EQ: WHAT WERE THE NEW IMMIGRANT’S CONTRIBUTION TO NORTH CAROLINA AND AMERICA?

WHO WERE THE NEW IMMIGRANTS? IMMIGRANTS BEGAN COMING TO

AMERICA FROM SOUTHERN AND EASTERN EUROPE.

GREEKS, RUSSIANS, HUNGARIANS, ITALIANS, AND POLISH NEWCOMERS MADE UP 80% OF ALL NEW AMERICANS.

AFTER 1900, CHINESE, JAPANESE, AND MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS INCREASED AND ALL HAD A LANGUAGE BARRIER TO OVERCOME.

WHY DID THEY LEAVE THEIR HOMES? MANY “EMIGRATED” (LEFT THEIR

HOMELANDS) BECAUSE OF ECONOMIC TROUBLES.

ITALY AND HUNGARY HAD SEVERE POVERTY AND OVERCROWDING

CROATIA AND SERBIA COULD NOT SUPPORT THEIR FAMILIES DUE TO LACK OF FARMLAND.

SWEDEN SUFFERED MANY CROP FAILURES

HOW DID PERSECUTION DRIVE PEOPLE FROM THEIR HOMELANDS?

ETHNIC GROUPS-MINORITIES THAT SPOKE DIFFERENT LANGUAGE AND/OR HAD DIFFERENT CUSTOMS, WANTED TO ESCAPE DISCRIMINATION AND UNFAIR LAWS.

MANY JEWISH PEOPLE FLED PERSECUTION IN RUSSIA IN THE 1880’S AND CAME TO THE UNITED STATES.

WHAT WAS LIFE LIKE ONCE THEY WERE IN AMERICA?

AN IMMIGRANT’S GREATEST CHALLENGE WAS FINDING WORK.

MANY WORKED IN INDUSTRIAL FACTORIES AT CHEAPER WAGES THAN DID NATURAL BORN AMERICANS.

MANY WORKED 12 HOUR DAYS WITH LOW PAY AND IN HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS

HOW DID THE NEW IMMIGRANTS ASSIMILATE TO AMERICA?

TO ASSIMILATE MEANS TO ADOPT YOUR NEW CULTURE AS YOUR OWN.

MANY IMMIGRANTS THAT ARRIVED FIRST SET UP COMMUNITIES WHERE NEWCOMERS COULD FIND WORK, HOUSING, AND CHURCHES.

MANY SOUGHT TO CREATE A LITTLE BIT OF HOME IN AMERICA TO PRESERVE THEIR CULTURAL HERITAGE.

HOW DID THE “NATIVIST MOVEMENT” AFFECT IMMIGRATION? THE MOVEMENT HAD BEEN ACTIVE SINCE THE

1830’S AND HAD GAINED STRENGTH ENOUGH BY 1882 FOR LAWMAKERS TO HELP THE RESENTMENT OF IMMIGRATION.

THE “CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT” PROHIBITED CHINESE WORKERS FROM ENTERING THE US FOR 10 YEARS.

THE IMMIGRATION ACT OF 1917 REQUIRED IMMIGRANTS TO READ & WRITE BEFORE ENTERING INTO THE UNITED STATES.

Why did the movement become so successful?

It was easy to blame immigrants for new problems that arose from the industrial revolution.

Crime, poverty, slum housing, prostitution, and unemployment were easily put on the shoulders of immigrants and freedmen.

How did immigrants contribute? Immigrants brought their culture

with them to America in the form of restaurants, communities, and churches.

They added to the quality of life for all Americans.

They added to the melting pot of citizens that made up our country.

ANSWER YOUR EQ:

WHAT WERE THE NEW IMMIGRANT’S CONTRIBUTION TO NORTH CAROLINA AND AMERICA?

MOVING TO THE CITY

EQ: WHAT PROBLEMS DID CITIES OF THE GILDED AGE HAVE AND HOW DID PEOPLE TRY TO OVERCOME THEM?

How did the cities of America grow?

In 1870 only one in every four Americans lived in cities.

By 1910 nearly ½ of America’s population lived in cities.

In New York, Chicago, and Detroit immigrants made up 80 % of the total population in 1890.

Native born Americans moved from the farm to cities for more stable jobs.

How were women and AA’s affected?

Women began to leave the farm for jobs in cities where things they used to have to make at home were now available in the city.

AA’s left the rural south in droves to larger southern cities until 1914.

AA’s then went north to escape prejudice, debt, injustice, and discrimination.

This was known as the Great Migration when over 1 million AA’s left the south.

What problem did growing cities create?

Substandard housing and poverty resulted because people poured into cities faster than housing could be built.

Tenement housing often had three to four families crammed into a room with only a cold water tap and a toilet.

Slums resulted from the overcrowding of tenements and apartment buildings.

How did cities reach a crisis stage?

Overcrowding created sanitation and health problems.

Garbage and horse manure accumulated in the streets and the sewers could not handle the huge amounts of human waste.

