says yes to regional voting in January 200.

20001010170160101010

USAIRAq

irAQ

Bagdad

NINAwA

DAHuKDahuk

Mosul ARBIL

Arbil

AT TAMIM

Kirku AS SuLAYMANIYAHAs sulaymaniyah

kuwAitKuwait

SAudi ArABiA

SyriA

irAn

turkey

AL ANBAR

SALAHAD DIN

DIYALA

BaqubahSamarra

BAGDAD

KARBALAKarbala

Al Hillah

AN NAJAF

AL MuTHANNA

wASIT

Al Kut

BABIL

Al Najaf

BASRA

AL QADISIYAH

DHI QAR

MAYSANAd Diwaniyah

As SamawahAn Nasiriyah

Basra

0 100 km

inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnk sourCes: sAkerhetspolitik.se, internAtionAl Crisis Group, swedish insti-tute oF internAtionAl AFFAirs, bbC news, Fn

Population: 2, million.

groupings:

Arabs

Kurds

Assyrians, Persians etc: 4%

18%

78%

Religion:

Shia muslim

60%

Sunni-muslim

Chris-tian and other 3 %

37%


The Worlds conflicts Israel-Palestine


The Worlds conflictsIsrael-Palestine

Mistrust on all sidesisrael has left the Gaza strip but peace talks, where two independent states are formed, have got no closer. israel will not negotiate with palestinian organizations as long as there are terrorist killings and started air strikes against Gaza when the ceasefire expired at the end of 2008.

1947 Palestine is divided into Jewish and Arab sectors.

1948 The state of Israel is created and is attacked by Arab countries. Two thirds of the Arab population is forced to flee from Palestine.

1949 Ceasefire, but no peace talks.

1956 Suez crisis breaks out when Israel attacks Egypt. When the USA and the UN react, Israel withdraws.

1964 Palestinian liberation organiza-tion, the PLO, is formed.

1967 The Six day war begins when Israel attacks Egypt after an Arab mili-tary resurgence. Six days later, Egypt, Jordan and Syria are vanquished.

1969 The Fatah guerilla movement takes over the PLO and Yassir Arafat becomes its leader.

1973 Yom Kippur war breaks out when Egypt and Syria attack Israel, which soon gains military superiority. Oil-producing countries stop export of oil to the west. The fighting stops when the USA and the Soviet Union demand a ceasefire.

1978 At the Camp David talks, Israel and Egypt agree that Palestinians

should be autonomous in the West Bank and Gaza, but the PLO says no.

1982 Israel invades Lebanon, from where a PLO attack on northern Israel has been launched. Hizbollah, an as-sociation hostile to Israel, is founded.

1987 The Islamic resistance organi-zation, Hamas, is formed. The Israeli occupation of Gaza and the West Bank leads to the first intifada, which lasts until 1.

1992 Yishak Rabin and the Labour Party win the Israeli elections and new settlements are built in Jerusalem.

1993 The Oslo talks about a two-state solution are begun by Rabin and Arafat.

1994 A Jewish settler kills 2 Pale-stinians in Hebron. The Islamic jihad begins with a series of suicide bomb-ings.

1995 Yitshak Rabin is murdered by a jewish extremist.

1996 Palestinians hold their first elec-tions. Arafat becomes president.

2000 Israel withdraws from southern Lebanon. When the new Prime Min-ister, Ariel Sharon, visits the Tempel

Mount in Jerusalem, a new Palestin-ian insurgence begins the second Intifada.

2001 Violence spreads. Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon breaks off con-tact with Arafat.

2002 Hamas carries out attacks during the Jewish Easter period. Israel reoccupies towns on the West Bank and thousands of Palestinians are ar-rested. New suicide bomb attacks are launched in Jerusalem. Israel begins to construct a security wall.

2003 The USA, UN, Russia and the EU lay out a new peace plan with the goal of creating a new Palestinian state by 200. Both parties agree, but the violence does not cease.

