environmental impact assessment (eia) report for the ... · 2.7 description of the process and...

―Sustainable Waste Management and Renewable Energy‖ Project

Environmental Impact Assessment Report - 1-

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

REPORT FOR THE “SUSTAINABLE WASTE

MANAGEMENT AND RENEWABLE ENERGY”

At

Survey No. 85, Kannahalli Village,

Yeshwanthpura Hobli, Seegehalli Cross,

Magadi Road, Bangalore – 560 091.

Project Proponents

M/s. Noble Exchange Environment Solutions

Bangalore Private Limited,

Door No.200, 4th Cross, 5th Main,

ITI Layout, Mallathalli, Bangalore

Environmental Consultants

M/s. AQUA TECH ENVIRO ENGINEERS,

(Environmental Engineers & Consultants)

# 3391, 6th Main, 3rd Cross, RPC Layout,

Vijayanagar II Stage,

Bangalore – 560 040.

Tele Phone : 080 23141679

E-mail: [email protected]



CONTENTS

Sl. No. Description Pg. No

FORM -1 1-12

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1-10

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11-42

1.0 Purpose of the project 11

1.1 Category of the project 12

1.2 Identification of the project and project proponent 12

1.2.1 Introduction of the project proponent 12

1.2.2 Introduction to the project 13

1.3 Brief description of nature, size, location of the project

and its importance to the country, region

13

1.3.1 Nature, size and location of the project 13

1.3.2 Project at a glance 15

1.3.3 Need for the project and its importance to the

country/region

16

1.3.4 Biogas plant 20

1.3.5 Necessity to setup a biogas plant 21

1.3.6 Status of biogas plants in India 23

1.3.6.1 All India scenarios 23

1.3.6.2 Large scale biogas plants in India 25

1.3.6.3 State-wise targets and achievement 27

1.4 Scope of study - details of regulatory scoping carried

out(as per terms of reference)

30

1.4.1 Scope of study 30

1.4.2 Components of EIA report 31

1.4.3 Terms of reference (tor) 31

1.4.4 Generic structure of EIA document 40

CHAPTER 2

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

43-109

2.1 Type Of Project 43

2.2 Need For The Project 43

2.2.1 Location (maps showing general location, specific

location, project boundary & project site layout)

44

2.3 Site selection 44

2.4 Size or magnitude of operation 51

2.5 Proposed schedule for approval and implementation 51

2.5.1 Statutory licenses / approvals 52

2.6 Proposed layout plan 52

2.6.1 Landscape Development 53

2.7 Description of the process and treatment 56



2.7.1 Present status 58

2.7.2 Collection and conveyance 59

2.7.3 Mode of transportation 60

2.7.4 Mode of transportation of food waste 60

2.8 Technology used for the treatment 62

2.8.1 Process involved 62

2.8.1.1 Pre-treatment 62

2.8.1.2 Feed processing:- 62

2.8.1.3 Digestion:- 62

2.8.1.4 Up gradation of biogas and conversion to CBG

(compressed bio gas)

63

2.8.1.5 Digested slurry 63

2.8.2 Process involved in digester 64

2.8.3 Food waste characterization 65

2.9 Technology and process description 66

2.9.1 General description of anaerobic digestion process 66

2.9.2 Process description 69

2.9.2.1 Pre- treatment / slurry preparation 69

2.9.2.2 Biogas digester design and sizing suitable for multi-feed

stock

70

2.9.2.3 Anaerobic digester 70

2.9.2.4 Bio digesters (primary and secondary stage) 72

2.9.2.5 Biogas storage 72

2.9.2.6 Biogas utilization and generation of CBG 73

2.9.2.7 CBG distribution: 76

2.9.2.8 Post treatment of digested slurry: 77

2.10 Characteristics of CBG, manure and nutrient rich water 77

2.10.1 CBG properties 77

2.10.2 Manure properties 78

2.10.3 Characteristics of nutrient rich water 79

2.10.4 Mode of transportation of CBG 81

2.11 Design data 82

2.12 Utilization of excess water separated from biogas plant

slurry

84

2.12.1 Plant details 87

2.12.2 Units involved in the waste processing: 87

2.13 Process equipment’s used in the plant 87

2.13.1 Maintenance scheduled for equipment 89

2.14 Waste composition and product specification 89

2.14.1 Utility of product and by-products 90

2.14.1.1 Biogas 90

2.14.1.2 Organic manure 90

2.14.1.3 Provision of storage yard for manure 91

2.14.1.4 Nutrient rich water 91



2.14.1.5 Design parameters for Biogas plant 92

2.15 Schematic representation of the feasibility drawing 92

2.16 Mitigation measures incorporated into the project to meet

environmental standards, environmental operating

conditions or other EIA requirements (as required by the

scope)

94

2.16.1 Sources of pollution & pollution control measures adopted

in the plant

94

2.16.2 Water demand and wastewater/effluent discharge 94

2.16.2.1 Source of water supply 94

2.16.2.2 Water demand and wastewater discharge during

operation phase

94

2.16.3 Design details for proposed effluent treatment plant 96

2.16.3.1 Treatment scheme for wastewater 98

2.17 Air pollution an mitigation measures 106

2.17.1 Power 106

2.17.2 Air pollution sources 106

2.17.3 Noise generation and its management 107

2.17.4 Solid waste generation and management 107

2.18 Assessment of new & untested technology for the risk of

technological failure

108

CHAPTER 3

DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

109-158

3.1 Study area, period, components & methodology 109

3.2 Establishment of baseline 112

3.2.1 Meteorological data 112

3.2.1.1 Temperature 114

3.2.1.2 Relative humidity 114

3.2.1.3 Rainfall 114

3.2.1.4 Atmospheric pressure 114

3.2.1.5 Inversion height 115

3.2.1.6 Cloud cover 115

3.2.1.7 Wind 115

3.2.2 Baseline monitoring 120

3.2.2A Sampling and analytical techniques 120

3.2.2.1 Air quality 123

3.2.2.1.2 Air quality 125

3.2.2.1.3 Observations 128

3.2.2.2 Noise environment 128


3.2.2.3 Water environment 131



3.2.2.3.1 Reconnaissance survey 131

3.2.2.3.2 Surface water 132

3.2.2.3.2.1 Observations 134

3.2.2.3.3 Ground water 135


3.2.2.4 Soil and geology 138

3.2.2.5 Ecology 142

3.2.2.5.1 Flora 142

3.2.2.5.2 Fauna 144

3.2.2.6 Socio-economic environment 144

3.2.2.6.1 Demographic structure 145

3.2.2.6.2 Connectivity 149

3.3 Environmental features 151

3.4 Base maps of all environmental components 153

3.5 Significant environmental attributes 158

CHAPTER 4

ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS &

MITIGATION MEASURES

159-177

4.1 Details Of Investigated Environmental Impacts Due To

Project Location, Possible Accidents, Project Design,

Project Construction, Regular Operations, Final

Decommissioning Or Rehabilitation Of Completed Project

159

4.1.1 Project Location 160

4.1.2 Possible Accidents 161

4.1.2.2 Operation Phase 161

4.1.3 Project design 162

4.2 Environmental impacts due to the project construction,

regular operations and measures for minimizing &/or

offsetting adverse impacts identified & mitigation

measures

163

4.2.1 Actions likely to affect the environment 163

4.2.1.1 Air environment 163

4.2.1.1.1 Construction phase 163

4.2.1.1.2 Operation phase 164

4.2.1.2 Noise environment 165



4.2.1.3 Water environment 166



4.2.1.4 Land environment 167





4.2.1.5 Ecological environment 168


4.2.1.5.2 Odor management 169

4.2.1.6 Socio-economic environment: assessment of potential

impacts

171

4.2.1.6.1 Impact on population composition 171

4.2.1.6.2 Impact on employment generation 171

4.2.1.6.3 Impact on income 172

4.2.1.6.4 Impact on historical, archeological and architectural sites 172

4.2.1.6.5 Impact on law & order 172

4.2.1.6.6 Public perception about the project 172

4.2.1.6.7 Public health 172

4.3 Irreversible & irretrievable commitments of

environmental components

173

4.4 Assessment of significance of impacts (criteria for

determining significance, assigning significance)

173

4.4.1 Impact matrix 173

4.4.2 Environmental impact assessment 175

CHAPTER 5

ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES (TECHNOLOGY & SITE)

178-187

5.1 Alternatives For Technology 178

5.1.1 Technology Brief 178

5.1.1.1 General description of anaerobic digestion process 178

5.1.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of other methods of solid

waste disposal.

183

5.1.2 Health aspects/acceptance 186

5.1.3 Maintenance 186

5.2 Alternatives for site 186

CHAPTER 6

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

188-193

6.1 Measurement Methodology 188

6.2 Frequency, location, data analysis, reporting schedules

emergency procedures

188

6.2.1 Emergency procedures 190

6.3 Detailed budget 192

6.4 EMP implementation schedule 193

CHAPTER 7

ADDITIONAL STUDIES

194-206

7.1 Public Consultation 194

7.2 Risk Assessment 194

7.2.1 Introduction 194

7.2.2 Objective & scope 195



7.3 Risk assessment & management plan 195

7.4 Disaster management 196

7.4.1 Actuation of the plan 198

7.4.2 Emergency equipment 198

7.4.3 Emergency response 198

7.4.5 Emergency control Centre (ECC) 201

7.4.6 Medical resources: 202

7.4.7 Response evaluation, testing and updating of the plan: 203

7.4.8 Preventive action 203

7.4.9 Reporting procedures 203

7.4.10 Emergency measures 204

7.4.11 Emergency lighting 204

7.4.12 Fire protection 204

7.4.13 Safety aspects for occupational hazard 205

7.5 Firefighting facility 206

7.6 Social impact assessment R&R action plans 206

CHAPTER 8

PROJECT BENEFITS

207-212

8.0 Introduction 207

8.1 Health benefit 207

8.2 Economic benefit 208

8.3 Market potential 209

8.3.1 Major markets for CBG and manure 209

8.3.2 Major markets for CBG and manure 210

8.4 Recycling of materials 211

8.5 Socio-economic benefits 211

CHAPTER 9

ENVIRONMENTAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

213-218


9.2 Uses of CBG 214

9.3 Main stages 214

9.4 Disadvantages 215

9.5 Discounting the future 217

9.6 Cost-benefit analysis for m/s. Noble exchange

environment solutions private limited (NEX)

218

CHAPTER 10

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

219-226


10.2 Mitigation measures 220

10.3 Environmental management plan (EMP) 221

10.4 Environmental policy 224

10.5 Description of the administrative aspects of ensuring that 225



mitigate measures are implemented & their effectiveness

monitored, after approval, implementation and during

operation

10.5.1 Environment management cell 225

CHAPTER 11

SUMMARY & CONCLUSION

227-229

11.1 Overall Justification For Implementation Of The Project 227

11.2 Explanation Of How Adverse Effects Have Been Mitigated 229

CHAPTER 12

DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS ENGAGED

230-235

12.1 Environmental Consultants 230



LIST OF TABLES

Table

no.

Description Pg. No

1.0 Use of Resources 3

2.0 Monitoring schedule for environmental parameters 9

1.1 State-wise list of biogas plants installed during last three years 29

1.2 Terms of Reference (TOR) 32

1.3 Generic structure of EIA document 41

2.1 Projected cost of the project 51

2.2 Time schedule for completion of the proposed project 52

2.3 Statutory licenses/approvals 52

2.4 Land-use pattern 52

2.4.1 Action plan for developing green belt 53

2.4.2 List of Flower baring trees and Fruit baring tress 54

2.5 Unit sizes 55

2.6 Details of the average Cattle dung and non-woody biomass feed-

materials available for the Plant

57

2.7 List of the areas contributing food waste to biogas plant with

quantities.

57

2.8 CBG properties 78

2.9 Manure properties 79

2.10 Slurry test report 80

2.11 Size of the proposed units 82

2.12 Plant details 87

2.13 List of process equipment’s used 88

2.14 CBG storage capacity 90

2.14.1 List of product generated from the project 91

2.15 Air pollution details 94

2.16 Water consumption and discharge 95

2.17 Sewage/effluent treatment and discharge 95

2.18 Source, quantity & treatment of industrial wastewater 95

2.19 Air pollution sources 106

2.20 Solid waste generation during the operation phase 107

3.0 Seasons 112

3.1 Meteorological data of Bangalore for the year 2013 113

3.2 Predominant wind directions 115

3.2 A Techniques adopted/protocols for ambient air quality

monitoring

120

3.2B Protocol for surface water quality monitoring 121

3.2 C Protocol for ground water quality monitoring 122

3.2 D Equipment’s used for noise & soil monitoring 123

3.3 Ambient air sampling stations 124

3.4 Air quality data analysis at all locations (during October 2014) 125



3.4.1 Air quality data analysis at all locations (during November

2014)

126

3.5 Ambient air quality standards – MOEF as per the notification

dated 16th November 2009 for industrial, residential & rural

areas

127

3.6 Noise level monitoring stations 128

3.7 Summary of noise levels 129

3.8 Limits as per environmental protection rules, 1986 129

3.9 Water sampling stations 131

3.10 Surface water quality 133

3.11 Ground water quality 135

3.12 Soil sampling stations 138

3.13 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil 139

3.14 Location of sampling stations 141

3.15 Plants, vegetation & grasses 143

3.16 Fauna in the study area 144

3.17 Distribution of population 145

3.18 Distribution of literates and literacy levels in the study area 146

3.19 List of infrastructural facilities in the surroundings 147

3.20 Connectivity from the project site 150

3.21 Existing land-use pattern 153

3.22 Significant environmental attributes 158

4.1 Actions likely to affect environment 174

4.2 Environmental impact assessment 175

4.3 Impact matrix 177

5.1 Advantages and limitations 182

6.1 Monitoring schedule for environmental parameters

(construction & occupancy phase)

189

6.2 Financial allocation/budgetary provisions for monitoring

program

192

6.3 Implementation schedule for EMP 193

9.1 CBA for M/s. Noble exchange Environment Solutions Private

Limited (NEX)

218

10.1 Environmental management plan during construction phase 221

10.2 Environmental management plan during operation of the

facilities/utilities

222

10.3 Environmental management plan during storage, handling &

transportation of waste and byproducts

223

11.1 Possible effects and its mitigate measures from the proposed

project

229



LIST OF FIGURES

Fig.

No.

Description Pg. No

1.1 Site Location Map 16

1.2 Composition of municipal solid waste in India 22

1.3 Potential biogas feed sources 24

1.4 Potential biogas applications 27

1.5 Projection of the state-wise targets and achievement under

NBMMP during 2013-14

28

2.1 Location map showing the project location 45

2.2 CDP map showing the location of the project and proposed land

use

46

2.3 Topo map 47

2.4 Site photos 48

2.5 Google map showing project site boundary 49

2.5.1 Land use pattern pie chart 53

2.6 Birds high of the project 55

2.7 Food waste generated at the hotels 58

2.7.1 Route map of collection of waste from the hotel 59

2.8 Bin/s given to each hotel for disposal of organic wastes in

segregated form

61

2.9 Biogas process 65

2.10 Scheme of reactions produced during anaerobic digestion 69

2.11 Process flow chart 74

2.12 Mass balance diagram 75

2.12.1 Bio gas double membrane roof photographs 76

2.13 Cascades carried over a crane mounted truck 81

2.14 Retention time design sheet 83

2.15 Hydraulic flow diagram for manure and recirculation 86

2.16 Feasibility and environmental assessment process 93

2.17 Water balance chart 96

2.18 ETP flow chart 105

3.1 Topo map of the study area 110

3.1 A Site plan 111

3.2 Wind rose diagrams 116

3.3 Photographs showing the noise monitoring during baseline

data collection October 2014

130

3.4 Kannahalli lake water sampling photographs during baseline

data collection

134

3.5 Water sampling photographs during baseline data collection

Project site Anikethananagar

137



3.6 Soil sampling photographs during baseline data collection 140

3.7 Google map showing sampling locations 141

3.8 Google map showing surrounding hospitals 148

3.9 Google map showing surrounding schools and colleges 149

3.10 Google map showing connectivity 150

3.11 Topo map covering 5 km distance from the project site 152

3.12 Google map covering 1 km aerial distance from the project site 154

3.13 Google map covering 5 km aerial distance from the project site 155

3.14 Google map covering 10 km aerial distance from the project

site

156

3.15 Land use map of the project site 157

4.1 Vessel unloading of waste at site 171

5.1 Scheme of reactions produced during anaerobic digestion 181

6.1 Structure of onsite emergency preparedness and response 190

6.2 Emergency organization structure 191

6.3 Emergency coordinates 192

12.1 Organizational chart 232



LIST OF ANNEXURE

Annexure Description

Appended at the end of

the report

E1 English Executive summary

E2 Kannada Executive summary

A HAZOP Studies and MSDS

B Copy of land records

C Environmental policy letter

1 Topo map of 15 Km radius

2 Project related drawings



APPENDIX I

(See paragraph – 6)

FORM 1 (I) Basic Information

Sl. No.

Item Details

1. Name of the project

“Sustainable Waste Management and Renewable Energy”

2. S. No. in the schedule 7 (i)

3. Proposed capacity/area/length/ tonnage to be handled/command area/lease area/ number of wells to be drilled

250 tons/day of food and organic waste

4. New/Expansion/Modernization New project

5. Existing capacity/area etc., 5 Acres (20,234 sq m)

6. Category of Project i.e ‗A‘ or ‗B‘ B1

7. Does it attract the general condition? If yes, please specify

No

8. Does it attract the specific condition? If yes, please specify

No

9. Location Bangalore.

Plot/Survey/Khatha No. Survey No. 85

Village Kannahalli

Tehsil Seegehalli Cross

District Bangalore North Taluk

State Karnataka

10. Nearest railway station/airport along with distance in Km

Bangalore City Railway Station 17.5 Km.

11. Nearest Town, city, District Headquarters along with distance in Km.

Bangalore City at about 13.27 Km.

12. Village Panchayats, Zilla Parishad, Municipal Corporation, Local body (complete postal addresses with telephone nos. to be given)

Kodegehalli Village Panchayat

13. Name of the applicant M/s. Noble Exchange Environment Solutions Bangalore Pvt. Ltd.,

14 Registered Address No.200, 4th Cross, 5th Main, ITI Layout, Mallathalli, Bangalore.

15 Address for correspondence:

Name K. S. Girish Kumar

Designation (Owner/Partner/CEO) General Manager – Operations

Address M/s. NobleExchange Environment Solutions Bangalore Pvt. Ltd. No.200, 4th Cross, 5th Main, ITI Layout, Mallathalli, Bangalore

Pin Code 560 056.

