environmental management _2

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Environmental Management



Pollution and its control



Pollution

The presence of a substance in theenvironment that prevents the functioning of

natural processes and produces undesirable

environmental and health effects.

Pollutant = any material that causes pollution



Water Pollution



Sources of pollution

Point Sources

Sources of pollution with specific points of discharge.

Examples:

Factories, Sewage Systems, Power Plants, Coal Mines,Oil wells etc.

Non-Point Sources

Sources of pollution that are harder to identify

Examples: Agricultural runoff, Storm waterdrainage, Acid rain



Sources of pollution … cont‟d



Water Pollution - Terminology

Eutrophication – water overly enriched w/ nutrients forming algal bloom (robs O2 fromwater)

Half-life – time for ½ of substance to be

destroyed, inactivated

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) – regulatory maximum amount of pollutants

allowed in water – used by EPA



Plant Nutrients

Eutrophication of Surface Water Fertilizers increase algal growth in water

Eutrophication accelerates algal growth & O2 tie-

up

N & P are the major culprits

P pollution sources

Municipal sewage

Direct dumping of wastes

Eroded phosphate fertilizers



Plant Nutrients … cont‟d

N in Groundwater

N easily washed away

~½ of all N applied not used by crops

Not all N pollution from agriculture

Maximize N usage by plants, minimize excessive N

fertilization



Plant Nutrients … cont‟d

Methemoglobinemia Reduction in oxygenation of blood causing

suffocation

Cyanosis – “Blue Baby” syndrome in humans Related to high nitrate levels in drinking water

Upper limit 45ppm in drinking water

Can be a problem w/ well water



Freshwater Shortages

Causes of water scarcity: dry climate and too many people

Stresses on world‟s major river systems

1 of 6 people have no regular access to clean water

Poverty hinders access to water

Hydrological poverty



High None

Stress

Fig. 11-6, p. 241

Stress on World‟s River Basins

NorthAmerica

Europe

Asia

Australia

Africa

SouthAmerica



Increasing Freshwater Supplies

Dams and reservoirs

Extracting groundwater

Desalination

Reducing water waste

Catching precipitation



Tradeoffs of Large Dams and

ReservoirsLarge lossesof water throughevaporation

Flooded land destroysforests or cropland anddisplaces people

Downstreamflooding isreduced

Downstream cropland andestuaries are deprived ofnutrient-rich silt

Reservoir is useful forrecreation and fishing

Can producecheap electricity(hydropower)