These conditions were a breeding ground for many diseases.

Fires were a constant threat as Chicago and Boston both suffered devastating fires.

How did the cities respond to the problems?

Tuberculosis and whooping cough claimed so many babies in New York that the city began providing visiting nurses for sick children and their mothers.

The city began to set up clinics for families that could not pay for proper health care.

School children were screened for potential health problems before they were allowed in school.

What solutions were discovered?

Religious groups came to the rescue of children and poor families in large cities.

The YMCA and YWCA offered recreation centers where children could play in safety.

Settlement houses received funds to assist families with housing, health care, and nurseries.

Hull House was a famous Chicago settlement house set up by Jane Addams in 1889.

How did cities address overcrowding?

The architects began growing buildings up instead of out by using iron frames to support the buildings.

Elisha Otis made the first truly safe elevator to make all of this possible in 1852.

Skyscrapers began popping up all over large cities like the Woolworth Building, a 55 story skyscraper in New York City.

How did they address transportation?

Streetcars began to take the place of horse-drawn carriages which helped to cut down on disease from the manure.

In San Francisco, cable cars replaced slower forms of transportation.

In Richmond, Virginia the trolley car became the standard of inner city transportation.

The subway in New York was opened in 1904.

How did bridges help?

Where rivers often separated parts of cities, bridges were built to bring people together.

Using new construction technology, steel girders were added to large bridges like the Eads Bridge to cross large rivers like the Mississippi and the Brooklyn bridge connected Manhattan and Brooklyn to the rest of New York.

Where did the wealthier people go?

A growing middle class of mostly white professionals like: doctors, lawyers, ministers, managers, salaried employees, and office clerks moved to the suburbs.

This was possible because of the transportation to and from the cities.

They lived in houses with hot water, indoor toilets, and by 1900-electricity.

They also had indoor servants and leisure time for music, art, and literature.

Who were part of “the Gilded Age”?

At the top of the social and economic ladder stood the very rich with houses in the cities and country estates.

They threw lavish parties for friends and family which showed the gap between the most wealthy and the impoverished areas that existed mere blocks away in the cities.

The extravagant wealth displayed made historians call it “the Gilded Age.”

ANSWER YOUR EQ

EQ: WHAT PROBLEMS DID CITIES OF THE GILDED AGE HAVE AND HOW DID PEOPLE TRY TO OVERCOME THEM?

EDUCATING A CHANGING CULTURE EQ: HOW DID EDUCATION CHANGE

DURING THIS PERIOD? EQ: WHAT DID AMERICANS DO WITH

THEIR LEISURE TIME IN THE CITIES?

HOW DID STANDARDS FOR EDUCATION CHANGE IN THE

GILDED AGE? IN 1865 MOST AMERICANS WERE

ONLY REQUIRED TO ATTEND SCHOOL FOR 4 YEARS.

BY 1914, 80% OF ALL AMERICANS ATTENDED SCHOOL BETWEEN THE AGES OF 5 AND 17.

HIGH SCHOOLS HAD THE BIGGEST INCREASE DURING THIS TIME.

HOW DID EDUCATION DIFFER FOR SOME PEOPLE?

BOYS OFTEN WENT TO WORK ON FAMILY FARMS OR IN INDUSTRIAL JOBS TO HELP SUPPORT THEIR FAMILIES.

WHITE GIRLS WERE USUALLY THE MAJORITY OF THE STUDENT POPULATION IN HIGH SCHOOL.

AA’S RECEIVED LITTLE OR NO EDUCATION AT ALL IN THE SOUTH.

HOW DID PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION CHANGE ALL OF THIS?

PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION WAS A MOVEMENT IN AMERICA TO NOT ONLY TEACH STUDENTS FACTS BUT TO TEACH AMERICANS HOW TO BECOME GOOD CITIZENS.

JOHN DEWEY WAS THE LEADING SPOKESMAN FOR PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION AND WANTED SCHOOLS TO ADDRESS THE INTERESTS, PROBLEMS, AND CONCERNS OF STUDENTS.

WHAT DID COLLEGES DO TO CHANGE?

THE MORRILL ACT OF 1862 DONATED FEDERAL LAND THAT COULD BE SOLD INORDER TO RAISE FUNDS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION.

LAND GRANT COLLEGES POPPED UP ALL OVER THE COUNTRY AND MANY OF THEM WERE NAMED AFTER THEIR DONORS LIKE CORNELL UNVERSITY & STANFORD UNIVERSITY.

HOW DID THINGS CHANGE FOR WOMEN AND AA’S?

LAND-GRANT COLLEGES ACCEPTED WOMEN STUDENTS AND BY 1910 40% OF ALL COLLEGE STUDENTS WERE WOMEN.

HOWARD UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA BEGAN ADMITTING AA’S AND NATIVE AMERICANS.

BOOKER T. WASHINGTON GRADUATED FROM HOWARD AND STARTED THE TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE IN ALABAMA TO HELP AA’S GET A PRACTICAL EDUCATION.