2004 Sharon signals that Israel will leave Gaza and the West Bank, but they will retain the largest settle-ments. Arafat dies and is succeeded by Mahmoud Abbas.

2005 Sharon and Abbas agree that the shooting should stop, but Hamas thinks differently. Israel evacuates from Gaza. Hamas sees this as a victory. Israel is attacked by rockets from Gaza.

2006 Hamas claims a large win in the Palestinian parliamentary elections. When Hamas refuses to acknowledge Israel, the USA and the EU withhold assistance. Israel reenters Gaza after two soldiers are killed and a third is kidnapped. Israel and the Palestin-ians agree a ceasefire, but violence flares between Fatah and Hamas in Gaza. Together, they create a coalition government in 2007, but later Hamas takes control of Gaza.

2008 The border fence between Gaza and Egypt is breached and people from Gaza cross the border to gather supplies. According to Israel, they are smuggling weapons. In June Israel and Gaza announce a ceasefire, but the UN believes it is still very difficult for Palestinians to get permission to get medicines and specialist treatments. In October the ceasefire is broken when Palestinians launch a rocket at Israel. In November, Gaza is blockaded by Israel. The ceasefire expires in De-cember. After further rocket attacks on Israel, the Israelis begin an aerial bombardment of Gaza on the 26th of December. Hundreds are killed in the heaviest attack in a decade.

10 10 160 170 10 10 2000

isrAel

pAlestine


sourCes: sAkerhetspolitik.se, swedish institute oF internAtionAl AFFAirs, Fn, bbC world


gAzA StriP


SyriA

Neirab

JordAn

turkey Aleppo

Latakia

hama

homsHoms

Hama

Baalbek

wavell

TripoliBeddawi

Nahr el-Bared

BeirutDbayeh

ShatilaBurj el-Barajneh

DamaskusJaramana

Qabr EssitKhan Danoun

Khan Eshieh

Sbeinel

golAn

Quneitra

Saida Mieh MiehEin el-Hilweh

NabatiehTyreEl-BussRashidiehBurj el-Shem ali

leBAnon

weSt BAnk

gAzA

SweidaDeraaDeraa

Irbid Husn

Irbid

JerashSouf

JerashZarqaZarqa

Amman

Baqaa

SaltJabal el-HusseinAmman New Camp

Marka

MadabaTalbieh

Karak

Maan

iSrAel

Palestinian refugees

914 000 Palestinians fled or were driven out from the area that would become Israel during the war of 1.

Today, they and their descen-dants number .6 million.

The majority, around 2 million, live in Jerusalem.

In the gaza strip, nearly eight out of ten are refugees from Israel. In the West Bank, they account for a third.

Palestinians demand that refugees be repatriated, but Israel refuses to acknowledge their right to return.

inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnk sourCes: unrwA, skerhetspolitik.se

1.3 million refu-gees live in many of the camps run by UNWRA, the United Na-tions Relief and Works Agency for Palestinians in the Near East, in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank and Gaza.These camps are often crowded and have poor sanitation.

UNWRA was founded as a temporary solu-tion for Palestin-ian refugees in 1.Today UNWRA provides refu-gees with food, education and health and social services.

For this reason, Palestinians, unlike other refu-gees throughout the world, can get help to leave the camps and find reha-bilitation in other countries.info

Jenin

JeninFaraCamp No. 1AskarBalata

TulkarmNur Shams

Tulkarm

Qalqilya

Deir AmmarJalazoneAmariKalandiaShufatAidaArroubDheishehFawwarBeit Jibrin

hebron

Jericho

Aqabat Jabr Ein el-Sultan

Gaza

BureijMaghaziKhan YounisRafah

JabalaiaBeachNuseiratDeir el-Balah

Nablus

uNRwA camp

weSt BAnk

iSrAel

0 40 km

0 20 km

iSrAel

Planned and built barrier

Facts from 2005



weSt BAnk

JERuSAlEm

No mans land

iSrAel

In 2002 Israelis started to build a barrier along the border between the West Bank and Israel. The Israeli government claimed that the safety barrier was needed to keep terror-ists out of the country.

