Español 3: Repaso para el Examen FINAL

I. The Preterite Verb Tense (From the Regular Verbs to the Irregular Verbs) 1. -AR Verbs -ar preterite verb endings

-é -amos-aste X-ó -aron

▪ Regular –ar verbs. Any –ar stem changer in the present does not change change in the preterite.▪ There are three irregular “yo” forms.Any verb that ends in –zar (z→c) Ex. comenzar = yo comencéAny verb that ends in –gar (g→gu) Ex. llegar = yo lleguéAny verb that ends in –car (c→qu) Ex. tocar = yo toqué

2. -ER/-IR Verb Endings -í -imos-iste X-ió -ieron

▪ -er stem changers in the present tense do not stem change in the preterite.▪ The verb dar –to give and the verb ver- to see use the –er/-ir endings, but they have no accents.

3. Spelling Changers: There are certain verbs in which the “i” is changed to a “y” for pronunciation purposes. This change occurs only in the él, ella, Ud., ellos, ellas, and Uds. forms. The verbs that have this spelling change end in –aer, -eer, -uir, and the verb oír. In addition to the spelling change, all of the verbs with the exception of the –uir verbs have accents on the “i” in all other forms.

leer = to read caer = to fall

vi vimosviste Xvio vieron

di dimosdiste Xdio diero

n

leí leímosleíste Xleyó leyeron

caí caímoscaíste Xcayó cayero

nconstruí construim

osconstruiste

X

construyó

construyeron

oí oímosoíste Xoyó oyeron

4. Stem Changers: Only –ir stem changers in the present tense change in the preterite tense. There are only two types of changes. e→i and o→u. The stem change occurs in the “sandal” of the t-chart.

dormir = to sleep pedir = to ask for

5. Irregular Verbs: There are three groups of irregular verbs, plus the verbs ser and ir. • the “j” group: decir = to say or tell→ dij- j group endingstraer = to bring→ traj-conducir = to drive→conduj-traducir = to translate→traduj-*any verb that ends in –ucir

•the “i” groupquerer = to want, tried→ quis-hacer = to do, to make→ hic (hizo in the él, ella, Ud. forms)venir = to come→ vin

•the “u” groupandar = to walk, work, run→ anduvestar = to be→ estuv 3u and i group endingstener = to have, got→ tuvponer = to put→ puspoder = to be able to, can→ pudsaber = to know, found out→ sup

ser and irfui fuimosfuiste Xfue fueron

Practice: Conjugate the following verbs in parenthesis.

pedí pedimospediste Xpidió pidieron

dormí dormimos

dormiste

X

durmió durmieron

-e -imos

-iste X-o -

eron

-e -imos-iste X-o -ieron

1. Yo _______________________ en la cafetería. (comer)

2. Nosotros ____________________ la guitarra. (tocar)

3. Uds. __________________mucho en la clase de historia. (dormir)

4. Tú no__________________ novelas en la clase de inglés. (leer)

5. Ella__________________ de la bicicleta. (caerse)

6. Miguel_______________ Coca-Cola en la fiesta. (servir)

7. Yo_________________ fútbol el año pasado. (jugar)

8. Nosotros ___________________ al museo ayer. (ir)

9. Roberto y Juan___________________ cansados en clase. (estar)

10. El amigo __________________la tarea anoche. (hacer)

11. Yo _____________________ a escuela hoy. (conducir)

12. Tú ____________________ mucho para el examen. (estudiar)

13. Ud. _____________________ buenas notas. (sacar)

14. Yo____________________ con Juan. (almorzar)

15. Ellos___________________ un regalo a la fiesta. (traer)

II. Imperfect Tense: Know how to conjugate all verbs in the imperfect tense. To conjugate in the imperfect tense drop the ending and add the appropriate ending.

-ar endings -er/-ir endings

-aba -ábamos

-abas

X

-aba -aban

-ía -íamos

-ías X-ía -ían

Irregulars: There are three irregular verbs in the imperfect.

ser ver ir

Conjugate the following verbs in the imperfect tense.

1. cerrar (yo) _____________________ 4 decidir (Uds.) _______________

2. seguir (nosotros) __________________5 peinarse (tú)________________

3. preferir (ella) ___________________ 6 comer (ellos) _______________

III. Preterite Vs. Imperfect: Know when to use the preterite and when to use the imperfect. Refer to the packet that was handed out in class. Within the packet each use is outlined. After reviewing the packet complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the preterite or imperfect.

