equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: a new modelling paradigm for revenue management...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints:
A new modelling paradigm for revenue management
Houyuan Jiang
Danny Ralph
Stefan Scholtes
The Judge Institute of Management
University of Cambridge, UK
![Page 2: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
Reviews of various mathematical programming models
The inventory control model in a single-leg setting: From dynamic programming to MPEC.
The inventory control model in a network setting: From dynamic programming to MPEC.
The inventory control model under competition: From Nash equilibrium to EPEC.
![Page 3: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Nonlinear complementarity problems (NCP)
0)(,0)(,0
such that Find
.:,
xFxxFx
x
RRFRx
T
nnn
A standard modelling tool for problems in game theory including Nash equilibrium, general/Walrasian equilibrium, traffic/Wardrop equilibrium problems, etc.
0))(,(Min xFx
![Page 4: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints (MPEC)
0),(,0),(,0
0),(
0),(s.t.
),(Min
:
:,:
,:
,,
yxFyyxFy
yxh
yxg
yxf
RRF
RRhRRg
RRf
RyRx
T
mmn
qmnpmn
mn
mn
Followers’ equilibrium system
Leader
Controls Responses
x -- upper level variable
y -- lower level variable
MPEC is a modelling tool for the Stackelberg leader-follower game where followers play a game with a given input from the leader.
![Page 5: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Bi-level programs(BP)
0),( s.t.
),(Min
0),(
0),(s.t.
),(Min
yxv
yxu
yxh
yxg
yxf
Similar to MPEC, BP is a modelling tool for decision makings involving hierarchical structures where some constraints of the higher level problem are defined as a parametric optimization problem. Under some constraint qualifications of the lower level problem, BP is converted into an example of MPEC.
x -- upper level variable
y -- lower level variable
![Page 6: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
MPEC vs MP
Is MPEC just a special case of MP?
No.
In fact standard constraint qualifications do not hold at any feasible point of MPCC, a special case of MPEC. Therefore, new theory and computational methods have to be studied.
Much progress has been made on both theory and numerical algorithms for MPEC in the last decade.
![Page 7: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints (EPEC)
EPEC is an extension of MPEC to deal with multiple-leader and multiple-follower games.
Followers’ equilibrium system
Leaders’ equilibrium system
Controls Responses
Research questions:
Existence of solutions
Uniqueness
Sensitivity analysis
Computational methods
![Page 8: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Existing MPEC/BP models in RM
J.P. Côté, P. Marcotte and G. Savard, A bilevel modelling approach to pricing and fare optimisation in the airline industry, Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management (2) 23-36 (2003).
A.C. Lim, Transportation network design problems: An MPEC approach, PhD dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 2002.
J.L. Higle and S. Sen, Stochastic programming model for network resource utilization in the presence of multi-class demand uncertainty, Technical Report, University of Arizona, 2003.
S. Kachani, G. Perakis, C. Simon, An MPEC approach to dynamic pricing and demand learning.
![Page 9: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The static inventory control problem in a single-leg setting
Customers are divided into non-overlapping classes. Demands of different classes are stochastic and
independent. Customers arrive in order from the lowest to the
highest class. No cancellations, no no-shows, no group bookings. Nested booking control mechanism is used. What are optimal protection levels?
![Page 10: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A classical dynamic programming formulation
)({max)( 1},{0
kkkkxdy
k yxVyrExVkk
k: Index for customer classes, rk: The ticket price for class k (r1 > r2 > … > rK) Dk: The random demand variable for class k dk: A realization of Dk
C: The total capacity of the flight uk: The booking limit for class k vk: The protection limit for class k and higher Vk(x): The optimal expected total revenue from class k and
higher when the remaining capacity is x
![Page 11: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A probabilistic nonsmooth nonlinear programming formulation
),min(
),,min( where
,0
s.t.
Max
1
1
1),...,( 1
K
kl
K
klllkk
KKK
k
K
kk
K
kkkuu
xudx
udx
ku
Cu
xrEK
![Page 12: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Is the new formulation equivalent to the DP formulation?