Palestinians call the project the new Berlin Wall,

and maintain that Israel has built it so that, over time, it can confiscate parts of the West Bank where most of the Jewish settlements are found. For Palestinians, it makes travel to and from work places even more difficult.

The UN condemned

the barrier and demanded that construc-tion should be stopped. Among other things, the UN was also critical of the fact that the barrier was built further into the West Bank than the acknowl-edged border, in order to include Jewish settle-ments.

406 of a total of 790 kilome-ters have been built today.

Part of the wall consists of eight-meter high concrete blocks. Accord-ing to Israel, the wall is only this high in stretches where there is a risk of snipers, such as by the motorway north to the south, and

close to Jewish settlements.

The remainder of the bar-rier consists of metal fencing with ditches and a no mans land as wide as a four-lane high-way. There are forty gateways that give access to farmers land and for students to reach their schools.

Terrorist barrier, or Berlin Wall?

0 400 km0 2 km

Israeli settlements

Tomb of the Virgin Mary

Western wall

Al-Aqsa Mosque

Dome of the RockHoly Sepulchre

Davids Tomb

Tombs of the Prophets

Dominus Flevit

CHRISTIAN qUARTER

MOSLEM qUARTER

ARMENIAN qUARTER

JEWISH qUARTER

Jaffa GateCitadel

Zion Gate Dung Gate

St. Stephens Gate

Herods Gate

New Gate

MOUNT OF OLIVES

CITY OF DAVID

MOUNT ZION

Haramesh Sharif

WADI AL-GUZMEA SHEARIM

The Knesset

old City

new City

JERuSAlEm

Planned and built barrier

The West Bank border


The Worlds confl ictsIsrael-Palestina

2008december 19: Six months of ceasefi re is ended. Hamas does not wish to extend it.27 december: Israel bombs Gaza city, Rafah, and Khan Younis. 22 people, mostly police, are killed.28 december: Several people are killed by bombs in a mosque. Tunnels are destroyed.

2009January 3: Israeli ground troupes enter northern Gaza.January 4: Confl icts and fi ghting at the refugee camps in Beit Hanoun, Beit Lahiya and Jabaliya.January 6: At least 0 people are killed and are injured at a UN school in Ja-baliya, where hundreds of people have sought shelter from the fi ghting. January 7: The border to Egypt is bombed. Israel stops the fi ghting for three hours a day so that the people living in Gaza can get food and bury their dead.

January 14: Nightly air attacks against 60 targets, among them tunnels.January 15: Tons of UN aid is destroyed in fi res after an attack at a UN camp.January 17: Two children are killed at a UN school in Beit Lahiya, where hundreds of people have sought shelter.January 19: A ceasefi re is started.

Gaza StripPopulation: 1. million( 12 people/square km)Almost half of the population lives in refugee camps.

New ceasefi re started

GAZA STRIP

iSrAel

egyPt

JanuaryDecember

After the war20,000 buildings and a great deal of infrastructure has been destroyed.

Casualties More than 1,00 people, 12 of them children.

Injured 5,450 people, 1,855 of them children.

Gaza

Rafah

Khan Younis

Beit Hanoun

Beit Lahiya

Jabaliya

inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnksourCes: Fn, nY times, Fn, bbC news, humAn riGhts wAtCh, timesonline.Co.uk, der spieGel, JerusAlem post, internAtionAl herAld tribune, ne

0 5 km

GazaGaza

Khan YounisKhan YounisKhan Younis

RafahRafahRafah

isrAel pAlestinA

A major part of the population in gaza consists of children

Under 1 years

6%

%Under 1 years


The Worlds conflictsIsrael-Palestina

Tunnels the opening to the worldthe tunnels in southern Gaza have been used for smuggling of weapons, food, chocolate, cigarettes, refrigerators and car parts since the israeli blockade was imposed.

