eta scaffold training

For Erectors/ Inspectors

SCAFFOLD

TRAINING

By M A Khan – HSE DEPARTMENT

May 19, 2009

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

OBJECTIVES

To familiarise with UAE Legal

requirements with respect to Scaffolds

To enhance the skill of scaffold

erection and inspection.

Safe Procedure for erection & dismantling

Procedure for Scaffold inspection

Type of scaffolding system

Practical on Scaffold Erection & dismantling

WHAT IS SCAFFOLDING?

An elevated, temporary

work platform. Elevated

Temporary

work platform

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

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Supported (Independent) Scaffold

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Suspended Scaffold

• Fixed or travelling

• Permanent or temporary

• Manual or powered

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Tower or Mobile Scaffold

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Arial / Mobile Access Scaffold

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Scaffold Erection

Scaffolds can only be erected, moved, dismantled or altered under the supervision of a competent person

Competent person selects & directs these workers and determines the feasibility of fall protection

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Legal Requirements

DM Chapter No -08

Components of

scaffolding

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Components of

Scaffoldings

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

1.Base Plates

Legal Requirement: Scaffold must have base plates even when setting on a concrete floor

SCAFFOLD TRAINING


2.Standards

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3.Ledgers(transom)

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4.Wooden Planks

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5.Toe Board

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6.Couplers(shovels)

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7.Universal Jack(pin)

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

8.Bracing(GI Pipe)

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9.Sole Board

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SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Scaffold

Foundations

Scaffold Foundations

There is no base plate & the

scrap plywood is not adequate.

The scaffold frame could

penetrate the plywood.

Scaffold legs must be set on base plates & adequate mudsills.

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Mud sills must be sized to distribute scaffolding loads to the ground or support structure.


The lack of a base plate could

damage the scaffold leg.

Scaffolds must have base plates, even when set on a concrete floor.

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Timber sole plates of at least 25cm

wide and 5 cm thick should be laid for

the support of base plates.


The foot or base of any scaffold shall be placed on an adequate base plate to prevent displacement or sinking.

Base Plate

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Base plates with screw jacks should always be used so that you will be able to make levelling adjustments later.

Plumb, level and square the scaffold at the base

Scaffolds should never

be set on bricks,

masonry blocks, etc.

These are not structural

elements and could

crush under the scaffold

load.

Never on Masonry! Scaffold Foundations

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Access ladders and its placing

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

• Portable ladders used for access to upper landing; side

rails must extend 3 ft (.9 m) above landing

• Use 3-point contact while climbing

and always face the ladder

• Ladders must be secured to

scaffolds to prevent movement

• Damaged ladders should be

removed from service and

tagged “Do Not Use”

• Exercise extreme caution while

getting on/off ladders and

scaffolds

Ladder Safety

Prevents Serious Injury

SCAFFOLD TRAINING


MOST COMMON DEFECTS


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DAMAGED STILE DAMAGED RUNGS

MOST COMMON UNSAFE PRACTICE


SCAFFOLD TRAINING


SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Scaffold with interior

ladders for access


SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Scaffold with Exterior

ladders for access

How to measure ladder angle (75 degree)

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

• Step1: Stand straight

facing the ladder

• Step2: Place your shoes

touching the ladder

shoes.

• Step3: Extend your arm

and hold the both posts.

• If arm is fully extended

and post are gripped then

the angle is around 75

degree.


SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Safe usage of LADDER

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Scaffold

Platform

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Quality of Planks

Check for defects like –

Bow, Twist, Crook and

Cup.

Bow

Twist

Crook

Cup.

No paint on wood platforms

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Placing of Planks

Place the plank end trough

ledgers but not over the ledger

as per the picture.

Take help wherever required.

An overlapping 12’’ shall be

maintained.

Max gap between planks –

25mm

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Work platforms must be

tightly planked for the full

width of the scaffold

Minimum width of work

platform should not be less

than 600 mm (3 planks).

Placing of Planks

All planks and/or platforms

should always be fastened to

the scaffold as necessary to

prevent uplift or displacement

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Planks shall extend at least

6“ – 12” beyond their

support.

General Requirements

All Planking on runs of scaffold

must overlap a minimum of 12

inches.

Any damaged or weakened

planks must be immediately

removed and replaced.

No lose materials shall be left

and platforms shall not be

overloaded.

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Transom or

Put log

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Is anything Wrong here?

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Legal Requirement for Transom (or Putlog)

Maximum spacing for putlogs or transoms when

using boards conforming to BS 2482

Nominal

thickness of

Board

Maximum span of

putlog or transom

32 mm 1.0 Metres

38 mm 1.5 Metres

50 mm 2.6 Metres

63 mm 3.5 Metres

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Guard Rails

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

The open edge of platforms higher than 2 m shall be provided

with standard guard rails as

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Standard Protection guards on scaffold platforms

Not less than 95 cm and

more than 115 cm.

