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ES 10Nonrenewable Energy ResourcesOil and Natural Gas continued…

Past to Present (1st 31 slides)

What are fossil fuelsWhere doe the oil come from?Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap RocksWhy use Oil / Natural GasDrawbacksAbiotic Oil?How much is there and who has the oil? How long will it last?Where does US get it’s oil?Unconventional sources of oil and gas: Oil Shale, Tar Sands,Methane Clathrates, aka Gas Hydrates

Why use Oil?• It burns• Yields lots of energy• It’s relatively cheap• It flows • Easy to extract or pump it out• Easy to transport• Not much land disruption • It’s abundant

At end of 2011, world proven crude oil reserves stood at over >1.4 trillion Barrels (~1,482 billion barrels)

1,481,526

• can be converted to useful materials

Refining Crude OilHeating / distilling separates crude oil into components with different boiling points

Lightest components rise: petroleum gases, gasoline. Then kerosene (used as jet fuel), heating oil, and diesel fuel for trucks, buses, trains, and ships. Heaviest fractions stay at the bottom of the column: lubricating oils, waxes and asphalt.

Petrochemicals are products of oil distillation, over 4,000. Common “end-products” are pesticides, plastics, fibers, paints, synthetic rubbers and medicines

*Includes both home heating oil and diesel fuel

**Heavy oils used as fuels in industry, marine transportation, and for electric power generation (Source: American Petroleum Institute)

A bi-product of oil & coal used as fuel, and in smelting iron ore

Mostly methane, ethane, propane, butane

42 Gallons/Barrel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6eCt0VDg-Kc

Why use Natural Gas?

• Burns hotter than oil

• It’s cleaner than oil

• Easy to extract

• Easy to transport

• Yields lots of energy

• Global reserves up 140% since 1973

• Not much land disruption

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Disadvantages of using Oil & Natural Gas?

• Often degrades fresh air, soil and water

• Emits greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4) and other damaging gases (CO, NOx, SOx, H2S)

• Gases contributes to global climate change http://www.cabrillo.edu/~rnolthenius/climate/index.html

• Causes acid deposition

• Can be explosive• Not much time left at current rate of use• Damaging leaks, spills and runoff are common

in the world’s oceans….

The semi-submersible rig Deepwater Horizon, drilled the Tiber well in the Gulf of Mexico. Water depth = 4,132 ft or 1,259 meters.

Total depth of well ~35,055ft or ~10.7km or ~6.6 miles, deepest well in history. Could yield 400,000 – 650,000 bpd

September, 2009

An explosion on 4/20/10 killed eleven crewmen. On 4/22/10 Deepwater Horizon sank, leaving its well gushing causing the

largest offshore oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry.

April 20th, 2010

The sea floor oil gusher was stopped on July 15th after ~4.9

million barrels of crude oil leaked into the Gulf of Mexico.

(Exxon Valdez spill 3/24/89: 260,000 – 750,000 barrels)

August 2010: underwater oil plume discovered: 3,600 feet

down, over 20 miles long, over 1 mile wide and ~650 feet

thick

http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/coal-oil-gas/bp-oil-spill-statistics

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San Francisco Bay Wednesday November 7th, 2007

~58,000 gallons of “oil” spilled from the 926-foot ship CoscoBusan after tanker hits Bay Bridge; Coast Guard determinescause was human error.“Bunker Fuel” is a general name given to any type of fuel oilused aboard ships.

Investigators found that pilot John Cota of the Costco Busan abandoned his radar because he was high on pharmaceuticals.

On March 6, 2009, A plea agreement was negotiated with prosecutors to charges of federal water pollution and migratory bird killings.

He was sentenced in July 2009 to 10 months imprisonment and fined between $3,000 and $30,000. He’s currently trying to pilot again.

Pilots now earn $451,000 /yr & Cota’s pension is ~$228,864/yr

Is petroleum formation likely to happen again soon?• No.• No petroleum found in rocks younger than 1-2 million years so it’s

extremely likely it takes at least this long for petroleum to form.• It’s estimated that <0.1% of all marine organic matter buried on the

sea floor is eventually trapped as usable petroleum.• Some settings lack adequate heat to convert kerogen to petroleum• Some settings lack sufficient depth or the necessary cap rock to

burry and trap fluids from escape.• Conditions required to produce, concentrate, trap and retain

hydrocarbons are rarely observed together--> most marine sedimentary rocks lack petroleum.

• Geologic processes can destroy oil traps. Uplift, erosion and faulting can remove cap rocks or rupture traps allowing oil or gas to escape at the surface. Majority of current oil reserves are in rocks < 160 my old. 90 &150my common

• >90% of all petroleum formed escapes @ Earth’s surface.

ES 10Nonrenewable Energy ResourcesOil and Natural Gas continued…

Past to Present (1st 31 slides)

What are fossil fuelsWhere doe the oil come from?Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap RocksWhy use Oil / Natural GasDrawbacksAbiotic Oil?How much is there and who has the oil? How long will it last?Where does US get it’s oil?Unconventional sources of oil and gas: Oil Shale, Tar Sands,Methane Clathrates, aka Gas Hydrates

Abiotic Oil?Some challenge the accepted view of petroleum formation being

exclusively from biological material.