In the DP formulation, there are optimal protection levels or nested booking limits such that it is optimal to stop selling capacity to class k+1 in stage k+1 once the capacity remaining drops to the optimal protection level for k and higher.
This implies that for any demand scenario, in stage k, the number of allocation xk must be either the demand of class k in this scenario or the maximum number of seats available to this class in stage k, which is described by
We are looking for optimal protection levels so that the expected total revenue is maximized.
),min( 1
K
kl
K
klllkk xudx
![Page 13: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
It is a stochastic MPEC
1,...,1),,min(
),,min(
,0
s.t.
Max
1
1
1),...,( 1
Kkxudx
udx
ku
Cu
xrE
K
kl
K
klllkk
KKK
k
K
kk
K
kkkuu K
![Page 14: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
An equivalent BP formulation
kx
kdx
kux
xc
ku
Cu
xrE
k
kk
K
kl
K
klll
K
kkkxx
k
K
kk
K
kkkuu
K
K
,0
,
, s.t.
max
,0
s.t.
Max
1),...,(
1
1),...,(
1
1
Where 0 < c1 < c2 < … < cK
![Page 15: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Classical inventory control models in networks
jdx
Ax
xr
jj
jjj
,0
C s.t.
Max
ju
Au
duEr
j
jjjj
,0
C s.t.
),min(Max
Deterministic Linear Program
Probabilistic
Nonlinear Program
![Page 16: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Virtual nesting control over networks
In virtual nesting, products are clustered according to some criteria to form a number of virtual “classes” on each leg.
Each product is mapped into a virtual class on each leg. Leg protection levels are applied to this virtual nesting
control scheme. Customers arrive from lower to higher in revenue order. Considered in de Boer-Bertsimas (2001) and Talluri-van
Ryzin (2003); solved using simulation based optimization.
![Page 17: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
A stochastic MPEC for the virtual nesting control
jdx
skuy
skxay
xc
sku
sCu
xrE
jj
K
kl
K
kllsls
skjjsjks
J
jjjyxx
ks
K
ksks
J
jjjuu
ksJ
Kss
,0
,,
,, s.t.
max
),classvirtual(,0
)leg(, s.t.
Max
legon class :
1,...),...,,...,(
1
1,...),...,(...,
1
1
![Page 18: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
A stochastic programming formulation of Higle and Sen (2003)
jdx
skuxa
xrduh
sku
sCu
duhE
jj
ksskj
jsj
K
kjjxx
ks
K
ksks
uu
J
Kss
,0
,, s.t.
max ),(
,(class) ,0
)leg(, s.t.
),(Max
legon class :
1),...,(
1
,...),...,(...,
1
1
![Page 19: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The inventory control problem under competition
Considered in Li-Oum (1998) and Netssine-Shumsky (2003). Two airlines and in a single-leg setting. Two airlines have the same capacity. There are two classes of customers: L and H. Two airlines charge the customers the same prices. Each airline has its original demand for each class of customers. If the
demand cannot be satisfied, the customer will seek a booking from the rival airline.
What are optimal booking limits u and u for both airlines?
))(,0max(,min(
)),0max(,min( s.t.
Max)(
LHHLH
LLL
HHLLu
zCddxCz
udduz
zrzrE
![Page 20: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
An EPEC formulation
Accepted bookings from its own demand
Accepted bookings from its competitors demand
k
k
y
x
![Page 21: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Research questions
We have only provided modelling frameworks, but have not fully explored the followings:
Existence Uniqueness Sensitivity analysis (results obtained) Computational methods Numerical experiments Extensions …
![Page 22: Equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints: A new modelling paradigm for revenue management Houyuan Jiang Danny Ralph Stefan Scholtes The Judge](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649dc65503460f94aba368/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Remarks on computational methods
Smoothing and other MPEC methods are applied to approximate MPEC (and EPEC) by MP (and NCP): Local optimal solutions vs global optimal solutions.
Monte Carlo sampling (sample-path optimization) methods for handling stochastic demand: large-scale problems vs accuracy of approximations.