Gaps between top rail and

mid rail shall not be more

than 47 cm

Toe board shall be 150mm

SCAFFOLD TRAINING


Install guard rails

along open sides &

ends

Don’t allow work on

platforms with missing

edge protections

SCAFFOLD TRAINING


Edge protection of

scaffold platform

must tied with

required clamps –

Never use rope,

binding wires etc.

SCAFFOLD TRAINING


Front edge of all

platforms shall not be

more than 35cm from

the face of the work or

Use PFAS

No gaps shall be

left unguarded.

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

What is missing here?

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Scaffold ties

When the height of scaffold exceeds 4

times its width, the scaffold shall be

tied to the fixed building structure,

vertically and horizontally.

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

The first bottom tie must be

placed no higher than four time

the minimum base width.

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

The vertical ties shall be repeated

at intervals not greater than 8m (

26 feet).

The Horizontal ties shall be

placed at each end and at

intervals not greater than 9m (30

feet).

8 m (8 m)

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Types of Scaffold ties

This type of tie relies on a tube,

usually placed vertically inside

an opening or window in a

building.

A tube may be wedged or jacked tight

into opposing faces of the window

opening. Timber packing should be thin

(10 mm) to reduce shrinkage and

approximately 75 mm2, and should be

checked frequently for tightness

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Types of Scaffold ties

This forms an assembly of tubes

and couplers around columns or

other parts of a building.

A ring of 50-55 mm internal

diameter through which a

scaffold tube could be passed

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Scaffold Bracing

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Scaffold Bracing

Longitudinal Diagonal

bracing must be

installed at an

approximate 45 degree

angle.

Begin at one end and

clamp it to the outside

of the posts using

swivel clamps. As the

scaffold rises, continue

to interlock bracing end

to end.

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Scaffold Bracing

Longitudinal

Diagonal bracing

should be installed on

all four sides.

Plumb the posts

before the diagonals

are secured.

Scaffold Height The height of the scaffold

should not be more than

four times its minimum

base dimension unless

guys, ties, or braces are

used

20’

5’

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

The max height of scaffolds shall

not 38m and in case the need for

higher scaffold the contractor shall

submit a design prepared by

specialized 3rd party company and

shall obtain an approval from

consultant engineer on that design.

Methods of

scaffold erection

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Supported

(Independent) Scaffold

ASSEMBLY OF ONE STAGE

FABRICATED FRAME TYPE SCAFFOLDING

ONE SECTION HIGH FRAME SCAFFOLD

A. ERECTION OF FRAME

TYPE SCAFFOLD

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

B. ERECTION OF CUP-

LOCK SCAFFOLD ASSEMBLY OF 1-LEVEL

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

ERECTION OF CUP-LOCK SCAFFOLD

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Mobile Scaffolds

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

The height of the mobile tower

shall not exceed 4 times the

smallest base width of the

scaffold.

It shall be used only on firm,

level, clean surfaces.

It shall be moved on leveled

surfaces only by pushing or

pulling or both.

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Scaffold casters and wheels shall be locked with positive wheel

locks before any one is allowed to work on the platform.

These casters shall be

capable of supporting the safe

working load of the scaffold.

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

The casters shall be capable

of supporting the safe

working load of the scaffold.

No joint

Pin –

threading

rod is

used.

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Only approved joint pins shall be used to join the castor

wheel with standard.

Ensure no obstructions from Power Lines, I beams

& Cranes

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

1. Make sure that the path is clear, no

material/person on the platform. Then unlock

the wheels to push the scaffold.

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

2. Apply the force no more than five feet above the ground.

3. Re-Lock the wheels when move ends / scaffold is stationary

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

It is unsafe to move mobile

tower when Worker is on the

top. He must be made aware of

the move

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Do not stay on top, while

rolling tower is being moved

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

No persons, equipment or materials are allowed to be on

the platform during moving it.

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Use a ladder (internal staircase) to access to and from the

Mobile scaffold platform.

The opening of ladder access shall

be closed using TRAP door.

Ladder is outside… No Ladder…Unsafe Platform

Castor

Wheel is

not locked

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

SCAFFTAGS

SCAFFTAG

DO NOT

USE

SCAFFOLD

A Scafftag Holder must be fitted to all access

points on a scaffold while it is under construction.

When the message on the Scafftag Holder is displayed it means:

• the scaffold is under construction; and • it has not been inspected and is not approved for use.

No unauthorised personnel are allowed on a scaffold while this symbol is shown. .

The scaffold must be checked by an Authorised Inspector to ensure it is safe and meets the requirements of:

• ABB Safety Standards; and

• Occupational Safety and Health Regulations.

Scafftag Holder

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

SCAFFTAG

SCAFFOLD

Erection and Inspection Record

LOCATION

REF NO.

DATE ERECTED

REQUESTED BY

BUILT BY

NAME OF COMPETENT PERSON

SIGNATURE

SCAFFOLD TO BE USED FOR

Light Duty

225 kg

Medium Duty

450 kg

Heavy Duty

675 kg

If the scaffold is safe and meets Safety Standards the Authorised

Inspector will fill in an “Inspection” tag.