1. Todos los veranos mi familia y yo ________________ a la playa. (ir)

2. Anoche Ramón _________________ para el examen. (estudiar)

3. ___________ las dos en la mañana cuando mi amigo ___________ por teléfono. (ser/llamar)

4. Tú

_________________ cuando ________________ un accidente. (conducir/ver)

5. Anita ______________ diez años cuando ________________ el brazo. (tener/romperse)

6. Los domingos ellos _______________ la televisión después de la cena. (mirar)

era éramos

eras Xera eran

veía veíamos

veías

X

veía veian

iba íbamos

ibas Xiba iban

7. María y yo ________________ al tenis el sábado pasado. (jugar)

IV. Ser vs. Estar: Although ser and estar both mean to be, they both have very distinct uses.•Ser is used for possession, time, temperature, description (physical/personality), nationality, origin, day, material make-up, profession, and date.•Estar is used for location, feelings, temporary conditions, and present progressive.Practice: Place the appropriate forms of ser or estar in the following blanks.

1. Yo_________de Michigan. 5. Nosotros__________ cansados hoy.

2. Miguel___________ aburrido. 6. Tú___________ bailando en clase.

3. Ellos___________ altos y rubios. 7. __________ noventa grados.

4. Marta y yo ___________ cubanos. 8. Ud. __________ alegre.

V. Direct Object Pronouns:Direct Object Pronouns replace the direct object (the noun that directly receives the action of the verb) in the sentence.

Determining: A direct object can be determined by asking who or what using the verb. For example: I bought a car. The questions would be who or what did you buy? The question what determines the word car.

The direct object pronouns are: me, te, lo, la, nos, los, and las.

¿Invitas a Pablo a la fiesta? Are you inviting Paul to the party?Sí lo invito a la fiesta. Yes, I am inviting him.

Placement: Direct object pronouns are placed in front of the conjugated verb. If there is an infinitive or the present progressive, they may attach on to the end of the infinitive or the present participle of the present progressive. If attaching the pronoun to the present participle, the last a in ando or the e in iendo must be accented.

Indirect Object Pronouns:

Indirect Object Pronouns replace an indirect object (a noun that is indirectly affected by the action of the verb) in a sentence.

Determining: The indirect object can be determined by asking: To whom? For whom?Example: I am giving a car to Miguel. If you ask to whom are you are giving the car, the answer would result in buying the car for Miguel.

Indirect Object Pronouns are: me, te, le, nos, and les.

Placement: The same rules apply for the placement of indirect object pronouns as the direct object pronouns.

INDIRECT before DIRECT, REFLEXIVE first of all!

Examples: I am writing a letter to him. Yo le escribo una carta a él

Remember there may be a clarifier or not, however there must be an indirect object pronoun.

Double Object Prounouns:

Rules: When the direct and indirect object pronouns are in the same sentence, the indirect will be placed directly in front of the direct object pronoun. They can never be separated. They are placed in relation to the verb exactly the same as direct or indirect object pronouns.

If le or les come before lo, la, los, or las the le or les must change to se.

“You can SAY (se) Lola, but you can’t LAY (le) Lola!”

Are you going to buy the car for me? ¿Vas a comprar el coche para mí?Yes I am going to buy it for you. Sí te lo voy a comprar.

Sí voy a comprártelo.

Is he giving the books to her? ¿Le da él los libros a ella?No he is not giving them to her. No, no se los da.

VII. Comparisons: To make comparisons the following construction is used…

Comparative word + noun/adjective/adverb + que (than)más que = more than menos que = less than

Examples:Juan es más inteligente que Juanita. John is more intelligent than Joan.

Yo tengo menos diner que mi amigo. I have more money than my friend.

Translate the following sentences from Spanish to English.

1. Mi papá es peor cocinero que mi mamá.

2. Yo trabajo más que mi amigo.

VII. Demonstrative Adjectives and PronounsRemember- “This and These both have‘t’s, That and Those NO‘t’ goes!”Demonstrative adjectives have no accents and pronouns have accents on the first e.

Singular masculine singular feminine plural masculine plural feminine

this – este (éste)

this – esta (ésta)

these – estos (éstos)

these – estas (éstas)

that – ese (ése) that – esa (ésa) those – esos (ésos)

those – esas (ésas)

that over there- aquel (aquél)

that over there – aquella (aquélla)

those over there – aquellos (aquéllos)

those over there – aquellas (aquéllas)

this car: este coche that girl: esa chica those cars over there: aquellos coches

Practice Questions: Translate the following questions from English to Spanish.