E-Mail [email protected]

Telephone No. +91 9845114494

Fax No. -

mailto:[email protected]



16 Details of Alternative Sites examined, if any. Location of these sites should be shown on a Topo sheet

Village-District-State 1. – NA 2. 3.

17 Interlinked Projects NA

18 Whether separate application of interlinked projects has been submitted?

NA

19 If yes, date of submission NA

20 If no, reason Proposed project is “Sustainable Waste Management and Renewable Energy”

21 Whether the proposal involves approval/clearance under: If yes, details of the same and their status to be given.

(a) The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980? (b) The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972? (c) The C.R.Z Notification, 1991?

NA

22 Whether there is any Government Order/Policy relevant/relating to the site?

Yes, documents attached

23 Forest land involved (hectares) No

24 Whether there is any litigation pending against the project and/or land in which the project is propose to be set up?

(a) Name of the Court (b) Case No. (c) Orders/directions of the Court, if any

and its relevance with the proposed project.

No

(II) Activity

1. Construction, operation or decommissioning of the Project involving actions, which will cause physical changes in the locality (topography, land use, changes in water bodies, etc.)

Sl. No.

Information/Checklist confirmation

Yes/No

Details thereof (with approximate quantities /rates, wherever possible) with source of information data

1.1 Permanent or temporary change in land use, land cover or topography including increase in intensity of land use (with respect to local land use plan)

No No Change in Land Use as the Proposed project site is located in a area designated for putting up solid waste management facilities as per CDP

1.2 Clearance of existing land, vegetation and buildings?

No Land is clear of vegetation and has no encumbrances.

1.3 Creation of new land uses?

No The site is earmarked for Solid Waste Management facilities.

1.4 Pre-construction investigations e.g. bore holes, soil testing?

No

1.5 Construction works?

Yes Proposed project envisages constructions works in respect of putting up Anearobic Digesters and other units related to process and



administrative buildings.

1.6 Demolition works? No Project site is vacant land and therefore demolition works are not anticipated.

1.7 Temporary sites used for construction works or housing of construction workers?

Yes Temporary labor camp and small go down will be constructed at site for labor stay and storage of materials.

1.8 Above ground buildings, structures or earthworks including linear structures, cut and fill or excavations.

Yes The construction involved is for partly above and partly below structures depending on the site conditions which includes earth work accordingly like buildings, vehicle rafts, poly house for manure drying and CBG and other platforms.

1.9 Underground works including mining or tunneling?

No No underground work is needed

1.10 Reclamation works?

No No reclamation work included

1.11 Dredging? No -

1.12 Offshore structures? No -

1.13 Production and manufacturing processes?

Yes Production of biogas and finally CBG and manure will be done at site.

1.14 Facilities for storage of goods or materials?

Yes Generated biogas will be stored in the above ground level gas tanks and the compressed biogas will be stored in CNG cylinders. The generated manure will be dried and disposed off there on.

1.15 Facilities for treatment or disposal of solid waste or liquid effluents?

No The nutrient rich water from the project will be given to farmers. The project produces CBG, organic manure and nutrient rich water, all of which will be sold.

1.16 Facilities for long term housing of operational workers?

No No residential housing is proposed for the project

1.17 New road, rail or sea traffic during construction or operation?

No The project is well connected from the city by public transport city buses and BMTC busses ply at regular frequency.

1.18 New road, rail, air waterborne or other transport infrastructure including new or altered routes and stations, ports, airports etc?

No -

1.19 Closure or diversion of existing transport routes or infrastructure leading to changes in traffic movements?

No -

1.20 New or diverted transmission lines or pipelines?

No -

1.21 Impoundment, damming, culverting, realignment or other changes to the hydrology of watercourses or aquifers?

No -



1.22 Stream crossings? Nil -

1.23 Abstraction or transfers of water form ground or surface waters?

No Ground Water abstraction through Bore well is planned

1.24 Changes in water bodies or the land surface affecting drainage or run-off?

No -

1.25 Transport of personnel or materials for construction, operation or decommissioning?

Yes Public transport which is already available will be used. Other commercial vehicles are being for construction purpose.

1.26 Long-term dismantling or decommissioning or restoration works?

No -

1.27 Ongoing activity during decommissioning which could have an impact on the environment?

No No Decommissioning activity is required

1.28 Influx of people to an area in either temporarily or permanently?

Yes Temporary construction labor and site engineers during construction and operational work force during operations of the plant (70-75 people during operation phase)

1.29 Introduction of alien species?

No -

1.30 Loss of native species or genetic diversity?

No -

1.31 Any other actions?

No -

2. Use of Natural resources for construction or operation of the Project (such as land, water, materials or energy, especially any resources

which are non-renewable or in short supply):

Sl.No.

Information/checklist confirmation

Yes/No

Details thereof (with approximate quantities /rates, wherever possible) with source of information data

2.1 Land especially undeveloped or agricultural land (ha)

No Non agricultural, non developed land.

2.2 Water (expected source & competing users) unit: KLD

Yes The water for the proposed project will be from Bore well Sources.

Total water requirement is about 10 KLD

2.3 Minerals (MT) No No minerals needed for operations or construction of the project.

2.4 Construction material – stone, aggregates, sand / soil (expected source – MT)

Yes Ready mix concrete needed during construction @ approximately 2500 m3 of M35 grade concrete. Ready mix concrete from various companies is available. Steel @ approximately 300 MT is needed during construction. Aggregates required for vehicle raft pitching required @ approximately 50 m3.



2.5 Forests and timber (source – MT) No NA

2.6 Energy including electricity and fuels (source, competing users) Unit: fuel (MT), energy (MW)

Yes Power Requirement: Construction phase: Temporary power from BESCOM to operate construction machinery and Lighting for workers shed. Operational phase: Anticipated power requirement from BESCOM.

1 X 350 kVA capacity DG sets is proposed, which will serve as backup power supply during power failure. Fuel Requirement: Low Sulphur content Diesel of 70 L/hr for each DG set.

2.7 Any other natural resources (use appropriate standard units)

No -

3. Use, storage, transport, handling or production of substances or materials, which could

be harmful to human health or the environment or raise concerns about actual or perceived risks to human health.

Sl. No.


Yes/No

Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data

3.1 Use of substances or materials, which are hazardous (as per MSIHC rules) to human health or the environment (flora, fauna, and water supplies)

No -

3.2 Changes in occurrence of disease or affect disease vectors (e.g. insect or water borne diseases)

No -

3.3 Affect the welfare of people e.g. by changing living conditions?

No -

3.4 Vulnerable groups of people who could be affected by the project e.g. hospital patients, children, the elderly etc.,

NIL -

3.5 Any other causes

NIL -

4. Production of solid wastes during construction or operation or decommissioning (MT/month)

Sl.No.


Yes/No


4.1 Spoil, overburden or mine wastes. No -

4.2 Municipal waste (domestic and or commercial wastes)

No 250 TPD of food waste from hotels will be processed to produce biogas and organic manure, thereby facilitates handling these wastes by municipal authority and produce value products through cleaner technology.

4.3 Hazardous wastes (as per Hazardous Waste Management Rules)

No -

4.4 Other industrial process wastes No -



4.5 Surplus product

Yes The separated plastics, metals, non organics and glass will be sold for recycling to the recyclers who will pick up the separated wastes form the site.

4.6 Sewage sludge or other sludge from effluent treatment

No No sludge is generated form the plant. The separated solids are used of and sold as organic manure.

4.7 Construction or demolition wastes No -

4.8 Redundant machinery or equipment NIL -

4.9 Contaminated soils or other materials NIL -

4.10 Agricultural wastes No -

4.11 Other solid wastes NIL -

5. Release of pollutants or any hazardous, toxic or noxious substances to air (Kg/hr) Sl. No.


Yes/No


5.1 Emissions from combustion of fossil fuels from stationary or mobile sources.

No No fossil fuels are used in the project.

5.2 Emissions from production processes NIL -

5.3 Emissions from materials handling including storage or transport

NIL -

5.4 Emissions from construction activities including plant and equipment

NIL -

5.5 Dust or odors from handling of materials including construction materials, sewage and waste

NIL No odour will be released as the technology used is anaerobic digestion and this takes care of all the generated waste which is then converted into biogas and organic manure.

5.6 Emissions from incineration of waste No NA

5.7 Emissions from burning of waste in open air (e.g. slash materials, construction debris)

No NA

5.8 Emissions from any other sources No NA

6. Generation of Noise and Vibration, and Emissions of Light and Heat: Sl. No.


Yes/No

Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data with source of information data

6.1 From operation of equipment e.g. engines, ventilation plant, crushers

NIL The anaerobic digestion is a microbiologically controlled process. Hence no noise, vibration, heat is released. Unless the generated gas is flared in emergency cases, no heat is released and the gas flare is as per the standard norms. All the machinery used for the project is under 75 DB noise levels.

6.2 From industrial or similar processes NIL -

6.3 From construction or demolition NIL -

6.4 From blasting or piling NIL -



6.5 From construction or operational Traffic.

NIL During construction: From movement of vehicles carrying constriction materials. During Operation: From movement of trucks carrying waste.

6.6 From lighting or cooling systems Nil -

6.7 From any other sources NIL -

7. Risks of contamination of land or water from releases of pollutants into the ground or into sewers, surface waters, groundwater, coastal waters or the sea:

Sl. No.


Yes/No


7.1 From handling, storage, use or spillage of hazardous materials

No No hazardous materials are accepted neither disposed on the site.

7.2 From discharge of sewage or other effluents to water or the land (expected mode and place of discharge)

No About 148 m3/day of excess nutrient rich water will be produced every day. The discharged water meets the irrigation discharge standards.

7.3 By deposition of pollutants emitted to air into the land or into water.

NIL -

7.4 From any other sources.

NIL -

7.5 Is there a risk of long term build up of pollutants in the environment from these sources?

NIL -

8. Risk of accidents during construction or operation of the Project, which could affect

human health or the environment Sl. No.


Yes/No

Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data.

8.1 From explosions, spillages, fires etc from storage, handling, use or production of hazardous substances

Yes All safety features are planned and will be executed as per the Petroleum & Explosives Safety organization (PESO) standards. The zone classification for gas up gradation area will be performed, wherever needed.

8.2 From any other causes No NA

8.3 Could the project be affected by natural disasters causing environmental damage (e.g. floods, earthquakes, landslides, cloudburst etc)?

No NA



9. Factors which should be considered (such as consequential development) which could lead to environmental effects or the potential for cumulative impacts with other existing or planned activities in the locality S. No.


Yes/No


9.1 Lead to development of supporting. utilities, ancillary development or

development stimulated by the project which could have impact on the environment e.g.: • Supporting infrastructure (roads, power supply, waste or waste water treatment, etc.)

• housing development • extractive industries • supply industries • other

Yes Yes No No No Yes

Net Positive Impact in terms of overall development of the Area is expected from the project. Direct & Indirect Employment opportunities are also created due to development of this project. The Proposed “Sustainable Waste Management and Renewable Energy” project involving solid waste processing (food wet waste generated from bulk generators)

9.2 Lead to after-use of the site, which could have an impact on the environment

NIL Carbon neutral gas will in fact save thousands of tons of CO2 emissions which are rampant due to the use of fossil fuels.

9.3 Set a precedent for later developments YES This project will set precedence for later multiple such projects coming up and hence will improve the urban waste management standards to make the city clean of organic de compostable waste.

9.4 Have cumulative effects due to proximity to other existing or planned projects with similar effects

Yes The area earmarked for the project is exclusively kept for solid waste management facilities and therefore cumulative effects are possible

(II) Environmental Sensitivity Sl.No. Areas Name/

Identity Aerial distance (within 15 km.) Proposed project location boundary

1 Areas protected under international conventions, national or local

NA



legislation for their ecological, landscape, cultural or other related value

2 Areas which are important or sensitive for ecological reasons - Wetlands, watercourses or other water bodies, coastal zone, biospheres, mountains, forests

Yes Kannahalli Lake water – 1.66 km from the project site (South – East)

3 Areas used by protected, important or sensitive species of flora or fauna for breeding, nesting, foraging, resting, over wintering, migration

NA

4 Inland, coastal, marine or underground waters

NA

5 State, National boundaries

NA

6 Routes or facilities used by the public for access to recreation or other tourist, pilgrim areas

NA

7 Defence installations NA

8 Densely populated or built-up area NA

9 Areas occupied by sensitive man-made land uses (hospitals, schools, places of worship, community facilities)

NA

10 Areas containing important, high quality or scarce resources (ground water resources, surface resources, forestry, agriculture, fisheries, tourism, minerals)

NA

11 Areas already subjected to pollution or environmental damage. (those where existing legal environmental standards are exceeded)

NA

12 Areas susceptible to natural hazard which could cause the project to present environmental problems (earthquakes, subsidence, landslides, erosion, flooding or extreme or adverse climatic conditions)

NA



―I hereby undertake that the data and information given in the application and enclosures are true to the best of my knowledge and belief and I am aware that if any part of the data and information submitted is found to be false or misleading at any stage, the project will be rejected and clearance, if any, given to the project will be revoked at our risk and cost. Date: 15-12-2014 Place: Bangalore

K.S. Girish Kumar, General Manager – Operations

For NobleExchange Environment Solutions Bangalore Private Limited (NEX),

Door No.200, 4th Cross, 5th Main, ITI Layout, Mallathalli,

Bangalore. Signature of the applicant

With Name and Full address (Project Proponent / Authorized Signatory)



HAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION:

M/s. NobleExchange Environment Solutions Bangalore Private Limited (NEX), having its

registered office at Door No.200, 4th Cross, 5th Main, ITI Layout, Mallathalli,

Bangalore, is proposes establishing ―Sustainable Waste Management and Renewable

Energy” Project. The project is for exclusively processing of waste organic food and

vegetable waste received from BBHA (Bruhat Bengaluru Hotels Association) or other

bulk generators such as vegetable markets, commercial malls, kalyan Mandapas,

modern retail stores, star hotels & restatuarnts, IT parks etc . The organic/

biodegradable waste would be collected from various hotels located in the jurisdiction

of BBMP (Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike) to produce biogas through

biomethanation plant.

2. PURPOSE OF STUDY

As per the amended EIA notification dated 14th September, 2006 the project falls

under Category 7 (i) under caption ―Common Municipal Solid Waste Management

Facility (CMSWMF)‖. The project comes under B1 category as per MoEF, Office

Memorandum No. J-13012/12/2013-IA-II (I) dated 24th December, 2013 and

necessitates Preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report.

Environmental Clearance is sought from State Level Environment Impact Assessment

Authority (SEIAA), Karnataka.

The broad scope of this EIA study includes detailed characterization of baseline

environmental parameters/attributes (Ambient air, Water, Soil, Noise) selected for

study in the area of 10 km radius from the project site. The EIA Report is prepared,

based on studies carried out during the months of October to November, 2014. The

following are the salient tasks within the scope:

To assess the existing status of air, noise, water, land, biological and socio-

economic components of environment.

To identify and quantify significant impacts of various operations on environmental

components during construction & operation phases.

To evaluate proposed pollution control measures.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY



To prepare Environmental Impact statement outlining additional control

technologies to be adopted for mitigation of adverse impacts on the environment

and the surroundings.

In addition to the above, the report would discuss about the model TOR.

3. METHOD OF STUDY

The study is carried out based on guidelines of MoEF and identifies the nature of

activities involved and their impacts caused on various environmental parameters. It

subsequently suggests mitigation measures to be executed for safeguarding against any

environmental degradation. Finally, it suggests methods of implementing

environmental management plan.

4. PROJECT LOCATION

The Proposed “Sustainable Waste Management and Renewable Energy” project

involving solid waste processing (food wet waste generated from bulk generators) is

located at Survey No. 85, Kannahalli Village, Yeshwanthpura Hobli, Seegehalli Cross,

Magadi Road, Bangalore – 560 091. The site is located towards West of Bangalore city,

next to the Seegehalli bus depot and has very good connectivity by public transport to

city.

The site is connected by Magadi Road which is a State Highway no. 85 and an internal

asphalt road from the Main road which is of 2 Km in length approximately. The site

location is around 17 km from Bangalore city terminal.

5. USE OF RESOURCES

The use of resources is appended in the table 1.0.



Table:-1.0 USE OF RESOURCES

6. PROJECT IMPORTANCE

The land in which the project site is located, is owned by Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara

Palike and is earmarked for the treatment of waste. The land was handed over by the

Urban development Ministry of Karnataka State by an agreement between BBMP-BBHA -

NEX. The land is free from any encumbrances and is compounded. Out of the total plot

area of 29 acres, the service provider NEX has been granted 5 acres for the project

development, with permissive use for 20 years. The land is fully compounded and there

are no villages/residential area/factories up-to 500 meters from the boundaries of the

plot.

The project aims to process biodegradable organic food waste and eventually extract

biogas, thereby, upholding the concept of Waste to Energy; as the landfilling of

biodegradable waste can pollute the environment and produce Green House Gases

(GHG) which contributes to climate change. Biodegradable waste management is

gaining importance to prevent or reduce any damage to the environment such as

pollution to surface water, ground water, soil and air by landfilling, as far as possible.

The biogas plant might have the potential to offer an alternative energy solution, and

in addition to target the challenges of a modern society in energy supply, waste control

and pollution reduction.

The biogas plant here has been designed based on Anaerobic Digestion (AD) and

Continuously Stirred Reactor Technology (CSTR).

Sl. No. Details

1 Project Sustainable Waste Management and

Renewable Energy Project (to set up biogas

plant of 250 TPD capacity)

2 Total Plot Area 20,234 sq m (5 acres)

3 Air Pollution/ Noise

Generation Source.

1 X 350 kVA capacity DG set is provided

with adequate stack and acoustics.

4 Water supply source Bore well

5 Total water

requirement.

