estimating bidding and project award cost estimating contract documents

7/30/2019 Estimating Bidding and Project Award Cost Estimating Contract Documents

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suppliers RS Means Building Construction Cost Data Calculate quantities Multiply unit costs against

quantities Apply variables Sales tax Overhead and profit Commissions

11. Cost Estimating by Phase CONTRACT DOCUMENTS PHASE Rules of Quantity Take-off

Measurement Taking Measure everything as it is, and do it twice Rely on the dimensions listed on the

drawings Avoid scaling the drawings where possible If scaling is required, add 5-15% to the size Make sure

scale is correct; check drawing scale Scale something like a 36 door to compare against Note locations on

drawings that had to be scaled This could be a potential construction error If working for design team, it will

help A/E make correction If working for contractor, it is a potential extra costs


Take-off Every Item Do not leave anything out An omission will unnecessarily lower cost amount of estimate

Use specifications as a shopping list


Itemize take-off List all spaces, rooms, locations for different items Even if items are similar, keep them

separate; they may have different installation/material costs Look for abnormal conditions Differing wall

heights and ceilings that may require additional equipment or scaffolding. May also require additional manual

labor Separate special labor conditions Items that must be performed by hand labor vs. equipment & tool

labor.


Check drawings against specifications Look for completeness, coordination & contradictions If working for

design team, it will help A/E make correction If working for contractor, it is a potential extra costs

15. Cost Estimating by Phase CONTRACT DOCUMENTS PHASE Items to be included in Quantity

Take-off (this will become Bid Proposal) Specification Section number and listing Ie, Section 12 24 00-

Motorized Roller Shades Item Description or scope of work Be specific as possible Keep i tems separatedQuantity Unit of measurement Each, square footage, cubic footage, linear footage


Take-off (this will become Bid Proposal) Unit Cost Material Labor Equipment Overhead & Profit Inflation or

Escalation Factor Should be applied if material/labor will not be ordered and installed for a extended period of

time (ie. 6-24 months)


Take-off (this will become Bid Proposal) Total Item Costs Multiply quantity, unit cost, inflation factor (if

needed) Total Items for Each Specification Section furnished and/or installed by others Includes

Subcontractors bid proposal Total Items for each specification division Total costs for divisions Produces alabor and material costs for general contractor


Take-off (this will become Bid Proposal) Multiply in GCs overhead and profit factors Overhead and profit may

be determined by the amount of administrative work during estimating Most GCs use a standard factor of 10-

20% for OH & P


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Take-off (this will become Bid Proposal) Other Factoring Items Multiply in Project Size Multiplier , if published

cost data is used Multiply in City Costs Index , if published cost data is used Multiply in Inflation Factor

Multiply in Design Phase Contingency Factor , if published cost data is used Sometimes contractors will add

in a contingency; amount is based upon bidding strategy & analysis

20. Cost Estimating by Phase CONTRACT DOCUMENTS PHASE THESE ITEMS WILL CREATE

A TOTAL SUM FOR THE CONSTRUCTION COST

21. Cost Estimating by Phase CONTRACT DOCUMENTS PHASE Other Information that could

affect the estimate: 1. Job Conditions Economic conditions Hoisting conditions Contractor management

experience Labor availability On-site storage availability Subcontractor availability Work space and staging

area availability


affect the estimate: 2. Estimating Philosophy No matter how accurate the estimators are, each one will

determine a different estimate amount because each evaluation will be completed differently. Each estimator

may have used di fferent steps for estimating quantity, using different waste factors, and different labor rates

Labor and equipment costs estimating are usually biggest source of difference between estimators Labor and

equipment costs are based on corporate memory from past projects and are modified to present day labor

wages and costs


affect the estimate: 3. Additional factors Crew size requirement in order to accomplish work in adequate

amount of time. Worker productivity that may cause less or greater labor rates. Safety factor, confidence in

estimate from the estimator; this is based on experience Estimate is compiled by computer or by hand;

accuracy of estimate based on method on compilation.