Migration andspawning ofsome fish aredisrupted

Provides waterfor year-roundirrigation ofcropland



• Deliver nutrients to sea to help sustain

coastal fisheries

• Deposit silt that maintains deltas

• Purify water

• Renew and renourish wetlands

• Provide habitats for wildlife

N a t u r a l C a p i t a l

Ecological Services of Rivers

Ecological Services of Rivers



Aral Sea Disaster Large-scale water transfers in dry central Asia

Salinity

Wetland destruction and wildlife

Fish extinctions and fishing

Wind-blown salt

Water pollution

Climatic changes

Restoration efforts



Shrinking Aral Sea



Stranded Ship at the Aral Sea



New „Ships‟ of the Desert

T d ff f Wi hd i



Trade-Offs

Withdrawing Groundwater

Advantages Disadvantages

Good source of water fordrinking and irrigation

Available year-round

Exists almost everywhere

Renewable if not over-

pumped or contaminated

No evaporation losses

Cheaper to extract thanmost surface waters

Aquifier depletion from over-pumping

Sinking of land (subsidence)when water removed

Polluted aquifiers unusablefor decades or centuries

Saltwater intrusion intodrinking water supplies near

coastal areas

Reduced water flows intostreams, lakes, estuaries,and wetlands

Increased cost, energy use,and contamination fromdeeper wells

Tradeoffs of WithdrawingGroundwater

S l I i i C l



Major

irrigationwell

Well contaminated

with saltwater

SaltwaterIntrusion Normal

Interface

Freshgroundwater

aquifer

Interface

Sea LevelWatertable

Fig. 11-15, p. 247

Saltwater Intrusion into CoastalWater Wells

Interface



Solutions

Groundwater Depletion

Prevention Control

Waste less water

Subsidize water

conservation

Ban new wells inaquifiers near surfacewaters

Buy and retire ground-water withdrawal rights in

critical areas

Do not grow water-intensive crops in dryareas

Reduce birth rates

Raise price of water todiscourage waste

Tax water pumpedfrom Wells nearsurface water

Set and enforceminimum stream flowlevels

Groundwater Depletion



Desalination

Removal of salts from ocean or brackish waters to produce

useable water

Distillation method

Reverse osmosis method

Used in 120 countries

Major problems: high cost and a lot of brine wastes

Research is needed



Reducing Water Waste

Benefits of water conservation

Reduce leakage and save water

Water prices, government subsidies, andwaste

Improve irrigation

Using less water in homes and businesses



• Not depleting aquifers

• Preserving ecological health of aquaticsystems

• Preserving water quality

• Integrated watershed management

• Agreements among regions andcountries sharing surface waterresources

• Outside party mediation of waterdisputes between nations

• Marketing of water rights

•

Raising water prices

• Wasting less water

• Decreasing government subsides forsupplying water

• Increasing government subsides forreducing water waste

•Slowing population growth

Solutions

Sustainable Water Use

Sustainable Water Use



• Use water-saving toilets, showerheads, and faucet aerators

• Shower instead of taking baths, and take short showers.

• Repair water leaks.

• Turn off sink faucets while brushing teeth, shaving, or washing.

•

Wash only full loads of clothes or use the lowest possible water-levelsetting for smaller loads.

• Wash a car from a bucket of soapy water, and use the hose for rinsingonly.

• If you use a commercial car wash, try to find one that recycles itswater.

• Replace your lawn with native plants that need little if any watering.

• Water lawns and garden in the early morning or evening.

• Use drip irrigation and mulch for gardens and flowerbeds.

• Use recycled (gray) water for watering lawns and houseplants and forwashing cars.

What Can You Do?

Water Use and Waste

What Can We Do?

Fl di Aft D f t ti f



Oxygenreleased byvegetation

Diverseecological

habitat

Evapotranspiration

Trees reduce soilerosion from heavyrain and wind

AgriculturallandSteadyriver flow

Leaf litterimprovessoil fertility

Tree roots stabilize soil

and aid water flow

Vegetation releaseswater slowly andreduces flooding

Forested Hillside

Flooding After Deforestation of aHillside

Fl di Aft D f t ti f



Tree plantation

Evapotranspiration decreases

Ranching accelerates soilerosion by water and wind

Winds removefragile topsoil

Gullies andlandslides

Heavy rain leaches nutrientsfrom soil and erodes topsoil

Rapid runoffcauses flooding

After Deforestation

Roadsdestabilize

hillsides

Agriculture landis flooded andsilted up

Silt from erosion blocks rivers andreservoirs and causes flooding downstream

Flooding After Deforestation of aHillside



Groundwater Pollution: Causes and

Persistence Sources of groundwater pollution

Slow flowing: slow dilution and dispersion

Consequences of lower dissolved oxygen

Fewer bacteria to decompose wastes

Cooler temperatures: slow down chemical reactions

“Degradable” and nondegradable wastes in groundwater

G d t P ll ti



Coal stripmine runoff

Pumping

well

Waste lagoon

Accidentalspills

Groundwaterflow

Confinedaquifer

Discharge

Leakagefrom faultycasing

Hazardouswaste injectionwellPesticides

and fertilizers

Gasoline station

Buried gasolineand solvent tank

Sewer

Cesspoolseptic tank

De-icingroad salt

Waterpumping well

Landfill

Polluted air

Groundwater Pollution



Extent of Groundwater Pollution

Not much is known about groundwater pollution

Organic contaminants, including fuel leaks

Arsenic

Protecting groundwater: Prevention is best

Preventing and Cleaning Up



Pump nanoparticles ofinorganic compounds toremove pollutants (may be thecheapest, easiest, and mosteffective method but is stillbeing developed)

Find substitutes for toxicchemicalsKeep toxic chemicals out of the

environment

Install monitoring wells nearlandfills and underground tanks

Require leak detectors onunderground tanks

Ban hazardous waste disposalin landfills and injection wells

Inject microorganisms to cleanup contamination (lessexpensive but still costly)

Store harmful liquids inaboveground tanks with leakdetection and collection systems

Prevention Cleanup

Pump to surface, clean,and return to aquifer(very expensive)

Solutions

Groundwater Pollution

Fig. 11-27, p. 259


Pollution in Groundwater



Ocean Pollution

How much pollution can oceans tolerate?