1. Do you want that hat or this one?

2. I have those magazines, but I don’t have those over there.

VIII. Negative Words: Negative words are used either before or after the verb. If they are placed after the verb, a no is used before the verb.ninguno (ningún before sing. masc. noun) = none, not any

tampoco = neithernadie = no one, not anyone nada = nothing, not anything nunca = never1. I am not eating anything. 2. We never study.

IX. Hace + time formula: To express how long something has been in progress you use the following formula.

Hace + time + conjugated verb in the present tense + rest of the sentence.

To ask how long something has been going on you use either of the following formulas:

¿Hace cuánto tiempo que (+ conjugated verb in present tense)?¿Cuánto tiempo hace que (+ conjugated verb in present tense)?

*Remember when using this formula that the subject of the sentence would be placed directly in front of the conjugated verb in a sentence. The subject would directly follow the conjugated verb in a question.

To express how long ago something happened use the following formula.Hace + time, verb in preterite + the rest of the sentence

Practice: Translate the following sentences.

1. I have been singing for ten years.

2. Three years ago, I bought a new car.

3. How long has María been speaking English?

X. Ir + infinitive in the Imperfect is used to state what someone was going to do.I was going to work, but I broke my leg. Iba a trabajar, pero me rompí la pierna.

XI. Nosotros Commands: are formed by using the nosotros form of the present subjunctive (see green sheet). The affirmative nosotros is irregular and is conjugated vamos, but the negative is regular and is vayamos.

When using pronouns: Positive commands attach the pronouns to the end of the verb. An accent is placed on the “a” of amos and the “e” of emos. If attaching the pronoun nos, the “s” of amos or emos is dropped. Negative commands place the pronoun in front of the verb.Let’s eat. ¡Comamos! Let’s dance. ¡Bailemos! Let’s go. ¡Vamos!Let’s study it (homework). ¡Estudiémosla! Let’s not do it. ¡No la hagamos!

Practice:1. Let’s listen . 2. Let’s not buy it (car).

3. Let’s wash our hands. 4. Let’s not go to the party.

XII. Subjunctive: See your green sheet to review how to conjugate verbs in the subjunctive. Pay attention to the verbs that are irregular.

To use the subjunctive one must be expressing a hope, wish, unknown, nonexistent, expression of feelings, will, wish, denial, or negation about someone or something else. Therefore there must be two different subjects and a verb that expresses one of the listed expressions.

Formula: verb in the present indicative + que + verb in subjunctive + the rest

Key verbs: esperar, preferir (e-ie), sugerir (e-ie), querer (e-ie), desear, aconsejar, recomendar (e-ie), ¿conocer?, no es verdad, no es cierto, no hay, buscar, necesitar, es bueno, es malo, me gusta, alegrarse de, me sorprende, me molesta, me frustra, me preocupa, sentir, irritarse, no creer, negar (e-ie), and no estar de acuerdo.

Practice: Decide if you need to conjugate the verb in the subjunctive or indicative.1. Es verdad que ella ____________________________ (tener) un coche.

2. No creemos que la profesora _____________________________(ser) aburrida.

3. Roberto y Ana necesita una calculador que ______________________(funcionar)

4. Yo quiero________________________(viajar)

XIII. Future Tense: Know how to conjugate regular and irregular verbs in the future tense. Remember there are 10 irregular verbs. To conjugate in the future you add the endings on to the end of the infinitive. Future endings

Irregulars:salir = saldr- venir = vendr-

tener = tendr-poner = pondr- poder = podr-

saber = sabr-decir = dir- hacer = har- haber = habr-querer = querr- caber = cabr- valer = valdr-

Translate the following sentences from English to Spanish.

1. I will travel to Spain next year.

2. He will go to work after school.

-é -emos-ás - éis-á -án

3. They will play soccer in the summer.

4. We will leave the party when it is eleven o’clock.

XIV. Conditional Tense: Know how to conjugate regular and irregular verbs in the conditional tense. Remember the irregulars are the same as the irregulars in the future tense. The conditional tense refers to what would happen.

Conditional endings Conditional tense

comjugates the same way the

future tense is conjugated.

Translate the following sentences from English to Spanish.

1. I would like to travel to Italy this summer.

2. With twenty dollars they would buy a new CD.

3. Would you help the student with the math problem?

Study the “if statement” notes from class that relate to the conditional.