10,000 Litres/day



7. ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION

BASELINE STATUS

Two months data has been collected during the months of October to November 2014

for environmental attributes like Air, Water, Soil, Noise, Ecology, Socio-economic etc.,

within a radius of 10 km to assess the baseline environmental status of the project

area. Secondary data from different Government, Semi-government and Private

agencies and sources are collected, interpreted, compiled and presented to

authenticate and draw a conclusion regarding the baseline status of the environment in

the study area.

AIR ENVIRONMENT

To evaluate the baseline status of the Ambient Air Quality, a short term survey was

conducted at site including Residential and Industrial area. Ambient air quality

standards – MoEF as per the notification dated 16th November 2009 for industrial,

residential and rural area were considered as standard. From the observations, it has

been concluded that the concentration of pollutants under consideration are well

within the specified limits of NAAQS for Industrial and Residential areas.

WATER ENVIRONMENT

Water samples (Surface / Ground water) were collected in the nearby areas and

analyzed for their Physico - Chemical characteristics to evaluate the existing status of

water quality and assess the impact of the project on water environment. It is observed

that the quality of water is within the acceptable limits and implementation of the

project will not have any significant impact.

NOISE ENVIRONMENT

Noise monitoring conducted around the site and other locations reveal that the noise

levels are within the prescribed limit specified by the statutory authorities for

industrial areas. Comparatively maximum noise levels observed at Seegehalli Bus Depot

and Channenahalli (77.9 & 76.1 dB) can be attributed to the movement of large

number of vehicles close to the monitoring station



FLORA AND FAUNA

Ecology of the study area includes study of flora and fauna within the study zone. The

investigation included field observations, discussions with local people, forest officials

etc., The flora found in the area includes commercial plantations like Beetle, Casurine,

Areca, Coconut, Neelgiri etc. apart from other botanical species found in the study area.

The fauna found in the region does not show much diversity, as there is no suitable

habitat for the occurrence of ecologically important fauna. Fauna observed in the region

include domestic animals, reptiles and birds.

8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Environmental management plan proposed for the Bio Gas plant during Construction

and Operation phase is as below.

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Construction phase works include site clearance, site formation, building works,

infrastructure provision and any other infrastructure activities. The impacts due to

construction activities are short term and are limited to the construction phase. The

impacts will be mainly on air quality, water quality, soil quality and socioeconomics.

During biogas plant execution phase, all precautionary measures are taken for

controlling emissions, soil erosion and noise reduction.

OPERATION PHASE

AIR EMISSIONS

The sources of air pollution in the project site is DG set only.

IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY

No adverse impact on air environment is envisaged due to the project, as adequate

measures are proposed to be adopted and the DG will be used only in case of power

supply failure from BESCOM. For DG, measures such as adequate stack height is

proposed and is provided with suitable acoustics; and hence no adverse impact is

envisaged on existing environment.



WASTEWATER

Total wastewater generated at the facility accounting for 269 KLD is treated in the

integral / in-house ETP that is being set up in the facility.

IMPACTS ON WATER ENVIRONMENT

No adverse impact on the water environment is envisaged as adequate treatment

facilities and disposal options are envisaged for the wastewater. Also, the potable

water for operators of biogas will be augmented through borewell, and no adverse

impact on the water balance of the area and changes in ground water level and its

characteristics is anticipated.

NOISE ENVIRONMENT

The main sources of noise shall be from equipments, machinery, pumps, blowers and

Diesel Generator sets.

IMPACTS ON NOISE LEVEL

The diesel generator sets should be provided with integral acoustic enclosure at the

manufacturing stage itself. The noise producing machinery is provided with acoustic

enclosures/acoustic rooms to reduce the noise levels. Workers working near noisy area

will be provided with ear plugs.

SOLID WASTE

The domestic solid waste generated during operation phase is segregated, collected

and treated in anaerobic digester within the plant. The slurry from digester is

separated with screw press and then flocculated to separate water, and is then sent to

poly house equipped with exhaust fans and also subjected to solar thermal drying,

allowing extraction of moisture and evaporating it. The produced sludge will be used as

manure that is found as suitable for agriculture / horticulture activity.



9. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE AND OPERATION PHASE

Sl. no.

Environmental components

Predicted impacts

Probable source of impact

Mitigation measures Remarks

A CONSTRUCTION PHASE:

1 Air emissions Minor negative impact.

• Land preparation and construction activity. • Vehicular traffic.

• Water spraying on roads in project site • Regular maintenance of vehicles

• No remarkable increase in dust emission and other air pollutants

2 Noise Minor negative

impact.

Heavy machineries and truck movement

• Construction work during day time only • Ear plugs to workers • Regular maintenance of machineries and trucks.

• Noise will be below stipulated standard

3 Water Quality

Minor negative

impact.

• Wastewater produced from labourers • Excavated material

• Treatment of wastewater There is no Labour colony will be provided, as the local employees will be engaged for construction period

4 Land Quality

Land preparation and construction activity

• Change in land use pattern • Overburden & construction waste may pollute soil

• Project site is open land allotted for waste management so no change in land use pattern • Reuse of construction waste in construction for backfilling

• Quantum of excavated soil. & construction waste will be small.

5 Ecology (Terrestrial and aquatic)

Minor negative

impact.

Land preparation for construction of plant

Construction work during day time only and vehicles will be maintained in good condition

Increase in noise will be very small



6 Socio- Economic

No adverse impact

- Direct and indirect employment opportunities Aesthetic and hygienic environment will be created.

Improvement in Socioeconomic status of local people. Solid waste problem of the city will be reduced

B OPERATION PHASE:

1 Ambient air quality

Minor negative impact.

Particulate and gaseous emissions from DG set.

Odor from the Anaerobic digester.

The emissions from DG will be let out through stack of heights 3 m AGL.

The anaerobic digester will be air tight with sealant and other inflating bags. The methane gas after generation will be stored in secured manure.

DG sets shall be used only during power failure. Occupationally during the venting and maintenance which is temporary.

2 Noise Minor negative impact near noise generation sources inside the premises.

Operation of Equipment (Pumps / Blowers)

Operation of DG set.

Acoustics will be provided for noise generating equipments of the plant

DG set will be provided with acoustic enclosure.

-

3 Water quality Positive impact is envisaged as the effluent will be treated to the on land discharge standards.

Nil NA as the treated effluent will be treated.

NA



10. POST-PROJECT MONITORING PLAN

A comprehensive monitoring program is suggested in below table

Table: - 2.0 monitoring schedule for environmental parameters

Sl.

No.

Particulars Monitoring

frequency

Duration of

monitoring

Important

parameters for

monitoring

I Air quality

a Ambient air monitoring

1. Project premises Once in a month 24 hourly sample RSPM, SPM, SO2,

NOx

2. Stack monitoring Once in a month Grab SPM, SO2, NOx,

HC, CO

II Water and wastewater quality

b Water quality

i. Groundwater at two

locations (up-gradient and

down-gradient)

Once in a month Grab As per KSPCB

requirements

c Wastewater quality

i. Wastewater Once in a month Grab As per KSPCB

requirements

III Soil quality

1. Within project premises at 1

location

Once in a year Composite

sample

As per KSPCB

requirements

2. Ecological preservation and up-

gradation

Seasonal Visual

observations

Survival rate

IV Noise monitoring

1. Project premises Once in a year Day and night As per KSPCB

requirements

V Hazardous waste monitoring

1. Hazardous waste

characterization

Annually Day and night As per KSPCB

requirements



11. CONCLUSION

The overall impact of the project is beneficial as the Wet organic

biodegradable food waste will be processed and value full product and by-

products will be extracted from the waste highlighting the concept of

‗Resource Recovery‘. Adopting this technique would help in diverting the waste

reaching landfill and open dumping of biodegradable waste; which abides by

the MSW Rule, 2000, that states biodegradable material should not be

deposited in the sanitary landfill. The project will help in total elimination of

costs to BBMP for pick-up, transportation and disposal of organic waste

resulting in net saving of over Rs. 27 Crores per year; with saving of over

Rs. 540 Crores over life span (20 years) of the project.

The impacts of air, noise, water, soil and biological environment are

insignificant and socio-economic impacts are predominantly positive. All the

relevant safety norms and precautionary measures would be incorporated in

the system. Results of analysis of water, air and soil samples revealed that the

proposed biogas plant will have no impact on the existing water, air and land

environment.



CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1. PURPOSE OF THE REPORT

Amendment of the Environmental Impact Notification No. S.O. 60 (E) dated

27.01.1994, issued by the MoEF, Govt. of India has made mandatory under

Schedule-I of EIA notification for 30 different activities to obtain NOC (No

Objection Certificate) from the State Pollution Control Board and

Environmental Clearance from the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF),

Govt. of India. This amendment to the EIA Notification is effective from

14.09.2006. It is in this context that all such activities need to prepare

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report and also appear before Public

Hearing to ascertain the response of Public for the project based on the

General and Specific conditions in the said notification.

M/s. NobleExchange Environment Solutions Bangalore Private Limited (NEX),

having its registered office at Door no. 200, 4th Cross, 5th Main, ITI Layout,

Mallathalli, Bangalore, is establishing the “Sustainable Waste Management

and Renewable Energy” Project, that is exclusively meant for processing of

organic food waste and vegetable waste received from BBHA (Bruhat Bengaluru

Hotels Association) or other bulk generators. The organic/ biodegradable waste

would be collected from various hotels located in the jurisdiction of BBMP

(Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike) to produce biogas through bio

methanation plant.



1.1 CATEGORY OF THE PROJECT

As per the amended EIA notification dated 14th September, 2006 the project

falls under Category 7 (i) under caption ―Common Municipal Solid Waste

Management Facility (CMSWMF)‖. The project falls under category B1 as per

MoEF, Office Memorandum No.J-13012/12/2013-IA-II (I) dated 24th December,

2013. The project comes under preview of General conditions of the

notification and will be appraised by State Environment Impact Assessment

Authority (SEIAA) and as per the guidelines; the proposed biogas project

necessitates preparation of EIA Report for obtaining clearance from the

concerned State Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC).

1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT AND PROJECT PROPONENT

1.2.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT PROPONENT


having registered office at Door No. 200, 4th Cross, 5th Main, ITI Layout,

Mallathalli, Bangalore is establishing a biogas plant of 250 TPD capacity for

processing the food waste and vegetable/fruit peels generated from those

hotels located in the jurisdiction of BBMP, Bangalore.

As per the letter written to BBMP by Urban Development Directorate dated 14-

08-2013, the Revenue Department has granted 29 acres of land under Survey

No.85, Kannahalli Village, Seegehali Cross, Magadi Road, Bangalore, to BBMP

with the entire plot earmarked for treatment of waste over a lease term of 30

years. Amongst this, 5 acres has been lend to BBHA for a term of 20 years for

permissive use only, for processing of wet waste, with the ownership held by

BBMP itself. Copy of land documents is appended as Annexure-B.

The Bruhat Bengaluru Hotels Association with a view of reducing air, water and

soil pollution and also with an intention to minimize the pollution load, the

Association with the assistance of service provider has initiated to equip



processing of wet organic food waste and extract bio methane. By the modern

technologies adopted to upgrade raw biogas, the quality of product is improved

by which the demand in market is increased. Establishment of biogas plant will

reduce the probable pollution load and reduce the odor nuisance to the nearby

residential developments due to windblown.

The plant will be designed to process 250 TPD of food waste and is expected to

generate about 25,135 cubic meters per day of biogas and 40 - 65 tons per day

of bio-fertilizer. Organic biodegradable waste for the plant would be made

available from those hotels & commercial establishments (Party Hall,

Choutries) in BBMP jurisdiction.

1.2.2 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

The land in which the project site is located is owned by Bruhat Bengaluru

Mahanagara Palike and is ear-marked for the treatment of waste. The land was

handed over by the Urban development Ministry of Karnataka State by a

concession agreement between BBMP – BBHA -NEX. The land is free from any

encumbrances and is compounded. Out of the total plot area of 29 acres, the

service provider NEX has been granted 5 acres for the project development, with

permissive use for 20 years. The land is fully compounded and there are no

villages/residential area/factories up to 500 meters from the boundaries of the

plot.

1.3 BRIEF DEESCRIPTION OF NATURE, SIZE, LOCATION OF THE

PROJECT AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE COUNTRY, REGION

1.3.1 NATURE, SIZE AND LOCATION OF THE PROJECT


having office at Door No.200, 4th Cross, 5th Main, ITI Layout, Mallathalli,

Bangalore, is establishing Biogas Plant of capacity 250 TPD for processing the

food waste generated from various hotels located in the jurisdiction of BBMP,



Bangalore. The NEX has obtained Authorization letter from KSPCB and further

submitted to get Consent for Establishment (CFE) from Karnataka State

Pollution Control Board that is being under consideration.

The biogas plant is located at Survey No.85, Kannahalli Village, Yeshwanthpura

Hobli, Seegehalli Cross, Magadi Road, Bangalore at a distance of around 17 km

from Bangalore city terminal. The co-ordinates of the plant - Latitude:

77°26'48.48" E; Longitude: 12°58'14.88" N and MSL: 962 m. Around 400 star

hotels and around 1400 BBHA Members are joined project/biogas plant as the

contributor of food waste. The location of biogas plant is as below in fig 1.1.

1. Yashwanthpur, West of Chord Road, Malleshwaram, Rajajinagar and Peenya

Industrial Area approximately 80-100 tones ( around 360 hotels, 150 Kalyana

Mantapas , 6 Malls and 300 Restaurants )

2. Gandhinagar, Corporation, MG Road, Residency Road surrounding areas

approximately 65-70 tones ( around 400 Hotels, 200 Restaurants, 3 Malls )

3. Race Course Road, Infantry Road, Shivajinagar, Ulsoor, Indiranagar, Old Airport

Road approximately 45-50 tones ( 150 Hotels, 60 restaurants, )

4. Bangalore South—Jayanagar, JP nagar, BTM layout, and surrounding

areasapproximately 40-50 tones. (1200 Hotes and Restaurants 130 Kalyana

Mantapas )

5. Part of Domlur, Koramangala, surrounding areas approximately 20-25

tones ( 120 Hotels, 175 restaurants and Malls )



1.3.2 PROJECT AT A GLANCE

Sl.No. Details

1 Project Sustainable Waste Management and

Renewable Energy Project setting up a biogas

plant of capacity 250 TPD.

2 Project developers M/s. NobleExchange Environment Solutions

Bangalore Private Limited (NEX), having office at

Door No.200, 4th Cross, 5th Main, ITI Layout,

Mallathalli, Bangalore – 560 056.

3 Location of the

site

Survey No.85, Kannahalli Village, Yeshwanthpura

Hobli, Seegehalli Cross, Magadi Road, Bangalore

– 560 007.

4 Constitution of

the Organization

Private limited company

5 Longitude

Latitude

MSL

77o 26` 48.48‖ E

12o 58` 14.88‖ N

962 m from sea level

6 Total plot area 20,234 sq m (5 acres)

7 Project cost Rs. 50,00,00,000

(Rupees Fifty Crores Only).

8s Air

pollution/Noise

pollution

1 X 350 kVA capacity DG set id provided with

adequate stack and acoustics.



FIG 1.1: SITE LOCATION MAP

1.3.3 NEED FOR THE PROJECT AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE

COUNTRY/REGION

The biogas plant project site is granted by BBMP to BBHA as a permissive use

for 20 years. The site selection for biogas plant is evident that the land is

earmarked for the treatment of waste and the establishment of biogas plant to

process organic food waste generated from hotels will help in processing of

waste and extract fuel which reduces pollution load on the environment. The

biogas plant has been designed based on anaerobic digestion and Continuous

stirred flow tank reactor technology for 250 TPD capacity.



The treatment of organic food waste generated through the city commercial /

Hotels units is the need of hour. Organic waste, specifically food waste has been

identified as the input for this project; the reason will be highlighted below.

Why Food waste?

Bio degradable waste is any waste that can be decomposed by the natural

processes and converted into the elemental form. Example: kitchen waste, food

waste, garden waste, animal dump, oil and grease, tissue paper, etc.

The land filling of waste, especially bio-degradable waste can pollute the

environment and produce greenhouse gasses (GHG) which contribute to climate

change. Bio-degradable waste management is to prevent or reduce as far as

possible, any damage to the environment caused by land filling such as pollution of

surface water, ground water, soil, air and the production of greenhouse gasses

that contribute to climate change. Food waste is one of the single largest

constituent of municipal solid waste stream.

Easily Biodegradable – Food waste is highly biodegradable and has a much higher

volatile solids destruction rate (86-90%) than bio solids. This means that even

though additional material is added to the digesters, the end residual will only

increase by a small amount.

Renewable Energy Generation – Arguably, the most important reason that food

waste should be anaerobically digested is for capturing the energy content. Unlike

bio solids and animal manures, post-consumer food scraps have had no means of

prior energy capture. In fact, in a study done by East Bay Municipal Utility District

it was revealed that food waste has upto three times as much energy potential as

bio solids.



Environment Benefits of Organic Waste Management:

The open dump sites and poorly managed waste facility is a potential

threat/hazard to the public health and environmental quality. Improper solid

waste management deteriorates public health, causes environmental pollution,

accelerates natural resources degradation, causes climate change and greatly

impacts the quality of life of citizens.

A large portion of solid waste is lost in landfill. Landfills are associated with a

variety of chemical hazardous emission (e.g., carbon dioxide methane and

hydrogen sulphide). In addition several of these compounds have been classified as

carcinogenic by IARC (e.g. benzene and metal fumes such as cadmium). Human

exposure to these hazards could occur via inhalation of polluted air ingestion of

water or, in the case of occupational exposure, skin contact with polluted air or

water. The World Health Organization (WHO) has suggested that any potential

exposure to landfill-associated hazards is probably limited to within 1 km from a

landfill for air pathways, and 2 km for water pathways.

There is some evidence that landfill can be a hazard for the health of landfill

workers and populations leaving near landfill sites. In particular, a cross-sectional

study revealed that landfill workers report a higher prevalence of work-related

dermatological, respiratory and auditory problems than control workers.

An integrated scientific waste management facility is the most viable solution to

alleviate the waste issue in the country. Each waste stream is treated scientifically

and environmentally friendly way to ensure the maximum energy recovery, which

would otherwise cause serious public health and environmental damage. The

benefits of scientifically managed waste treatment facility are highlighted below:

Creates Hygienic & Healthy Living Environment for the citizens- Flies breed in

some constituents of solid wastes, and flies are very effective vectors that spread

disease. Mosquitoes breed in blocked drains and in rainwater that is retained in



discarded cans, tire and other objects. Mosquitoes spread disease, including

malaria and dengue.