24. NEXT CLASS BIDDING Construction Documents The Bid Package Types of Contracts

ACH 218 Lecture 04 (Marketing In Construction) Part 1

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ACH 218 Lecture 04 (Marketing In Construction) Part 1Presentation Transcript

1. Marketing in Construction Business Identity & Image Marketing Strategies Proposals and

Presentations

2. Why is Marketing so Important? Marketing is everything a firm does to create awareness and

demand for its services An approach to sell the construction services to those that will need it the most
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Identifies a TARGET audience that needs a specific construction service Maintains an identity for the

construction company i.e.: this company is known for doing this type of work

3. Marketing is one of the most neglected aspects of a construction company. A construction

company must advertise their business to maintain vitality and forecast prospective work. Construction firms

must have an IDENTITY , a STATEGY and an APPROACH

4. Business Image and Identity Construction companies must have an IDENTITY Focus on what

you want your company to project Good business ethics and relations Good quality product Fair, equal and

encouraging to your employees A companys actions and communications reveal a great deal about the firm

and the way they do business Vision and values Culture and Character Expertise and Strengths

5. Business Image and Identity Image and corporate identity are POWERFUL marketing tools that

can strategically position a contractor in the marketplace Identity is a long-term investment The firm can forge

better business relationships Build positive perceptions Inspire loyalty from past and future clients

Differentiate itself within its market

6. Business Image and Identity IMAGE and IDENTITY become a corporate asset Potential clients

pay attention when good word of mouth is passed about your company They also pay attention when its

BAD Maintaining your good name should be top priority 24/7 You have bragging rights when your

company completes the project on time and within budget; dont be afraid to show off your baby When a

mistake happens, dont cover it up, dont lie about it A truthful company is one that has integrity Protect your

image asset by doing good business and being truthful when things waiver and go south

7. Business Image and Identity IMAGE and IDENTITY become a corporate asset When someone

looks at your logo without your company name, it should be AUTOMATIC that your company is identified with

that logo Your logo should be eye-catching but not too flashy Be instantly recognized when seen Use items

related to your trade or service Do not use other marketing devices from other companies in your logo andimage campaign

8.

9. Business Image and Identity Company logo should be placed on anything that your company

distributes, uses and advertises Business Cards Stationary (letterhead, envelopes, memo pads, fax

transmittals) Bid Proposals Project Correspondence Company equipment and vehicles (including hardhats)

Marketing signs, brochures, newsletters, give-aways (mugs, key chains) Company attire (including hats and

shirts)

10. Business Image and Identity Key items to impress as a part of your companys image

Experience Sophistication Stability Knowledge of craft or service Professionalism Success and Growth

11. Marketing Strategies Marketing involves targeting a group that needs a specific service In

construction, it can be pubic, private and institutional sectors Another specific group is DEVELOPERS Once

the group has been established, the tools must be put into place to reach this group A marketing strategy and

materials to gain attention and influence on the group


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12. Marketing Strategies Determining the companys target Identify the group to which your service

is needed Identify the market needs & directions Establish what types of services will be most profitable to

that group Based on companys strengths and capabilities

13. Marketing Strategies Once companys target has been determined: Market those services to

that group Company then communicates its ability to perform those services This will also attract potential

contracts Company maintains marketing approach to those groups and improves on advertising means

Keeping it fresh will keep people interested Performing quality work will keep clients coming back

14. The construction customer is very sensitive to price, time and quality of product. Its essential

that construction companies maintain their services and make efforts to continually IMPROVE those services.

15. Whats NEXT?? The Marketing Plan can be simple or complex, can be developed in house or

by a professional. But it is needed to focus on the future success of any construction company. Develop a

MARKETING PLAN

16. NEXT CLASS Lecture continued: Marketing Strategies for Construction Companies Marketing

Plan, Presentations, Proposals Reading to be Posted under Module #4: Reading: Marketing Services and

Support

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part-2

ACH 218 Lecture 04 (Marketing In Construction) Part 2Presentation Transcript

1. Marketing in Construction Business Identity & Image Marketing Strategies Proposals and

Presentations

2. TODAYS CLASS Lecture continued: Marketing Strategies for Construction Companies

Marketing Plan, Presentations, Proposals

3. Marketing Strategies Marketing Plan/Program Objectives : Project a positive image of the

company Professionalism and Integrity Encourage trust in the companys capabilities Define the companys

goals and objectives Publicize the companys desire for certain projects Stress the contractors abilities

