epa lagoon design manual - indian health service (ihs) · pdf file= influent total nitrogen...
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EPA Lagoon Design Manual
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D14 MGD
480 acres
1.2 miles
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Manual LayoutManual Layout
1. Introduction
2. Planning, Feasibility Assessment and Site Selection
33. Design Of Municipal Wastewater Stabilization Ponds Design Of Municipal Wastewater Stabilization Ponds
4. Advanced Design Systems
5 NNutriient RR emovall5.
6. Physical Design and Construction
7. Upgrading Pond Effluents
8. Cost and Energy Requirements
9. Operation and Maintenance
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IntroductionIntroduction
Basic Processes • Anaerobic • Facultative • AerobicAerobic
In Pond Design Evolution and Enhancements • AIWPS™ (Oswald)AIWPS™ (Oswald) • Deep Sludge Pits • High Performance Shallow Ponds • BIOLAC™
Oxygen AdditionOxygen Addition • LAS International, Ltd. • PRAXAIR, Inc.
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IntroductionIntroduction Modifications that require energy • Partial Mix • Complete Mix • HighHigh-Performance Aerated Ponds (Rich)Performance Aerated Ponds (Rich) • BIOLAC™
Nutrient RemovalNutrient Removal • Nitrogen
In pond Modified high performance aerated systems for nitrification/denitrification In ppond with wetlands and ggravel bed filters
• Phosphorus
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IntroductionIntroduction
Effluent TSS ((Alggae)) Removal • Lemna • Alggae settlingg basins • Barley straw
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Planning, Feasibility Assessment d Si S iand Site Sellection
• Estimates for Land Area
• Potential for Floods
•• Water RightsWater Rights
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Planning, Feasibility Assessment d Si S iand Site Sellection
• Land Area Estimates for 1 MGD Syystems
Treatment S tSystem
North Mid-Atlantic South
Facultative 165 110 50 Controlled Discharge 160160 160160 160160
Partial-Mix AeratedAerated 50 35 30
Complete-Mix Aerated 5 5 2.5
AIWPS™AIWPS™ 30 20 15
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1985
1981 1973
1985
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Design Of Municipal Wastewater S bili i d Stabilization
PP onds
• Anaerobic pponds
• Facultative ponds
• AAerattedd pondd systtems
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Anaerobic pondsAnaerobic ponds Advantages • Infrequent sludge removal • High degree of stabilization is possible • Low or no energy requirementsLow or no energy requirements • Ease of operation
DisadvantagesDisadvantages • Incomplete BOD5 removal • Odors • Processes are sensitive to temperature
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res l f des ned to
Facultative pondsFacultative ponds Advantages • Infrequent sludge removal • Effective in removing settleable solids, BOD5,
pathoggens, fecal coliform,, and ,, to a limited extent ,,p ,ammonia
• Easy to operate • Requires little energy, partttle energy, part cularly icularly if designed toRequ g
operate with gravity flow
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Facultative pondsFacultative ponds
Disadvantages • Sludge accumulation is higher in shallow facultative
ponds and in cold climates • Ammonia levels in effluent are not easyy to control in
all seasons • Emergent vegetation must be controlled to avoid
creatingg breedin gg areas for mosqquitoes and similar iinsect vectors
• Requires relatively large areas of land due to shallow depth
• Objectionable odors occur if the aerobic blanket decreases and during spring and fall pond turnover
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Aerobic pondsAerobic ponds
Advantagges • The advantages are similar to those for conventional
facultative ponds with more reliable BOD5 removal. Significant nitrification of ammonia is also possibleSignificant nitrification of ammonia is also possible, given sufficient mean cell resident time (MCRT). Added O2 allows for more treatment in less space and reduces the potential for noxious odorsreduces the potential for noxious odors.
Disadvantages • The disadvantages relate to the increased capital and
operation and maintenance costs, including the need for more and better trained staff.
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Aeration TypesAeration Types
Diffused • Course bubble • Fine bubble
Mechanical • FiFixedd • Splash
•• FloatingFloating • Turbos
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Advanced Design SystemsAdvanced Design Systems
• Advanced Integgrated Wastewater Pond Syystems®
• Systems with Deep Sludge Cells
•• High performance Aerated Pond System (Rich design) High-performance Aerated Pond System (Rich design)
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Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond S t ® Systems®
Anaerobic Pretreatment Cell • HRT = 2 days • Integrate fermentation pits • IInfl fluent con
t
tacts ts anaerobibic biomasssst bi • Provide mechanism for solids removal piping and
hookupps for vacuum truck • Several pits in a single pond vs. several ponds each
with single pit • Stuck in acid phaseStuck in acid phase • Low levels inhibit methane production • Add alkalinity if needed
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Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond S t ® Systems®
Cell #2: Secondaryy or Hi ggh Rate Pond • Oxic environment for dissolved solids digestion • Oxygen supplied by mechanical aeration equipment
or al
lgae usising shallllow racettrack d k design withith paddlddlesh si wheel mixer
• Depends on available sunshine
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ro nat on
Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond S t ® Systems®
Cell #3: Settlingg Pond • Algae removal • HRT of 1 to 2 days
Cell #4: Maturation Pond • Provides storage after chlorinationdes storage after chlor • HRT of 10 to 20 days
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H of 5 to da s
Systems with Deep Sludge CellsSystems with Deep Sludge Cells
Variation of AIWPS • Cell #1: Anaerobic cell • Cell #2: Aerated cell • C ll #3 S ttli llCell #3: Settling cell • Recirculation from cell 3 to cell 1 for odor cap • HRT of 15 to 20 daysy
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HighHigh-performance Aerated Pond Systemperformance Aerated Pond System
Two cell syystem • Complete mixed cell • Settling basin • S lids st bili ti d sl d stSolids stabilization and sludge storage. • Algal growth is controlled by low hydraulic retention
time.
