ert352 farm structures it doesn’t matter what the subject is; once you’ve learnt how to study,...
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RETAINING WALL DESIGN
ERT352FARM STRUCTURES
It doesn’t matter what the subject is; once you’ve learnt how to study, you can do anything you want.
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INTRODUCTION• Retaining walls are used to retain earth or other
material in a vertical or nearly vertical position at location where an abrupt change in ground level occurs.
• This caused the retained earth to exert a lateral pressure on the wall, thereby tending to overturn, side and settle the retaining wall.
• Failure of retaining wall as shown in figure below.
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TYPE OF RETAINING WALLS
• There are many types of retaining structures and generally divided into two main categories namely gravity wall and cantilever wall.
• The following are some commonly used walls in Malaysiao Gravity wall
• Depends on its own weight to provide the necessary stability
• Usually constructed of plain concrete or stone masonry
• Height of wall < 3 m
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TYPE OF RETAINING WALLS (cont.)o Cantilever wall
• Most common type of retaining structures • Economical for height up to 8 m• Consists of a vertical cantilever spanning
from a large rigid base slabo Counterfort wall
• Used where the overall height of wall is too large to be constructed economically as cantilever
• The wall and base are tied together at intervals by counterfort or bracing walls
• Economical for high of walls above 6 - 7 m backfill
o Butrress wall• Similar to counterfort wall but the bracing
is constructed in front of the wall.• Provides free usable space in front of the
wall
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TYPE OF RETAINING WALLS (cont.)o Gabion wall
• Made of rectangular containers (basket) which are filled with stone and stacked on one other.
• Can conform to ground movement, dissipate energy from flowing water and drain freely
o Crib wall• Constructed by interlocking individual boxes
made from timber or pre-cast concrete members.
• The boxes filled with crushed stone or other coarse granular materials.
o Tie back • A horizontal wire or rod or helical anchor used
to reinforce retaining walls for stability• Resists forces that would cause the wall lean
o Keystone• Made up from concrete segmental block units• Using interlocking systems• Offers aesthetic appeal, cost efficiency, easy
installation and strength.
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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN• The design of RC retaining
wall can be divided into two fundamental stages as follow:o Stability analysis
• Lateral force due to earth pressure constitutes the main force acting on the retaining wall, tending to make it overturn, slide and settle.
o Element design and detailing• 3 elements of retaining wall
(eg.: stem, toe slab and heel slab) are designed as cantilever slabs to resist the designed moments and shear forces.
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Safety factor for stability analysis
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Example:• Design a cantilever wall to retain earth with
horizontal backfill which subjected to surcharge of 10 kN/m2. the top of the wall is 4.0 m above the ground level and foundation depth may be taken as 0.9 m below ground level with a safe bearing capacity 170 kN/m2. Assume the backfill has a unit weight of 19 kN/m3 and an angle of shearing resistance of 350. The coefficient of friction between soil and concrete is 0.45. Use fck = 30 N/mm2, fyk = 500 kN/m2 and nominal cover = 45 mm
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Solution:
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To acquire knowledge, one must study; but to acquire wisdom, one must observe.
-Marilyn vos Savant-
THANK YOU