Emphasize the companys skills and specialties Most qualified firm that does top quality work for a lower cost

4. The marketing program should convey the impression that the company will efficiently execute

a construction contract with a personal touch of concern for the clients interests Clough and Sears;

Construction Contracting , 1994

5. Marketing Strategies Now that the marketing plan has been implemented, a detailed plan of

action must be developed: What is to be done Where will be targeted How will i t take place Who is

responsible for the plan
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6. What must be done ; Initial studies take place: Evaluate companys strengths and weaknesses

This can also help in evaluating long-term and short-term goals Look at what markets should be targeted

based upon type of services provided Subcontractors may target specifically general contractors Depending

on level of service, they can target aftermarket projects How other companies (and the market) perceive

your construction company People may say their project managers are easy to work with or they build a

great building, always on time and they attempt to stay within budget. Marketing Strategies

7. Marketing Strategies Where to market your plan : Best source for new work is from previous

customers Serve the owner well, provide excellent service to them They will become repeat customers They

will RECOMMEND you to others in the market ADVERTISE, ADVERTISE, ADVERTISE Getting the word out

to the market is a good way to attract people to your service It becomes an AWARENESS that you provide a

construction service

8. Those who require construction services rank one thing the highest among those when selecting

or reusing a contractor: TRUST

9. Marketing Strategies How to market your plan: Project Signs Place signs on your construction

projects showing name and contact information THINK about the BLUE Clark Construction signs all around

the Washington DC and Metro area These signs will also accompany the project signage; not the same sign

These are on obvious device in effective public relations Their purpose is to keep the company name in front

of the public

10. Marketing Strategies How to market your plan: Company Brochure/Publication Basic marketing

tool to emphasize company competence, resourcefulness and creditability Should include: Company

information and history Type of services provided and specialty work Pictures of completed projects

Personnel, equipment, office and facilities Testimonials from former clients and subcontractors Can be mailed

or given out after presentation

11. Marketing Strategies How to market your plan: Advertising Place ads in trade publications and

other business sources Blue Book of Construction Chamber of Commerce Dodge Reports Independent Trade

Organizations and Associations Local ABC or AGC chapter publications TV and radio advertising in COSTLY

and does not target the specific group you are looking for.

12. Marketing Strategies How to market your plan: Newsletters House publications that includes:

Employee news Jobsite stories Company developments Project completions New projects and endeavors

Trade topics and market analysis

13. Marketing Strategies How to market your plan: Newsletters (continued) Great marketing tool

that serves two purposes Gets the information out about the happenings in the company Influences andimproves the companys general operation Provides a personal touch to internal relations Encourages team

spirit and company unity Becomes a valuable mode of internal communication

14. Marketing Strategies How to market your plan: Publicity Provide noteworthy news to a local

media outlet (includes TV, radio and newspaper) Project completions New projects/contracts Company news

(like expansion or hiring of a new employee) Special events that company is participating in Business image

can play an important role in publicity Distinctive hardhats, give-aways, catchy logo


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15. Marketing Strategies How to market your plan: Public Affairs Involvement of personnel in a

variety of public activities can be a valuable avenue of marketing Participation in trade shows, service clubs,

seminars Membership in active industry organizations (ABC, AGC, AIA, CMAA) Participation in contractor

sponsored events (golf outings, awards dinners, pro bono work) These types of activities also create a

favorable company image and encourage future business contracts

16. Marketing Strategies Who is responsible for the plan: Executive Responsibility Companies can

create and implement the plan in house using in-house resources and people at the executive level OR They

can hire specialty firms to create a marketing and advertising campaign Either way, it is the duty of the people

in the executive group to complete this task

17. A formal marketing program is an investment to achieve long-range success. It strives to

establish a positive image of the firms capabilities in the minds of those in a position to influence the

procurement of construction services. Clough and Sears; Construction Contracting , 1994