All details on the tag must be completed to make it valid.

The “Inspection” tag is fitted inside the Scafftag Holder with the completed green side facing outwards. This means the scaffold is

safe for use.

A duplicate “ Inspection”tag for each

scaffold is kept in the Authorised

Inspector’s office.

The "Inspection Tag"

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

On-going inspections

INSPECTION FREQUENCY

BY

COMPETENT PERSON

DATE TIME SIGNED

Comments

Ladder No of Rungs

No of Standards

No of lifts

Sq.m Boarding

Structure Decommissioned

Date

The scaffold must be inspected by an Authorised Inspector every 7 days.

Inspections are recorded on the reverse side of the “Inspection” tag which is yellow.

If the scaffold is in a safe condition the Authorised Inspector must:

• record the inspection details on the yellow side of the “Inspection” tag; and

• return the tag into the Scafftag Holder with the green side facing outwards.

This means the scaffold is safe and can continue to be used.

If the scaffold is unsafe the “Inspection” tag must not be returned to the Scafftag Holder until the faults have been corrected.

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Your responsibilities

SCAFFTAG

Erection and Inspection Record

LOCATION

Ref. No

Date Erected

Requested by

Built by

Name of competent person

Signature

Scaffold to be used for

Light Duty

Medium Duty

Heavy Duty

Never work unless you are authorised to do so.

You must work under the supervision of a licensed

scaffolder.

Always check the last inspection date on the “Inspection” tag.

“If the date is longer than 7 days ago, notify your

Authorised Inspector immediately.

Ensure that the Safe Working Load (SWL) of the scaffold

is not exceeded.

If you detect any faults with a scaffold, even if it has a

valid "Inspection Tag", report the problem to the

Authorized Inspector immediately.

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Hazard of

Scaffoldings

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

• Falls from elevation – caused by slipping, unsafe access, and the lack of fall protection

• Struck by falling tools / debris

• Electrocution – from overhead power lines

• Scaffold collapse - caused by instability or overloading

• Bad planking giving way

Employees working on scaffolds are

exposed to these hazards:

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

• While climbing on or off

the scaffold

• Working on unguarded

scaffold platforms

• When scaffold

platforms or planks fail

Falls may occur:

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SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Fall from Fixed Scaffolding

Protecting Workers from Falls

• Guardrails, and/or

• Personal Fall Arrest Systems (PFAS)

If a worker on a scaffold is exposed to fall hazard – protect him by

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

• Incomplete Guards

• Overloading of scaffolds

Falling of material can occur due to:

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

• Improper ties

• Overloading of scaffolds

• Unsafe foundation

Scaffold can also collapse due to:

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Scaffold collapse

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SCAFFOLD TRAINING

A common Bad Practice

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Examples

Scaffolding Faults

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

No Safety Harness

No Adequate Wooden

Plank

No Adequate Transom

No Wooden Plank

Tighten With

Rope&Wire

No Toe Board

Without PPE

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Wooden Plank Not Adequate

Helmet Missing

Wooden Plank Not Rightly Placed

Toe Board Missing

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Two Wooden Plank

Missing

Midrail Missing

Safety Belt Not

Hooked

2nd Man Without

Harness

Wooden Plank Not

Tighten With Rope

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

SCAFFOLD

INSPECTION

CHECKLIST

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Check for proper installation of:

Mudsills, Base Plates, Foundation.

Posts Plumb

Posts braced by cross braces,

horizontal, and diagonal as

required

Platforms fully planked

Planks secured

SCAFFOLD TRAINING


Planks are scaffold grade lumber or

equivalent manufactured

Guardrails & Midrails

Toeboards

Mesh if material higher than toeboards

Ladder Access

Inspected every work shift by competent

person

Frames secured with pins

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Height less than 4 times minimum base

Scaffold tied to structure if higher than

above

Caster brakes locked before use

Casters pinned into frame leg

SCAFFOLD TRAINING


a) Capacity

b) Scaffold Platform Construction

c) Criteria For Supported Scaffolds

d) Criteria For Suspension Scaffolds

e) Access

f) Use

g) Fall Protection

h) Falling Object Protection

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Cradles

Suspended Access Cradle • Fixed or travelling

• Permanent or temporary

• Manual or powered

SCAFFOLD TRAINING

Suspended Access Cradle

• Safe access, ideally from ground level

• Adequate guard rails, toe boards and base

• Equipment fits closely to the building

• Building capable of bearing the loads

• Track end stops provided

• SWL marked

• Secondary safety rope and fall arrest device provided

• Operating instructions available

• Uniformly loaded and not overloaded

• Rescue plan

SCAFFOLD TRAINING


SCAFFOLD TRAINING


JUMPING PRACTICE


SCAFFOLD TRAINING


NOT WEARING REQUIRED PPE


SCAFFOLD TRAINING


OVERREACHING FROM CRADLE

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