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BIOLAC® ProcessBIOLAC Process
Advantagges • Either a partial mix or complete mix cells • Operate as an extended aeration activated sludge
system to nitrify NH or to achieve nitrification and system to nitrify NH3 or to achieve nitrification and denitrification.
Disadvantages • Operation and maintenance are more complex, • Conventional extended aeration activated sludge when Conventional extended aeration activated sludge when
nitrification or denitrification are required.
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LEMNA systemsLEMNA systems
Duckweed syystem for pphoto-shadingg
Required harvesting duckweed
Now using floating covers for same effect Now using floating covers for same effect
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Nitrogen RemovalNitrogen Removal
• Alggal upptake
• Sludge deposition
•• Adsorption by bottom sedimentsAdsorption by bottom sediments
• Nitrification
• D i ifi Denitrificatiion
• Volatilization
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Nitrogen RemovalNitrogen Removal
Ammonia removal
• Function of pH
•• Function of temperatureFunction of temperature
• 2 Models used
Pl fl• Plug flow reactor
• Complete mix reactor
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Nitrogen ModelsNitrogen Models
Plugg fflow -K [ t + 60.6 (pH - 6.6)] • Ne = No e T
– N = effluent total nitrogen, mg/L e
– NN0 = influent total nitrogen mg/L influent total nitrogen, mg/L0
– KT = temperature dependent rate constant -20)– K = 0.0064 ( 1.039) (T 20)KT = 0 0064 ( 1 039) (T
– t = detention time in system, day
– pH = pH of near surface
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Nitrogen ModelsNitrogen Models
Compplete mixed NN = 0
e 1.080−0.042T )(pH−6.6)• 1 + t(0.000576T − 0.00028)e (
– N = effluent total nitrogen, mg/L e
– N i fl l i /L N0 = influent total nitrogen, mg/L
– T = temperature of pond
– pH = pH of near surface
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Ammonia Form Depends on pHAmmonia Form Depends on pH
100%
80% NH4
+ - N ammonium
ionized ammonia
NH3 - N ammonia gas
unionized ammonia
60%
entage
40%perce
0%
20%
0% 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
pH
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Ammonia Curve depends on TemperatureAmmonia Curve depends on Temperature
0 degrees 0 degrees 10 degrees 10 degrees 20 degrees 20 degrees
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
pH
100%
60%
80%
e NH3
40%
percentag
0%
20%
0%
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–
Nitrogen RemovalNitrogen Removal
Laggoon modifications
• ATLAS IS™ – Internal clarifier system
•• CLEAR™ ProcessProcess – SBR variantCLEAR SBR variant
• Ashbrook SBR – SBR variant
A M ® P Pl i bi i ibb• AquaMat® Process – Plastic biomass carrier ribbons
• MBBR™ Process – Plastic biomass carrier elements
• Poo-Gloo™
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–
Phosphorus RemovalPhosphorus Removal
Laggoon – Chemical Addition
• Calcium – Lime
•• AluminumAluminum – Alum Poly Aluminum ChlorideAlum, Poly Aluminum Chloride • Iron – Ferric Chlorine
• Pi kl Li F lf Pickle Liquor - Ferrous sulfate
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f
Total Suspended Solids RemovalTotal Suspended Solids Removal
Control of Alggal Growth
• Shading
•• Barley StrawBarley Straw
• Ultra Sound (sonicfication)
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Physical Design and ConstructionPhysical Design and Construction
Dike construction
• Wave Protection
•• Weather ProtectionWeather Protection
• Animal Protection
• SSeepage
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State Standards
7,500
9,000
6,000
7,500
e
Utah
4,500
gpd/
acre
1 500
3,000
g
0
1,500
Wyoming New MexicoNevada
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Liquid Depth
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State Standards
7,500
9,000
6,000
7,500
e
Utah
4,500
gpd/
acre
Idaho & Wyoming
1 500
3,000
g Idaho & Wyoming
0
1,500 Colorado
Arizona
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Liquid Depth
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Cost and Energy RequirementsCost and Energy Requirements
• Construction CostsConstruction Costs • Power Costs
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6,000
5,000
4 000 4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
00
Lagoons
Power UsagePower Usage
Trickling Filters Activated Sludge
Process Type
kWWh/
MG
Membranes