18. Proposals and Presentations There are two means to attracting and winning new contracts and

clients: PROPOSALS Includes estimate or bid with a full marketing approach that includes all company

information, financials, projects (past and current) and employee profiles PRESENTATION A prepared

speech that is given to a prospective client that outlines the company as a whole with back-up written publicity

19. Proposals and Presentations If you need to make a proposal to a prospective contract, keep

these in mind: Make sure the proposal looks professional Include company logo and colors Submit in a binder

or spiral bound book No creased papers or bent brochures No bad photographs of projects or personnel Use

easy-on-the-eye fonts and text Keep it organized, use an Table of Contents Make it MEMORABLE and

IMPRESSIVE !!

20. Proposals and Presentations There will be times when you will need to present your company

to a prospective client Prepare a presentation that outlines: Your company history and services Highlight thelevel of quality that your company can provide Past and current projects The financials of these projects give

the prospects the idea of how much work your company can handle (dollar wise) The communication network

of your employees Highlight how the central office supports the field offices How well the project personnel

talk to other project participants

21. Proposals and Presentations Key rules to the presentation Complete a professional

presentation that will leave an impression on the prospect Use Powerpoint or produce a video Answer

questions honestly and with integrity Do not EMBELISH your construction services or overstate your abilities

22. Proposals and Presentations Key rules to the presentation Make your company look like a

winner; speak positively always Dress to IMPRESS Do Not dress down; DRESS for SUCCESS Prospectssee that you mean business when you dress for business Own business attire that is in style, that fits and that

is comfortable

23. Proposals and Presentations Along with this presentation, Provide back up written brochures

and newsletters to be left behind This will allow the prospects to look over your company more thoroughly

Make a follow-up call 1-2 days after the presentation Keep your presentation FRESH in their minds This also


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sends the message that you are excited about their project, you are thinking about them But dont be a PEST,

too many calls is annoying

24. Additional Resources: Marketing Handbook For the Design and Construction Professional by:

Society for Marketing Professional Services Publisher: BNi Publications

25. Project #1 Preliminary Steps Full scope of project will be handed out TONIGHT Partner with

someone else for your group unless you want to be an individual (please let me know) Create a company

Name the company What type of service do you provide What form of legal organization will you take on

26. Project #1 NEXT CLASS Come to class prepared with preliminary steps completed You will

have the first 35 minutes of class on Monday, February 23 rd and the entire class on Wednesday, February

25th to work on your project with your partner (or by yourself)

27. NEXT LECTURE Policies and Procedures Manual Effective Communications and

Correspondence in the Construction Company x

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ACH 216 Lecture 03 (Whos Who)Presentation Transcript

1. Whos Who in Construction The Support Staff of: Owner Architect Contractor Professor

Brandi R. Shepard ACH 216-Construction Management

2. Who are the Players in a Construction Project? AKA The Golden Triangle Financial Marketing

Legal Property Managers Users Owner

3. Who are the Players in a Construction Project? AKA The Golden Triangle Engineers

Consultants CADD Design Development Specifier Owner Architect Contract

4. Who are the Players in a Construction Project? AKA The Golden Triangle Subcontractors

Suppliers Estimating Procurement Scheduling Field Operations Owner Architect Contractor Contract

5. Who are the Players in a Construction Project? AKA The Golden Triangle Traditional Design-

Bid-Build Owner Architect Contractor Contract Contract

6. Architect Contractor Subcontractors Suppliers Estimating Procurement Scheduling Field

Operations Engineers Consultants CADD Design Development Specifier Formed Design-Build Owner

Design-Build

7. The Financial People: Insurers: provides insurance Lenders: banks, savings & loans, stock

market Investors: the risk takers Land Seller: sells property to owner to be used for project Market Analyst:

feasibility study and appraisal of the project OWNERs Support Staff/System: Professor Brandi R. Shepard

ACH 216-Construction Management
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8. The Legal People: Attorney: provides legal advice, oversees contracts Title Company: title

search and title company OWNERs Support Staff/System: Professor Brandi R. Shepard ACH 216-

Construction Management

9. Marketing and Real Estate Brokerage: The People who will buy, sell or lease the project

Marketing Team : promotes project Real Estate Broker: lease/sell the project for the owner Subsequent

Purchasers: leases/buys project from owner Property Manager: manages project after construction Tenants:

people who occupy project; non-owners OWNERs Support Staff/System: Professor Brandi R. Shepard

ACH 216-Construction Management

10. OWNERs Support Staff/System: The Public Factor Neighbors & Critics: give the owner their

opinion, but wont spend money Federal Government: some design codes and regulations; OSHA Local &

State Government: most design codes and regulations General Public: will use project Professor Brandi R.

