digestion & nutrition · chemical digestion macromolecules broken down by enzymes define...
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DIGESTION & NUTRITION
MechanicalMouth-tongue with taste budsteeth -20 to 32palate-hard, soft
Epiglottis-swallowEsophagus-peristalsissphincters
Stomach-3 layers muscleSmall intestine-villiµv.Large intestine- defecation
ChemicalSalivary glands(3 pr)amylase (starch)
Goblet cells –mucousGastric glands—HCl
& pepsin ( proteins)Bile-emulsifies fatsNAHCO3—more basicPancreatic enzymes-all 3Intestinal enzymes- all 3Bacteria-break & build (K)
Main Parts—Digestive System
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Fig. 12.3
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Order & Terms
LipsMouth-tongue, teethPharynx (By epiglottis)Esophagus (cardiac S.)Stomach (pyloric S.)
Duodenum//pancreasSmall Intestine
Colon (large intestine)Rectum to Anus
(Diarrhea & Constipation)
EnzymesTonsils—tonsillitisDental caries-bacteriaBoluspH scaleUlcer-Helicobacter pylori18’—4.5’Surface area-ABSORP.Lactealhormone
Fig. 12.4
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Fig. 12.5
Fig. 12.6
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Fig. 12.8
ACCESSORY Organs
Pancreas—both endocrine & exocrine gland
Liver—removes bilirubin (from RBC) as bilestores Fe & fat sol. ADEK vit.regulates sugar in blood (glycogen)makes plasma proteins, bile, urea (N) &cholesterol
XXX Jaundice, hepatitis (A,B & C), cirrhosis
Gallbladder—concentrates and stores bile fromliver cells
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Fig. 12.10
Fig. 12.11
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Fig. 12.7
Chemical Digestion
Macromolecules broken down by EnzymesDefine ENZYMESConditions: correct substrate
temperature-warmpH (optimal)
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Fig. 12.13
NUTRITION
Carbohydrates—ready source of energyComplex ones are better= bulk of food
Fiber--Insoluble—laxativelikeSoluble (oat bran) combo with bile
acids and cholesterolProtein—8 are essential (required)Lipids—less than 30% or plaque
(cause disease)(( olestra (fake fat)—can’t digest it))
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Fig. 12.15
Table 12.6
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Table 12.7
VITAMINS
Define—organic compound body uses for metabolic reasons—can make them allAntioxidants—free radicals made are unstable and carry an extra electron= damage (A, C, E)Vitamin D –by skin in sun, modified by kidneys and liver to calcitrol to absorb Ca
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Table 12.8
MINERALS
Macro—(Need more than 100 mg/day)Ca—need 1000-1500/ day or osteoporosis
vitamin D and Mg help to prevent itNa—need 500 mg/day BUT we often get
8X as much! (X blood pressure )+ P,K,Cl, Mg
Micro—(need less than 20mg/day)Zn,Fe,Cu,I,Se—specific necessary roles
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Fig. 12.18
Fig. 12.19
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Fig. 12.20
Eating Disorders
Obesity—(20% over ideal), mod,(40%+)severe (100%+)—on increasehormonal, metabolic, social
Bulemia—binge & purge (affect heart &kidneys & could lead to death
Anorexia—unreal fear of gaining weightactually starving; distorted brain
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Tap. 237