Yo que tú Si yo fuera Si tú fuerasEn tu lugar Si yo pudiera Si tú pudierasEn esa situación Si yo tuviera Si tú tuvieras

XV. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (ANDAR, ESTAR, and SEGUIR) This is used to emphasize that something is happening now. The present progressive is formed by using a form of estar + present participle(-ando

-ía -íamos-ías - íais-ía -ían

for ar verbs, -iendo for er/ir verbs, and –yendo for the verbs creer and leer). Seguir is used to express that actions continue to happen and Andar is used to express that actions continue to happen with a negative connotation. EX. I am studying for a test now. Estoy estudiando para el exam.

He is continuously talking during the test. Él anda hablando durante el examen. The student keeps doing the homework. La alumna siguen haciendo la tarea.

XVI. PRESENT PERFECT: refers to what has happened and is linked to the present.

FORMULA: haber (present) + past participle (-ado/-ido)he hemoshas habéisha han

PAST PARTICIPLE RULES:-ar: dropping the –ar from an infinitive and adding –ado-er/ir: dropping the –er/-ir from an infinitive and adding –ido

* Verbs ending in –eer, -aer, -uir, and the verb oír all drop the –er/-ir and add –ido, however an accent must be placed on the “i” in -ido. This is done for pronunciation purposes.Example: caercaído construirconstruído leerleído

Irregular participles:abrir = abierto escribir = escrito morir = muerto poner = puestodescubrir = descubierto cubrir = cubiertodecir = dicho hacer = hechovolver = vuelto ver = visto romper = roto

Examples of present perfect indicative:He visto la película y es magnífica.I have seen the movie and it is magnificent.

¿Has participado en los proyetos de servicio?Have you participated in the service projects?

XVII. AL + INFINITIVE or EN CUANTO + INFINITIVE This expression is used to indicate that while one action was in progress, another action occurred.

Ex. Al conducir, Juan chocó con un coche. While driving, Juan bumped into a car.

XVIII. SE + INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN + VERB: indicates unintentional action The verb may conjugate in the 3rd person singular

or plural. The indirect object pronoun agrees with the person

it happened to and the verb agrees with the object(s) involved.

FORMULA: se + (me, te, le, nos,os or les) + verb (agrees with object or objects)

A mí se me olvidó la tarea en casa. I forgot the homework at home.

A Juana se le quemaron los bistecs. Joan burnt the steaks.

Common verbs: quemar, quedar, perder, olvidar, caer, romper, and acabar

XIX. PAST PROGRESSIVE: uses the same formula as the present progressive, except the verb estar is conjugated in the imperfect. This indicates that an action was occurring in the past. This often introduces an interrupting action (preterite verb).

Formula: estar (imperfect) + present participleestaba estábam

osestabas estabaisestaba estaban

Example: Yo estaba mirando la televisión cuando el teléfono sonó. I was watching TV when the phone rang. Mis amigos estaban comiendo pizza cuando el mesero se le cayó las bebidas. My friends were eating pizza when the waiter dropped the drinks.

XX. COMPARISONS (TAN COMO/ MÁS or MENOS/ -ÍSIMO)Tan + adjective + como = as … as (the second half may be followed by an article + an adjective or a pronoun.

Los dramas son tan interesantes como las comedias. (article + adjective)Esta clase es tan difícil como ésa. (pronoun)

el/la/los/las + más/menos + adjective + de = the most … or the least …

Este verano es el más corto de todos los veranos. Esta clase es la menos interesante de todas las clases.

ísimo (a, os, as) placed on the end of an adjective intensifies the adjective.

Las clases de la universidad son grandísimas. The university classes are huge.

XXI. PASSIVE VOICE WITH AND WITHOUT SER1) Passive voice is used to express that something has happened to someone or something without mentioning the agent (person performing the action). The verb will be conjugated in the third person singular or plural agreeing with the recipient of the action.

Se venden pizzas en la cafetería. Pizzas are sold in the cafeteria.Se corta pelo en la peluquería. Hair is cut in the salon.

2) Passive Voice with ser is used to introduce the agent.FORMULA: Ser (in preterite) + past participle (agrees with item) + agent

Este retrato fue pintado por Picasso. This portrait was painted by Picasso.

Los papeles fueron coleccionados por Juan. The papers were collected by Juan.

3) Impersonal se is used to express what a group of people do. The verb is always conjugated in the third person singular.