Shepard ACH 216-Construction Management

11. ARCHITECT/DESIGNERs Support Staff/System: The Architectural Staff Project Design Team:

provides design assistance to Designer/Architect; sketching and rendering Project Architect: responsible for

construction documentation and product/material research CADD Operator: responsible for documenting

project into construction documents Architectural Intern : provides assistance to entire project team including

CADD, research and copying Professor Brandi R. Shepard ACH 216-Construction Management

12. The Architectural Staff Specifier : prepares written portion of construction documents; aids

project architect in product/material research Interior Designer : provides design of interior finishes Space

Planner : responsible for planning furniture and storage areas; aids interior designer/architect Landscape

Architects : designs plant and landscape layout around project Urban Planners : plan city layouts

ARCHITECT/DESIGNERs Support Staff/System: Professor Brandi R. Shepard ACH 216-Construction

Management

13. The Engineers Structural Engineer: provides licensed technical responsibility of building

structure once design has been completed Mechanical Engineer: provides licensed technical responsibility of

mechanical & plumbing systems once design has been completed Electrical Engineer: provides licensed

technical responsibility of electrical system requirements once design has been completed Civil Engineer:

provides licensed technical responsibility of land and site design in conjunction with the project design

ARCHITECT/DESIGNERs Support Staff/System: Professor Brandi R. Shepard ACH 216-Construction

Management

14. The Consultants Forensic Investigators : studies failures of systems and/or buildings; direct

contractual link with the owner Environmental Consultant : studies the effects of proposed or existing project

on the environment; works with civil engineer Building Type Consultant : mostly architects who specialize in

certain types of buildings (i.e., tent structures, convention centers, skyscrapers, industrial construction)

Graphic Designer : aids owners marketing team in promoting project with design in graphics for signs, ads,

clothing, logos, promo items, etc . ARCHITECT/DESIGNERs Support Staff/System: Professor Brandi R.


15. The Consultants Preservationalist: technical expert who saves historically significant buildings;

also aids in restoration design to architect for historical projects Construction Consultant: advises design team


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on the practically and feasibility of the project design. Not licensed and cannot make money on projects

construction; so as to give an honest opinion. Specialty System Consultant: knows practically all information

on one product or building system (i.e., curtain wall systems, door and windows, finishes, kitchens,

playground) ARCHITECT/DESIGNERs Support Staff/System: Professor Brandi R. Shepard ACH 216-


16. NEXT CLASS The Support Staff of: Contractor Professor Brandi R. Shepard ACH 216-


17. TODAYS CLASS The Support Staff of: Contractor Professor Brandi R. Shepard ACH 216-


18. CONTRACTORs Support Staff/System: The Operation Support V.P. of Project Operations :

oversees several project managers which are managing one or several projects Project Manager: responsible

for overseeing all aspects on the construction of the project including project execution, cost control,

scheduling, labor & trades management Office Engineer : responsible for filing and administrative

organization of project paperwork; i.e., submittals, project daily logs, safety reports, project meeting

summaries, construction documents and CCDs Professor Brandi R. Shepard ACH 216-Construction

Management

19. The Operation Support Superintendent : responsible for overseeing actual execution of

construction; manages foreman Field Engineer : responsible for providing construction documentation to

superintendent; also participates in field survey and submittal review Foreman : responsible for directing labor

crews in construction execution Subcontractor : responsible for furnishing and installing specialized material

not normally executed by the general contractor CONTRACTORs Support Staff/System: Professor Brandi R.