2005 Israel leaves Gaza. The tun-nels have mostly been used for gunrunning.

2007Hamas seizes power from Fatah. Israel starts a blockade in order to force Hamas to end rocket attacks from Gaza.Instead of 00 trucks, only a little over 100 are allowed to enter the area.

The price of certain goods is tripled. Egypt closes the border and the tunnels are being used for smuggling of food, medicine, building material, fuel, chocolate, crisps, toys and even cattle.

RebuiltAccording to the Israeli Govern-ment 0% of the estimated 00 tunnels were destroyed during the war. Accord-ing to smugglers, there are a thou-sand tunnels and those destroyed are being rebuilt again.The tunnels have provided young unemployed men, stuck in Gaza, with work. They are paid 100 USD for each meter they dig.

Number of industry employees in gaza:

Several exitsEach tunnel has several exits so that the smug-glers can change tunnels if one is destroyed.

EGYPT

ISRAEL

Provides jobsUnemployment has increased heavily since 2000 when Israel closed its borders for employment immigration.

According to the World Bank only 2 % of the industry in Gaza functions since the Israeli blockade.

70 % of the population lives in poverty.

The road underneath the wallEgypt has built a metal wall that stretches over 2 km, but the tunnels are built under it. After the war Egypt installs cameras and movement detectors to prevent the building of new tunnels.

, m

inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnksourCes: Fn, nY times, Fn, bbC news, humAn riGhts wAtCh, timesonline.Co.uk, der spieGel, JerusAlem post, internAtionAl herAld tribune, ne, world bAnk

10 m

A deadly lifelineTunnels are built at Rafah

Width: 60 cm.Length: up to a kilometer.Height: 1 meter.Time to build: 6 months.Cost: 0 000 USD.

200 200

00

0

0

gAzA StriPGaza

Khan Younis

Rafah

Deir al-Balach

iSrAelegyP

t

Philadelphi road

The tunnels are equipped with ventilation, electricity and telephone wires.


The Worlds conflicts Kashmir


The Worlds conflictskashmir

New disturbances in Kashmirnever since 1947 has there been a referendum about which land kashmir should belong to: india or pakistan? instead, a struggle began which was to last for decades. After a peace initiative opened in 2004 violence has decreased, but in the summer of 2008 it took a turn for the worse.

1947 The British colony is divided into Hindu India and Muslim West and East Pakistan. Most people in Kash-mir are Muslim, but the local king is a Hindu and looks for support from India. There is no referendum. Instead, war breaks out over Kashmir.

1949 Kashmir id divided be-tween India and Pakistan. India gets the most populated and developed parts.

1971 Trouble breaks out again when East Paki-

stan separates itself and forms Bangladesh. The so-called control line between the Indian and Pakistani parts of Kashmir is established.

1989 Muslim guerillas in Kash-mir begin fighting against India.

1998 Both India and Pakistan carry out nuclear tests. As a result aid and finance from the USA and other coun-tries is reduced.

1999 The conflict is worsened with fighting around the control line.

The crises is cooled with the help of US presi-dent Bill Clinton and others.

2000 A unilateral Indian ceasefire is declared, but guerillas con-tinue the struggle resulting in ever greater numbers of deaths in attacks, which in turn leads to pro-tests against the ceasefire in the Kashmir valley.

2001 India and Pakistan hold high-level meet-ings in India, but no solutions are found. After the terror attack on /11 the

situation is first subdued, then turns sour. There is an influx of Muslim soldiers after the Taliban regime falls in Afghanistan. In-dia believes that Pakistan is sup-porting guerilla groups. Militant Islamic extrem-ists attack the In-dian parliament in New Delhi. Twelve people are killed and many wounded.

2003 Pakistans president Mus-harraf calls for a ceasefire in Kashmir. A short time later, he is accused of two attacks, but

denies responsi-bility.

2004 Guerillas begin a series of suicide bomb-ings in Bombay.

2005 After a ma-jor earthquake in Kashmir, the control line is opened to aid workers, but this is not seen as a step toward peace.