Some pollutants degrade and dilute in oceans

Ocean dumping controversies

C t l W t P ll ti



IndustryNitrogen oxides fromautos and smokestacks;toxicchemicals, and heavy

metals in effluents flowinto bays and estuaries.

CitiesToxic metals andoil from streets andparking lots pollutewaters; sewageadds nitrogen andphosphorus.

Urban sprawlBacteria and viruses from sewersand septic tanks contaminateshellfish beds and close beaches;runoff of fertilization from lawnsadds nitrogen and phosphorus.

Construction sitesSediments are washed into waterways,choking fish and plants, cloudingwaters, and blocking sunlight.

FarmsRun off of pesticides, manure,and fertilizers adds toxins andexcess nitrogen and phosphorus.

Red tidesExcess nitrogen causesexplosive growth of toxicmicroscopic algae, poisoningfish and marine mammals.

Healthy zoneClear, oxygen-rich waterspromote growth of planktonand sea grasses, and support fish.

Toxic sedimentsChemicals and toxic metalscontaminate shellfish beds,

kill spawning fish, andaccumulate in the tissuesof bottom feeders.

Closedshellfish beds

Closed

beach Oxygen-depletedzone

Coastal Water Pollution

Oxygen-depleted zoneSedimentation and algae overgrowth reduce sunlight,

kill beneficial sea grasses, use up oxygen, anddegrade habitat.



Effects of Oil on Ocean Life Crude and refined petroleum

Tanker accidents and blowouts

Volatile hydrocarbons kill larvae

Tar-like globs coat birds and marine mammals

Oil destroys insulation and buoyancy

Heavy oil sinks and kills bottom organisms

Coral reefs die

Slow recovery

Oil slicks ruin beaches

Limited effectiveness of clean up methods




Prevention Cleanup

Ban dumping of wastes andsewage by maritime and cruiseships in coastal waters

Reduce input of toxic pollutants

Separate sewage andstorm lines

Regulate coastaldevelopment

Recycle used oil

Require double hulls for oil tankers

Require at least secondarytreatment of coastal sewage

Use wetlands, solar-aquatic, orother methods to treat sewage

Sprinkle nanoparticles over anoil or sewage spill to dissolvethe oil or sewage withoutcreating harmful byproducts(still under development)

Protect sensitive areas from

development, oil drilling, and oilshipping

Ban ocean dumping of sludge andhazardous dredged material

Improve oil-spill cleanupcapabilities

Solutions

Coastal Water Pollution

Fig. 11-31, p. 263


Pollution in Coastal Waters

P ti N i t S



Preventing Nonpoint Source

Pollution

Mostly agricultural wastes

Use vegetation to reduce soil erosion

Reduce fertilizer use

Use plant buffer zones around fields

Integrated pest management: Only use pesticides when necessary

Use plant buffers around animal feedlots

Keep feedlots away from slopes, surface water and flood zones



Sewage Treatment Systems Sewage treatment in rural and suburban areas

Septic tanks

Primary (physical) sewage treatment

Secondary (biological) sewage treatment

Urban sewage treatment (Clean Water Act)

Sewage treatment facilities in many cities fail to meet federal standards

Bleaching and disinfection

Disinfectants: chlorine, ozone, and ultraviolet radiation

T i l S i T k S



Fig. 11-32, p. 264

Typical Septic Tank System

Householdwastewater

Perforated pipe

Distribution box

(optional)

Septic tank with manhole(for cleanout)

Drainfield

Vent pipe

Nonperforated pipe

Gravel orcrushedstone

Primary and Secondary Sewage



Primary and Secondary Sewage

Treatment

Raw sewagefrom sewers

Bar screen Grit chamber Settling tank Aeration tank Settling tankChlorinedisinfection tank

Sludge

Sludge

digester

Activated sludge Air pump

(killsbacteria)