Improves the quality of land and soil- Land fill degrades the quality of land and soil

in the site. Presence of plastics and heavy metals in the soils make it unfit for

agriculture and emissions of methane and structural instability of the land make it

unfit for construction activities.

Avoids ground and surface water Contamination - Polluted water (leachate)

flowing from waste dumps and disposal sites can cause serious pollution of water

supplies, ponds and lakes. Chemical wastes (especially persistent organics) may be

fatal or have serious effects if ingested, inhaled or touched and can cause

widespread pollution of water supplies.

No air contamination due to gases, litter, dust & bad odor - The exposure to air-

borne bacteria is infectious. Toxic materials present in solid waste are

determinants for respiratory and dermatological problems, eye infections and low

life expectancy. The carbonaceous fractions and toxic elements like Cr, Pb, Zn,

etc., dominate the fine particle range.

Overcomes other problems due to Rodents, Pests, Fire, Bird menace, Slope failure,

Erosion etc. - The untreated waste (like abattoir waste) in the landfill attracts the

wild animals, which is contaminated and is not deemed right for the consumption.

Also, the straying wild animals are considered dangerous for the human habitats

staying in the vicinity.

Reduction in Greenhouse Gasses: MSW is the second largest anthropogenic

methane emitter and the largest greenhouse gas emitter. Methane is a

significantly more powerful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, with greater

potential for increasing global warming effects.

Better utilization of waste: Production of Energy (Heat & Electricity), the

replacement of conventional fuels can take a part load of the energy consumed by

various industries.



1.3.4 BIOGAS PLANT

A biogas plant is the name given to an anaerobic digester that treats farm

waste or energy crops or biodegradable wastes including sewage sludge and

food waste.

Benefits of Biogas plant

The production of an energy resource, biogas from the plant is a most

tangible benefit.

The biogas plant can be used at centralized as well as decentralized

level. Prominently, the construction and operation of biogas plants assists to

the decentralized power production which could be the main objective to

compromise with the energy commitments.

The biogas plant‘s feedstock materials are usually organic wastes (e.g.

animal manure, agro-industrial wastewater) which deteriorate the

environmental quality of the region where they are produced. The collection

and energy exploitation of these materials through anaerobic digestion, not

only provides significant amounts of green energy to the grid, but also

mitigates the pollution effects on the local ecosystems.

In context to environmental aspect:

production of clean energy from waste

reduced CO2 emissions of biogas in contrast to fossil fuels

recycling of previously unused energy resources

active environmental protection through energy-related recycling

waste recycling

production of high-quality, natural fertilizer

http://www.biomassenergy.gr/en/articles/technology/c160-energy/4829-generation-of-green-energy-by-waste-heat-in-a-biogas-plant

http://www.biomassenergy.gr/en/articles/technology/biogas/5-feedstock-selection



Reduction of dependence on fossil fuel lies with the energy economic

benefit associated with the biogas plant resulting in generation of renewable

and sustainable energy source.

Emission issues

methane reduction through elimination of digestible organic mass

odor nuisance reduction through digesting substrates

Biogas plant will contribute in reducing greenhouse pollutant emission

from unregulated dumpsites.

Nutrient reclamation by organic waste, i.e., the application of digester

slurry to unproductive soils would eventually improve the soil quality, or even

unfertile land could be reclaimed.

1.3.5 NECESSITY TO SETUP A BIOGAS PLANT

Whether, the rapid development of India‘s tremendous economy is following a

path of exclusive fossil energy based growth or is diverting towards a

sustainable integration of renewable energies into their energy consumption, is

a question of how fast renewable energy companies are developing alternative

concepts and how fast these concepts become technically, economically,

socially accepted. The Composition of municipal solid waste in India is shown in

fig.1.2.



FIG 1.2: COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIA

A major fraction of urban MSW in India is organic matter (51%)

Recyclables are 17.5% of the MSW and

The rest 31% is inert waste. The average calorific value of urban MSW is 7.3

MJ/kg (1,751 kCal/kg) and the average moisture content is 47%.

The landfilling of waste, especially bio-degradable waste can pollute the

environment and produce greenhouse gases (GHG) which contribute to climate

change. Biodegradable waste management is to prevent or reduce as far as

possible, any damage to the environment caused by landfilling such as pollution

of surface water, ground water, soil, air and the production of GHGs that

contribute to climate change. This also demands to extract biofuel,

incorporating waste to energy concept.

The biogas plant might have the potential to offer an alternative energy

solution, and in addition to target the challenges of a modern society in energy

supply, waste control and pollution reduction. In the following a short

assessment shall be undertaken to highlight the current status and future

developments of the biogas plant in India.



1.3.6 STATUS OF BIOGAS PLANTS IN INDIA

1.3.6.1 ALL INDIA SCENARIOS

In India, the key biomass feed-stocks available include rice husk-straw,

bagasse, sugarcane tops, leaves-trash, groundnut shells, cotton stalk, coconut

residues, mustard stalk and wastes from agricultural products. Possible feed

sources reported for biogas reactor available in India are shown in fig 1.3.

Different methods are used to improve biogas production and methane yield

such as use of additives with organic matter as substrate, slurry recycling,

operational parameter optimization for process, change in type of reactor and

other configuration of biofilm. Biogas is being generated form cattle dung and

kitchen waste since long but for highest yield the reactors are being optimized

not only in size and types but also the substrates are studied.

List of substrates used for biogas production are:

Biological additives

Powdered leaves of some plants and legumes

Agricultural residue

From grains and crops

From diary manure and algal biomass

Food, fruit and vegetable waste

Animal waste

Municipal waste

Cellulose containing substrates



FIG 1.3: POTENTIAL BIOGAS FEED SOURCES

Substrates are consumed anaerobically to produce biogas and residue can be

used as superior fertilizer which is nutrient rich and odorless. Indian biomass

power technology capacity demand is likely to be constrained by food security

and the issue of high power generation cost, compared to the cheaper cost of

generating electricity from coal. Therefore improve technologies for energy

generation from biomass in feasible cost and methane capture from anaerobic

wastewater treatment makes economic sense to follow the waste to energy

prospect. According to EPA, it is possible to produce electricity for as little as

$0.038 per kWh assuming a 20 years capital repayment scope. This can be

compared favorably to national electricity rates that range from $0.057 to

$0.228 per kWh.



1.3.6.2 LARGE SCALE BIOGAS PLANTS IN INDIA

In India, we have many small scale plants established across the nation in dairy

farms with cattle herd of 8-10 animals. It does not require much of an investment

or time for installation and generates energy, which could be directly used for

electricity generation or converted to bio-CNG or bio-methane, and then utilized

for purposes similar to that of compressed natural gas. ‗Bio-CNG‘ is combustible

biogas that is cleaned to the specifications of natural gas, while bio-methane is

biogas with higher concentrations of methane and little carbon dioxide.

The amount of combustible gas produced by small scale biogas plants is less than

40,000 cubic meters. Medium-scale biogas plants produce gas of around 40,000-

200,000 cubic meters. These plants mainly utilize raw material such as municipal,

industrial and agricultural waste. Industrial waste would be organic by products

from industries such as food, beverage or pharmaceutical. Some mid-scale plants

owned by Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) namely the Peshwe Park Project,

Yerwada project were set up in 2010 and now they have total 21 plants

collectively handling 163 Tons of organic waste per day. These are all organic

waste to electricity project.

Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) one of the leading IT Company has constructed

plant within their premises which is processing/treating organic waste obtained

from their canteen leading to production of 200 cubic meters of biogas every day.

MNC automobile company Volkswagen also have a portable biogas plant installed

within their premises, the plant treats/processes 500 kg of organic waste per day

to produce 40 cubic meters of biogas, which is then used to heat stoves kitchen

rather than power generation. However, direct conversion of biogas to energy is

under research till now with help of fuel cell. The current employed technique is

utilizing biogas as a fuel for combustion engines, which in turn power an electric

generator to produce electricity.



Large scale biogas plants are the ones where more than 2,00,000 cubic meters of

gas is produced. Here all kinds of organic materials are used for production. Since

a large amount of gas is generated, it is directly converted into electricity. The

largest biogas plant in India is in Satara district, Maharashtra. Here 25,000 cubic

meters of biogas is generated every day from 600 tons of sugarcane waste

obtained from sugar mills in the vicinity. Gas obtained is converted to compressed

biogas (CBG) and used as fuel. This plant uses an advanced Continuous Stirred

Tank Reactor for faster anaerobic process.

Another large biogas plant is made under the National Biogas & Manure Programme

by the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy. This plant produces nearly 9,36,000

cubic meters of biogas per day. They came up with technology of pre-fabricated

digesters to reduce the losses made by these plants. Further, the NBMMP project

supports 13 regional development and training centers to empower people with

the right knowledge for business in this area.

People are becoming aware and have begun to build such plants on small and large

scale in various parts of the country. City dwellers are yet to realize the immense

business opportunity of utilizing municipal or industrial waste for biogas

generation. There are many Indian firms who deal with the construction of biogas

plants such as Jain Irrigation System Ltd., Indian Biogas Association etc. If we

provide them with information about the source of material and amount, land

available, and money, these companies can build these plants on a turnkey basis,

planning an constructing the entire set-up.



FIG 1.4: POTENTIAL BIOGAS APPLICATIONS

1.3.6.3 STATE-WISE TARGETS AND ACHIEVEMENT

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has implemented a National

Biogas and Manure Management Programme (NBMMP) for setting up family type

biogas plants mainly in rural areas including remote villages.

Under the programme, a target of setting up 1.06 lakh biogas plants has been

fixed under NBMMP for the year 2013-14. State-wise targets and achievement

under national biogas and manure management programme during the year

2013-14 is shown below.

Potential Biogas Applications

Farm use

Electricity generation through electricity generator for farming applications

Fuel for irrigation pumps

Refrigeration systems (cold storage)

Municipal use

Savings in waste management activity

Biogas supply to household in way of “waste treatment to money”

Electricity generation which can be used for running waste and wastewater treatment plants

Household use

Direct burning use, cooking, room heating, water heating

Hot water boilers and process heating

Industrial use

Supply to canteen (savings on LPG)

Earning of carbon credits

Use in forced-air furnaces

Electricity generation for internal local requirement

As a vehicular fuel

Converting the biogas to compressed natural gas (CNG) for transportation



FIG 1.5: PROJECTION OF THE STATE-WISE TARGETS AND ACHIEVEMENT UNDER

NBMMP DURING 2013-14

Biogas is a very profitable option especially for the villages where traditional

sources of energy are hard to come by. The State-wise number of households

covered by family type biogas plants during each of the last three years is given

in below table 1.1.



TABLE 1.1: STATE-WISE LIST OF BIOGAS PLANTS INSTALLED DURING LAST THREE YEARS

Sl. No. Name of State/ UT Numbers of Family type Biogas Plants installed

2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

1 Andhra Pradesh 16275 15346 16153

2 Arunachal Pradesh 175 150 190

3 Assam 6732 6581 7397

4 Bihar 350 3285 300

5 Chhattisgarh 3832 4779 3933

6 Goa 18 65 58

7 Gujarat 6105 2631 5623

8 Haryana 1379 1819 1303

9 Himachal Pradesh 445 426 362

10 Jammu & Kashmir 114 136 294

11 Jharkhand 913 750 641

12 Karnataka 14464 12363 13485

13 Kerala 3941 3483 3991

14 Madhya Pradesh 16742 12415 11946

15 Maharashtra 21456 22220 19023

16 Meghalaya 1275 1390 670

17 Mizoram 100 100 500

18 Nagaland 1171 1325 750

19 Odisha 6050 7186 7002

20 Punjab 23700 14173 12127

21 Rajasthan 275 498 526

22 Sikkim 358 635 251

23 Tamilnadu 1493 1531 1321

24 Tripura 89 117 219

25 Uttar Pradesh 4603 4759 3923

26 Uttarakhand 2082 2114 1831

27 West Bengal 17000 19986 10522

28 Delhi/ New Delhi 1 1 0

29 KVIC, Mumbai * * *

Total 1,51,138 1,40,264 1,24,341

* Annual achievements of KVIC, Mumbai have been distributed among States.



1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY - DETAILS OF REGULATORY SCOPING CARRIED

OUT(AS PER TERMS OF REFERENCE)

The purpose of EIA/EMP is to critically analyze the environmental impacts due

to construction and operation of Sustainable Waste Management and

Renewable Energy project with respect to feed material transportation,

processing of waste, treatment and disposal of treated effluent, disposal of

sludge/slurry and mitigation measures to reduce the pollution and to delineate

an Environmental Management Plan along with recommendations and

suggestions. TORs have been considered for preparation of Environment Impact

Assessment studies for the project.

1.4.1 SCOPE OF STUDY

Preparation of EIA report complying with the TOR issued by the SEAC.

Collecting baseline data on different environmental parameters for the

period from October to November.

Impact assessment and suggestion of mitigation measures to minimize

the impacts.

Preparation of Environmental Management Plan and Environmental

Monitoring Plan

Primary and secondary data collection for preparing EIA/EMP report.

Submission and presentation of salient features of EIA/EMP report to the

SEAC for getting Environmental Clearance.



1.4.2 COMPONENTS OF EIA REPORT

Depending on nature, location and scale of the project, EIA report contains the

following components:

Air Environment

Noise Environment

Water Environment

Land Environment

Biological Environment

Land Environment

Socio-Economic and Health Environment

Environmental Monitoring Program

Environment Management Plan.

1.4.3 TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR)

Terms of references were specified to this project by State Level Expert Appraisal

Committee (SEAC), Karnataka during their 115th Meeting held on 11th& 12th August

is given below. The EIA studies were conducted based on these TOR and

accordingly the EIA report is prepared. The list of TOR and their compliances is

appended in the table 1.2 below.

Terms of Reference (TOR) for the biogas plant established for processing of

organic waste generated from various hotels & other commercial

establishments located in the jurisdiction of BBMP is tabulated below.



TABLE 1.2: TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR)

Sl.No. Description Details provided in the

chapter/section

1 Executive summary of the project Executive summary of the

project is appended in the EIA

report (Page no. 1 to 10).

2 Justification of the project Justification/need for the

project is detailed in chapter-1

under section 1.3.3

3 Promoters and their background Project proponent details are

appended in Chapter-1 under

section 1.2.1

4 Regulatory framework Detailed regulatory framework

is appended in the Chapter -2,

Section 2.15

5 Project location and plant layout The location of project and

layout plan is detailed in

Chapter-2, Fig 2.6.

6 Infrastructure facilities including

power sources

Detailed in Chapter -2, section

2.17.

7 Total cost of the project along

with realistic estimates and cost

for environment protection

measures.

Projected cost of the project is

detailed in chapter-2 under

section 2.4

8 Project site location along with

site map of 10 km area and site

details providing various

industries, surface water bodies,

forests etc.

Topo map indicating project

site location with15 km radius

is appended as annexure - 2

9 Present land use based on

satellite imagery for the study

area of 10 km radius. Location of

National Park/Wild life

Sanctuary/Reserve forest within

10 km radius of the project.

Google Map Covering 10 Km

Aerial Distance From The

Project Site is appended in

chapter 3 fig:- 3.15 and land

use map of the project site is in

fig :- 3.16



10 Site-specific micro-meteorological

data using temperature, relative

humidity, hourly wind speed and

direction and rainfall is necessary.

Details appended in chapter-3

under section 3.2

11 Details of the total land and

break-up of the land use for green

belt and other uses.

Detailed in table 2.4 and fig :-

2.5.1

12 List of products along with the

production capacities

Detailed in Chapter – 2, section

2.7

13 List of raw material required and

source.

Detail is appended in chapter-2

table 2.6.

14 Manufacturing process details

along with the chemical reactions

Technology and process

description is detailed under

section 2.7 & 2.8 in chapter-2.

15 Design details of ETP & digesters Design details of anaerobic

digester tank and ETP is

detailed under section 2.8 &

2.16.3.1 in chapter-2.

16 Details of water and air pollution

and its mitigation plan

Mitigation measures for air

pollution is addressed in section

2.17 of chapter-2.

17 Ambient air quality at 6 locations

for within the study area of 10

km, aerial coverage from project

site. Location of one AAQMS in

downwind direction. The NAAQ

standards issued on 16.11.2009 by

MoEF shall be followed.

Ambient air quality monitoring

and the sampling station details

are addressed under section

3.2.2.1 of chapter-3.

18 Ambient air quality modeling for

plant.

The only air pollution source

from the project is from DG set

and therefore since there are

no other sources of air pollution

ambient air quality modeling is

not envisaged..

19 One season (non-monsoon) data

for air, water and noise

monitoring.

Details are appended under

section 3.2.2 of chapter-3.



20 Details regarding existing status of

plant with respect to existing

stacks emission data.

The project is fresh proposal as

the existing stacks emission

data is not required.

21 An action plan to control and

monitor secondary fugitive

emissions as per CPCB norms and

their control

Detailed in chapter – 4.

22 Determination of atmospheric

inversion level at the project site

and assessment of ground level

concentration of pollutants from

the stack emission based on site-

specific meteorological features

The air pollution source from

the project is DG set since

dispersion studies and modeling

of gaseous pollutants is not

contemplated

23 Permission for the drawl of ground

water from the CGWA. Water

balance cycle data including

quantity of effluent generated,

recycled, reused and discharged.

Application is submitted to

Karnataka Ground water

Authority and quantity of

effluent generated, recycled,

reused and discharged is

detailed in Chapter – 2, section

2.16.

24 Ground water monitoring

minimum at 6 locations should be

carried out. Geological features

and geo-hydrological status of the

study area and ecological

status(Terrestrial and Aquatic)

Surface and ground water

quality detail is affixed under

section 3.2.2.3 of Chapter-3.

25 The details of solid and hazardous

wastes generation, storage,

utilization and disposal

particularly related to the

hazardous waste.

Details of solid waste is

addressed under section 2.17.4

of Chapter-2.

26 Risk assessment for storage and

handling of chemicals/solvents

including engineered systems and

HAZOP study

Risk assessment is detailed in

section 7.2 of Chapter -7.and

HAZOP study for methane is

detailed in Annexure- A

27 Occupational health of the

workers should be incorporated

Occupational health detail is

briefed under section 7.4.13 of

Chapter-7.