2008 The first talks are held between India and Pakistans new government. New distur-bances break out during summer.

10 10 160 170 10 10 2000


0 600 km

pAkistAn kAshmir(pAkistAni reGion)

indiA

PAkiStAn

AFghAn-iStAn

ChinA

nePAl ButhAn

BAnglAdeSh

Islamabad

New Dehli

The Indian regionhas a popu-lation of around 11 million people. More than 60% of them are Muslim; most Hindus and Buddhists live in Jammu and Ladakh.

today has more self-government than other Indian states.

The Pakistani regionhas a popu-lation of around million people. Most of them are Muslims.

kAShmir

indiA kAshmir(indiAn reGion)

sourCes: sAkerhetspolitik.se, utrikespolitiskA institutet, bbC news



indiA

PAkiStAn

AFghAniStAn ChinA

nePAlButhAn

BAnglAdeSh

Islamabad

New Dehli

indiA

0 600 km

Terror strikes IndiaThe conflict in kashmir has also affected India, which has seen victims of the violence. Despite Indias secular nature, there is ten-sion between Hindus and Muslims. In addition, the division between the poor in the countryside and the middle classes in the towns has also grown along with the economic success of the state.

In the 1980s an extreme, nationalist Hindu move-ment arose against Muslim violence in Kashmir and globalization. 1992 Hindus tear apart the Babri mosque in Ayodhya. In the revenge attacks that follow over 1000 people die, most of them Muslims. 1993 Hindus kill Muslims in Bombay and burn their houses. 2002 A railway carriage carrying Hindu ex-tremists catches fire. They had been in Ayodhya to build a temple. Muslims are suspected of starting the fire. In the following repri-sals against Muslims, more than 00 people died. An inquiry in 2005 found that the fire was an accident.

The kashmir connectionThe militant Kashmiri Islamic groups Lashkar-e-

Taiba and Jaish-e-Moham-mad are suspected of being behind the 2001 attack on the parliament in New Delhi. Lashkar-e-Taiba is also suspected of carrying out a car bombing in Bom-bay which killed more than 0 people in 2003, and further attacks in Bombay and New Delhi in 2005; Varanasi in 2006 and Hyderabad in 2007. The terror attacks in Bombay in November 2008, in which around 200 people died and 2 were injured, are also thought to be the work of Lashkar-e-Taiba.

India Population: 1,1 billionStates: 2Religion:

inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnk sourCes: sAkerhetspolitik.se, swedish institute oF internAtionAl AFFAirs, nAtionAlenCYklopedin, bbC news, CiA world FACt book, AsiA times.

Bombay (Mumbai)Indias most populous city:population of 1.7 million and the financial centre of the country

Bombay is led by the highly-nationalist Shiv Sena party which is suspected of supporting attacks on Muslims.

Hindu 80,5%

Others 1,9%Sikh 1,9%Christian 2,3%

Muslim13,4%

PanajiMarmagao

Hyderabad

Calcutta

Cochin

Tuticorin

Madurai

Bengaluru

Pondicherry

Chennai

Vishakhapatnam

Nagpur

BhopalAhmadabadKandla

Kanpur

Agra

Amritsar

Srinagar

Imphal

Kolkata



Sensitive paths through the valleys

The Jhelum road through the Vale of Kashmir was built around 100 years ago. Until 17 it was the only roadway open all year round. Another route went be-tween moun-tains, and was blocked by snow and ice during the winter.

When the road was closed in 17, post, food and fuel had to be carried by other routes.

A new bus route was opened in 200 between Srinagar and Muzaffarabad. Three years later, in the autumn of 200, a trade route was opened for the first time in sixty years.

Seven players in the conflictHizbul MujahedinThe biggest and one of the oldest groups; they fa-vour a Pakistani solution to the troubles.

Harkat-ul- MujahedinA militant Muslim group of Afghans, Pakistanis and others from Arabic lands. They also favour a Pakistani solu-tion.

Jammu and kashmir freedom frontStriving for an in-dependent Kash-mir. Originally the largest group, it has since lost some support.

