ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

POLITICAL ISSUES

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

- Oil production- Water control and energy production- Land grabbing- Deforestation- …

- Different SOCIAL ACTORS:private, public, local communities

- Different GOALS:economic income, state power and control, local everyday life and survival

- Different SPATIAL SCALES:global, national, regional, local

Geography of Environment and Tourism

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION and SOCIAL ACTORS

�GLOBAL SCALE

Intergovernmental organisations

�REGIONAL SCALE

Regional institutions: political unions

�NATIONAL SCALE

The State and the environmental insitutions (ministeriesand other institutions) � LEGALITY

�LOCAL SCALE

Local institutions, associations, chefferies � LEGITIMACY

WorldwideIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)Earth System Governance ProjectGlobal Environment Facility (GEF)

RegionalEuropean Environment Agency (EEA)Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA)

Local governmentsICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability

INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

INTERNATIONAL NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS• 350.org• Anti-nuclear movement• Antinea Foundation• A Rocha• Biofuelwatch• Biosphere Expeditions• Bioversity International• BirdLife International• Confederation of European Environmental

Engineering Societies• Conservation International• Dancing Star Foundation• Earth Charter Initiative• Earthwatch• Forests and the European Union Resource Network• Fauna and Flora International• Forest Stewardship Council• Friends of Nature• Friends of the Earth• Gaia Mater (the mother Earth)• Global Footprint Network• Global Witness• Great Transition Initiative• Green Actors of West Africa (GAWA)• Green Cross International• Greenpeace• IDEAS For Us• Interamerican Association for Environmental Defense• International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)• International Analog Forestry Network

• International Network for Sustainable Energy(INFORSE)

• The Mountain Institute• Mountain Wilderness• NatureServe• Panthera Corporation• Plant A Tree Today Foundation (PATT)• PRBO Conservation Science• Project AWARE• Rainforest Alliance• Sandwatch• Seeds of Survival of USC Canada• Society for the Environment (SocEnv)• Taiga Rescue Network (TRN)• The Climate Project• The Nature Conservancy• The Resource Foundation• Wetlands International• Wildlife Conservation Society• Wolf Preservation Foundation (WPF)• World Business Council for Sustainable Development• Worldchanging• World Conservation Union (WCN)• World Land Trust(WLT)• World Resources Institute (WRI)• World Union for Protection of Life (WUPL)• Worldwatch Institute• World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)• Xerces Society• Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative

Geography of Environment and Tourism

NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS (SOME EXAMPLES)Australia•Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and CommunitiesBrazil•Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA)Canada•Environment CanadaDenmark•Danish Ministry of Climate and EnergyGermany•Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear SafetyHong Kong•Environmental Protection DepartmentIndia•Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)•Gujarat Pollution Control Board•Ministry of Environment and ForestsIndonesia•Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature ConservationRepublic of Ireland•Environmental Protection AgencyIsle of Man•Manx National Heritage

Philippines•Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesPortugal•Ministry for Environment and Spatial PlanningRepublic of China (Taiwan)•Environmental Protection AdministrationUnited Kingdom•Department for Environment, Food and Rural AffairsEngland•English Heritage•Environment Agency•Natural EnglandNorthern Ireland•Northern Ireland Environment AgencyUnited StatesMain article: List of environmental agencies in the United States•Environmental Protection Agency•Fish and Wildlife Service•National Park ServiceNative American Nations•Inter-Tribal Environmental Council

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

High natural value protection: CONSERVATION

Anthropic pressure control:

PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

PROTECTED AREAS

WHAT IS A PROTECTED AREA?

1.1 Category Ia — Strict Nature Reserve1.2 Category Ib — Wilderness Area1.3 Category II — National Park1.4 Category III — Natural Monument or Feature1.5 Category IV — Habitat/Species Management Area1.6 Category V — Protected Landscape/Seascape1.7 Category VI – Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources

Following IUCN classification

WHAT IS A PROTECTED AREA

FROM A GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE?

TERRITORY

���� THE RESULT OF A PROCESS OF TERRITORIALISATION

- Denomination: what kind of denomination?

- Reification: what kind of territorial transformation?