28 Scheme for rainwater harvesting Rain water harvesting plan will be implemented to collect, and store rainwater to replenish the underground water. The rainwater thus collected can be used for irrigation and greenery development in the premises. This water can also be used to supplement the fresh water requirement in the plant.

29 Socio-economic development

activities should be in place

Detailed in Chapter-3 of section

3.2.2.6

30 Note on compliance to the

recommendations mentioned in

the CREP guidelines

The proposed project is for

concept of food waste to

energy thereby fulfills the

primary responsibility of

environmental protection

through scientific processing of

solid waste and resources

recovery.

31 Detailed Environment

Management Plan (EMP) with

specific reference to details of air

pollution control system, water

and wastewater management,

monitoring frequency,

responsibility and time bound

implementation for mitigation

measure should be provided.

EMP is detailed in chapter-10

32 EMP should include the concept of

waste-minimization,

recycle/reuse/recover

techniques, Energy conservation

and natural resource

conservation.

Detailed in Section 4.2, Chapter

4

33 Any litigation pending against the

project and/or any

direction/order passed by any

court of law against the project,

if so, details thereof.

None



34 Action plan for developing green

belt in 33% of the plot area

Detailed in detailed in section

2.6.1 and fig: - 2.6 of

Chapter – 2.

35 Additional Corporate

Environmental Responsibility

i) a) Does the company

have a well laid down

Environment Policy

approved by its Board of

Directors? If so, it may

be detailed in the EIA

report.

b) Does the Environment

Policy prescribe for

standard operation

process/procedures to

bring into focus any

infringement/deviation/

violation of the

environmental or forest

norms/conditions? If so,

it may be detailed in

the EIA.

ii) What is the hierarchical

system or

Administrative order of

the company to deal

with environmental

issues and for ensuring

compliance with the

Environmental

Clearance conditions

details of this system

may be given.

iii) Does the company have

a system of reporting of

non-

compliances/violations

Environment Policy approved by

its Board of Directors is

appended as annexure -C.

Detailed in section 10.5.1 of

Chapter -10.

The reporting of non-

compliance to the top

management (Board of

Directors of the company



of environmental norms

to the Board of

Directors of the

company and/or

shareholders or

stakeholders at large?

This reporting

mechanism should be

detailed in the EIA

report.

and/or shareholders or

stakeholders) will be through

lower management, Middle

management of the project.

36 Corporate Social Responsibility

related to Environmental issues.

The very establishment of the

project is to ensure

environmental protection

through concept of waste to

energy which will ensure waste

minimization in scientific

manner and resource recovery.

As a Social corporate

Responsibility related to

Environmental issues the

project will develop and

implementation effective

environmental management

plan details are appended in

Chapter – 4.

37 Additional TOR prescribed by the

State Expert Appraisal Committee

(SEAC), Karnataka

a) Quantification of food

waste for the proposed

project

a) Biogas plant of 250 TPD

capacity for processing

the food waste and

vegetable/fruit peels

generated from those

hotels.



b) Mode of transportation

indicating routes/area, of

the food waste

c) Mitigation measures for

odor management

d) Process description and

contingency plan in case of

breakdown of digesters

e) HAZOP studies to be

conducted

f) Risk assessment

management

g) Monitoring of gases in the

plant.

h) Salt percentage from the

manure generated to be

ascertained

i) Study on occupational

hazards

j) Effluent management

b) Detailed in chapter 2,

section 2.7.2.

c) Detailed in chapter -4,

section - 4.2.1.5.2.

d) Process description is

detailed in chapter 2,

section 2.7.

e) HAZOP studies is

appended in annexure –A

f) Risk assessment is

detailed in section 7.2 of

Chapter -7.

g) Gas detectors with alarm

system will be installed

in strategic locations to

detect any fugitive

emission or leakage of

methane etc.

h) Salt percentage from the

manure generated is

detailed in section

2.10.2 of Chapter – 2.

i) Occupational health

detail is briefed under

section 7.4.13 of

Chapter-7.

j) Effluent treatment and

its management is

appended in section

2.16.3 of Chapter -3.



k) Exploring the possibility of

converting carbon dioxide

generated into liquefied

carbon and carbon fuel.

l) Mechanism to replace solid

waste (molecules) from

plant.

k) The possibility of

converting CO2

generation from LPG and

Carbon fuel will be

explored through

intensive research in due

course.

l) Molecular sieves disposal

– the biogas up-gradation

process uses molecular

sieves for absorption of

CO2. Generally these are

generally zeolite based

alumina silica sieves. The

life of these sieves is

between 6 – 8 years after

which they need to be

replaced. Total of 230

Kg‘s of sieves will be

used for scrubbing the

biogas. Since the sieves

will be used at a very

low operating pressure,

the life span is large.

The disposal of the

replaced sieves will be in

accordance to Hazardous

Waste Disposal rules

India 2003. The

aluminosilicate sieves

will be given to suitable

approved treatment

facilities for disposal.



m) Scheme proposed to make

entire storage and

operational area to be

impervious.

n) PP to study and propose the

plan for development of

green belt around the

project area with native

species of fruit yielding,

shade bearing, trees,

shrubs etc.

m) Impervious lining will be

provided to such areas

where raw waste will be

handled to ensure that

there is no spills to

release out.

n) During operational phase

more than 33% of the

plant area will become

green under

landscape/land cover

and planting native

species of fruit yielding,

shade bearing, tress

shrubs etc., detailed in

section 2.6.1 of

Chapter – 2.

1.4.4 GENERIC STRUCTURE OF EIA DOCUMENT

This EIA report presents the existing baseline scenario and the assessment and

evaluation of the environmental impacts that may rise during the construction

and operational phases of the project. This report also highlights the

Environmental Monitoring Program during the construction and operation

phases of the project and the post project monitoring program. In terms of the

EIA Notification of the MoEF dated 14th September 2006 as amended Dec.

2009, the generic structure of the EIA document will be as under:



TABLE: 1.3 GENERIC STRUCTURE OF EIA DOCUMENT

SL. NO. CHAPTERS NAME DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Introductory information is presented in this

Chapter. The introduction provides a

Background to the project and describes the

objective of this document. This Chapter also

includes the outline of the project and its

proponent. The purpose and organization of the

report is also presented in this chapter.

CHAPTER 2:

PROJECT

DESCRIPTION

This Chapter includes Project Description and

Infrastructure Facilities delineating all industrial

and environmental aspect of M/s. Noble Exchange

Environment Solutions Bangalore Private Limited

(NEX) Construction and operation phase activities

as well as process details of proposed scenario.

This Chapter gives information about storage and

handling, water and wastewater quantitative

details, air pollution and control system, sludge

storage facility, utilities, greenbelt and safety

measures for proposed plant.

CHAPTER 3:

DESCRIPTION OF

THE ENVIRONMENT

This Chapter provides Baseline Environmental

Status of Environmental components

(Primary data) delineating meteorological details

of the project site and surrounding area.

CHAPTER 4: ANTICIPATED

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS &

MITIGATION

MEASURES

This Chapter presents the analysis of impacts on

the environmental and social aspects of the

project as a result of establishment of plan and

thereby suggesting the mitigation measures.

CHAPTER 5:

ANALYSIS OF

ALTERNATIVES

This chapter includes the justification for the

selection of the project site from Environmental

point of view as well as from economic point of

view so that the technology will be affordable to

the member units of the industrial area.

CHAPTER 6:

ENVIRONMENTAL

MONITORING

PLAN

This chapter will include the technical aspects of

monitoring, the effectiveness of mitigation

measures which will include the measurement

methodologies, frequency, location, data

analysis, reporting schedules etc.,



CHAPTER 7: ADDITIONAL

STUDIES

This chapter will detail about the Public

Consultation sought regarding the project. It will

also identify the risks of the Project in relation to

the general public and the surrounding

environment during construction and operation of

the project and thereby presents Disaster

Management Plan.

CHAPTER 8

& 9:

PROJECT BENEFITS

&

ENVIRONMENTAL

COST BENEFIT

ANALYSIS

The realization of the project activity is envisaged

to impart benefits to the areas in concern. This

Chapter will identify the benefits from the

project and summarize them.

CHAPTER 10: ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT

PLAN

It is the key Chapter of the report and presents the mitigation plan, covers the institutional and monitoring requirements to implement environmental mitigation measures and to assess their adequacy during project implementation.

CHAPTER 11: SUMMARY AND

CONCLUSION

This chapter summarizes the information given in

Chapters in this EIA/EMP report and the

conclusion based on the environmental study,

impact identification, mitigation measures and

the environmental management plan.

Names of consultants engaged in the preparation

of the EIA/EMP report along with their brief

resume and nature of Consultancy rendered are

included in this chapter



CHAPTER 2

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 TYPE OF PROJECT

The proposed project is a biogas plant of capacity 250 TPD being established

for processing of the organic wastes comprising mainly wet food waste,

vegetable/fruit peels & other organic waste generated from bulk generators

like hotels & restaurants, commercial malls, IT parks and choultries etc.

located within the BBMP limits.

The project is proposed at Survey No.85, Kannahalli Village, Yeshwanthpura

Hobli, Seegehalli Cross, Magadi Road, Bangalore.

2.2 NEED FOR THE PROJECT

The site selection for the setting up of biogas plant is evident that the total 29

acres plot owned by BBMP is already earmarked for treatment of waste and the

project site is located in the middle of this plot. The establishment of biogas

plant will help in recovery of the organic food waste to extract biogas, thereby

diverting the waste reaching landfill; in turn influencing on reduced GHG

emissions and reducing the pollution load on environment. The project

emphasizes on resource recovery and waste to energy concepts of waste

management. There are 400 numbers of hotels who have joined to contribute

the feed material to the plant. The member units will send the generated food

waste to the facility via specially designed drip free trucks meant for the

transportation of this feed material. The biogas plant has been designed based



on anaerobic digestion (AD) and continuously stirred reactor (CSTR) technology

for a capacity of 250 TPD.

Discussion about need of the project is detailed in Chapter -1 section 1.3.3

2.2.1 LOCATION (MAPS SHOWING GENERAL LOCATION, SPECIFIC

LOCATION, PROJECT BOUNDARY & PROJECT SITE LAYOUT)

The Proposed ―Sustainable Waste Management and Renewable Energy‖ project

involving solid waste processing (food wet waste generated from bulk

generators) is located at Survey No. 85, Kannahalli Village, Yeshwanthpura

Hobli, Seegehalli Cross, Magadi Road, Bangalore – 560 091.

The site is located towards West of Bangalore city off Magadi Road next to the

Seegehalli bus depot and has very good connectivity by public transport to city.

Location map, photographs showing site views, Google image is appended in

the subsequent sections.

2.3 SITE SELECTION

The site is selected on the basis of the CDP map where in the proposed location for

the project is comes under the area earmarked for Solid Waste Management

facilities.

The proposed project site is at a distance of about 17 km (aerial distance) from

Bangalore City railway station at Latitude- 12o 58` 14.88‖ N. Longitude- 77o 26`

48.48‖ E with 962 m above MSL. Expected water, power requirement & other

utilities are available around the site. The location map showing the project

location, CDP map, Top[o map, site photos and Google map is shown in

fig 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 & 2.5.



FIG 2.1: LOCATION MAP SHOWING THE PROJECT LOCATION



FIG 2.2: CDP MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE PROJECT AND

PROPOSED LANUSE

Sources: - BDA Revised Master Plan 2014

Scale:-1/10,000

CDP map with Index is appended as annexure – 2.



FIG 2.3: TOPO MAP

Sources: - Survey of India

Scale: 1: 50,000

PROJECT SITE



FIG 2.4: SITE PHOTOS



FIG 2.5: GOOGLE MAP SHOWING PROJECT SITE BOUNDARY

Note:-

Longitude: - 12o58'14.88" N

Latitude :- 77o26'48.48" E

MSL :- 962 m



2.4 SIZE OR MAGNITITUDE OF OPERATION

The biogas plant proposed is sized to handle and process 250 TPD capacity of food

waste and is the largest capacity plant at present in India to handle food wastes

The total capital investment on the project is Rs. 50,00,00,000/- (Rupees Fifty Crores

only).The breakup of the cost on the project is as detailed in the below table 2.1

Table 2.1: Projected cost of the project

Sl. No. Details Cost in Crores

1 Infrastructure cost 8.4

2 Plant & Machinery 32.9

3 Design & Project Implementation/ Contingency 5.5

4 Preliminary expenses 3.2

Total plant cost 50.00

2.5 PROPOSED SCHEDULE FOR APPROVAL AND IMPLEMENTATION

The time schedule for completion of the proposed project is given in the

following table 2.2.

Table 2.2:- Time schedule for completion of the proposed project

Particulars Time schedule

Approval Janaury, 2015

Civil works December, 2014

Erection & installation of machinery December, 2014

Completion Janaury, 2015



2.5.1 STATUTORY LICENSES / APPROVALS

Table 2.3 Statutory Licenses/Approvals

Sl.

No.

Statutory licenses / approvals Status

Karnataka State Pollution Control Board Obtained

State Environment Impact Assessment Authority Under process.

BESCOM Applied

PESO ―Consent to Establish‖ obtained

KGWA Application submitted

2.6 PROPOSED LAYOUT PLAN

The land is owned by Bruhat Bangalore Municipal Corporation and is ear marked for

the treatment of waste. The land was handed over by the Urban development

Ministry Govt. of Karnataka State by a concession agreement between BBHA, NEX and

BBMP. The land is free from any encumbrances and is compounded. Out of the total

plot area of 29 acres, NEX has been granted 5 acres for the project development.

The land is fully compounded and there are no villages/residential area/factories up

to 500 meters from the boundaries of the plot.

Activity wise breakup of the plot area is shown in the following table 2.4

TABLE 2.4: LAND-USE PATTERN

Sl.

No.

Particulars Area (SQM) In Percentage

(%)

1 Total plot area 20,101 100

2 Ground coverage area 6,523 32.45

3 Hard paved area including roads 6,177 30.72

4 Landscape/Green-belt area 7,401 36.82



FIG 2.5.1:- LAND USE PATTERN PIE CHART

2.6.1 LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT

During operational phase more than 33% of the plant area will become green

under landscape/land cover and planting native species of fruit yielding, shade

bearing, tress shrubs etc., is appended in the table 2.42 and action plan for developing

green belt is detailed in table 2.4.1.

TABLE 2.4.1: ACTION PLAN FOR DEVELOPING GREEN BELT

Sl. No. Description Action plan

1 Commencement of the project. Landscape planning and

developing

2 Parallel to commencement of the

project.

Plating of sampling, seedlings and

mulching’s etc.,

3 During the course of operation of

the plant.

Full scale of development of

landscape and its maintenance.



TABLE 2.4.2:- LIST OF FLOWER BEARING TREES

Sl. No. Flower bearing Tree names

1 Jasmine Sampige

2 Rose

3 Hibiscus

4 Mallige

5 Kaadusampige

LIST OF FRUIT BEARING TREES

Sl. No. Tree name

1 Guava

2 Mango

3 Sapota

4 Pomegranate

5 Jack fruit

6 Banana

7 Nallis

8 Jambul (Nerale)

9 Papaya

Layout Plan of the project with location of different entities are shown in the

below fig 2.6



FIG 2.6:- BIRDS EYE OF THE PROJECT

The sizes of the units is detailed in the table 2.5

TABLE 2.5: UNIT SIZES

Sl. No. Description Size

1 Digester tanks 32m dia x 8.5 m height

2 Hydrolisation and manure tanks 9 m dia x 9 m height

3 Feed buffer tanks 6m dia x 3.5 m height

4 Fire hydrant tank 400 m3

5 Waste segregation room 1141 m2

6 Pumping platforms 60 m2

7 CBG platform 840 m2

8 Polyhouse foundation 2034 m2



2.7 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS AND TREATMENT

The basic design assumptions of the proposed process involves critical examination

of its ability to operate within an expected range of waste characteristics

(quantity, composition) and an assessment of biogas potential and its utilization,

wastewater discharge and outlets for digested residue (or any products there

from). The basic technical assumptions used in this case are summarized below:

i) A continuous operation for food waste is represented by 365 days in a

year.

ii) Composition of waste brought into the site as feeder include 250 TPD

food waste and 3 TPD cattle dung.

iii) The waste, after processing would generate 83.5 m3 of biogas per ton.

The quantity of solid rejects to be disposed amounts to about 10% of

incoming waste.

iv) Methane content in biogas is 65% and the rest is carbon dioxide which is

further upgraded to improvise CH4 content accounting to greater than

92%.

v) Waste itself has enough water required for shredding/crushing; the daily

water required is for washing and cleaning which accounts for 2-3

m3/day.

The total quantity of waste that will be received to the site is provided in

Table 2.6 and List of the hotels contributing food waste to biogas plant is

shown in table 2.7.



Table 2.6: Details of the average Cattle dung and non-woody biomass feed-

materials available for the Plant

Sl. No.

Description/ Feed materials

Availability

Tones per day Tones per year

1 Hotel wet waste

(Vegetable waste, Kitchen

Waste precooked and post

cooked food waste, oil garden

waste, Abattoir waste.

250

91,250

2 Cattle dung 3 1095

Total 253 92,345

Table 2.7: List of the areas contributing food waste to biogas plant with quantities

Sl.

No.

Location of the hotels Capacity

(TPD)

1 Yashwanthpur, West of Chord Road, Malleshwaram,

Rajajinagar and Peenya Industrial Area

80-90

2 Gandhinagar, Corporation, MG Road, Residency Road

surrounding areas

45-50

3 Race Course Road, Infantry Road, Shivajinagar, Ulsoor,

Indiranagar, Old Airport Road

35-45

4 Bangalore South—Jayanagar, JP nagar, BTM layout, and

surrounding areas

35-40

5 Part of Domlur, Koramangala, surrounding areas 20-25



2.7.1 PRESENT STATUS

Those hotels located within the jurisdiction of BBMP and sending the

generated food waste to the proposed project facility are listed below.

Fig 2.7 is showing the food waste generated at the hotels.

Fig 2.7: Food waste generated at the hotels



2.7.2 COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE

Route map of collection of waste from the hotel is appended in the below fig 2.7.1

Project Site

Indicating hotels located zone



2.7.3 MODE OF TRANSPORTATION

Food and kitchen waste will be transported to the site via compacting trucks which

ensure all leachate is collected in the tank situated underneath the truck. The

collected leachate is pumped to the biogas system.

