essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through
living organisms and back into the environment.
Biogeochemical Cycles
![Page 2: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Hydrologic Cycle
![Page 3: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
How come we never run out of water?
ECOWLECJuvena May Alegre
![Page 4: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
After four and a half million years you’d think the
water would be all used up! It’s not, though,
because of one special process: the
hydrologic cycle, more commonly called
“the Water Cycle.”
ECOWLECJuvena May Alegre
![Page 5: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Hydrological Cycle
(also known as the water cycle) is the journey, water
takes as it circulates from air, the land , subsurface waters, and organism to the sky, and back again.
ECOWLECJuvena May Alegre
![Page 6: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Water is Ubiquitous!
![Page 7: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Biosphere- Water Cycle
Hydrosphere• Liquid waters of
earth.
1. Oceans2. Lakes3. Streams4. Glaciers
Atmosphere• Layer of gases
surrounding earth.
1. Clouds
2. Vapor
![Page 8: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Earth is a closed system:
The water available on Earth , today, is the same water that has always been available and the only water that ever will be available!
![Page 9: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
How much Water do We Have?
![Page 10: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Fresh Water
≤ 1 % of Earth’s water is available for the following:
• Support organisms such as: plants, bacteria, humans
• Support industry, agriculture• Provide a source of recreation • Hydropower plants- energy• Transportation• Habitats • Waste processing
![Page 11: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Earth’s Water Budget
How the water is divided among:
• Ocean• Land• Atmosphere
Proportions of waterremains relatively
stable on Earth. Only the distribution
differs (tropical vs desert).
![Page 12: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Baby water cycle concept
![Page 13: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The elementary water cycle:
![Page 14: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Better…
![Page 15: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
EVEN BETTER, but still lacks time and amount information!(like 90% of clouds are
from ocean evaporation)
![Page 16: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Water Cycle
The actual path any given water molecule follows
in a complete water cycle can be varied and
complex and may not follow the
exact path shown by a diagram.
![Page 17: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Water is Always on the Move
From Atmosphere to Surface
1. Condensation2. Precipitation
From Surface to Atmosphere
1. Evaporation2. Transpiration3. Sublimation
Sublimation: from solid to gas without melting.
Snow or ice vapor
![Page 18: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
What happens to 100 drops of rain fall?
2 make it into our faucets2 Goes into “ground water”
29 of them go into creeks and rivers
67 drops go back into the skyWithin a week
![Page 19: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
2 make it into our faucets2 Goes into “ground water”
29 of them go into creeks and rivers
67 drops go back into the skyWithin a week
But… how do those 67 drops make it back? IN TEXAS..
![Page 20: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
But… how do those 67 drops make it back? IN TEXAS..
2 make it into our faucets2 Goes into “ground water”
29 of them go into creeks and rivers
33 drops evaporate directly
34 drops make it viaTRANSPRIATION
![Page 21: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Evaporation
From liquid to vapor
• 80% of all water entering the atmosphere originates from the ocean.
• Transfers energy from the earth’s surface to the air above.
Latent energy: hidden heat energy
Latere- (Lat.) to lie hidden
![Page 22: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Transpiration:
The process of transferring water from the roots up to the leaves of the plant to facilitate nutrient transfer. The water is evaporated at the leaves.
![Page 23: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Water Vapor
• Odorless, colorless gas that mixes with other gases in the atmosphere like N2 and O2. These gases make up 99% of the atmosphere.
• The amount of water vapor varies from less than 1% to 4% in the atmosphere.
![Page 24: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Condensation
• Water vapor cools in the upper atmosphere to form drops or ice.
• Releases latent heat warming the air.
• The released heat may trigger storms.
![Page 25: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
CloudsA mass of liquid droplets or
frozen crystals.
1. Earth’s water transportation system.
in conjunction with wind
2. Determine how much of earth energy is absorbed.
block solar rays
3. Alters temperature of air on earth’s surface
traps heat on the surface
![Page 26: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The process of evaporation and condensation purifies water
naturally.
Evaporation: only the water molecules leave the surface; the dissolved salts and other solids remain behind in solution.
Condensation: when the water vapor condenses again it is pure. It may become contaminated as it falls through the atmosphere: sulfates and nitric oxides ( NOx)
cause acid precipitation.
![Page 27: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Precipitation
Water droplets coalesce to form precipitation.
Gravity pulls it to the earths surface.• Hail• Rain• Sleet• Snow
![Page 28: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Precipitation
Interception: falls on leaves or stems of plants.
Percolation: moves downinto the soil and ground water.Runoff: does not infiltrate soil but
travels across the surface of land.
![Page 29: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• Subsurface Flow
– movement of water within the earth, or within aquifers.
ECOWLECJuvena May Alegre
![Page 30: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ground Water
Together ground water and soil water make up .5% of freshwater.
![Page 31: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Ground Water Zones
1. Unsaturated- soil and water 2. Saturated- ground water
Vadose: soil moisture
Water table: divides the 2 zones.
![Page 32: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Zone of Saturation
Aquifer- body of earth material that has the ability to hold and transport water.
• Unconfined- “open” connected to the surface above.
• Confined- “closed” sandwiched between dense impermeable layer of earth.
![Page 33: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Groundwater Movement
• Replenished by percolation from zone of aeration downward to zone of saturation.
Recharge zone- where confined aquifer is exposed at the surface.
![Page 34: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Groundwater flow
Seepage: ground water flows to a stream channel, lakes, and wetlands
Hydraulic conductivity- the measure of the ability of a material to transport water.
![Page 35: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Lets talk TIME for a secondHow long does it STAY in each place.This is called “residence time” • Some places you can guess have
LONG residence times– Oceans, lakes, glaciers, groundwater
• Some places you can then guess have SHORT residence times– Clouds, rivers, soils, animals and plants.
![Page 36: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Lets talk SPECIFIC timesReservoir
Average residence time of a water molecule
Antarctica 20,000 years
Oceans 3,200 years
Glaciers 20 to 100 years
Snow 2 to 6 months
Soil moisture 1 months
Groundwater 100 – 10,000 years
Lakes 10 to 100 years
Rivers 1 to 6 months
Atmosphere 9 days
A single cloud 40 minutes
![Page 37: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Lets talk Water USES
City use• Drinking
water• Sanitation• Lawn• Car
washing
Farm use• Um.. duh
Industry use• making
energy.• Cooling
plants• Used in the
manufacturing process
![Page 39: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Effects of Human Activities on Water Cycle
• We alter the water cycle by:–Withdrawing large amounts of freshwater.– Clearing vegetation and eroding soils.– Polluting surface and underground water.– Contributing to climate change.
![Page 40: Essential elements describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment. Biogeochemical](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf8f1a28abf838c8d1d4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Water Issues
The amount of water on earth remains constant.
World population- 7.111 billion & growing
• 783 million people do not have access to clean water.
• 2.5 billion do not have access to adequate sanitation.
• Demand for food, space, energy and clean water continues to rise.
What can you do?