Se habla francés en Québec. One speaks French in Quebec.Se ofrece comida en la cafetería. One offers food in the cafeteria.

XXII. SUBJUNCTIVE: Expresses an opinion, indirect commands, emotion, doubt, and adverbial clauses about someone or something else. There must be two different subjects. (Review key verbs from notes)

Conjugation reminders: 1. start with “yo”, drop the o, and add opposite ending -car→que -zar→ce -gar→gue2. Stem changes take place in the boot with an additional change for –ir stem- changing verbs in the nosotros (e→i and o→u)3. Irregulars do not end in o in the “yo” form (DISHES)

FORMULA: verb in the present indicative + que + verb in subjunctive

Examples: Espero que los exámenes finales estén cancelados. I hope that final exams are canceled.

Es dudoso que mis padres me compren un coche. It is doubtful that my parents are buying me a car.

XXIII. PAST PERFECT: refers to what had happened. This is used to indicate that an action occurred before another action occurred.

FORMULA: haber (in imperfect) + past participle

Key words: todavía no, ya, aún no, and cuando

había habíamos

habías habíaishabía habían

Example: Cuando llegué al museo, aún no había encontrado a Pepita. When I arrived at the museum, I still hadn’t found Pepita.

XXIV. PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: refers to what has happened and is used in situations in which the subjunctive is necessary (hopes, wishes, emotions, opinions, indirect commands, adverbial clauses, and doubt).

FORMULA: haber (in present subjunctive) + past participle

haya hayamoshayas Xhaya hayan

Example: Espero que los profesores hayan enseñado toda la información para los exámenes. I hope that the teachers have taught all of the information for the exams.

Es importante que los trabajadores hayan terminado la tarea. It is important that the workers have finished the work.

XXV. HABER When used alone in the present indicative = hay (there is/there are)When used alone in the future = habrá (there will be)When used alone in the preterite = hubo (there was/there were) an eventWhen used alone in the imperfect = había (there was/there were) a circumstanceWhen used alone in the present subjunctive = haya (there is/there are)

Examples: Hubo una lucha de comida en la cafetería ayer. There was a food fight in the cafetería yesterday. (event)

Habrá un partido de fútbol mañana. There will be a soccer game tomorrow.

Había muchas personas que participaron. There were many people that participated. (circumstances)

Hay más profesores en la cafetería hoy para prevenir más luchas. There are more teachers in the cafeteria today in order to prevent more fights.

Espero que no haya más problemas. I hope that there aren’t more problems.

XXVI. AFFIRMATIVE and NEGATIVE WORDSalguien = someone nadie = no one/not anyonealgo = something/anything nada = nothing/not anythingalgún(a,os,as) = some/any ningún(a,os,as) = none/not anyalguno(used alone) = some/any ninguno(used alone) = none/not anytambién=also/too tampoco= neither/nor do Isiempre=always nunca=nevero=or ni=neitherNegative words may only be used when preceding a verb or following a verb that has no in front of it.

XXVII. GENDERUsual Feminine endings: d, ión, ción, za, dad, umbre, is, ie, and aUsual Masculine endings: l, o, n, e, r, s, és, ma, al, ín, and aje

Nouns that end in l, m, or r may be masculine or feminine.

Compound nouns tend to be masculine such as el lavaplatos or el tocadiscos.

Review the nouns that change meaning based on gender (see pg. 252).

Nouns that begin with a or ha will be masculine in the singular form and feminine in the plural form. (el arte-las artes OR el agua-las aguas)

XXVIII. VARIOUS MEANINGS DEPENDING ON THE PRETERITE OR IMPERFECT (see pg. 282 in the text for the chart)

Imperfect: repeated action, used to…, description of the scene, or ongoing action that has been interrupted, and unspecified amount of time

Preterite: single action, set number of times action, interrupting action, and completed action

Él estuvo enfermo por dos días. He was sick for two days.Ellos estaban enfermos de niños. They were sick as kids.

XXIX. REFLEXIVES: There are several types of reflexive verbs. There are daily habits, personal care, becoming (certain emotions), reciprocal actions, and verbs that just are grammatical reflexives due to a process or a change in state (see page 286 for a listing of verbs). Reflexive verbs with the exception of grammatical reflexives indicate that the subject is performing an action for or on himself.

1. You can recognize a reflexive verb because the infinitive will end in –se.

2. When conjugating a reflexive verb the pronoun must represent the subject and be placed in front of the conjugated verb or attached to the end of the infinitive.

3. After reflexive verbs definite articles are used with body parts and articles of clothing.

Reflexive Pronouns me nos te os se se

XXX. LO and LO QUELo + adjective = the ________ thingLo que + verb = what _____ or the thing that _____

Examples: Lo bueno es que no tenemos escuela en julio.The good thing is that we don’t have school in July.

Ahora lo que necesitamos hacer es estudiar para el examen final.Now what we need to do is study for the final exam.

Esta información no es lo que estudiamos.This information is not what we studied.

XXXI. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES: The subjunctive is always used following these expressions, called adverbial conjunctions: a menos (de) que (unless), antes de que (before), con tal (de) que (provided that), en caso de que (in case), para que (in order), and sin que (without).

*the verb that follows the adverbial clause will be conjugated in the subjunctive*

Examples:En caso de que los estudiantes no hayan entendido la gramática, les doy mucha práctica.In case the students haven’t understood the grammar, I give them a lot of practice.

Llegaremos al cine temprano antes de que la película empiece.We’ll arrive to the movie theater early before the movie begins.

Con tal de que Tomás tenga tiempo, él va a estudiar para el examen.Provided that Tom has time, he is going to study for the test.

Certain adverbial conjunctions express time. Adverbial conjunctions join a dependent clause and an independent clause in the same sentence.

cuando = time hasta que = untildespués de que = after tan pronto como = as soon asen cuanto = as soon as

The subjunctive is used with conjunctions that express time when the verb refers to an action that hasn’t happened yet.

Voy a comprar un coche tan pronto como tenga bastante dinero.I am going to buy a car as soon as I have enough money.

La profesora va a dar tarea hasta que el año termine.

The teacher is going to give homework until the year ends.

Después de que Miguel termine la tarea, iremos al restaurante para la cena.After Mike finishes the homework, we will go to the restaurant for dinner.

XXXII. INDICATIVE AND ADVERBIAL CONJUNCTIONS

1) The indicative is used with en cuanto, cuando, después de que, hasta que, and tan pronto como when the verb refers to a habitual action.

Examples:Cuando visitábamos a mis parientes siempre jugaba naipes con mis primos.When we used to visit my relatives I always played cards with my cousins.

Tan pronto como termine un examen, me gusta leer una revista.As soon as I finish an exam, I like to read a magazine.

2) The indicative is also used when describing completed actions in the past.

Examples:En cuanto llegamos a la clase, el examen empezó.As soon as we arrived to class, the test started.

No me gustaba brócoli hasta que lo probé.I didn’t like broccoli until I tried it.

XXXIII. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

RA Endings SE Ending ra

‘ramos ras rais ra ran

se ‘semos

ses seis se sen

1) To form the Past subjunctive- Put the verb into the 3rd person plural of the Preterite tense. Take off the “RON” ending and add the appropriate ending.

2) The past subjunctive is used after “si” (if) in hypothetical sentences that are contrary to fact or unlikely to happen. The conditional tense is used in the other clause.

Examples:Si yo pudiera, trabajaría en un banco.If I could, I World work in a bank.

Viajaríamos a Europa si tuviéramos más tiempo. We World travel to Europe if we had more time.

3) When the verb in the main clause of the sentence requiring the past tense, the past subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause.

Examples:Mis padres preferían que estudiara medicina. My parents preferred that I study medicine.

Yo insistí en que Rita fuera conmigo a la entrevista.I insisted that Rita go with me to the interview.

XXXIV. PARA vs. POR1) The prepositions Para and Por have different uses and meanings,

although sometimes they both mean “for” in English. 2) Uses of Por: a. Through or by b. by, by means of c. A period of time

d. A time of daye. In exchange for f. Per g. The agent of action, by

h. for ( because of or due to something)** IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS**Por ahora, por cierto, por consiguiente, por favor, por fin, por lo tanto, por supuesto, por todas partesExample: Después de pasar por el banco, dimos una vuelta por el mercado. After passing by the bank; we took a walk by the Market.

¡Gracias por la comida!Thank you for the food.

3) Uses of Para:a. purpose or intention b. a recipient c. destination

d. employmente. a deadline f. an opinion g. to/towards a place

h. indicate a goal or purpose i. to or for a person or thing** IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS**Para nada, para siempreExamples:¿Necesitas ropa para la fiesta?Do you need clothes for the party?Los regalos son para los niños.The gifts are for the children.