2.7.4 MODE OF TRANSPORTATION OF FOOD WASTE

Those hotels/restaurants/kitchens from which the NEX collects organic waste is

referred to as ―off load points‖. Each hotel is given a bin/s for disposal of the

organic wastes in a segregated form. These bins are essentially kept on an auto

weighing platform called the ―Off-loader‖ with load cells measuring the weight of

each load at every hotel/restaurant (off-loaders of varying capacity:

240L/660L/1100L). The off-loader also communicates with the central processing

unit at the site, via GSM, the load at each off load point. This reads the weight of

each site and informs the system whether the waste bin is full in capacity at that

particular site. The information is processed and each truck/tipper is hence

instructed to pick up the waste from that particular off load point. The

trucks/tippers perform various load duties and will be designed in the off load

points and the feasibility of maneuvering the same through narrow lanes and

roads.

All sizes of bins will have an auto loading arrangement. The brief management of

the garbage collection system is such where the load at every off load point is

recorded and the due receipt is handed over to the member with an

acknowledgement of the record of the weight. The waste is then loaded on to the

trucks and the bins are replaced on the off-loaders for the next day‘s collection.

The waste is again weighed at the receiving site to ensure there is no pilferage.

The trucks/tippers will be of international standard and will ensure that no waste

is compressed while being transported as compression results into loss of water in

the waste and hence will not be advisable for anaerobic digestion. This also

ensures that there is no leachate or dripping from the trucks. The trucks will be



regularly maintained at a workshop for vehicle maintenance at the site. The trucks

will be received at the site and directed to a weighing bridge where the weight for

the truck is recorded and verified as against the data received from the truck. The

image of bin/s given to each hotel for disposal of organic wastes in segregated

form is shown in fig 2.8.

Fig 2.8: Bin/s given to each hotel for disposal of organic wastes in

segregated form

Total trucks needed for collection of waste – 20 Nos.

Trucks selected for collection of waste are 16 ton chassis body of Ashok Leyland

with compactor type design. The trucks will collect the waste but the compression

plate will not compact it in order to avoid any loss of moisture out of waste.

However, the compactor plate will be used to push the waste into waste receiving

hoppers at project site. Each truck has a capacity to carry 8 tons of waste and the

selected models have a power steering to ensure maneuverability in lanes and

roads. Waste will be collected in 2 shifts @ 150 tons each. Trucks will have weight

recording load cells for pick-up of waste bins and a printer to assign a copy of

quantity of waste collected from each bulk waste generator. A receipt of which

can be printed in the collection phase.



2.8 TECHNOLOGY USED FOR THE TREATMENT

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the prominent technology used for degradation of

biodegradable organic waste; employing Continuously Stirred Reactors (CSR).

2.8.1 PROCESS INVOLVED

2.8.1.1 PRE-TREATMENT:-

Vehicles or trucks are transporting organic waste into the waste inward and

segregation area, where the organic matter is manually separated from in-organic

material on automatic running conveyor belt system. Only organic substrates can

be used for the production of biogas. Here the waste load is rechecked thereby

tallying with the collection load at the off load points and ensuring a pilferage free

management.

2.8.1.2 FEED PROCESSING:-

The segregated biodegradable Organic waste is crushed and converted into slurry

along with re-circulate from the main digestion process and fed to the feed Buffer

Tanks. The crushing process is implemented prior to the anaerobic digestion in

order to increase the surface area and to promote an accelerated degradation of

the organic matters. The waste is then hygenised to bring it to the world standards

of treating the waste. This ensures that the pathogens are killed as well adds to a

zero odor of the waste.

2.8.1.3 DIGESTION:-

The biological degradation of the substrates takes place in the first and second

stage digesters. Under anaerobic conditions, a temperature of 40.0°C and a

continuous mixing, biogas is being produced by the conversion of the dissolved

organic matters. The process is basically a bacterial decomposition of wet organic

matters, comprising of the hydrolysis of insoluble biodegradable organic food

matters, the acidiogenesis forming acids from smaller soluble organic molecules

and the methanogenesis, where biogas is produced.



The digesters are insulated with expanded polystyrene and covered with coated

sheets from outside. This is to avoid heat losses and overheating due to external

conditions.

A. PRIMARY DIGESTERS –The primary digester accepts the crushed waste mixed

with re-circulated slurry to convert the same into acids, basically final product

being acetates. This waste then breaks down into biogas and isolates cellulosic

mass.

B. SECONDARY DIGESTERS –The cellulosic mass separated is then taken for a

longer retention time to be converted into biogas by further break down. Total for

both primary and secondary reactors the total retention time is 45 days.

2.8.1.4 UP GRADATION OF BIOGAS AND CONVERSION TO CBG

(COMPRESSED BIO GAS):-

The generated biogas consists of various gases such as Methane, Carbon di Oxide,

Hydrogen sulfide (in minor quantities) and moisture in vapour form. The generated

gas is scrubbed with the help of molecular sieves to remove the CO2 and contain

around 95 – 97% pure methane and the rest CO2.

2.8.1.5 DIGESTED SLURRY:-

The digested slurry can be upgraded to an organic bio-fertilizer. The separated

water from the slurry can be re-used for the processing of the next day‘s

operations. The slurry will be used as re-circulate inoculums for the next day‘s

waste processing. The treated water can be used for flushing or gardening as well

as the daily addition for the biogas plant usage.



2.8.2 PROCESS INVOLVED IN DIGESTER

Biogas is formed when organic matter is digested in the absence of oxygen; this

process is called anaerobic digestion. The digestion is made by enzymes and

bacteria during the below described four main steps. The flow chart of biogas

process is shown in fig 2.9.

HYDROLYSIS – In this step the organic polymers are broken down by

enzymes which are emitted when fermentative bacteria attach to the

molecules in the waste. Proteins are broken down to amino acids,

carbohydrates to sugars and lipids to fatty acids. The carbohydrates take a

few hours to break down and the fats a few days. Lignocellulose and lignin

are only hydrolyzed to a limit extent. The residue from the anaerobic

digestion contains about 40-50% of lignin and 40-50% of cellulose and

hemicellulose.

ACIDIOGENESIS – During this step the molecules from the previous step is

broken down further by bacteria, without the help from enzymes. The main

products from acidification are short chained fatty acids, alcohols, carbon

dioxide gas and hydrogen gas. The carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas can be

converted into methane directly by methanogenic bacteria.

ACETOGENESIS – In this step the fatty acids and the alcohols are broken

down to smaller components, mainly carbon dioxide, acetate and hydrogen

gas. During acetogenesis, hydrogen and carbon dioxide are reduced to

acetic acid; this is made by homoacetogenic microorganisms. The

acetogenic bacteria produces H2, but the break-down of long-chain fatty

acids to acetate can only take place during a very low hydrogen partial

pressure.

METHANOGENESIS – This is the last step in the process, where different

methanogenic bacteria convert carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas and acetate

into methane. These bacteria cannot operate in the presence of oxygen.



FIG 2.9: BIOGAS PROCESS

2.8.3 FOOD WASTE CHARACTERIZATION

The solid waste fed to the digester is solely biodegradable and constitute of

organic food waste that has a much higher volatile solids destruction rate (86-90%)

than bio solids. This implies that even though the additional material is added to

the digester, the end residual will only increase by a small amount.

The brought in wet waste from the bulk generators comprise of 85% water, 10%

solids and 5% gas. The wastes processed at the facility include organic food and

vegetable/fruit waste.

Daily 3 tons of Cattle dung with 18 % T.S. or specially developed nutrients will be

added along with 250 tons of organic solid food waste to ensure a stable

microbial reaction and a smooth functioning of the digester performance.

Complex organic matter

carbohydrates, protein, fats

Soluble organic molecules

sugars, amino acids, fatty acids

Volatile fatty acids

H2, CO2 Acetic acid

CH4+CO2

1

2

3 3

4 4

1. Hydrolysis

2. Acidogenesis

3. Acetogenesis

4. Methanogenesis



Quantity of the addition will be adjusted with feeding rate if the T.S. is higher

and is to be maintained.

2.9 TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESS DESCRIPTION

Anaerobic digestion is the prominent technology used for degradation of

biodegradable organic waste; employing Continuously Stirred Reactor (CSTR).

2.9.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESS

Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is a biological process that happens naturally when

bacteria breaks down organic matter in environments with little or no oxygen. It is

effectively a controlled and enclosed version of the anaerobic breakdown of

organic waste in landfill which releases methane.

Almost any organic material can be processed with AD, including food scraps, fats,

oils & grease (FOG), tissue paper, garden waste, sewage and animal waste.

The two main products of AD are biogas & a solid residual.

An anaerobic digestion system is the central processing plant that converts the

organic waste slurry into Biogas, which is further converted into Compressed Bio

gas (CBG) /Electricity. Waste water from the system is re-circulated to ensure

zero fresh water requirement or discharge. By-product generated from the process

will be nitrogen rich, organic fertilizer that replaces conventional chemical

fertilizers for farming and gardening purpose.

This eco-friendly gas can be used either for cooking purpose or producing

electricity as per the client‘s requirement. The plant also produces odorless and

nitrogen rich Organic Manure as by-product of the process on daily basis. The

organic manure is a cost effective and eco-friendly replacement to conventional

chemical fertilizers used for gardening and landscape purpose.



The digestion process begins with bacterial hydrolysis of the input materials in

order to break down insoluble organic polymers such as carbohydrates and make

them available for other bacteria. Acetogenic bacteria then convert the sugars and

amino acids into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia, and organic acids.

Acetogenic bacteria then convert these resulting organic acids into acetic acid,

along with additional ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. Methanogens finally

are able to convert these products to methane and carbon dioxide.

There are a number of bacteria that are involved in the process of anaerobic

digestion including acetic acid-forming bacteria (acetogens) and methane-forming

archaea (methanogens). These organisms feed upon the initial feedstock, which

undergoes a number of different processes converting it to intermediate molecules

including sugars, hydrogen & acetic acid before finally being converted to biogas.

Different species of bacteria are able to survive at different temperature ranges.

Ones living optimally at temperatures between 35-40°C are called mesophiles or

mesophilic bacteria. Some of the bacteria can survive at the hotter and more

hostile conditions of 55-60°C, these are called thermophiles or thermophilic

bacteria. Methanogens come from the primitive group of archaea. This family

includes species that can grow in the hostile conditions of hydrothermal vents.

These species are more resistant to heat and can therefore operate at

thermophilic temperatures, a property that is unique to bacterial families.

As with aerobic systems, the bacteria in anaerobic system while growing and

reproducing microorganisms within them require a source of elemental oxygen to

survive.

In an anaerobic system there is an absence of gaseous oxygen. In an anaerobic

digester, gaseous oxygen is prevented from entering the system through physical

containment in sealed tanks. Anaerobes access oxygen from sources other than the

surrounding air. The oxygen source for these microorganisms can be the organic

material itself or alternatively may be supplied by inorganic oxides from within the

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_polymer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidogenesis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanogen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetogen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesophile

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophile

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxide



input material. When the oxygen source in an anaerobic system is derived from the

organic material itself, then the 'intermediate' end products are primarily alcohols,

aldehydes, and organic acids plus carbon dioxide. In the presence of specialised

methanogens, the intermediates are converted to the 'final' end products of

methane, carbon dioxide with trace levels of hydrogen sulfide. In an anaerobic

system the majority of the chemical energy contained within the starting material

is released by methanogenic bacteria as methane.

Populations of anaerobic microorganisms typically take a significant period of time

to establish themselves to be fully effective. It is therefore common practice to

introduce anaerobic microorganisms from materials with existing populations. This

process is called 'seeding' the digesters and typically takes place with the addition

of sewage sludge or cattle slurry.

The methane producing bacteria consume these to produce methane and carbon

dioxide.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehyde



Fig 2.10: Scheme of reactions produced during anaerobic digestion

2.9.2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION

The operations will be done in continuous mode. Every day waste will be received

and processed in 12 hours. The waste will be fed into the digester during 24 hours

in a distributed mode and excess slurry and manure will be generated during 24

hours.

The steps involved are described below.

2.9.2.1 PRE- TREATMENT / SLURRY PREPARATION:

Under pre-treatment, the vehicles or trucks are transporting organic waste into

the waste inward and segregation area, where the organic matter is manually

separated from in-organic material on automatic running conveyor belt system.

Only organic substrates can be used for the production of biogas. Here the waste

load is rechecked thereby tallying with the collection load at the off load points

and ensuring a pilferage free management.

The segregated biodegradable Organic waste is crushed and converted into slurry

along with re-circulate from the main digestion process and fed to the feed Buffer

Tanks. The crushing process is implemented prior to the anaerobic digestion in



order to increase the surface area and to promote an accelerated degradation of

the organic matters. The waste is then hygenised to bring it to the world standards

of treating the waste (under the EC 1774/2002 standard). This ensures that the

pathogens are killed as well adds to a zero odor of the waste. Also it helps the

recovery of the ΔT that is lost in heat losses from the digesters.

2.9.2.2 BIOGAS DIGESTER DESIGN AND SIZING SUITABLE FOR MULTI-FEED

STOCK:

The proposed plant works on a collection-flow-process. Organic vegetable and

biodegradable food waste is guided into the two primary digesters with the help of

an eccentric screw pump, several times per day. Additionally, fresh and recycled and

treated water from the same plant is pumped into these digesters. The treated

sludge is pumped to the two secondary digesters when indicators show a certain level

within the digesters is reached.

All three digesters are fully mixed by high quality submersible agitators and will be

operated in a mesophilic (40°C) temperature range. This combination leads to a

stable process with good hygienisation results and a minimized effort as far as area

requirements and digester volume are concerned. On the other hand it aims at

maximum gas yield which results in maximum greenhouse gas reduction. The

digesters are standing cylindrical tanks made of reinforced concrete and are

equipped with a wall heating system. The digesters are covered with a double

membrane.

2.9.2.3 ANAEROBIC DIGESTER:

The anaerobic digester system includes a fixed vertical anaerobic digester with

fixed dome and a biogas storage system. The fixed digester has a waste inlet

which is coupled up with a waste crusher. The crusher acts as a homogenizer as

well as a blending machine for mixing the waste with the re-circulated water.

From there the liquid goes through into the under-ground feeding tank and passes



through a specially designed hydrolysis tank to the main anaerobic digester. The

specially designed stirring mechanism inside the digester makes sure that no

clogging, no froth and no scum formation inside the digester occur. The stirring

mechanism is designed in such a way that it can be suited for any kind of

biodegradable substrate. The heat and temperature maintenance system inside

the feeding buffer tank takes care of a stable temperature inside the digester. The

heat and the temperature are either maintained by immersing the external

heaters or the heat from the biogas engine can be recovered with the help of heat

exchangers (which the biogas generator supplier has to supply). Further a digester

effluent outlet is connected to the substrate buffer tank and via the re-circulation

system and the substrate manifold it is again pumped in the required amount to

hydrolyze the feeding material. The generated biogas is collected in the biogas

storage system after removing the condensate through the condensate

remover/moisture trap. The biogas plant is designed for minimum manual

operation. Since the volume of daily waste to be processed is known, the plant is

designed low on automation. The daily operations, emergency shut down and

adjustment to change operating conditions are carried out manually with the help

of an electric control panel provided along with the biogas plant. The design of the

plant is robust and highly skilled supervision is not required. The plant can be

operated by semi-skilled personnel with simple visual inspection techniques.

The Waste Management system is a series of interconnected parts with four basic

components: digesters, a gas-handling system, a storage lagoon to hold treated

waste (liquid waste, or slurry), and a biogas cleaning and compression unit to

convert the biogas into bio CNG or electricity, as well as smaller components such

as mixers, pumps, a solid feeder, and valves. The biogas plant is controlled by a

central computer (PLC & SCADA system) to guarantee operational safety and

ensure continuous operation to achieve maximum biogas yields.



2.9.2.4 BIO DIGESTERS (PRIMARY AND SECONDARY STAGE):

The solids that are fed into the tank along with water are stored inside the Bio

Digesters for decomposition or degradation of the Volatile Solids (VS) (Organic Dry

Matter) present inside the feed substrate (organic waste). The degradation is done in

two primary digesters of similar volume. Each digester is comprised of a concrete

tank: 32 meters in diameter and 8.5 meters high with a liquid volume of 6300 m3 and

a head space of 401.9 Nm3 in the tank + 4800 m3 in the gas holding roof for gas

storage.

2.9.2.5 BIOGAS STORAGE:

The digesters are installed with a top dome covering of imported German make gas

rubber bladders with two layers and an approximate pressure of 4-5 milibars

maintained between the two layers. This maintains a natural air pocket insulation

layer from the top. A blower of 0.25 HP maintains a constant pressure between the

bladders constantly. Total headspace for gas in the bladders is approximately 6702

Nm3 Biogas. The digesters are fitted in with hot water circulation lines embedded

inside the concrete. These lines are essential as the ambient temperature of 40oC

must be maintained and the gas production is maximized at this temperature. The

technology used is CSTR (continuously stirred reactors). A total of Agitators

(imported from Germany) of 17.5 kWh are installed for horizontal turbulence and a

10 kWh mixer is installed to counter the flow with a vertical turbulence. This ensures

extremely homogenous mixing of the slurry inside the digesters.

The feed material is digested of the VS content in it to produce a gas comprising of

maximum methane CH4 and the rest containing of CO2 and H2S. This gas is called

biogas. After primary digestion the feed material is taken to be digested in a

secondary digester for further storage and degradation of VS. This ensures that the

biodegradable waste is fully degraded and maximum efficiency is attained out of the



biogas generation plant. A total of 20,881 Nm3 gas is expected to be recovered from

the daily Organic waste that is digested.

2.9.2.6 BIOGAS UTILIZATION AND GENERATION OF CBG:

Biogas that is produced after the digestion process consists of Methane (CH4) and

Carbon-dioxide (CO2) along with some trace gases such as Water vapour, Hydrogen

Sulphide, Nitrogen, Hydrogen and Oxygen.

Carbon Dioxide and trace gases such as Water vapour and H2S must be removed

before the biogas can be used because:

1) The Hydrogen Sulphide gas is corrosive

2) Water vapour may cause corrosion when combined with H2S on metal surfaces and

reduce the heating value.