DID THINGS IMPROVE FOR NATIVE AMERICANS?

THERE WERE MIXED RESULTS AS MANY SCHOOLS OPENED UP IN THE US.

THE MOST SUCCESSFUL WAS THE CARLISLE INDIAN INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL IN PENNSYLVANIA IN 1879.

THE SCHOOLS OFTEN WERE HUNDREDS OF MILES AWAY FROM RESERVATIONS WHICH ALIENATED FAMILIES FROM THE STUDENTS.

WHEN DID AMERICA BECOME A NATION OF READERS?

WEALTHY INDUSTRIALIST ANDREW CARNEGIE DONATED MORE THAN 30 MILLION DOLLARS TO OPEN UP PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN AN Y CITY THAT WOULD PAY FOR ITS OPERATING COSTS.

EVERY STATE IN AMERICA DEVELOPED PUBLIC LIBRARIES .

MAGAZINES & NEWSPAPERS SPRUNG UP AND WERE BEING READ BY AMERICANS.

HOW DID NEWSPAPERS CHANGE?

JOSEPH PULITZER BEGAN PRINTING SESNSATIONAL HEADLINES IN HIS PUBLICATION TO FRIGHTEN AND ENTERTAIN READERS.

WILLIAM RANDOLPH HURST LIED OR EXAGGERATED THE TRUTH IN HIS PAPERS WHICH BECAME KNOWN AS YELLOW JOURNALISM.

AA’S BEGAN NEWSPAPERS NATIONWIDE.

How did inventions impact change?

The late 1800’s saw a burst of inventiveness in the United States as more than 400,000 patents were granted between 1860 and 1890 for new inventions.

After 1870, the automobile, electric lights, the telegraph, and the telephone were invented.

Eventually, they were an everyday thing.

Who were the inventors?

Samuel Morse-invented the telegraph in 1844.

Alexander Graham Bell-invented the telephone in 1877, created the Bell Telephone Company, and soon telephones were common in most homes.

Cyrus Field-placed the first telegraph line that crossed the Atlantic Ocean so ships could communicate while at sea.

Who was the “wizard of Menlo Park?”

Thomas Edison was a student that was underachieving in school so his mother pulled him out and home-schooled him.

His mother allowed him to set up a chemistry lab in his basement and Edison became an inventor.

He invented the phonograph, motion picture projector, telephone transmitter, storage battery, and the light bulb.

How did an increase in wealth translate into leisure time

and how did they spend both? Before television and other electronic

devices took over our leisure time, reading books was a favorite pastime of men and women.

Realism-became the literary movement of this period because it described the lives of people during that era.

Regionalism-writing that focused on a particular region of the country was related to realism.

Continued

Many prominent writers that were both realists and regionalist included: Mark Twain-who wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn & The Adventures of Tom Sawyer & Stephen Crane-wrote about city slums in Maggie & the Civil War in The Red Badge of Courage & Jack London-wrote about miners & hunters in the Northwest in White Fang & Edith Wharton-wrote about upper class life in The Age of Innocence.

Continued

Paul Laurence Dunbar-a son of former slaves wrote tales about African-Americans using dialect, folktales, and became the first AA writer to gain fame worldwide.

Horatio Alger-wrote books telling young boys & girls the virtues of honesty & hard work like Work and Win & sold millions of copies.

Paperback books helped expand the reading public with exciting tales & were inexpensive.

How did painters cash in on leisure time?

Realism entered onto the canvas as Thomas Eakins painted the human anatomy & surgical operations.

His student Henry Tanner painted warm family scenes from the South.

Frederic Remington-painted cowboys & Indians in the west.

Winslow Homer-painted stormy sea scenes.

James Whistler-painted the most well-known scene called “Whistler’s mother”.

How did listening to music become a leisurely

activity? More spending money enabled people to attend the symphonies in major cities.

Jazz & ragtime music combined elements of gospel, work songs, spirituals, and African rhythms.

John Philip Souza composed marching songs for bands including “The Stars and Stripes Forever”.

Music was a popular choice for everyone.

How did spectator sports emerge during this time?

Watching spectator sports was a new favorite activity for people.

Baseball-was the most popular sports & teams were formed in many major cities which drew large crowds & in 1903 the first World Series was held.

Football-was wildly popular at the college level.

Basketball-the only truly American sport was popular through the YMCA & physical education classes.

Did the common man only watch sports?

Tennis and golf were played and enjoyed by the wealthy usually in private clubs.

The bicycle became the most popular leisure activity and took the country by storm.

People also watched plays, vaudeville shows which included dramas, magic shows, comedy, dancing, & singing.

Thomas Edison invented “moving pictures” in the 1880’s & they became a favorite activity.

Summarize all of your notes

How did America “change” during this time period?

What did industrialization and the movement to urban areas and cities contribute to this change?

How did education change the futures of all Americans?

How did things change for AA’s & women?