esp lec, 03 grammar, punctuation marks
TRANSCRIPT
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Grammar Presentation:
Punctuation
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Outline
The commaThe semicolon
The colon
The apostrophe
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Punctuation
Verbal English has many pauses
Punctuation indicates when to pause in written text
Errors in grammar can obscure meaning
The panda eats, shoots, and leaves.
The panda eats shoots and leaves.
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The Comma ( , )
Short pause
I err on the side of taking commas out
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Comma: 1
Joining independent clauses with coordinating
conjunctions (and, or, but...)
Example:
The feedback improved, and the module had a
stronger output.
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Comma: 2
Joining an independent clause and a dependentclause
Example:
Although I had difficulty, I still prevailed.
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Comma: 3
Separating items in a series
Example:
I have the most trouble with spelling, grammarand punctuation.
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Comma: 3
Comma before and is optional, unless needed for
clarity
Example:
Snakes and ladders, hide and seek, and cards are
his favorite games.
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Comma: 4
Setting off non-restrictive elements
Example:
The sample, which contained sulfur, did not
react.
To begin, the fundamental argument of
Freud...
Exception for short sentences:
Then it started.
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The Semicolon ( ; )
A longer pause
Rule of thumb, only use when a period would also
suffice
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The Semicolon: 1
Joining independent clauses, with or without a
subordinating conjunction (however, although, on the
other hand...)
Example:
The sample was tainted; it had no effect.
We completed the circuit; however, the light would
not turn on.
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The Semicolon: 2
Separating items in a series that contain
commasExample:
Henry's mother believes three things: that
every situation, no matter how grim, will behappily resolved; that no one knows more
about human nature than she; and that Henry,
who is thirty-five years old, will never be able
to do his own laundry.
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The Colon ( : )
Big pause
Completely different than the semicolon
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The Colon: 1
Introduce a list or phrase after an independent clause
Example:
Henry's mother believes three things: that every
situation, no matter how grim, will be happily
resolved; that no one knows more about human
nature than she; and that Henry, who is thirty-fiveyears old, will never be able to do his own laundry.
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The Colon: 2
Displayed equations must be introduced with anindependent clause followed by a colon
Then, double space, write out equation, double
space, start new paragraph
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The Colon: 2
Example:
The following equation details the expression: (1)
a = bc + 2d
The application of this...
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The Colon: 2
Equations within a text do not require a colon
Example:
The equation 2a = b + c showed...
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The Apostrophe: 1
Used in contractions
Generally, contractions are inappropriate in academicwriting
Example:
Temperature didnt affect the reaction.
Temperature did not affect the reaction.
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The Apostrophe: 2
Indicates possession
Example: Freuds argument states that...
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Apostrophe: 2
Rule of thumb:
If you pronounce the sadd s
If not, add
Examples:
The boys room (one boy)
The boys room (two boys)
Jesss dog used to be Rexs