Extraterrestrial occurrences used to support hydrocarbons maybe inorganic: Outer planets and moons contain methane.

Some stony meteorites (chondrites) contain hydrocarbons. Carbonaceous chondrites (5% of all chondrites) are a type of stony meteorites that contain Silicates, Oxides, Sulfides and traces of various hydocarbons, including amino acids. Most chondrites (86% of all meteorites) are rich in silicate minerals olivine and pyroxenes. (Iron meteorites account for <6% of all meteorites but make up ~90% of the mass of all known meteorites.)

Since hydrocarbons formed from inorganic reactions in the above 2 examples, some think hydrocarbons on earth may have formed in a similar way.

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Abiotic Oil? Methane is present in volcanoes (1% - 15%). Abiotic oil from

the mantle that migrated upward, or volcanoes erupting through a cover of sediments already containing some hydrocarbons?

Some laboratory experiments using a high-pressure and high temperature apparatus have produced petroleum from solid iron oxide (FeO), marble (CaCO3) and H2O –with no biotic compounds or hydrocarbons originally present.

Could petroleum be produced abiotically? Yes, inassociation with extraterrestrial and internal igneousactivity but it’s not commercial grade.

Could petroleum be produced from recycling various waste? Yes….

• Thermal Conversion Process (TCP)Changing of manure and/or animal & vegetable waste to crude oil.

• Thermal Depolymerization (TDP)

Can change many carbon-based materials into crude oil and methane, and is not limited to manure or vegetable waste. Web Link: “Anything into Oil”, Discover Vol. 27 April 2006

http://discovermagazine.com/2006/apr/anything-oil

• Pyrolysis

Decomposition of organic material at high temperatures without oxygen. Web link: Clean Oceans International

http://cleanoceansinternational.org/

Carthage Missouri plant opens in Feb 2005.

270 tons turkey guts & 20 tons of pig fat can yield 500 barrels oil worth ~$42,000/day. Other by-products: fertilizer and water.

Problems: initial high cost, odors and emission violations. US consumes >22 million bpd

175lb human = 38lbs oil, 7lbs gas, 7lbs mineral & 123 lbs water

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ES 10Nonrenewable Energy Resources

Past to Present (29 slides)

What are fossil fuelsWhy use Oil / Natural GasDrawbacksWhere does oil come from? Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap RocksAbiotic Oil?How much is there, who has the oil & how long will it last?Where does US get it’s oil?Unconventional sources of oil and gas: Oil Shale, Tar Sands,Methane Clathrates, aka Gas Hydrates

Top Producing Oil Countries as of 2014 BBL/Day1 United States 13,973,000 2 Saudi Arabia (OPEC) 11,624,000 3 Russia 10,853,000 4 China 4,572,000 5 Canada 4,383,000 6 United Arab Emirates (OPEC) 3,471,000 7 Iran (OPEC) 3,375,000 8 Iraq (OPEC) 3,371,000 9 Brazil 2,950,000 10 Mexico 2,812,000 11 Kuwait (OPEC) 2,780,000 12 Venezuela (OPEC) 2,689,000 13 Nigeria (OPEC) 2,427,000 14 Qatar (OPEC) 2,055,000 15 Norway 1,904,000 16 Angola (OPEC) 1,756,000 17 Algeria (OPEC) 1,721,000 18 Kazakhstan 1,719,000 19 Colombia 1,016,000 20 India 978,000 t

List includes conventionaland unconventional sources

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Where are global petroleum deposits located and how much oil is there?

Percent World Crude Oil Reserves by Country

Latin America

former USSR

China

Asia

USA

Europe

Africa

OPEC Countries

OPEC Countries Latin America former USSR China Asia USA Europe Africa

67%

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries:Saudi ArabiaIranIraqVenezuelaKuwaitUAENigeriaLibyaAngolaEcuadorAlgeriaQatar

USA 3%

79%

http://www.eia.gov/countries/index.cfm?view=production

Approximate US Energy breakdown(notice 86% is from Fossil Fuels)

North American Energy Resources

Coal

Gas

Oil

High potentialareas

MEXICO

UNITED STATES

CANADA

PacificOcean

AtlanticOcean

GrandBanks

Gulf ofAlaska

Valdez

ALASKABeaufort

Sea

Prudhoe Bay

ArcticOcean

PrinceWilliam Sound

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

Trans Alaskaoil pipeline

How long will current conventional oil reserves last?

• Known and projected global oil reserves expected to be 80% depleted in 42 – 93 yrs. At the rate of consumption in 2008, OPEC’s reserves will last ~85 yrs.

• Known recoverable US reserves is ~21 billion barrels and US consumes ~22 million barrels/day.

US reserves with no oil imported:21 billion barrels/22 million barrels/day = 2.6 years US imports ~13.5 million barrels of oil/day (~61% of 22 mill). 21 billion barrels/the remaining 8.5 million US barrels use/day = 6.7 years

• Opening the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to drilling would add ~4 – 10 months • Saudi Arabia alone could supply world for ~10 yrs.• Global oil consumption is expected to increase >30% by 2020.