The United Jihad Council (UJC). Made up from 2 small, armed local groups. Based in the Pakistani re-gion of Kashmir.

All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC). Working for an independent Kashmir; but part of the group believe that Kashmir should belong to Paki-stan.

Lashkar-e-Taiba The army of the faithful. Part of a branch of strict Sunni Muslims. De-mand complete Muslim control throughout India. Favour the use of suicide attacks.

Jaish-e- MohammadThought to have grown out of many Koranic schools in Pakistan. Ac-cused along with Lashkar-e-Taiba of the 2001 attack on the parliament in New Delhi.

0 50 km

INdIAPAkISTAN

AFghAniStAn

NORthERN AREASPakistani-administered area of Kashmir

JAmmU ANd kAShmIRIndian-administered area of Kashmir

AkSAI chINDisputed area between India and China

cHINA

cHINA

Kashmir

Vale of Kashmir

Baltistan

hImAchAL PRAdESh

NORth wESt fRONtIER PROVINcE

Jammu

PUNJAB

ISLAmABAd cAPItAL tERRItORy

Islamabad

Lahore

Srinagaruri

BaramullaKathai

Muzaffarabad

Awantipur

Anantnag

Hera Ahlan

River Jhelu

m

K28 611 m

Disteghil Sar7 885 mRakapushi

7 788 m

Nanga Parbal8 125 m

Jhelum

Ladakh

Traditional boundary claimed by the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Territory ceded by Pakistan to China in 1963 and never recognized by India.

Amritsar

LudhianaPUNJAB



The Worlds conflicts Kyrgystan


The Worlds conflictskyrgystan

Unhappy with the new governmentin 2005 there was a kyrgyz revolt against president Akajev; but the new govern-ment has not fulfilled expectations and now economic problems are growing.

1991 The Soviet Union disintegrates and Kyrgyzstan becomes inde-pendent.

1994 7% of voters think president Akajev should con-tinue leading the country.

1998 More than 60 percent of the population lives below the pov-erty line. Akajev grows increas-ingly dictatorial.

2001 Protests about bad liv-ing conditions increase. 2002 Beknaz-arov, an impor-tant member of parliament, is arrested for

misuse of power and civil unrest grows. Demon-strators demand that government members should step down, and later still that Akajev himself should resign. Beknazarov is released after trial.

2003 Freedom of the press is curbed and civil rights activists are threatened.

2005 Protests against Akajevs corrupt leader-ship spread during the parliamentary election. Akajev, who has left the country, is forced to resign. A new government emerges from

the voting result.

2006 The new government fails to satisfy expec-tations. 10,000 protesters call for president Bakijevs resigna-tion. Police intervene and the leadership unites to form a new constitution.

2007 New demonstrations. Bakijev prevents opposition lead-ers from taking part in the elec-tion.

2008 Spiralling food costs and a worsening en-ergy supply fuel a new crisis. There are conflicts with Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan over water reserves.

200010

Population:, million

% work on the land

Important exports: Gold and electricity

inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnk sourCes: sAkerhetspolitik.se, institute For peACe- And ConFliCt reseArCh in uppsAlA, internAtionAl Crisis Group, CentrAl AsiACAuCAsus institute

KAZAKHSTANUZBEKISTANSOVIET UNIONKYRGYSTAN

0 100 km

tAJikiStAn

Talas

ChinA

kAzAkhStAn

kyrgyzStAnTashkent

uzBekiStAn

Bishkek

Jalal-Abad

Osh

Batken

Naryn

KarakolYsyk-Kol


The Worlds conflicts Congo-Kinshasa


The Worlds conflictsCongo-kinshasa

A million refugeesthe antagonism between hutus and tutsies continues and so does the exploitation of natural resources, from which the people themselves do not benefit. so further violence is escalating in eastern Congo-kinshasa.

0 500 km

1994 More than a mil-lion Hutus flee to eastern Congo from the genocide in Rwanda. President Mobutu sets up refugee camps.

