ergo-online academy copyright 2008 ergo-online, llc 1 anthropometrics

Ergo-Online Academy

Copyright 2008 Ergo-Online, LLC

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Anthropometrics

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Ergonomic Design Goals

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Ergonomics The Science of Error Reduction

When possible try to design out the chance of error.

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Anthropometrics

• Human Measurements• Heights, Reaches,

Clearance• Gender Strength

Differences• Postural Strength

Differences

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Design so the large can fit, the small can reach and the weak can lift, lower, push, pull & carry.

Anthropometrics

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Anthropometric Data & Statistics

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Anthropometric DataDimension 5th 50th 95th

Male Female Male Female Male Female

Standing Vertical Grip Reach 76.8 71.1 81.9 75.8 87.0 80.5

Standing Forward Grip Reach 28.5 25.8 30.9 28.0 33.3 30.1

Height 64.6 59.8 69.1 64.0 73.6 68.1

Eye Height 62.8 55.9 67.3 60.0 71.9 64.2

Shoulder Height 52.4 48.2 56.7 52.2 61.0 56.1

Elbow Height 40.2 37.2 43.5 40.2 46.9 43.1

Sitting Vertical Grip Reach 45.5 42.1 49.4 45.7 53.4 49.2

Sitting Height 33.7 31.5 36.0 33.9 38.4 36.2

Sitting Eye Height 29.1 27.2 31.5 29.5 33.9 31.9

Sitting Elbow Height 7.7 7.3 9.7 9.3 11.6 11.2

Adapted from: Pheasant, Stephen, (1996). “Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work”, Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis.

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Things To Consider• Determine what body dimensions are relevant.• Determine what population group is relevant.• Use the anthropometric data as a guide and a

place to start. It does not replace employee input.

• Just because something does not fall within anthropometric guidelines does not mean it is a significant ergonomic risk.

• When designing workstations or equipment, you will never be able to accommodate everyone. You try to accommodate as much of the population as you can, given the space and cost parameters you have to work within.

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General Design Guidelines

• Standing Working Heights

• Sitting Working Heights

• Reaches• Gender Strength

Differences• Postural Strength

Differences

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Standing Workstation Height

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Seated Workstation Height

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Horizontal Reach Envelopes

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Secondary Reach Envelope

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Sagittal Reach Envelopes

• Avoid reaching above shoulder or behind the body.

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Strength Variability Between Males & Females

Body Part Percent

Arms 60 %

Trunk 64%

Legs 72%

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Male Grip Strength

Male (lbs)

Percentiles 18 - 29 30 - 39 40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 69 70 - 79

5 75.2 88.0 84.4 78.3 70.5 -

25 93.7 101.2 97.7 93.7 82.5 70.1

50 110.9 112.0 108.0 102.5 90.4 80.5

75 123.5 124.6 121.3 112.4 100.3 88.4

95 144.0 144.6 134.5 132.1 113.5 100.5

Mean 110.2 113.8 109.0 102.1 90.6 76.9

Adapted from: Australian Fitness Norms, 1992, The Health Development Foundation, Adelaide, p.32.

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Female Grip Strength

Female (lbs)

Percentiles 18 - 29 30 - 39 40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 69 70 - 79

5 52.0 49.6 49.6 40.8 38.6 -

25 62.8 61.7 59.5 54.0 50.3 47.6

50 66.8 68.3 66.1 63.9 55.1 55.1

75 75.0 76.1 72.8 70.5 61.7 59.5

95 85.5 88.2 83.8 78.3 74.7 67.2

Mean 68.0 69.0 66.4 61.3 55.6 51.4

Adapted from: Australian Fitness Norms, 1992, The Health Development Foundation, Adelaide, p.32.

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Anthropometrics and Tool Design

• Grip strength as a function of the handle span takes anthropometric data into consideration.

• The optimal separation is 45 to 55 mm.

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Posture Dependent Strength Variability

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Arm Cranking Strength and Postural Variability

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Strength Effect of Elbow Position

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Maximum Force Exerted In Seated Position at Various Elbow Angles

Movement 60 deg 90 deg 120 deg 150 deg 180 deg

Pull 28.6 40.0 47.3 55.5 54.5

Push 41.8 39.1 46.8 55.9 62.7

Right 19.1 16.8 15.5 15.0 15.5

Left 23.6 22.7 24.1 24.5 22.7

Up 22.3 25.5 27.3 25.5 19.5

Down 23.2 24.1 26.4 21.4 18.6

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Ear-Eye-Line

• The EE line is determined by using the ear-hole and the junction of the eyelids. The EE line describes the posture of the head and serves as reference for the angle of the line of sight.

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Line of Sight

• The line of sight connects the pupil with the visual target. Eye movement within about 15 degrees above and below the average line-of-sight angle is still comfortable.

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Choosing Working Postures

• Sitting – For accurate control, fine

manipulation.– For continuous light

manipulation work.– For close visual work

with prolonged attention.– For limited headroom,

low work heights.

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• Standing– For heavy, bulky loads– When frequent

movement is required– When there is no knee

room under the equipment

– Where there is limited front-rear space

Choosing Working Postures

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Designing Lifting Tasks

• Lifting zones are based upon anthropometric data

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Cost-Benefit Function• Anthropometric cost-benefit function showing

the percentage of members of a target population accommodated by various ranges of seat height adjustment.

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Design so the large can fit, the small can reach and the weak can lift, lower, push,

pull & carry.

Remember

ergo-online academy copyright 2008 ergo-online, llc 1 anthropometrics

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