20. The Office Support: V.P. Estimating: oversees several estimators; responsible for obtainingproject in planning information Sr. Estimator: responsible for overseeing entire bid to owner Estimator:

responsible for taking off material and summarizing estimated costs gathers bids from subcontractors and

vendors CONTRACTORs Support Staff/System: Professor Brandi R. Shepard ACH 216-Construction

Management

21. The Office Support: V.P. of Safety: oversees several safety engineers & communicates with

OSHA personnel; also responsible for comprising company safety policies Safety Engineers: responsible for

overseeing safety requirements and performances by labor and crews, including subcontractors

CONTRACTORs Support Staff/System: Professor Brandi R. Shepard ACH 216-Construction Management

22. The Office Support: V.P. Project Engineering: responsible for researching new methods andprocedures for construction Construction Engineer: responsible for researching new construction material and

methods Quality Assurance Engineer: responsible for evaluating project and overseeing the implementation

of workmanship and quality according to architects specifications CONTRACTORs Support Staff/System:

Professor Brandi R. Shepard ACH 216-Construction Management

23. The Office Support: V.P. Finance/Accounting: oversees several procurement officers &

operational funds/expenses Procurement Officer: responsible for overseeing project procurement; buying out


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material Accounts Payable: responsible for paying vendors and subcontractors Accounts Receivable:

responsible for obtaining payment for services rendered CONTRACTORs Support Staff/System: Professor

Brandi R. Shepard ACH 216-Construction Management

24. The Office Support: V.P. Personnel/Human Resources: oversees personnel department;

Personnel Manager (Human Resource Specialist): responsible for hiring new employees for entire company

structure and for termination of existing employees. helps determine employee benefit programs, ie, health

insurance, 401k, vacations; sick leave Training Specialist: oversees training and education for all company

employees in all departments and specialities CONTRACTORs Support Staff/System: Professor Brandi R.


25. The Office Support: V.P. Marketing: oversees marketing department and helps promote

construction company to prospective clients Marketing Manager/Specialist: responsible for seeking out new

ventures in advertising oversees design and implementation of new marketing material to clients and

architects collects prospectives for company for future projects/clients CONTRACTORs Support

Staff/System: Professor Brandi R. Shepard ACH 216-Construction Management

26. The major development of the project revolves around the owner , architect and contractor .

The support staffs/systems of each of these major entities are important players in the project as well; each

person provides vital information in order for the project to be successful. Professor Brandi R. Shepard ACH

216-Construction Management

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ACH 122 Lecture 05a (Brick Masonry

ACH 122 Lecture 05a (Brick Masonry)Presentation Transcript

1. MASONRY

2. Definitions & Stone MASONRY Concrete History Mortar Types of Masonry Brick

3. WHAT IS MASONRY? The stacking of natural or manufactured fired units to create a structural

element. Mortar joins these units Acts in compression Durable, fireproof Suitable for all elements of the

structural Labor intensive; requires exact skill Masonry is broken into units of brick, concrete, stone

4. THE HISTORY of MASONRY Earliest type of masonry was native field stones piled upon one

another without mortar to join them Other types included sod or dried mud Clay & silt were mixed with water &

formed by hand into bricks The joints were packed with mud Kept out wind & rain Gave a level building

surface

5. THE HISTORY of MASONRY Clay bricks placed in or next to a fire became harder & more

weather resistant The invention of the kiln by the Romans Masons turned limestone into lime and added this

to mud for mortar
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6. THE HISTORY of MASONRY 4000 B.C. Mesopotamians built stone and sun-dried brick

buildings 3000 B.C. Egyptians built temples and pyramids of cut stone 500 B.C. Greeks used limestone and

marble 100 A.D. Babylonians refined arches over small openings 1100 A.D. Romans perfected the arch and

vault, built forum building, theaters, baths, aqueducts & homes

7. Examples of Historic Masonry Structures Great Wall of China

8. Examples of Historic Masonry Structures Rotunda at University of Virginia

9. Examples of Historic Masonry Structures Markets of Trajan Roman Colosseum

10. CONTEMPORARY MASONRY Materials Brick Concrete masonry units Cut stone Mortar

Applications Structural Load-bearing concrete masonry construction Finish Brick veneer Thin cut stone slabs

used for wall cladding Interior applications: floor, wall, stair treads

11. Examples of Contemporary Masonry Structures Tycon Center, Fairfax, VA building unknown

12. MORTAR FUNCTIONS Bind masonry units into an integral assembly (wall) Seals against

water and air infiltration Provide a cushion and leveler between units Seals between masonry units Provide

character & aesthetics to the masonry assembly Joint size & type Color Consists of: Portland Cement (the

binder) Sand (the filler) Water (the mixing agent) Lime (improves workability)