» Source: G.Griggs, UCSC

Peak Oil = the midpoint of depletion, when ½ the total has been taken.

How long will current conventional oil reserves last?

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ES 10Nonrenewable Energy ResourcesOil and Natural Gas continued…

Past to Present (1st 31 slides)

What are fossil fuelsWhere doe the oil come from?Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap RocksWhy use Oil / Natural GasDrawbacksAbiotic Oil?How much is there and who has the oil? How long will it last?Where does US get it’s oil?Unconventional sources of oil and gas: Oil Shale, Tar Sands,Methane Clathrates, aka Gas Hydrates

Other sources of Oil / UnconventionalOil Shale and Oil Sand (aka “Heavy Oils”)

Oil still in Source RockOil Shale:

Sedimentary rock containing organic kerogen (altered org matter in Sed Rk)

– never buried deep enough to raise temperature required to convert Kerogen to liquid oil

– Massive deposits underlie US (estimate 2-5 trillion barrels)

Oil Sand/ aka Tar Sand:

mixture of sand, clay, water and Bitumen (a viscous, heavy oil, too thick to flow out of rock, the soluble portion of Kerogen).

– Alberta Canada extensive deposits--few in US

Oil Shale Resources of North AmericaIt’s estimated that the Green River Formation in Colorado,

Wyoming and Utah contain >400 billion barrels of oil.

“Monterey Shale” 

Oil Shale Booming• Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking): a drilling process

designed to increase the yield of oil and/or gas out of rock; method involves fracturing surrounding rock (increasing permeability) and pumping fluids into the fractures under extremely high pressures to force the desired gas or liquids out.

• As of 2012, 2.5 million "frac jobs" had been performed worldwide on oil and gas wells; over one million of those within the U.S.

• Oklahoma Earthquakes: between 1978 and 2008 ~2-6/yr. In 2010 there were 1,047 earthquakes

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Some Fracking Practices

Steel casing, cement sleeve – protect aquifers

Horizontal drilling

Perforation

Water + sand + slickening agents + salt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_additives_for_hydraulic_fracturing

https://fracfocus.org/chemical‐use/what‐chemicals‐are‐used

http://www.propublica.org/special/hydraulic‐fracturing‐national

Read this slide at home

electrical gunshots perforate steel casing & cement, then slickwater pressure + proppingagents fracture the shale

How Fracking Can Impact The Environment

• water consumption, diesel pumps, compressors, drills, etc.

• methane escape & flaring

• truck traffic, emissions, habitat impacts, pipelinesThe number of people who have died in Texas car crashes involving commercial vehicles has increased

by more than 50 percent since the fracking boom started there in 2008. Fatal car accidents in Texas

rose from 301 incidents in 2009 to 454 incidents in 2013, according to Texas Dept of Transportation data.

• aquifer contamination, unaesthetic views

• wastewater disposal

– underground

– untreated in streams

– burden on sewage treatment plants

40~93x54 Miles

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Most of the bright lights are natural gas from wells beingburned because the region lacks the infrastructure to pipe all the gas away. Gas production has increased rapidly in recent years, ~ 30 percent is flared.

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Web Link: Horizontal Wells and Frackinghttp://www.northernoil.com/drillinghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VY34PQUiwOQ (6.5min)

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Making Fracking Greener?

• Run equipment with cleaner natural gas rather than diesel pumps, compressors, drills

• Replace water trucks & traffic with temporary water pipelines

• “Kitchen counter” frack fluids as safe as what’s under your kitchen sink

• Recycle fracking fluids – commonly done now

• Use gas as a fracking medium rather than water 

– CO2 or propane

‐ produces 30% more natural gas

The Athabasca Tar Sands of Alberta,

Canada

McMurray FormationFluvial and estuarine,

Early Cretaceous (146 -100my)

How much Oil Shale and Tar Sand (aka oil sand)?

• Global supplies are estimated to be 200X larger than conventional oil.

• More oil is trapped in Canadian tar sands than Saudi Arabia has in all it’s reserves.

• It is estimated that tar sand in Alberta & Orinico Oil Belt in Venezuela contain nearly 3.4 trillion barrels of oil.

At end of 2010, world proven conventional crude oil reserves stood at >1.4 trillion Barrels

Why not use these resources?• Oil shale and sand extraction requires surface mining

– ecosystem disruption; forests, wetlands, grasslands– huge volumes of waste rock-- only ~3 barrels of shale oil

for 1 ton of rock processed– 3 barrels of H2O/1 barrel of shale oil produced – tailing ponds created: hold leftover water, sand, clay,

bitumen, salts, metals (Ni, V, Hg, As, Pb) – pollution floats downstream– land reclamation issues– lower useful energy yield than conventional oil and gas

Web Link: http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100831/full/news.2010.439.html

Web Link: Garth Lenz: The True Cost of Oil– http://www.ted.com/talks/garth_lenz_images_of_beauty_and_devastation.html

17.4 min