The produced gas will be scrubbed to contain minimum 95% Methane and the rest of

CO2 at the end of scrubbing. The scrubbing is done by using simple water scrubbing

where water is regenerated to be used for next cycles. The Process flow char and

mass Balance diagram is appended as figure 2.11 & 2.12.



FIG 2.11 PROCESS FLOW CHART

Food waste received

Waste receiving hoppers

Waste segregation conveyors

Feed buffer tanks

Hydrolisation tank

Primary digester tank

Secondary digester

tank

Manure storage

tank

Nutrient rich

water

Manure drying

Polyhouse

Manure

separation

tank

ETP

Bio Gas

CBG



FIG 2.12: MASS BALANCE DIAGRAM



2.9.2.7 CBG DISTRIBUTION:

CBG will be transported over trailers. The CBG cascades will be permanently

mounted over the trailers to avoid handling/loading/unloading at the customer end

as well as at the site. The trailers will have separate truck heads for supply of full

cascades and bringing back the empty cascades from the customer end. Biogas

Double membrane roof photographs are appended in fig 2.12.1.

Biogas generated is used for CBG production. This CBG will be sold to nearby

industries to replace their fossil fuels such as furnace oil. The use of CBG currently

not allowed as vehicular fuel in India. The generated CBG will be stored and

transported in cascades containing of cylinders. These high pressure cylinders will be

PESO approved and mounted on trailers for transportation. The process flow chart is

shown in figure 2.11

FIG: - 2.12.1 BIOGAS DOUBLE MEMBRANE ROOF PHOTOGRAPHS



2.9.2.8 POST TREATMENT OF DIGESTED SLURRY:

The secondary digester will release 467 m3/day of effluent after digestion of the

required HRT. The daily overflow will contain around 4-5% TS in the slurry. The

suspended solids out of this slurry can be effectively removed with a FAN separator.

The separator uses a simple screw technique to generate high pressure and allow

maximum separation of the solids. The overflow out of the separator will contain

approximately 1.5% TS and is redirected to the organic chemical treatment with a

specialized solution developed in house by NEX. This efficiently brings the dissolved

solids from the separated water at the second stage of separation to around 200

ppm. The separated water is then directed to the water storage lagoon for further

aeration treatment to bring the COD to the acceptable pollution control board limits.

This water can then be used for flushing and to adjust the daily water mass for the

anaerobic digestion. The final volume of discharge will be 140 m3 of separated water

after secondary separation. This water can be let out for farming activities or can be

re-circulated into the separated manure with some organic mass like coconut husk,

for composting into the poly houses to be built at the site. The heat from the

generator, as mentioned above, will be used for drying the water and evaporation.

This process can ensure zero discharge of the plant.

Total separated manure will contain approximately 70% moisture. This can further

pelletized to allow effective distribution and packing of the remnant product.

2.10 CHARACTERISTICS OF CBG, MANURE AND NUTRIENT RICH WATER

2.10.1 CBG PROPERTIES

The Compressed Bio Gas properties is shown table 2.8.



TABLE 2.8: CBG PROPERTIES

1. Key Terms : Compressed Biogas (CBG) or Bio- CNG with > 95%

Methane content

2. Required

Quantity :

16500 – 17,500 Kg’s/day x 365 days/year

3. Upgraded Biogas (CBG) :

The up graded Biogas is of high quality and standard:

Wobbe index : 44.6 to 44.7

Methane (CH4) : > 95%

Carbon dioxide (CO2),

Oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), others : <5%

Total sulphur (S) content : 23 mg/m3 (max.)

Water content : 32 mg/m3 (max.)

Octane No : 130(min)

Gross calorific value : 8257 to 8340 Kcal/m3

Flash point : -1880C

Density : 0.77771 Kg/m3

Availability : 365days/year

4 Transportation : Stored in cylinders and cascades. Cascades of various

capacity is available.

2.10.2 MANURE PROPERTIES

Characterized via test conducted taking two samples:

Separated solids from anaerobic digestion of food waste

Settled solids from anaerobic digestion of food waste

The manure properties is shown table 2.9.



TABLE 2.9: MANURE PROPERTIES

Sl.

No

TESTS Unit Freshly separated

solids from

anaerobic

digestion of food

waste.

Settled solids slurry

from anaerobic

digestion of food

waste

1 Total Kjedhal Nitrogen as

(N)

% 1.8874 0.1408

2 Total Phosphorus as (P) % 5.2043 0.7895

3 Total Pottasium as (K) % 0.7050 0.0651

4 Phosphorus as (P2O5) % 11.9195 1.8082

5 Pottassium as (K2O) % 0.8492 0.0784

6 Total Organic Carbon % 6.9707 0.7339

7 Total Solids % 15.7422 4.8663

8 Moisture by even drying @

1050C

% 84.2578 95.1337

2.10.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF NUTRIENT RICH WATER

The nutrient rich water will be generated from the anaerobic digester and it will

be aerated and re used for process and the slurry test report is appended in the

table 2.10.

Suspended Solids: 160 mg/l (range up to 200mg/l)

pH value: 7.2 – 7.3 (range 5.5 – 9.0)

Oil & grease: 4-5 mg/l (range up to 10 mg/l)

BOD: 70 - 85 mg/l (range up to 100 mg/l)

Arsenic: NIL (up to 0.2 mg/l)

Cyanide: NIL (up to 0.2 mg/l)

Alpha emitters micro cure: NIL(range up to 10-8)



Beta emitters micro cure: NIL (range up to 10-7)

Manganese: 1.5 mg/l (range 2 mg/l)

Iron: NIL (range 3 mg/l)

Vanadium, Nitrate Nitrogen & Sulphates: NIL

TABLE 2.10: - SLURRY TEST REPORT

Sl No.

TEST FINDING Bio Gas Plant Slurry

01 Total Solids 5454.00 mg/L

02 Total Suspended Solids 304.00 mg/L

03 pH 8.52

04 Chlorides (CI) 1183.84 mg/L

05 Hexavalent Chromium (Cr) 0.0909 mg/L

06 Total Chromium (Cr) 0.1212 mg/L

07 Hydrogen Sulphide as (H2S) 2.83 mg/L

08 Sodium (Na) 803.19 mg/L

09 Boron (B) Nil

10 Total Oil & Grease 33.00

11 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (N) 1343.00 mg/L

12 Total Potassium (K) 857.00 mg/L

13 Total Phosphorus (P) 587.6 mg/L

14 Total dissolved solids 5150.00 mg/L

15 Magnesium (Mg) 126.30 mg/L

16 COD 1442.49 mg/L

17 BOD (27oC, 3 days) 460.00 mg/L

18 Total Organic Carbon 162.7 mg/L

19 Lead (Pb) 0.0610 mg/L

20 Mercury (Hg) 0.014 mg/L

21 Arsenic (As) Nil

22 Cadmium (Cd) 0.0124 mg/L



2.10.4 MODE OF TRANSPORTATION OF CBG

The produced CBG will be filled in cylinders and cascades at 250 BarG pressure and

transported like CNG. Each cylinder has 75 water litres capacity and at 250 BarG

pressure, each cylinder will carry 12.5 Kg of CBG. Each cascade has 40 such

cylinders and therefore each cascade will carry 500 Kg of CBG. These cascades will

be carried over a crane mounted truck, and will be loaded and unloaded at site

and customers end respectively. The image depicting the transport of CBG in

cascades which will be carried over a crane mounted truck is appended in fig 2.13.

Fig 2.13: Cascades carried over a crane mounted truck

Total trucks needed for delivery of CBG – 3 Nos.

Special trucks with Palfinger crane will be purchased. The self-crane mounted

trucks will load and unload the cascades at site and customers end respectively.

Each cascade is selected to carry 500 Kg. Hence 26 deliveries will be made every

day. Every half of the day a delivery is made to the customer. This process is

customer specific. If need be a trailer with 2 cascades mounted can be purchased



based on customer requirement and permissions. Trailer will have 2 fixed cascades

and a truck head will deliver the trailers and park them at customer site. Thus, 13

trailers will be purchased with 26 cascades mounted on them.

2.11 DESIGN DATA

Size of the proposed units are shown in the below table 2.11.

TABLE 2.11: SIZE OF THE PROPOSED UNITS

Sl. No. Unit Size

1 Digester tanks 32m dia x 8.5 m height

2 Hydrolisation and manure tanks 9 m dia x 9 m height

3 Feed buffer tanks 6m dia x 3.5 m height

4 Fire hydrant tank 400 m3

5 Waste segregation room 1141 m2

6 Pumping platforms 60 m2

7 CBG platform 840 m2

8 Polyhouse foundation 2034 m2

Retention time design sheet is appended in the below fig 2.14.



FIG 2.14:- RETENTION TIME DESIGN SHEET



The proposed facility includes the following:

Digester tanks – 32 m dia x 8.5 m height

Hydrolisation and manure tanks – 9 m dia x 9 m height

Feed buffer tanks – 6 m dia x 3.5 m height

Fire hydrant tank – 400 m3

Waste segregation room – 1141 m2

Pumping platforms – 60 m2

CBG Platform – 840 m2

Polyhouse foundation – 2034 m2

Road work within the site – 4018 m2

Free space – approx 39%

2.12 UTILIZATION OF EXCESS WATER SEPARATED FROM BIOGAS

PLANT SLURRY

The Project of treating minimum 250 tons food waste per day will generate a

total excess water of 148 m3 per day. This water is a result of two streams –

1. Excess water from the manure separator

2. Excess water after sludge dewatering with organic poly electrolyte and

sludge settling

This excess water will have around 0.38% solids. The excess water is a discharged

stream of separating organic manure from the total slurry. This water will be

accepted into a tank and will have a CoD of 850 mg/l and a BoD of around 75

mg/l. This water will be stored into a tank measuring 8 meters in height and 9

meters in diameter with a volume of 540 m3. The discharged water tank will have

a retention capacity of around 3.5 days. The tank will be equipped with a air

diffuser with a 3.2 kW air blower attached to it. The blower will continuously blow

air at 1.5 BarG pressure through the air diffuser @ flow rate of 135 m3/hour. This



allows a lot of excess suspended solids to settle down as well as clears off gas

bubbles surrounding the solids in the slurry and allows them a very efficient

settling. This ensures a CoD removal and brings it down to the levels of 175 mg/l

and suspended solids to less than 120 mg/l. The BoD is maximum destroyed in the

anaerobic digestion plant as the almost all of it is converted to biogas. The BoD

after the excess water storage tank will be less than 60 mg/l.

The pH of the water will be around 7.2 and the air dissolution ensures the nitrogen

levels removal as well. The water is suitable for the Irrigation, gardening, and

sanitation & hygiene purpose and can be supplied to either the neighbouring farms

for irrigation or agriculture use. This water should be ideally spread @ 0.3 m3/m2

for efficient use. Drip irrigation of such water is the best utilization for maximum

crop yield and lowest evaporation losses.

There are no heavy dissolved metals not contaminants in the water as this is the

excess water out of food waste or kitchen waste coming from hotels and

contaminants/heavy metals like arsenic, lead etc. are not a part of incoming

waste stream. Hence the outlet stream doesn‘t have the traces of the same. The

floating layer, if any or the settled solids in the tank will be directed to the poly

house composting of separated organic manure. The poly house has a retention

capacity for total sludge for 6 days. The entire poly house has concrete floor with

leachate collection facility if and when required. The poly house composting also

has air blowers to remove the evaporated moisture and this ensures efficient

working even during the monsoon season.

Total organic manure expected out of the poly house is around 65 tons per day

with 30% dry matter with non-drip consistency and can be transported and sold.

The Hydraulic flow diagram for manure and recirculation is appended as fig 2.15.



FIG 2.15: HYDRAULIC FLOW DIAGRAM FOR MANURE AND RECIRCULATION



2.12.1 PLANT DETAILS

The plant details is shown in the below table2.12.

TABLE: - 2.12 PLANT DETAILS

Plant capacity To process 250 TPD of food waste

Waste characteristic adopted

for design- organic waste

250 TPD food waste (wet organic waste) and

3 TPD cattle dung

TS= 20-25%

Balance = Moisture

Type of process Anaerobic digestion of biodegradable waste in

a continuous stirred reactor

Process temperature Mesophilic (40oC)

Hydraulic retention time Primary digester: 25 days

Secondary digester: 25 days

2.12.2 UNITS INVOLVED IN THE WASTE PROCESSING:

Solid feeder

Feed preparation pit

Primary digester (2 in no.)

Secondary digester (2 in no.)

Separator

2.13 PROCESS EQUIPMENTS USED IN THE PLANT

The list if process equipment used is shown in table2.13.



TABLE 2.13: LIST OF PROCESS EQUIPMENTS USED

Sl.No Description Capacity Qty

Pre-treatment, processing ,digestion and gas up-gradation with compression

1 Weigh Bridge 40T 1

2 Waste unloading hopper 8 TPH, 4.8 mtr. Length x 3 mtr. Width x

4 mtr Height

3

3 Belt conveyor 9.2 TPH, 15.8 mtr. Length x 1.22 mtr Width

3

4 Belt Conveyor for refuse

waste

1.2 TPH, 15.87 mtr. Length x0.75 mtr

Width

3

5 Waste crushing system with

multi crusher, chopper and

lobe pump

16.5, kW, 23 TPH 3

6 Metal detector 0.6 TPD 6

7 Submersible pump 2.2 kWh, 30 LPS 3

8 Waste double screw pumps 22 kW, 50 m Head 6

9 Submersible agitator 10 kW 6

10 Submersible agitator 7.5 kW 9

11 Submersible agitator 13 kW 6

12 Twin lobe gas blowers 15 kW 3

13 Gas up-gradation system 15 kW 3

14 High pressure Gas

compressor

80 kW, 303 Sm3/h 3

15 Air compressors 7.5 kW 2

16 Centrifugal air blower 2.2 kW 1

17 Screw press for manure

separation

5.5 kW 2

18 Slurry Flocculator SS 310, 0.75 kW 1

19 Tractor with filter 40 HP 1

20 Fire hydrants pumps (electric) 10 kW 2

21 Fire hydrant pumps (diesel) 10 kW 1

22 Float level controllers 4-20 mAmp WIKA 6

23 Pressure transmitters 4-20 mAmp WIKA 12

24 Temperature transmitters 4-20 mAmp WIKA 8

25 Control gate valves Fail safe shut type, knife gate with SS 316

body, electro- pneumatically actuated

16

26 Control Gas Butterfly Valves Fail safe shut type, knife gate with SS 316

body, electro- pneumatically actuated

9

27 Gas twin lobe blower 24.5 kW, 2000 m3/hr, nitrile resistant

lobes with CI casting body

2

28 Gas flare Ioniser activated SS 316 stack flare with

riser, flame arrester, spark ignition and pilot flame, 4 meters above ground

1



29 Gas flow meters Orifice principle gas flow meter, SS316

body, flow regulator and 4-20 mAmp

signal to PLC

1

30 Gas analyser Online stationery gas analyzer for 3

gases with automatic air calibration, SS

316 body with sampling at 15 second

intervals

1

31 Mercaptain gas injector Pneumatic pump actuated mercaptian

gas injector dosing pump working on

pulsation principles for gas odor

physical leakage detection

1

32 Electric transformer 250 KVA transformer for step down

from 11 KVA current to 420 Volts, 3

phase

3

33 Power distribution panel with

electric meter

PDB panel for incoming power with

electric meter

1

34 PLC system SKADA based PLC programming system

with 75 I/O’s and incomer panels with

MCB’s and barriers for data signals

1

2.13.1 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR EQUIPMENT –

1. High pressure Compressor – once every year around 80 hours/year

2. Air compressors – once every 6 months

3. Crushing machines – once every 6 months

4. Submersible Agitators – once every 3 years

5. Pumps and valves – periodical maintenance and once every 2 years full

overhaul

6. Gas double membrane roof – replacement after every 9-10 years

7. Other electrical and instrumentation equipment – periodical and calibration

of all instruments once every 6 months.

2.14 WASTE COMPOSITION AND PRODUCT SPECIFICATION

The brought in wet waste constitutes of 75-80% water, 20-25% Total solids; on

subjecting to anaerobic digestion produces 65% methane. The gas is then scrubbed

and cleaned to render it up to 95% or above, thereby having the calorific value

ranging between 8,257 to 8,340 kCal /m³.



2.14.1 UTILITY OF PRODUCT AND BY-PRODUCTS

The value full product and by-product produced at the facility are biogas and

manure/nutrient rich water respectively.

The details of products generated from the project is appended in the

table: - 2.14.1.

2.14.1.1 BIOGAS

The generated compressed biogas is sent to the bottling plant set up at the site,

abiding by the PESO Rules and Regulations. At the bottling plant, industrial

cylinders / tankers are made with the end users as hotel in the priority; else, the

cylinders will be sold to restaurants, bakery or industries to use as fuel for the

boilers as a substitute to furnace oil/LPG. The capacity of CBG Storage area is

shown in table 2.14.

TABLE 2.14: CBG STORAGE CAPACITY

Cascade

Storage

Capacity

(Ltr.)

No. of

Cylinders

Per

cascade

(Nos.)

Cascade

Dimensions

in mm

L

Cascad

e

Width

W

Stora

ge

Of

CBG

H

Storage

Of

CBG

(Ton)

Approx

Total weight

of cascade

Sm3 kg’s kg’s

900 12 1615 1820 1130 1.6 192 150 1750

1200 16 1615 1820 1450 2 256 200 2200

1500 20 1920 1820 1450 2.6 321 250 2850

2025 27 2595 1820 1450 3.55 433 338 3888

2250 30 2900 1820 1450 3.9 481 375 4275

3000 40 3515 1820 1450 5.2 641 500 5700

4500 60 5085 1820 1520 7.5 962 750 8250

Current selection is for 3000 water liters capacity cascade which stores 500 kg‘s of

CBG x 26 cascades= 1300 kg‘s CBG storage capacity.

2.14.1.2 ORGANIC MANURE

Organic manure is used in farming. This has found most suitable for horticulture

activities and grape farming. Organic manure is extensively used in producing the



organic vegetables and the demand for which is growing. Provides humus to the

soil and is rich in phosphorous and organic carbon. Organic carbon improves the

soil water holding capacity. Around 65 tons/day will be produced and sold.