To river,

lake,or ocean

Sludge drying bed

Disposed ofin landfill orocean orapplied tocropland,pasture, orrangeland

Primary Secondary



Improving Sewage Treatment

Systems that exclude hazardous wastes

Non-hazardous substitutes

Composting toilet systems

Working with nature to treat sewage

Using wetlands to treat sewage



Air Pollution



Definition

Air pollution may be defined as the presence inthe air (outdoor atmosphere) of one or morecontaminants or combinations thereof in such

quantities and of such durations as may be ortend to be injurious to human, animal or plant life, or property, or which unreasonablyinterferes with the comfortable enjoyment of

life or property or conduct of business.



Air Pollutant It is a substance or effect dwelling temporarily or

permanently in the air , which adversely alters the

environment by interfering with the health, the comfort, orthe food chain, or by interfering with the property values of people.

A pollutant can be solid (large or sub-molecular), liquid orgas .

It may originate from a natural or anthropogenic source(or both).

It is estimated that anthropogenic sources have changed thecomposition of global air by less than 0.01%.

However, it is widely accepted that even a small change can

have a significant adverse effect on the climate, ecosystemand species on the planet.

Examples of these are acid rain, ozone in the loweratmosphere, and photochemical smog.



Definitions “air pollutant” means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance including

noise present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be ortend to be injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plantsor property or environment.

“air pollution” means the presence in the atmosphere of any pollutant.

“approved appliance” means any equipment or gadget used for theburning of any combustible material or for generating or consumingany fume, gas or particulate matter and approved by State Board forthe purpose of this Act.

“approved fuel” means any fuel approved by the State Board for thepurposes of this Act.

“chimney” includes any structure with an opening or outlet from orthrough which any air pollutant may be emitted.

“control equipment” means any apparatus, device, equipment or

system to control the quality and manner of emission of any airpollutant and includes any device used for securing the efficientoperation of any industrial plant.

“emission” means any solid or liquid or gaseous substance coming outof any chimney, duct or flue or any other outlet.

“board” means the Central Board or a State Board.

C i i f A h



Composition of Atmosphere

Nitrogen - 78%

Oxygen - 21%

Argon – 0.934%

Water Vapor – 0 to 4% Carbon Dioxide - .037%

Other gases make up the rest

Atmospheric Gases



t osp e c Gases

Nitrogen, oxygen,

argon, water vapor,

carbon dioxide, andmost other gases

are invisible.

Clouds are not gas,but condensed

vapor in the form of

liquid droplets.

Ground based

smog, which is

visible, contains

reactants of

nitrogen and ozone.

Ozone – is the primary ingredient of smog!

M i f Ai P ll ti



Main causes of Air Pollution Poisonous gases and other particles emitted from

industries without any treatment. Heavy increase in the number of automobiles and

their emission.

Increased use of chemicals and petrochemicals.

Population concentration in cities.

Fast rate of de-forestation.

Tests / experiments of Atomic weapons

Tests of chemical / biochemical weapons

Un-organized mining and traditional practice of

the use of firewood etc.

S f Ai P ll ti



Sources of Air Pollution

Air pollution is the result of the combined

effects of several pollutants. They can bedivided into the following categories based

on their:

Origin Nature

Size

Impact etc.

S f Ai P ll ti



Sources of Air Pollution According to origin, particulate matter can be

divided into two types: natural and man-made.

Natural From volcanoes, fires, dust storms and other natural

processes.

There are natural cleansing agents that remove andrecycle natural pollutants. E.g: Hydroxyl radicals, seasalts, micro-organisms in soil etc.

Man made Major sources of man made particulates is the

combustion of hydrocarbon fuels – petroleum products,

coal, peat and wood. Combustion of solid wastes

Industrial chemicals, fly ash, refining fossil fuels,mining and smelting ores as well as pollutantsdischarged from farming activities also contribute.

S f Ai P ll ti




Another classification according to origin is

Primary and secondary pollutants.

S f Ai P ll ti



Sources of Air Pollution According to chemical composition can be

divided into organic and inorganicpollutants

Another categorization is solid, liquid andgaseous pollutants.