1996 Rwanda and Uganda send soldiers to protect the banyamulenge, as Tutsies are called in Congo. Hutu camps are emptied, but several militant Hutu groups remain.

1997 Laurent Kabilas rebels march against Kin-shasa. President Mobutu resigns after 2 years leadership. Kabila declares himself president.

1998 Kabila initiates a campaign against the Tutsies. Rwandan soldiers and Tutsies revolt in eastern Congo. Civil war breaks out.

1999 Peacetalks convened, but are broken by all sides.

2001 Laurent Kabila is

murdered and is succeeded by his son. Joseph Kabila. He allows political parties and begins talks with rebels. The war subsides.

2002 Peace with Rwanda and Uganda, but local con-flicts flare up.

2003 All parties take part in peace talks.

2006 The first democratic parliamentary vote in 0 years is held. Laurent Nkun-das rebels begin fighting again in northern Kivu.

2007 00,000 people flee following violence in north-ern Kivu.

2008 Shooting is stopped in northern and southern Kivu, but the ceasefire is repeatedly broken. The conflict claims ,000 lives every month, mostly through malnutrition and lack of medical supplies.

10 2000

inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnk sourCes: sAkerhetspolitik.se, swedish institute oF internAtionAl AFFAirs, internAtionAl Crisis Group

Population: 6,7 million.

One million refugees, reckons the UN.

Four million people have been killed since 1.

Natural assets:diamonds, oil, timber, cop-per and others.

ConGo- kinshAsA

uGAndArwAndA

zAmBiA

Congo-kinShASA

Bangui

Mbuji-Mayi

Brazzaville

Kinshasa

AngolA

Congo- BrAzzAVille

gABon

CAmeroun

CentrAl AFriCAn rePuBliC SudAn

rwAndA

Burundi

northern kiVu

Southern kiVu

Kananga

Tshikapa

Lubumbashi

Bandundu

Mbandaka

Ilebo

Kikwit

Lisala Bumba

AketiButa Isiro Mungbere

Mambasa

Beni

ShabundaKalima

Kisangani

Kindu

ugAn

dAtA

nzAn

iA


The Worlds conflicts Korea


The Worlds conflictskorea

Atomic weapons hinder talksnorth and south korea have been on the road to opening up to each other several times since 2000, but north korea refuses to scrap its atomic weapons program.

1948 North and South Korea are founded after the Second World War, when Japan was forced into ca-pitulation by the Soviets in the north and the USA and its allies in the south. This results in two incompatible states, each supported by countries that want to take control of Korea.

1950 North Korea attacks South Korea: the Korean War.

1953 A truce after peace negotiations. Two million people have died in the war.

1970s North Korea isolates itself. The self-imposed independence leads to pov-erty. South Korea places its faith in export, which will lead to its becoming one of the worlds leading industrial nations.

1992 North and South Korea agree to a stoppage on development, manufac-turing and placement of nuclear weapons.

1993 The International Atomic Energy Authority (IAEA), the UNs regula-tory body, is forbidden from sending inspectors to North Koreas plutonium handling facilities.

1994 North Korea wants a promise of alternative en-ergy if it scraps its nuclear program.

199596 Five to ten percent of the population of North Korea dies as a result of starvation.

2000 After and aid pack-age, North Korea opens to the outside world. A top level meeting between North and South is held.

2002 Fighting in the border region. Many die. North Korea insists that it will go on processing plutonium. The USA stops oil shipments.

2006 North Korea test fires a missile and carries out its first nuclear weap-ons test.

2007 North Korea promises to cease all atomic weapon construction. In exchange, the US promises oil and peace talks. The IAEA maintains that the facility at Yongbyon will close by July; by December, it has still not been decommis-sioned.

2008 South Koreas new president, Lee Myung Bak, takes a harder line. North Korea freezes all contact with the South.

inFo GrAphiCs: nordstrm & FrAnk sourCes: sAkerhetspolitik.se, utrikespolitiskA institutet, inter- nAtionAl Crisis Group, iAeA, bbC news

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