- Structuration: what kind of function?

When? By whom ? Why? Where?

SPACE/ PLACE NATURE/ ENVIRONMENTNODE/NETWORK

INSIDER PERSPECTIVE

A place for conservation and development: prevention, denial/economic income, potential?

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

A strategic role at the global scale: sustainability, Development goals…

OUTSIDERS

A place to experiment the relationship human beings/nature: opportunities (recreation, research, …)

PROTECTED AREAS AND DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES

Geography of Environment and Tourism

Geography of Environment and Tourism

Parco regionale dei Colli of Bergamo

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION IN AFRICA

FROM FORTRESS CONSERVATIONEmpty spaceNo human activityConservationismThe idea of «Closed areas»

TO COMMUNITY BASED CONSERVATIONLively spaceDifferent human activitiesLocal developmentThe new set of «Open areas»

The first protected areas around the world such as Yosemite in 1864 and Yellowstone National Park in 1872 were founded by the colonial or classical conservation method.

Classical conservation created protected areas to protect wilderness and wildlife areas of pristine wilderness that was untouched and uninhabited by humans. All people inhabiting these areas were removed from the land and displaced onto marginal land surrounding or near by the newly protected land. It is estimated that 20 million people were displaced from their land.

In 1975 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the World Parks Congress recognized the rights of indigenous people and to recognize their rights of the protected areas.

More policy changes came about that increased the rights of indigenous people.

Community-based conservation came into action from these changes.

This conservation strategy was has been applied in Africa and widely until the 1970s when indigenous people started to fight for their rights and land.

COMMUNITY BASED CONSERVATION

Conservation

= an intelligent use of natural resources

Local development

SUSTAINABILITY

Protected areasconservation

Landscape and territorial planning

New perspective!

Community Based Conservation means also

“Governance, Equity, Participation and Benefit Sharing”:

• Developing better practices and stronger patterns of accountability in PA governance.

• Recognising and promoting various PA governance types in national and regional systems to support people’s participation and community conserved areas through specific policies and legal, financial and community means.

• Establishing policies and institutional mechanism to facilitate the above with full participation of indigenous and local communities.

• Seeking prior informed consent before any indigenous community is relocated for the establishment of a protected area.

• Better appreciating and understanding local knowledge, the priorities, practices and values of indigenous and local communities.

• Identifying and removing barriers preventing adequate participation of local and indigenous communities in all stages of protected area planning, establishment, governance and management.

IUCN LIST OF PARTICIPATION TYPOLOGIES

• Passive Participation Participation does not take the responses of the participants into consideration and where the outcome is predetermined. Information sharedbelongsonly to external institutions.

• Participation in Information Giving People give answers to questions where they do not have the opportunity to influence the context of the interview and often the findings are not shared.

• Participation by Consultation People are consulted and their views are taken into account. However, it does not involve their decision-making.

• Participation for Participation involves people taking incentives in Materials and Incentives cash or kind for their services provided. In such cases the disadvantage is that there is no stake in being involved once the incentives end.

• Functional Participation Participation occurs by forming into groups with predetermined objectives. Such participation generally occurs only after major decisions have been already taken.

• Interactive Participation People participate in information generation and its subsequent analyses that lead to action plans and implementation. It involves different methoologies seeking various local perspectives thereby involving people in decision-making about the use and quality of information.

• Self Mobilization Being independent of any external interventions, people participate and take initiatives to change systems. They develop contacts for external inputs, but retain control over the way resources are managed.

PROTECTED AREAS GOVERNANCE TODAY

FROM PASSIVE TO

ACTIVE CONSERVATION

Passive participation

Aids for lost land and resources

New ways of business

buffer zonesCompensation

Tourism

(guide, ranger, game ranching,…)

Handicraft

Environmental education

CO-MANAGEMENT OR CONTRACT

AGREEMENT between authorities and local communities

Negotiation of State resources

Local people participate in management

Full participation of local communities in management

Active participation

Land property and resources property

Equal distribution of revenew

Decentralisation of power (local institutions, localcommunities, NGO)

Geography of Environment and Tourism

Origins of Peace Parks/Transfrontierconservation area (TFCA)

On 27 May 1990, Anton Rupert, President of WWF South Africa (then called the Southern African Nature Foundation) had a meeting in Maputo with Mozambique's President Joaquim Chissano, to discuss the possibility of establishing a permanent link between some of the protected areas in southern Mozambique and their adjacentcounterparts in South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe.

The concept of trans-border protected area cooperation through the establishment of peace parks had already been acceptedinternationally. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) had long been promoting their establishment.

� relatively large areas that straddle frontiers between two or more countries and cover large-scale natural systems encompassing one or more protected areas. Very often both human and animal populations traditionally migrated across or straddled the political boundaries concerned. In essence, TFCAs therefore extend far beyond designated protected areas, and can incorporate such innovative approaches as biosphere reserves and a wide range of community-based natural resource management programmes.

Southern African Peace Parks

Transboundary Biosphere Reserves (TBRs)

As borders between states are political rather than ecological, social and cultural, ecosystems often occur across national boundaries, and may be subject to different, or even conflicting, management and land use practices.

TBRs provide a tool for common management. A TBR is an official recognition at the international level and by a UN institution of a political will to co-operate in the conservation and sustainable use, through common management, of a shared ecosystem.

It also represents a commitment of two or more countries to apply together the Seville Strategy (1995) for biosphere reserves “to promote the management of each biosphere reserve essentially as a ‘pact’ between the local community and society as awhole. Management should be open, evolving and adaptive”

BIOSPHERE RESERVES IN THE WORLD

W TRANSBOUNDARY BIOSPHERE RESERVE

Service Géographique de l’AOF, Carte générale de l’Afrique Occidentale Française , 1:1.500.000, dessinée par Gugelmann et Roume, 1906-1908, feuille n ° 4 « Côte d’Ivoire et Dahomey »

The colonial classification in 1954

SIGAP

• territorial dynamics of communities• identify the stakeholders

Participatory methodologyfor field research and cartography

Data typology

Participation techniques

Digital processing

Landscape elements, localknowledge

Recovering the individual for the representation of landscape

GIS and multimedia systems

Traditional status of peripheral villages to W

Park

TAMBARIGA

MADJOARI

MATAMBIMA

KOGDJOARI NAMOUNYOURI

DIAPAGA

PARTIAGA

NAGARÉ

KOTCHARI

NAMPOANPUOLI

LOGOBOU

TAMBAGA

YIRINI

DIABOANLI

SABORGKUOLI

TINDANGOU

YOBRI

NAMOUNOU

MARIDAGA

HOUARÉ

MORIDÉNI

KIND-KOMBOU

MAHAADAGANAMPOASIGA

SABORGKPÉLA

PARC NATIONAL PENDJARI

Concession de chasse de Ouamou

Réserve Totale de Faune de

Singou

Concession

de chasse

de

Kourtiagou

Concession de chasse

de Konkombouri

PARC D’ARLY

Concession de chasse

de Pagou-Tandougou

Concession de chasse

de Koakrana

Réserve Totale de Faune

de Madjoari

Réserve Totale de Faune de Arly

RBT/W

GANGALINDI

N. Inhabitants/village

5-500

501-2000

3501-6500

2001-3500

Limit protected area

Western Africa: the Cliff of Gobnangou (Burkina Faso)

Yirini visual landscape modelling

compound

subsistence crop

cotton

Village infrastructures

church

mosque

school

drilled wellhealth center mill

dug well cotton market

women meeting place

mango tree market/ men meeting place

cimitery

religious altar

Village chief (Bado)

Geomancer (Parkiamo)

Cantor (Bantioagou)

Compound chief (Diédano)

Religious hyerarchy Religious sites

sacred place

Lineage

Tankoano

Nioula

Combary

Timbangou

Ouoba

LompoCouldiaty

Sacred places accessibility

Bado only

Bado and Parkiamo

Yirini inhabitants

Goulmou inhabitants

LocalRegional

Competence of the religious authority on the sacred place

The sacred landscape in the Gourmantché culture: the v illage of Yirini

MULTIMAPWWW.MULTIMAP-PARCW.ORGWWW.SIGAPONLUS/MULTIMAP