Gaseous pollutants are carbon monoxide,Sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and organicsulfide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride,oxides of nitrogen etc.

Particulate pollutants consist of both solid andliquid particles. Dust, fume, mist, spray andsmoke are included in this category.

So rces of Air Poll tion




According to source type, pollutants can be

classified as being produced from: Combustion

Transportation emissions

Industrial processes Use of solvents

Radioactivity

Specific phenomena related ith Air Poll tion



Specific phenomena related with Air Pollution

Ozone is normally present in the

atmosphere at about .05ppm at sea level. Itis produced naturally by the action of

electric discharges on oxygen.

Ozone in the stratosphere (Outer layer of the atmosphere) absorbs over 99% of the

harmful UV radiation.

UV radiation damages protein and DNAand causes sunburn and cancer.





A major threat to the ozone layer is from syntheticchemicals called „chlorofluoro-carbons (CFC).

CFCs act as transport agents moving chlorine intothe stratosphere and destroy the ozone causing„holes‟ to appear in the ozone layer.

The use of CFCs is increasing because of the

demand of „personal care products‟ such asdeodorants, hair sprays, shaving creams andcountless other cosmetic materials as well as inrefrigeration.

If the UV rays reach the earth‟s surface in fullintensity, all exposed bacteria would be destroyed;plant and animal tissues would be severelydamaged.





Acid rain is the outcome of Sulfur

dioxide(SO2) gas released into the air by thecombustion of fossil fuels. This readily

forms Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in the minute

water films of suspended droplets in the air

over cities.

The washout of sulfuric acid by

precipitation results in rainwater with an

abnormally high content of sulfate ion, a

condition known as acid rain.



Air (prevention and control of pollution)



Air (prevention and control of pollution)

Act, 1981

The Act is designed to prevent, control and abatementof air-pollution.

The provisions relate to preservation of quality of airand control of pollution.

The Act has provided for measures, which arepreventive in nature, in the cases of industries to beestablished; and in the case of industries alreadyestablished, they are remedial.

In the case of established industries, it insists on

obtaining consent of Board, making the industryamenable to the administrative control of the Board.Once a consent is given, the Board can issue orders,directions etc; which are to be complied with by theindustry.

Bodies constituted to enforce the Act



Bodies constituted to enforce the Act

Central Pollution Control Board constituted under

section 3 of the Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act, 1974 was authorized to exercise the

powers and performs the functions for the prevention

and control of air pollution.

State Pollution Control Boards constituted under

section 4 of the Water (Prevention and control of

Pollution) Act, 1974 was authorized to exercise the

powers and performs the functions for the preventionand control of air pollution.



Functions of the State Board



Functions of the State Board In performance of its functions, State Board

shall►Plan a comprehensive programme for the prevention, control orabatement of air pollution and secure the execution thereof,

►collect and disseminate information relating to air pollution;

inspect, at all reasonable times, any control equipment, industrial plant, ormanufacturing process and to give, by order, such directions to suchpersons as it may consider necessary to take steps for the prevention,control or abatement of air pollution;►advice the State Government with respect to the suitability of anypremises or location for carrying on any industry which is likely to causeair pollution;

►to lay down, in consultation with the Central Board and having regardto the standards, for the quality of air laid down by the Central Board,standards for emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere fromIndustrial plants and automobiles or for the discharge of any air pollutantinto the atmosphere from any other source whatsoever not being a ship oran aircraft;

►to perform such other functions as may be prescribed or as may, fromtime to time, be entrusted to it by the Central Board or the State

Government.



Powers of the Central Government



Powers of the Central Government

and State Government The Central Board shall be bound by such directions in writing

as the Central Government may give to it. (section 18(1)(a)

Every State Board shall be bound by such directions in writingas the Central Board or the State Government may give to it.

(section 18(1)(b) Where the Central Government is of the opinion that any State

Board has defaulted in complying with any directions given bythe Central Board under sub-section (1) and as a result of suchdefault a grave emergency has arisen and it is necessary or

expedient so to do in public interest, it may by order, direct theCentral Board to perform any of the functions of the stateBoard in relation to such area, for such period and for suchpurposes, as may be specified in the order. {section 18 (2)}

Check on State Government advice



Check on State Government advice

Though the section 18(1)(b) of the Act gives power to

the State Government to give directions to a StateBoard but the directions do not have binding effect if those are inconsistent with the provisions of the Act.

