es050 – introductory engineering design and innovation studio civil engineering design prof. jon...

ES050 – Introductory Engineering Design and Innovation Studio

Civil Engineering Design

Prof. Jon Southen

November 12, 2008

Goals and Objectives of this lecture

Provide introduction to engineering design as practiced in Civil engineering

Provide context regarding the environment in which Civil engineering design takes place

Provide examples of engineering graphics used in Civil engineering


The Civil engineering project Types of project Principal players General design process

Design considerations Codes, regulations, guidelines Constructability Validation techniques

Design delivery Drawings Specifications

Civil Engineering Projects

Civil Engineering oldest discipline Civil-Military distinction

Wide variety within Civil Structural Environmental Geotechnical Wind Etc.

Basic design considerations, techniques common

CIVIL ENGINEERING WORLD

(IDEALIZED)

CIVIL ENGINEERING WORLD (REAL)

Civil Engineering

Mechanical Eng.

Elect. Eng.

Economists

Politicians

Lawyers

BankersArchitects

Urban planners


Project-Based Physical nature of the product

Large, heavy, and expensive Each project is unique A large part of the components are manufactured elsewhere

Ultimate use of the product a means to further production an addition to or improvement of the infrastructure of the economy a social investment (e.g. hospitals) an investment for direct enjoyment (e.g. housing)

Demand for and price of the product

The Construction Project

A project (construction or otherwise) is defined by the following characteristics:

A defined goal or objective Specific tasks not routinely performed A defined beginning and end Defined deliverables Resources being consumed

Categories Of Construction ProjectsBuilding Construction Projects• Office buildings, large apartment buildings,

shopping malls, etc.• Large segment of market, but heavily

dependent on local economy• Designed by architects with engineering

support• Built by general contractors• Privately funded• Greater technical and investment

requirements than residential projects

Categories Of Construction Projects

Heavy Construction Projects• Infrastructure – roadways, bridges, dams,

tunnels, canals• Designed by civil engineers• Built by heavy construction contractors with

engineering background or support• Typically publicly funded• Long duration – less sensitive to economy

Categories Of Construction Projects

Industrial Construction Projects• Steel mills, petroleum refineries, chemical plants,

automobile plants, etc.• Defined more by the production activities than by the

facility itself• Privately funded• Quality and time are most important• Very technical – few companies, cooperation important

throughout the project

Principal Players

1) Owner

2) Design Professional

3) Constructor

Principal Players

1) Owner Also called the client Pays the bills and receives the benefit Determines scope, schedule and

budget (either in-house or with outside assistance) – i.e. defines need

May be public or private

Principal Players

2) Design Professional Engineers, architects, consultants Assists the owner in developing the scope,

schedule and budget Prepares construction documents that are

used to build the project Responsible for the physical integrity of the

project (licensed)

Principal Players

3) Constructor Contractor, general contractor, prime

contractor, builder, construction manager

Interprets the contract documents and physically constructs the project

May employ subcontractors

Linear Project Life CycleProject Formulation Phase

Planning Process

EngineeringAnd DesignProcess

ConstructionProcess

UseManagementProcess

Disposal Process

UserRequirements

ProjectFeasibilityand Scope

ProjectEngineeringand Design

ProjectField

Engineeringand

Construction

Facility Use and

Management

Facility Demolition

or Conversion

NE

ED

Awarenessof Need

ProjectConcept

Formulation

ProjectScope

Definition

FullProject

Description

ProjectCompletion

and Acceptancefor Use

Fulfillmentof Need

Civil Engineering Design Sequence

Civil Engineering Design Considerations Owner requirements basis for problem

definition – refined by feasibility study phase

Objectives and constraints influenced by owner requirements as well as outside factors – codes, regulations, guidelines

Constructability also a key factor

Building Codes

Used locally to regulate building construction Intent is to protect public health and safety National Building Code

of Canada 2005 “Model” building code

Ontario Building Code Regulated building code

based on NBCC

Building Codes

Set minimum standard of construction quality

Includes definition of occupancy groups and construction types, with corresponding limitations on building size, components, construction methods, etc.

Other codes pertain to specific building systems (e.g. plumbing)

Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code CAN/CSA-S6-06 Canadian Highway

Bridge Design Code Used in all Provinces to

design bridges over 3m

span

Design Guidelines and Manuals

Various organizations have developed guidelines and design manuals to assist engineers in designing components not covered in general building codes.