13. MORTAR CHARACTERISTICS Workable when plastic Cohesive & easy to spread Water

retention Retain water without bleeding Only enough water as needed for absorption by units Water tightness

Lime in mix provides Ability to flex in hardened state, reducing cracking and related leaks Strength

Compressive Flexural tensile bond strength LIME Workability of mortar Water rentivity of mortar

Watertightness of masonry wall Strength of mortar and the strength of masonry wall, particularly the walls

flexural tensile bond strength decreases increases

14. MORTAR Pre-packaged Color range Testing / Specifications Curing

15. MORTAR Mortar takes up 20% of wall area Affects the color and texture of masonry wall

Mortar composition is specified in testing standard ASTM C-270

16. MORTAR TYPES M a S o N w O r K used to label types ( M, S, N, O, K ) Each type has

Specific proportion of ingredients Specific uses based on performance characteristics

17. MORTAR TYPES TYPES OF MORTAR: M a S o N w O r K Type "M" (High):

Strength (2500 psi) High lateral and compressive loads & below grade uses Type "S" (Medium-

High): Strength (1800 psi) High flexural and normal compressive loads (most common) Type "N"

(Medium): Strength (750 psi) General above grade uses Type "O" (Medium-Low): Strength (350

psi) Non-Load bearing walls Type "K" (Low): Strength (75 psi) Non-Load bearing where permitted

(only used in preservation work) Refer to Table 22.1 on page 547 in textbook

18. Joint Color that Blends w/ Brick Color

19. Joint Color that Blends w/ Brick Color

20. Joint Color contrasted w/ Brick Color


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Stone BRICK MASONRY Concrete 21. Terminology Manufacturing Types of Masonry Brick

22. Includes: Brick; Hollow clay tiles; Architectural terra-cotta Composed of: Pulverized clay &

shale: oxides of silicon and aluminum Water Minor components include metal oxides Clays are highly

malleable Can be shaped and molded when mixed with water Once formed or placed into molds, then they

are fired or kiln-dried BRICK MASONRY

23. Interior or exterior applications Durable against freeze/thaw cycles Durable against erosion by

rainwater and wind Strength 6,000 - 10,000 psi Fire resistant High thermal mass Historic associations:

permanence & stability Generally used as a faade material Non-loadbearing applications BRICK MASONRY

24. GREEN MATERIALS: BRICK Brick can be recycled Material is pulverized and recycled with

newer content Recycled glass and other waste materials are combined Materials have reduced: Firing times

Temperatures Toxic emissions Improve brick strength & durability Waste into landfills SOURCE:

http://www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/brick-manufacture-use-construction.html

25. GREEN MATERIALS: BRICK Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs) Manufactured from soil that is

more sand than clay High energy efficient using up to 15 times less energy than a fired brick Durable,

ecological, economical SOURCE: http://www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/brick-manufacture-use-construction.html

26. GREEN MATERIALS: BRICK Green Brick Made of fly-ash (by-product of coal-fired power

plants) Takes 90% less energy to manufacture, which produces 90% less carbon emissions per brick Curing

process with chemical catalysts vs. kiln firing Can be any color or texture as a traditional clay brick Brick

Industry Association does not recognize it as a brick, but thinks it should be called a fly-ash modular unit

SOURCE: http://www.greenharbor.org/2009/10/new-brick-coming-to-a-construction-site-near-you/ SOURCE:

http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/construction_and_property/article6870177.ece