There is no provision under which the Parliament has

vested any discretion with the State Government togrant exemption to any particular industrial plant orclass of plant. The state board of Karnataka exempted115 industrial plants in its resolution purportedly on

the directions of the state government. The high courtof Karnataka quashed the resolution. (K. Muniswamy Gowda v.

State of Karnataka, 1998 (3) Kant. L.J, 594 at P. 608)

Emissions from automobiles



Emissions from automobiles With a view to ensuring that the standards for emission of air pollutants

from automobiles laid down by the State Board under Cl. (g) of sub section

(1) of Section 17 are complied with, the State Government shall, inconsultation with the State Board, give such instructions as may be deemednecessary to the concerned authority in charge of registration of motorvehicles under the Motor Vehicles Act, (4 of 1939) and such authority shall,notwithstanding anything contained in that Act or the rules made thereunderbe bound to comply with such instructions.

Hon’ble Supreme Court of India with a view to tackle problems arising outof chaotic traffic conditions and vehicular pollution and not being satisfiedwith the steps taken by the concerned authorities in addressing themselvesto those problems, issued certain directions accepting the report of BhureLal Committee, as it was felt by the court that any further delay in theperformance of its duty by the Administration could not be remitted. ( M.C.

Mehta v. Union of India, (1998) 3 B.L.J.R. 2194 at p. 2195(SC)

Responsibility of the persons



Responsibility of the persons

Subject to the provisions of the section 21 of the Act, noperson shall, without the previous consent of the state Board,establish or operate any Industrial Plant in an air pollutioncontrol area.

The person who wants to establish or operate any IndustrialPlant has to move an application for consent of the Boardaccompanied by prescribed fees in a prescribed form and with

the particular of the Industrial plant and other particulars asmay be prescribed.

Applicability of the Environment Protection Act, 1986.

Section 7 of the Act envisaged “ No person carrying on anyindustry, operation or process shall discharge or emit or permitto be discharged or emitted any environmental pollutants inexcess of such standards as may be prescribed.”

Responsibility of the State Board



Responsibility of the State Board The State Board has to dispose off the application received by any person for

consent for establishing or to operate within a period of four months.

The State Board can grant the consent subject to conditions and for somecertain period by recording in the order.

The State Board can refuse a further consent after the expiry of the grantedconsent or cancel an already granted consent before the expiry of the period if the conditions imposed in the order have not been fulfilled after according anopportunity of hearing to the person.

Applicability of the Environment Protection Act, 1986.

Section 7 of the Act envisaged “ No person carrying on any industry, operationor process shall discharge or emit or permit to be discharged or emitted anyenvironmental pollutants in excess of such standards as may be prescribed.”

It is the responsibility of the state board that it should not permit to be discharged any environmental pollutants in excess of the standards specified in schedule 1 to schedule VI of The EP Rules, 1986.

Responsibility of the person whom



p y p

consent has been granted Every person to whom consent has been granted by the State Board

shall comply with the following conditions, namely:- The control equipment of such specifications as the state board may

approve in this behalf shall be installed and operated in the premiseswhere the industry is carried on or proposed to be carried on;

The existing control equipment, if any, shall be altered or replaced inaccordance with the directions of the State Board;

The control equipment referred to in Cl. (i) or (ii) shall be kept at alltimes in good running conditions;

Chimney, wherever necessary, of such specifications as the state boardmay approve in this behalf shall be erected or re-erected in suchpremises.

Such other conditions as the State Board, may specify in this behalf;and

The conditions referred to in Cls. (i), (ii) and (iv) shall be compliedwith within such period as the State Board may specify in this behalf.

Has to submit Environmental statement as has been made mandatoryunder section 14 of The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986.

Standards for Emissions of air pollutants



Standards for Emissions of air pollutants

Till The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 waslegislated by the Parliament of India, the State Boardswere having powers to lay down the standards for airpollutants to be discharged in the atmosphere, underclause (g) of sub-section (1) of Section 17.

Since 1986, Central Government has been issuing

Standards for Emissions under the provisions of Environment protection Act and its Rules. Thesestandards has been specified in schedule 1 to VI of the Environment (Protection) Rules 1986.

Central Board or State Boards may specify morestringent standards than those specified in schedule 1to VI of the EP Rules.

Monitoring by the State Board



Monitoring by the State Board

The officers of the Board have been empowered to take samples

of air or emission by the Act. For analyzing the samples the State Government may, by

notification in the Official Gazette establish one or more StateAir Laboratories.

The State Government may, by notification in the Official

Gazette, appoint persons having the prescribed qualifications tobe Government analysts for the purpose of analysis of samplesof air or emission.

State Board may, by notification in the official Gazette, and withthe approval of the State Government, appoint persons havingprescribed qualifications to be Board analyst for the purpose of analysis of samples of air or emissions.



Solid Waste Management



Solid Waste

Classification of Wastes



Classification of Wastes Solid waste- vegetable waste, kitchen waste, household waste

etc.

E-waste- discarded electronic devices like computer, TV,music systems etc.

Liquid waste- water used for different industries eg tanneries,distillaries, thermal power plants

Plastic waste- plastic bags, bottles, buckets etc.

Metal waste- unused metal sheet, metal scraps etc.

Nuclear waste- unused materials from nuclear power plants

Solid Waste in India



Solid Waste in India

7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste

One Sq km of additional landfill area every-year

Rs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of these wastes

In addition to this industries discharge about 150 million

tonnes of high volume low hazard waste every year, which is

mostly dumped on open low lying land areas.

Source: Estimate of Ministry of Environment & Forest

Growth of Solid Waste In India



Waste is growing by leaps & bounds

In 1981-91, population of Mumbai increased from 8.2million to 12.3 million

During the same period, municipal solid waste has grown

from 3200 tonnes to 5355 tonne, an increase of 67%

Waste collection is very low for all Indian cities

City like Bangalore produces 2000 tonnes of waste perannum, the ever increasing waste has put pressure onhygienic condition of the city

Source: The Energy & Resources Institute, New Delhi

Waste Collection in India



Waste Collection in India

Primarily by the city municipality

-No gradation of waste product e.g. bio-degradable,glasses, polythene bags, paper shreds etc

-Dumps these wastes to the city outskirts

Local raddiwala (Rag pickers)

-Collecting small iron pieces by magnets

-Collecting glass bottles

-Collecting paper for recycling

MCD- Sophisticated DWM (Delhi Waste Management)vehicle

How solid waste affected us in recent years?



y

Cloudburst in Mumbai (2005) clogged the sewageline due to large no. of plastic bags

Blast in the Bhusan Steel factory at Noida, causeddue to imported scrap from Iran

Reduction in the number of migratory birds due toconsumption of contaminated foods

Stray animals dying on streets and farmland due toconsumption of plastic bags, which blocks the foodmovement in their stomach

Hazardous / Toxic Waste & Dumping Site



Industrialized countries have waste

management problems

Developed countries have strict environment

regulation norms

Most attractive option for them- to dump into

developing countries

Major Polluting Industries in India



j g

Around 2500 tanneries discharge 24 million cu

m of waste water containing high level of dissolved solids and 4,00,000 tonnes of hazardous solid waste

300 distilleries discharge 26 million kilo-litresof spend wash per year containing severalpollutants

Thermal power plants discharge huge wastematerials

http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/ghost-ship-121205



French aircraft carrier Clemenceau

French aircraft carrier Clemenceau



December 12, 2005, Clemenceau, Ghost ship nobody wants

27,000-ton warship full of asbestos, PCBs, lead, mercury, and

other toxic chemicals Indian scrap yard of Alang (Bhavnagar district, Gujarat) , a

place where environmental regulations are lax and workers'rights are practically nonexistent

In most ship breaking nations proper waste management is

absent. There are no rules and regulations. And where rulesexist, they're unlikely to be enforced.

Basel Convention (1989) is an international treaty whichprohibits the export of hazardous waste from rich to poorcountries

Greenpeace raised awareness campaigned against the ship inIndia as well as in France

French President Chirac has announced a dramatic recall of theasbestos-laden warship Clemenceau

environmental management _2

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