enzymes & digestion noadswood science, 2012. enzymes & digestion to know how the enzymes in...
TRANSCRIPT
ENZYMES & DIGESTION
Noadswood Science, 2012
Enzymes & Digestion
To know how the enzymes in the digestive system aid digestion
Wednesday, April 19, 2023
Digestive System
Digestive System
Salivary gland
Mouth
Oesophagus (gullet or food
pipe)
Stomach
Rectum & anus
*Appendix
Small intestine
Large intestine
Mouth - putting food in your mouth is called feeding or ingestion. Teeth grind the food down, and saliva (produced from salivary glands) help make the food moist, easing swallowing (as well as the enzyme amylase which helps break down starch)
Oesophagus (gullet) - when you swallow, the trachea (windpipe) is shut off, and food passes down the oesophagus. Muscles in the wall above the food contract, making the piper narrower above the food, pushing it down (this is why you can eat, even when upside down)!Stomach - food is churned up with the strong acid (pH 1-2)
Digestive System
Salivary gland
Mouth
Oesophagus (gullet or food
pipe)
Stomach
Rectum & anus
*Appendix
Small intestine
Large intestine
Small intestine - small molecules are absorbed through the small intestine wall
Large intestine - food which we cannot digest (e.g. fibre) is passed into the large intestine, where water is removed. This forms a more solid material - faeces
Rectum & anus - faeces is stored in the rectum, eventually being pushed out of the anus - faeces is egested
*Appendix - in some animals, helps to break down cellulose, but no known use in humans
Enzymes
The enzymes involved in respiration, photosynthesis and protein synthesis work inside cells
Other enzymes are produced by specialised cells and released from them (the digestive enzymes are like this)
They pass out into the gut, where they catalyse the breakdown of food molecules
Enzymes
Enzymes are not living! They are special proteins which can break large molecules down.
There are specific enzymes, which break down specific nutrients: -
Amylase (carbohydrase) enzymes break down starch into simple sugars
Protease enzymes break down proteins into amino acids Lipase enzymes break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Anylase - starch to sugar Protease - protein to amino acids Lipase - fats to fatty acids & glycerol
Carbohydrates (amylase enzyme) Carbohydrates are digested in the mouth, stomach and small intestine Amylase is produced in the salivary glands, pancreas, and small
intestine
Chew a piece of bread for long enough, it will taste sweet (as the starch is broken down into simple sugars)
carbohydrates simple sugars
carbohydrates simple sugars
amylaseamylase
Proteins (protease enzyme)
Proteins are digested in the stomach and small intestine Protease is produced in the stomach (called pepsin),
pancreas and small intestine
Stomach acid is strong hydrochloric acid, helping digestion and killing harmful micro-organisms that may be in the food
protein amino acids
protein amino acids
proteaseprotease
Fats (lipase enzyme)
Fat is digested in the small intestine – bile (made in the liver) helps break fat into small droplets that are easier for the lipase enzymes to work on
Lipase is produced in the pancreas and small intestine
fat fatty acids + glycerol
fat fatty acids + glycerol
lipaselipase
Absoprtion
Digested food molecules are absorbed in the small intestine, passing through the wall of the small intestine into the bloodstream (where they are carried around the body to where they are needed)
Only small, soluble substances can pass across the wall of the small intestine
Large insoluble substances cannot pass through - this is why we need enzymes!
Digestion
The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, helping to begin digestion (and killing many harmful microorganisms that might have been swallowed along with the food)
The enzymes in the stomach work best in acidic conditions (low pH)
Digestion
After the stomach, food travels to the small intestine – the enzymes in the small intestine work best in alkaline conditions, but the food is acidic after being in the stomach
A substance called bile (produced in the stomach and stored in the gall bladder) neutralises the acid to provide the alkaline conditions needed in the small intestine (as well as breaking down fat)
Enzyme Locations
Summary of enzymes involved with digestion, what reaction they catalyse and where they are produced: -
Enzyme Reaction Catalysed Location Produced
Amylase Starch SugarsSalivary glands; pancreas;
small intestines
Protease Proteins Amino AcidsStomach; pancreas; small
intestines
LipaseLipids Fatty Acids +
GlycerolPancreas; small intestines
Summary
Amylase catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine
Proteases catalyse the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine
Lipases catalyse the breakdown of fats and oils into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine