Environmental Indicators: Measuring gUrban Development Plans, Case from

I di India KashinathVAJPAI

Climate Himalaya Initiative, INDIAwww.climatehimalaya.net

Developing Urban Settlements in India Citi i I di i th f e pansionCities in India are in the process of expansion

Increase in population due to high migration from highland to lowland areas and rural to Urban areas areas and rural to Urban areas.

Rapid infrastructure development in cities

Two important characteristics: 1. Massive growth in absolute numbers 2. Increasing concentration

Rapid population growth, high densities, poverty and high differentials in access to housing, public services and infrastructure led to an increase in vulnerability over last few decades (Aromar R., 2008)

India is one of the more vulnerable and risk-prone countries in the world (IFRC 2005)

Urban Development Vs. Environmental Issues

High pollution, water scarcity, deteriorating soil, loss of biodiversity and g p y g ypoor agriculture productivity

Various disasters, health hazards, deteriorating environmental quality, i leconomic losses

Climate change variability increased the frequency and intensity of hazards and the probability of extreme eventshazards and the probability of extreme events

Degrade the resilience of poor and vulnerable communities

Further degrading resilience of in one half of the poor, vulnerable communities (Nicholls, et al 2006).

Inadequate provisions of comprehensive and environmental sensitive planning.

The Extent of Problem-ExampleOne of the studies done in India states that ‘the amount of One of the studies done in India states that the amount of waste generated per capita is estimated to increase at a rate 1-1.33 percent annually and estimated quantity of waste .33 pe ce t a ua y a est ate qua t ty o waste generated by year 2047 would be approx 260 million tons per year, which if not disposed off systematically would p y p y yrequire more than 1400 sq.km of land’

Study Objectives To discuss the major environmental concerns in the urban To discuss the major environmental concerns in the urban areas of India

To review and analyze relevant policies and guidelines in urban development and environmental context

To develop a set of indicators on various environmental parameters in urban context parameters in urban context

To analyze city development plans in concurrence with To analyze city development plans in concurrence with environmental considerations.

Information Areas in the Study Present urban developmental scenario p

Various environmental threats

Increasing climatic variability

Policies and programs on environment and urban developmentp

Categorization of various pro-environmental measures in areas like water waste sanitation pollution etc like water, waste, sanitation, pollution, etc.

Policies and Plans in Place Policies and Plans in Place Reform led urban development program National Urban Renewable Mission (JNNURM) About 60 cities across India and selected one in mountains About 60 cities across India and selected one in mountains Missions; the Urban infrastructure and governance, and Basic services to the urban poorThe Environment (Protection) ActNational Urban Transport PolicyNational Urban Housing & Habitat PolicyAccelerated Urban Water Supply ProgramCoal Bed Methane Policy

l Solar Energy Mission Wind EnergyElectronic Waste (e-waste)India’s Initiatives towards Energy Security India s Initiatives towards Energy Security Scheme for BEE Star Rating for office BuildingsThe National Environment Policy National River Conservation Policy yNational Lake Conservation Policy

What Policies and Plans EntailNational River Conservation Plan (NRCP): Capacity building of ULBs

The National Lake Conservation Plan: Restore and conserve the urban and semi urban lakes

The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling Rules): Role of ULBs in decentralized waste collection and management

The Plastics (manufacture, usage and waste management) rules : Emphasizes in to specific thickness of plastics and procedural recyclingspecific thickness of plastics and procedural recycling.

The National Urban Sanitation Policy: Specific Sanitation strategy for the cities

The National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC): Reduce climatic impacts and emphasizes on inter connected issues towards adaptation and mitigation- focus on poor and vulnerable. p

Various Environmental Indicators Various Environmental Indicators

1 Water Resources1. Water Resources

2. Waste Water

3 S lid W t3. Solid Waste

4. Energy Measures

5. Sanitation

6. Air Pollution

Photo: Joydeep Mukherjee/Sanctuary Photolibrary

1. Water Resources

Water UseJudicious use of water and discouraging excess

Regulatory mechanism and Pricing• Proper water pricing at

House hold and

Recycle and Re-use• At house hold level• Community places

(schools hospitals and discouraging excess water use for multiple purposesCorrecting / Repairing

House hold and Commercial level

• Correct meteringsystem in place

• Ill l ti d

(schools, hospitals, hotels, malls/ markets, etc.)

Rainwater Harvestingg p gthe leakage system in existing water supply system

i d

• Illegal connection and suction pumps.

• Regular monitoring

Rainwater Harvesting• Roof top rainwater

harvesting• Mandatory provisions

f RWH i b ildiOperation and MaintenanceConstruction of new

t li

Pumping of Water • Replace from central

place to the flood plain areas having proven

f

for RWH in buildings• Construction of soak

pits• Incentives and

d f RWHwater linesg p

capacity of water • Controlled extraction

disincentives for RWH

……Water Resource

Dual Water System Drinking Other purposes

Water saving closets • Taps• Flush system

Protection/Preservation of water bodies

• Lake conservationsOther purposes

Drinking water il bilit

Flush system • Urinals• EcoSan toilets

• Lake protection • Beautification of ponds,

lakesR b k availability

Household level safe water supplyP i i f t i

• River bank protection • Developing the data

bases• Monitoring f i Provisions of water in

schools and hospitalsDiscouraging bottled water in common

• Monitoring of river • Coordination with

agencies on water bodies monitoring water in common

meetings and at personal level

g

2. Waste Water

Agriculture and Industrial effluents Municipal waste water Drainage system

D l i i deffluents • Organic pollutants • Waste water disposal

system

p• Proper sewerage

disposal and decentralizedtreatment

• Developing improveddrainage system with storm water drains

• Maintenance of drains • Managing the outlet of surface system

• Following the norms for discharge of waste water

W li ill

treatment• Planned drainage system• Integrated sewerage

system

• Managing the outlet of surface drains away from water bodies

Capacity Building and Awareness generation

Water quality surveillance and mitigation

Surveillance system in place

system • Use of re-modeling

and re-construction technologies

• Water use• Wise water management• Decentralized treatment• Re-charge and re-useplace

Cost effective solution for Arsenic, Fluoride, Iron, and Biological contamination

Provision of STP and CETP• The provision in major

sewerage production

• Different types of filtration systems

gDilution of pollutant concentration through ground water rechargeD t i t d

se e age p o uct o areas.

Determine type and migration of pollution

3 Solid Waste Management 3. Solid Waste Management Comprehensive solid waste management (SWM) plan management (SWM) plan

Municipal Solid waste Industrial solid waste

Policies and Legislations • Enforcement of policies• Minimize use

E-wasteToxic wasteWaste segregation system

Awareness generation and Capacity building

Sanitary land fillOrganized solid waste management system Bio-medical waste

• Household level• Institutional level

CompostingBio composting

• Commercial sector• Industrial sector

p gSorting of wasteLandfills and methane production

4 E g M 4. Energy Measures

Alternate Energy measures

Bio Mass based

Renewable energy measures• Solar panel• S l L t

Energy Efficient Appliances • Light Emitting Diode • Replacing incandescent Bio Mass based

Waste based or Bio-methanationUse of coal bed

• Solar Lantern • Solar cooker • Photo voltaic• Wind energy

• Replacing incandescent bulbs

• LED outdoor lightning

Use of coal bed methane Bio gas cooking Bio based power

gy• CDM and Carbon

Credits as incentives

Improved Supply

Standard & labeling program • Certification of Bio based power

generation Traffic light and solar power

p pp y• Conversion• Transmission• Distribution • End use efficiency

industries• Certification of

Buildings• Energy efficient building power

Solar roof top-photovoltaic applications

End use efficiency • Research &

Development

Energy efficient building code

pp

5. Urban Sanitation

Toilet /Latrine

i Awareness generation, T i i d C i

Encourage Integrated C S i iconstruction

Improved /adequate

Training and Capacity building

Low Cost Sanitation-LCS and

Improved /adequate household sanitation system for all

Community toilets /

• Awareness generation on Sanitation and hygiene practices, low cost technical designs

• Discourage

• Open Defecation

• ILCSCommunity toilets / sanitation system

Public toilets

tec ca es g s ILCS

• Open defecation (OD) and Dry latrine conversion conversion

6 Ai P ll ti 6. Air Pollution

Clean Fuel

CNG, LPG, b tt / l t i it

Pollution Control Measures and Encouraging Public

Data base on Indoor Air pollution

In Slum/EWS areaMajor pollution sources battery/electricity

operated vehicles, Bio diesel

Encouraging Public Transport System

Private vehicles

Major pollution sources Burning of solid waste Emissions of CO2, SO2, NOxConsumption of Ozone

Inventorying key

Polluting industries

Public transport system

Polluting Industries

N t i d

Consumption of Ozone depleting substances

Awareness generation and Capacity building

Polluting industries

In and around the city

All those included in

Non motorized Transport – cycles

Facilities for pedestrians

Household level Commercial establishmentsIndustries

RED category Industries

Selected Cases-Successfully Implemented Selected Cases Successfully Implemented

Bio mass based gasifires b i d i t t lik Bih K t k t Bio-mass based gasifires are being used in states like Bihar, Karnataka, etc.

The Kolkata and Mumbai Municipality are under trial for LED

Mumbai Municipal Corporation has implemented SSP-Slum Sanitation Project

The Delhi Government has made it mandatory to construct Rain Water Harvesting system

Solar based common lights, traffic lights, water heaters, energy audits, energy efficient building, CNG b /A t t i N D lhiCNG buses/Autos, etc. in New Delhi

In Mizoram –Aizawl, there are more than 10,000 rainwater harvesting (RWH) tanks in individual houses those were constructed by the residents at their own expense and with the technical houses, those were constructed by the residents at their own expense and with the technical support of state government.

W F d Way Forward…. Need to consider different environmental factors through an ginclusive city development planning process

Develop the capacities and know how among the Develop the capacities and know how among the authorities, planners and elected representatives on various environmental measures

A thorough analysis of environmental concerns in the urban areas

Developing a set of practical localized environmental indicators those could be included during city g ydevelopment planning.

W F d….Way ForwardComprehensive process of planning by the Urban p p p g yLocal Bodies and Parastatal agencies

Smooth delivery of civic amenities, universal access to services, and adequate provisions of basic services to the q pvulnerable and poor

Thank You Thank You for Your Attention