establishing access to, making contact with, and selecting participants 9310010a nina 9310016a...
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Establishing Access To, Making Contact With, and Selecting
Participants
9310010A Nina
9310016A Alexia
9310018A Carl
9310032A Peggy
9310050A Doris
Instructor: Mavis Shang
Date: Apr.9.2008
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The Perils Of Easy Access
The easier the access, the more difficult the interview
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Interviewing People Whom You Supervise
May not talk openly
Interviewing Your StudentsHardly be open to his or her teacher
Interviewing AcquaintancesMay limit the potential of interview
Interviewing FriendsAssume you know your friend
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Taking Oneself Just Seriously Enough
Not take themselves seriously as researchers
An uncritical attitudeDoing research is a work that elites do
• Research has long been seen as a male preserve.
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Access Through Formal Gatekeepers
Range from legitimate (to be respected) or self-declared (to be avoided)
E.g. parents, teachers, principals,
superintendents → legitimate
Must gain access through the person who has responsibility for the operation
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Research an experience that takes place in many sites
→ Do not need to seek access through an authorityE.g. High school teachers who teach in many schools → go directly to them
The more adult the potential participants, the more likely that access can be direct.
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Informal Gatekeepers
Persons who are widely respected and do not have authorities but hold moral suasion
→ not to use them formally for seeking access, but to gain their participation as a sign of respect
→ help researchers gain access to others
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Avoid Self-appointed gatekeepersMust be informedTry to control everything
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Access and Hierarchy
Difference between research and policy studies
→ The latter are often sponsored by an
agency
Affects the equity of the relationship between interviewer and participant
Interviewer seems higher
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Establish access to participants through peers rather than through people “above” or “below” them
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Making Contact
Do it yourself.Third parties seldom do justice
Have not internalized
Do not have investment
Seldom response to questions that arise naturally
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• A contact visit
→ Select participants
→ build a foundation for interview
relationship
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Make a contact visit in person
Telephoning is often the first step to contact.
The major purpose of the telephone contact:
To set up a time that the interviewer can meet
participants in person to discuss the study.
Time For arranging a separate Money contact visit Effort
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1. The most important purpose of contact
visit is:
To have a basically mutual relationship
with the participant.
Group contact visit
Advantage: save time because the interviewer
can explain it to many people at
once.
Disadvantage: one participant may affect the
attitude of the others
participating
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Characteristics that can enhance a contact
visit:Tone: Seriousness but friendliness
Approach: Purposefulness but flexibility
Presentation: Openness but conciseness
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2. A second important purpose of the contact visit: To decide whether the participants is interested.
Participants should understand:The nature of the studyHow he or she fits into itThe purpose of the three interview sequen
ce
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Building The Participant Pool
Another purpose of the contact visit:
The appropriateness of a participant
The major standard for appropriates is
whether the study is central to the
participant’s experience.
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Some Logistical Considerations
Develop a data base of their participants
A simple participant information form:
Facilitate communication
Record basic data about
Keep in touch with the participants
Avoid disturbing the participants
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The contact visits can also be used to
determine
The best times – let participants choose the
hour
The best dates
The best places - convenient, private,…, etc.
After the contact visit, interviewer should write
follow-up letters to the participant.
Disagree – thank them for meeting
Agree – confirm the schedule of interviewing
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Sometimes the no-show is: Poor communicationLack of enthusiasm
Before the interviewing begins,
Pay attention to the details of access and
contact.
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Selecting ParticipantsIn-depth interview
Purpose: to understand the participants’
experiences, not to predict or control that
experience
Researcher’s task
→ to describe the experiences
→ readers can connect to the experiences
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Define the issue
→ to see whether the participants’
experiences can be accepted to most
people
In-depth interviewer’s job
→ to ask some deeper questions that
make participants to say more about
their experiences during the interview
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Two possibilities for making connection
(1) Find connections among the experiences
from the participants
(2) Open up for readers the possibility to
connect their stories
Purposeful sampling →
a non-random sampling technique based on
member characteristics relevant to the
research problem.
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Maximum variation sampling
→ select in order to get maximum
differences of perceptions about the topic
among rich information
→ allow the widest possibility for readers to
connect what they are reading
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Another useful way
→ select some participants who are
outside that range
→ for interviewers to check themselves in
order to prevent drawing easy conclusions
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Snares to Avoid in The Selection Process
•Participant is reluctance to get involved
•Strike a balance between easily accepting and
ardently persuade
•Participants are too eager to be interviewed
•In-depth interviewing elicit person to be
interesting no matter he is famous or not.
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How Many Participants Are Enough?Snowball sampling: ask participants to identify people or sites to study (e.g. Homeless people)
Two criteria for enough:- Sufficiency => cannot interview only person in any particular category- Saturation information => begins to hear the same information
Enough => not learning anything new