27. Brick Positions: Stretcher Header Soldier Shiner Rowlock Sailor BRICK MASONRY

Terminology

28. Course: Continuous layer of masonry units, bonded with mortar. One course is equal to the

thickness of masonry unit plus thickness of one mortar joint BRICK MASONRY Terminology

29. Wythe: Continuous vertical section of masonry Single-wythe wall : In section, wall one brick

wide Double-wythe wall : In section, wall two bricks wide BRICK MASONRY Terminology

30. Head Joint Vertical mortar joint between ends of masonry units Bed Joint Horizontal layer of

mortar into which a masonry unit is laid BRICK MASONRY Terminology

31. Collar Joint Interior longitudinal vertical joint between two wythes of masonry BRICK

MASONRY Terminology

32. BRICK MASONRY Bed Joint Head Joint Course - horizontal layer of brick

33. BRICK MASONRY Header - Bonds two wythes together Wythe: vertical layer 1 unit thick

Soldier - Laid on its end, face parallel Rowlock - laid on face, end visible Stretcher - long dimension horizontal

& face parallel to the wall


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49.

50. MODULAR STANDARD THREE-INCH OVERSIZE ROMAN NORMAN SIX-INCH JUMBO

JUMBO UTILITY Considerations in Choosing Brick Four Important Qualities Size: vary due to scale, texture

and design

51. Specified dimension Ideal final dimension of brick as specified by architect There will always be

some variation Actual dimension Actual size of each individual brick Dimensional tolerance Difference

between specified dimension and actual dimension Established by industry for each product Nominal

dimension Includes specified dimension plus one mortar joint Written with no inch labels Considerations in

Choosing Brick Four Important Qualities Size: dimensions of masonry units

52. Nominal 4 x 2-2/3 x 8 Specified 3-5/8 in x 2-1/4 in x 7-5/8 in Example: nominal vs. specified

dimensions Considerations in Choosing Brick Four Important Qualities Size: dimensions of masonry units

Sequencing masonry unit dimensions: Width X Height X Length

53. Considerations in Choosing Brick Four Important Qualities Size: dimensions of masonry units

Figures 22.22 on page 557; commonly used brick sizes.

54. Facing brick (solid or cored) Graded for dimensional tolerances & warpage, and durability

Building brick (solid or cored) Graded for durability and strength only Used in brick walls later covered with a

veneer Exposed with dimensional tolerances and warpage acceptable Paving brick (solid) Graded for

freeze/thaw resistance and abrasion Considerations in Choosing Brick Four Important Qualities Grade

55. Weatherability: evaluates how the bricks will hold up to weather exposure (freeze/thaw, rain,

etc.) MOST COMMON Considerations in Choosing Brick Four Important Qualities Grade

56. Facing Bricks: evaluates the uniformity of shape, dimension, texture & color Considerations in

Choosing Brick Four Important Qualities Grade

57. Cavity (Veneer) Walls Running bond BRICK BONDS Running bond and arching action in

masonry walls

58. Cavity (Veneer) Walls Stacked bond BRICK BONDS

59. Joint Considerations Size Joint Tooling Joint Profile Color (blended or contrast)

60. BRICK JOINTS WEATHERED CONCAVE (best joint, mortar compacted, shed water, most

popular) VEE FLUSH RAKED STRIPPED STRUCK

61. Mortar joint thickness (approx 3/8 inch) & profile

62. Tooling Joints

63. Concave Joints

64. Modified Vee Joints

65. Grapevine Joints


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66. Flush Joints

67. Raked Joints

68. Laying Masonry Layout & Leads Line

69.

70. Brick Masonry Mosaic Examples of Masonry Buildings

71. Brick Masonry Mosaic Examples of Masonry Buildings

72. Examples of Masonry Buildings San Francisco Museum of Modern Art

73. Examples of Masonry Buildings Robie House, Chicago

74. Examples of Masonry Buildings Robie House, Chicago

75. Examples of Masonry Buildings Oriole Park at Camden Yards, Baltimore

76. Examples of Masonry Buildings Johnson Wax Building, Racine, Wisconsin

77. Examples of Masonry Buildings Meyerhoff Symphony Hall, Baltimore

78. NEXT LECTURES Masonry continues~ Concrete & Stone Masonry