E.g. Concrete Design Handbook (Canadian Cement Institute), Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual (Canadian Geotechnical Society)

Provide specific guidelines for designing various civil engineering components

Regulations

Civil engineering designs often directly related to public activities

Regulations may dictate many aspects of design, especially environmental

E.g. landfill design – Ontario Regulation 232/98

O.Reg. 232/98 – Landfill Design – Groundwater Protection

O.Reg. 232/98 – Landfill Design – Groundwater Protection Alternatively, a site-specific design for

groundwater protection may be used, provided it can be demonstrated that the design meets the Ontario Reasonable Use Guidelines pertaining to groundwater resources


Specific elements of the overall project are designed with due consideration of applicable codes, guidelines and regulations

Engineering judgment required to assess what is applicable and whether the proposed design meets requirements

Engineering science principles not expressed in codes, etc. must be adapted and applied to specific design constraints

Goal is to ensure project objectives are met while ensuring safety

Cost Analysis

Often primary basis for choosing among several viable design alternatives

Preliminary designs offer basis for estimating construction costs – estimating

Value engineering takes cost implications into consideration throughout the design iteration process

Constructability

Constructability (how easily the proposed design can actually be built) is often a key factor in project cost

Often the involvement of a construction manager is incorporated in the design phase to ensure constructability is considered and thus enhance the value engineering process

Design Delivery

Client (owner) retains designer (engineer) to prepare bid package for constructor (contractor)

Bid package (final design) fully describes project such that contractor can construct the design and estimate cost to do so (i.e. prepare bid for owner)

Final design consists of drawings and specifications which fully describe design

Civil Engineering Drawings

Civil engineers typically use two-dimensional representations to describe designs

What must be described and the level of detail is dependent on the current phase of the project


Topographic Base MapsCreated based on site investigations and

surveysUsed during feasibility and conceptual

planning stages of projectShows contours (grade), control points,

natural and artificial features, etc.

Topographic Base Map


Planning-level drawingsUsed early in project to describe conceptsLimited engineering analysis to supportMay be simple sketch, or include key

dimensions where cost information necessaryGeneral plan and typical section views

Planning-level Drawing


Conceptual-level drawingsDeveloped to compare costs, evaluate

relative advantages/disadvantages and identify flaws so a preferred concept can be selected

Drawings more detailed than planning-level, but not suitable for construction

Plan and one (or more) cross sections

Conceptual-level Drawing


Final design drawingsUsed by contractor to construct designContain all necessary information (with

specifications) to bid and build projectUsed to support permit applicationsUsed to prepare accurate estimate of costsMore detailed and more drawings typically

required

Final Design Drawing

Final Design Drawings

Typically a set of drawings is required to fully characterize the project, e.g.

1. Title Sheet2. Abbreviations / Legend / General Notes3. Existing Conditions4. Subsurface Conditions5. Group Drawings (Civil, Structural, Mech., etc.)

General Layout Plans Detailed Layout Plans Sections and Details Sheets

6. Miscellaneous Details Sheets

Design Controls

A set of benchmarks, coordinate grids, control points, baselines, centrelines, etc.

Used to determine the design alignment and dimensions avoid interference between different members of the

design team enable the surveyor to establish line and grade

Plan of Design Controls


A number of typical 2-D views are used by Civil engineers to represent a 3-D design

3-D views (e.g. isometric, oblique) are usually not used in Civil drawings

Various views are used: Plan View Section View Elevation View Profile View Detail View

Plan View

Typically most important view – all others are supplemental

Depicts the design in context with the existing site details

Section View

Also called a cross section, basically a cut through a structure

Shows the internal relationships among various components of a structure

Adequate number required to show all internal features

Elevation View Shows the vertical

relationship of various features

Is an external view of the side – not a cut like a section view

More common for concrete and mechanical structures

Profile View

Essentially a long section view along an entire structure

Useful for highways, tunnels, pipelines, etc. Usually has different horizontal and vertical

scales (exaggerated vertical)

Detail View

Show design features and requirements when overall plan, section and other views do not have proper scale and resolution to do so

Essentially enlargements of design features, included in other views

Technical Specifications

Used in conjunction with drawings to fully describe all of the technical requirements necessary to complete a project

Should not overlap information with drawings Includes things like material requirements,

testing requirements for quality control, installation procedures and tolerances, schedule requirements, safety issues and responsibilities etc.

es050 – introductory engineering design and innovation studio civil engineering design prof. jon...

Documents

civil engineering slide

project slide

engineering support

product slide

engineering background

project construction

civil engineers

constructor slide