2.14.1.3 PROVISION OF STORAGE YARD FOR MANURE

Daily around 68 tons of wet manure with 80% moisture, will be generated at site.

For storing this, the facility will host around 1760 sq m of poly house. The

generated manure will be stored, dried to contain 60% moisture before it is sold.

The poly houses are concrete floored and will act as a solar thermal drying process

facility for extracting the required moisture and evaporating it. Exhaust fans will

be fitted in the poly house to carry over the moisture and the carried air will be

passed through beds of coconut shell fiber. This will ensure all the air is filtered

through. Considering the solar radiation available at site which is on an average

4.5 kWhr/sq m, around 1230 sq m will be used for active manure processing and

drying. The rest of the area will be used for manure loading/packing etc.

2.14.1.4 NUTRIENT RICH WATER

Water separated after separation of organic manure, is passed through the reverse

osmosis process to be filtered. This water matches the ―land of irrigation‖

standards mentioned by pollution control board and the clearance from pollution

control board is also acquired. This water is rich in minerals as the source of the

same is from the food waste received. Out of the daily discharge, 60% is reutilized

in the processing of the waste and the rest (around 148 m3/day) excess, is

distributed to neighboring farmers who are more than willing to accept it into the

farm lands. The farms are adjacent to the fencing of the said plot of biogas

installation.

TABLE 2.14.1:- LIST OF PRODUCTS GENERATED FROM THE PROJECT

Sl. No. Product Quantity

1 CBG 25,135 m3/day

2 Manure 68 Tons/day

3 Nutrient rich water 148 m3/day



2.14.1.5 DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR BIOGAS PLANT

Input waste – 250 MT/day

Type of input for design - Food/vegetable slaughter house/organic biomass waste.

TS in input – 25%

VS of TS – 92%

Destruction of VS expected – 85%

Organic loading rate – 3.28 KgVS-1/m3 DV-1

CoD in input – 3,00,000 – 5,00,000 ppm

Design load as per CoD – 0.82 KgCoD-1 / m3DV-1

CoD at outlet slurry – 1850 mg/l

CoD after treatment < 110 mg/l

Total retention time in design – 43 days

Biogas expected – 100 m3/MT fresh waste

2.15 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE FEASIBILITY DRAWING

A schematic representation of the overall feasibility and environmental assessment

process is shown in fig 2.16.



Fig 2.16: Feasibility and environmental assessment process



2.16 MITIGATION MEASURES INCORPORATED INTO THE PROJECT TO MEET

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS, ENVIRONMENTAL OPERATING CONDITIONS

OR OTHER EIA REQUIREMENTS (AS REQUIRED BY THE SCOPE)

2.16.1 SOURCES OF POLLUTION & POLLUTION CONTROL MESASURES

ADOPTED IN THE PLANT

DG set is the only air pollution source. Air pollution details is detailed in below

table 2.15.

Table 2.15:- Air pollution details

A Air pollution details

1 Sources of air pollution DG set (350 KVA)

2 Air pollution control units

provided

3 m above the roof level stack height

will be provided.

2.16.2 WATER DEMAND AND WASTEWATER/EFFLUENT DISCHARGE

2.16.2.1 SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY

Water supply for the proposed project is from Bore well.

2.16.2.2 WATER DEMAND AND WASTEWATER DISCHARGE DURING

OPERATION PHASE

Total number of employees: 75 people

Per capita water demand : 45 LPCD

Total water requirement : 3,375 LPD or say 4000 LPD = 4 KLD

Total wastewater generated: 3,600 LPD = 3.6 KLD

The total quantity of water required for the plant is about 4 KLD. The water

consumption and discharge is as presented below. Water consumption and

discharge details are shown in the table 2.16. The water balance chart is

appended in fig 2.17.



Table 2.16: Water consumption and discharge

Water consumed for Consumption(LPD) Discharge (LPD)

(a) Domestic 4,000 3,600

(b) Industrial purpose 2,000 2,63,000

(From wet waste)

Process NIL -

Washing/cleaning 2,000 ***** 2,000

(c) Gardening/Landscape development 4,000 -

Total 10,000 2,68,600 LPD or say

269 KLD

Note:

LPD = L/day; KLD = kilo liter/day

******* The process does not require any fresh water during daily operations and

daily water needs can be easily satisfied through self-generated process water.

The floor washing and cleaning water requirements will be around 2000 liters/day.

The treatment methods and the final disposal of each type of wastewater

generated is appended in the table 2.17 below.

Table 2.17: Sewage/effluent treatment and discharge

Sewage/effluent

generated from

Treatment units provided Final disposal point

(a) Domestic Domestic waste water will be

treated in ETP.

Re-used for landscape

Development.

(b) Industrial Waste water generated from

digester will be treated in 300

KLD ETP.

Re-used for landscape

Development.



FIG 2.17:- WATER BALANCE CHART

Wastewater generated 0.9 KLD

2.16.3 DESIGN DETAILS FOR PROPOSED EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT

The following scheme of effluent treatment will be implemented:

Stage 1: The slurry from the digester will be fed to the manure storage buffer tank

and then to the manure separator from FAN separator model PSS 1.2-780 x 2 nos.

Here the fibrous solids from the slurry will get separated out from the

slurry, and we expect a solid efficiency of 60% to be achieved on TS basis.

Domestic water

Demand

4 KLD

Treated in Effluent Treatment Plant and

treated water used for gardening

Water Consumption is 10 KLD

Washing or

cleaning 2 KLD

Gardening

4 KLD

Domestic waste

water generation

3.6 KLD

263 KLD

(From wet waste)

and 2 KLD



The separated solids will be discharged from the slurry at a DM content of

30%, and the filtered slurry, can be called as filtrate, will be sent to the

second stage of treatment.

Stage 2: Here the filtrate/separated water from the FAN separators will be

collected and held for a period of about 24 hours.

This liquid will be subject to aeration, achieved through a series of fine

bubble diffusers, to free the filtrate from entrapped gases allowing for the

suspended solids to easily settle down.

Part of the clarified water will be taken from the overflow of this tank for

recirculation. The settled sludge from the bottom of this tank will be taken

to the next stage of the process.

Stage 3: This is a settling tank which receives the settled sludge from the bottom

of the tank in the previous step.

Here the sludge solids are thickened further with the help of a little dose of

suitable polyelectrolyte and the clear water is taken by overflow of this

tank for recirculation/disposal as required

The thickened sludge from the bottom the tank is then taken to the solar

treatment facility.

Excess water will be discharged and used for agriculture. This water will

have the characteristics, which is suitable for discharge on the land for

irrigation purpose.

Stage 4: Here the thickened sludge form the poly separation unit as well as

manure separated from FAN separator are composted, dried in poly houses.

Here a total of 6 days retention space is provided for efficient drying from

30% TS to 50% TS of the separated solids. These are then used as organic

manure



The organic manure is also sprayed with nutrients for enrichment. The

manure thus generated and enriched will be transported in bulk to the

clients for sale

Around 33 – 35 m3 of water will be evaporated from the poly house drying,

which ensures 100% functioning even when the humidity in air is high or

during rainy season.

Around 1760 sq, meters of space will be allocated for this purpose with

complete RCC concrete flooring to avoid seepage in the ground.

The poly house will be equipped with a tractor with a tiller machine attached

behind for efficient mixing and moisture removal process.

TABLE 2.18: SOURCE, QUANTITY & TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL

WASTEWATER

Type of

wastewater

Source Quantity,

KLD

Treatment Re-use of treated

wastewater

Domestic Waste

water

Waste water

form workers 3.6 ETP 148 nutrient rich water will

be used for ―on land

application for irrigation‖

standards stipulated by

pollution control board.

Industrial waste

water

Waste water

form Digester

265 ETP

2.16.3.1 TREATMENT SCHEME FOR EFFLUENT

DESIGN DETAILS FOR THE PROPOSED EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN

ASSUMPTIONS:

Total quantity of Raw effluent = 300 m3/Day = 12.5 m3/ hr. BOD 3 @ 270 C = 450 mg. / ltr.



DESIGN DETAILS OF TREATMENT UNITS.

1. BAR SCREEN:

* Size of the Unit : 0.4 m x 0.5 m x 1.0 m long

* Function : To separate coarse matter from the

Raw effluent

2. EQUALISATION TANK

OBJECTIVE: To equalize the flow and pollutant concentration. Generally, 6 - 8 hrs.

Hydraulic retention time is given for equalization tank.

Provide one no. Equalization tank of 8 hrs hydraulic retention.

Q max = 300 m3/day

Average flow rate = 12.5 m3/hr

Tank volume required = 12.5 x 8 = 100 m3

Size of the unit = 5.3 m x 5.3 m x 3.5 m SWD

* Average BOD of effluent at the inlet of the Pre-aeration tank.

: 150 mg/lit.

* Total organic load with 20 % BOD reduction considered.

: 30 mg/lit.

Organic load = BOD X Flow rate

1000

* Total organic load in the system : 450 X 300 / 1000

= 135 Kgs/day.

* Total oxygen required assuming that

2 Kgs of O2/kg of BOD Removed : 2 X 135

= 270 Kgs/day.

Therefore Actual Air required for pre aeration: 270

----------------------------------

1.2 X 0.21 X 0.6 X 0.7 X 0.25

= 10,204.08 m3/day

* Air required for pre aeration : 425.17 m3/hr.



3. RAW EFFLUENT PUMP

* Volume of effluent : 300 m3/day or 12.5 m3/Hr

* Discharge rate : 12.5 m3/Hr @ 10 – 12 m head.

* Function : To transfer Raw effluent from pre-

aeration/equalization tank to

Aeration tank

4. AERATION TANK

* Flow : 300 m3/day or 12.5 m3/Hr

* F/M : 0.15

* MLSS : 4000 mg/liter

(i) Calculation of volume of aeration tank:

BOD X Flow rate

Volume = ----------------------

F/M X MLSS

Assume F/M = 0.15

MLSS = 4000 mg/l

* Therefore Volume of the Tank required : 450 X 300 ---------------- 0.15 X 4000

= 225 m3

*Considering 30% extra for Sludge Recirculation

Volume of Aeration Tank required : 67.5 m3

Therefore total volume of aeration tank required = 225 + 67.5

: 293 m3

Assume SWD to be 2.5m

Therefore plan area required = 293 /2.5

= 118 m2

* Size of Aeration Tank Required : 6.9 m x 6.9 m x 2.5 m SWD



(ii) Calculation of total organic load:

* Average BOD of effluent at the inlet of Aeration tank neglecting BOD

Reduction with pre-aeration : 450 mg/lit.

Organic load = BOD X Flow rate

1000

* Total organic load in the system : 450 X 300 / 1000

= 135 Kg/day.

* Total oxygen required assuming that

2 Kgs of O2/kg of BOD Removed : 2 X 135

= 270 Kgs/day.

(iii) Calculation of air requirement:

Assume alpha =0.6 and β= 0.7

Consider oxygen transfer at 0.25 m depth =25%,

Density of Air: 1.2 Kg/m3

Percentage of Oxygen in Atmospheric air 21

Therefore Actual Air required for pre aeration : 270

------------------------------------

1.2 X 0.21 X 0.6 X 0.7 X 0.25

= 10,204.08 m3/day

Assuming duration of air supply as 24 hours per day

Air required = 425 m3/hr

(iv) Calculation of diffuser required:

Considering 8 m3/hour diffusion of air through the diffuser /m length

Number of diffusers required = 425/8

= 53.12 or say 54 diffusers

* Type of aeration : Membrane Fine porediffused

aeration system

* Function :To aerate the contents of the

aeration tank and to sustain the

biological activity so as

to reduce the organic load.



5. HOPPER BOTTOM SECONDARY SETTLING TANK

* Size of the unit : 4.4 m x 4.4 m x 2.5 m SWD

* Volume of the unit : 50 m3

* Detention time available : 4.0 Hours.

* Function : To separate the biological flocs from

the overflow of the aeration tank.

6. SLUDGE RECYCLE PUMP

* Volume of Sludge : 108 m3/day.

* Discharge rate : 4.5 m3/Hr @ 8 – 10 m head.

* Type of pump : Horizontal centrifugal with CI open

impeller self-priming type coupled

to motor of required speed with B

Class insulation and IP 55]

protection hood.

* Function : To re-circulate the return sludge to

aeration tank to maintain the

required MLSS and transfer excess

sludge to sludge drying beds or

Aerobic Digester.

7. POLY HOUSE:

The sludge hence, separated through poly separation and through settling tank will

be pumped out into the poly house for drying. This sludge generally has 15-18% TS

and rest of moisture. This moisture is allowed to e evaporated through thermal

drying process carried out in the poly house for 4 days. The resultant manure will

have around 30% TS and 70% moisture. This can be packed in bags and sold. The

water is nutrient rich water and can be used for farm lands or ―land of irrigation‖.

Inside the poly house we have a tractor with a tiller attached to it to mix and

move thoroughly the manure for better evaporation. This tractor runs for 8

hours/day. The poly house is fitted with a moisture trapping membrane filter duct,



for suction of air to the North side and an air blower to deliver the air outside to

the South end. The suction air will be void of moisture from air during high

humidity seasons due to the membrane filter. Molecular sieves will be used as the

membrane filter for moisture. Negative pressure will be maintained inside the

polyhouse to ensure that the moisture released by evaporation is sucked out. The

air delivered out will be passed through a bed of wood chips or coconut shells

which will be used to remove odour, if any.

8. ONLINE DOSING PUMP:

Provide Milton Roy Asia LMI / prominent make metering pump of

dosing capacity 4-6 LPH with 1000 liters capacity dosing tank.

9. FLOCULATOR:

Total quantity of Raw Sewage = 200 m3/Day = 8.3 m3/ hr.

Detention time = 0.3 hr

Volume of Flash Mixer : 8.3 x 0.3 = 2.49 m3

Assume depth as 1.2 m

Area of Flash Mixer : 2.08 m2

Diameter of Flash Mixer : 1.62 m

10. LAMELLA CLARIFIER:

Flow: - 12.5 m3/hr

Sizes: 1.4 x 2.6 m x 4.0 m

11. Thermal Sludge holding system/drying process

Thermal Drying process :- this process is designed to handle and dry solids. The

solids separated from the process are led into the poly houses. The solar thermal

load is considered at Bangalore at 4.5 kWhr/day (8 hours) during semi sunny

season and 10% higher during summer and 20% lower during rainy season. With this



an evaporation quotient of 1.2 times higher is considered due to exothermic

reaction happening during composting. Inside the polyhouse any time the

temperature is always higher by 4-5○ C. Considering an evaporation of 16 m3 of

moisture from the manure every day and the latent heat requirement of 560

kCal/lit of water for evaporation, if the feeding is 250 tons per day of food waste,

we need around 1200 m2 of surface area which allows the manure to compost for 4

days. In this we also follow the manure enrichment process.

12. FINAL COLLECTION TANK :

Total quantity of Raw Sewage = 200 m3/Day

Average flow = 8.3 m3/hr

Provide 12 hr holding capacity

Volume of the tank required= 100 m3

Providing SWD 3.0 m

Final collection tank size is 5.8 m x 5.8 m x 3.0 m SWD

13. BLOWER CAPACITY:

Blower capacity required : Equalization tank + Aeration Tank +

Final collection tank + 10% extra

= 100 + 67.5 + 100 + 10%

= 267.5 + 26.75 = 294.25: 300 m3/hr

Note: The capacity of Common Twin Lobe Roots Air blower suitable to discharge

about 300 m3/hr @ 0.5 KSC – 2 Nos (1 W + 1 SB). The common blower shall supply

the air required for the Aeration System (Aeration Tank & Aerobic Digester) and

other primary, intermittent and final storage units of the treatment plant

(Equalization Tank, Pre-filtration and Filtered Water Tank)



FIGURE 2.18: ETP FLOW CHART

FLOW CHART OF PROPOSED EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT (300 KLD)

43 tons manure for drying beds

Separator model



2.17 AIR DPOLLUTION AN MITIGATION MEASURES

2.17.1 POWER:

The power requirement for the project will be augmented from BESCOM. Further

one diesel generator of 350 kVA capacity is proposed to be installed to serve as an

alternative source of power supply to this unit.

2.17.2 AIR POLLUTION SOURCES:

The major air pollution sources from the plant is DG set. These sources are

provided with stacks of adequate height so as to disperse the emanating flue

gases. Air pollution sources details are shown in the table 2.19.

Table 2.19: Air Pollution Sources

Sl. No. Stack Details Stack Attached to

Physical Details D.G Set

1. Capacity 1 X 350 kVA

2. Fuel quantity 70 L/hr

3. Fuel used Ultra Pure Low Sulfur Content

Diesel

4. Stack height Chimney of 3 m (Above roof level)

5. Stack diameter 80 mm

Emission Details

1. Sulphur dioxide 0.01914 g/s

2. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)

0.00104 g/s

3. Oxides of Nitrogen 0.03129 g/s

4. Carbon monoxide 0.27118 g/s



2.17.3 NOISE GENERATION AND ITS MANAGEMENT:

The main sources of noise from the proposed project is movement of vehicles on

the roads during transportation of waste from hotels and the DG set for which

acoustic enclosure is proposed. Also ambient noise levels will be ensured within

the ambient standards by inbuilt design of mechanical equipment and building

apart from vegetation (tree plantations) along the periphery and at various

locations within the plant premises.

2.17.4 SOLID WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT:

The quantity of solid waste generated from the proposed plant is detailed in the


Table 2.20: Solid waste generation during the operation phase

Total no. of employees 75

Assuming per capita solid waste generation rate as 0.20 kg/capita/day

Quantity of solid waste generated 15 kg/day

Organic solid waste : 60 % of the total waste 9 kg/day

Inorganic solid waste : 40 % of the total waste 6 kg/day

Disposal of domestic solid waste The domestic wastes are segregated

at source, collected in bins treated in

anaerobic digester within the plant.

The Solid waste generated from the proposed Bio Gas Plant is in the form of

Manure/ Slurry from Digester and the same will be used as bio fertilizer.



2.18 ASSESSMENT OF NEW & UNTESTED TECHNOLOGY FOR THE RISK OF

TECHNOLOGICAL FAILURE

The biogas plant is being established to process the food waste from various hotels

located in the jurisdiction of BBMP. The plant has been designed and executed

based on Anaerobic digestion (AD) and Continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR)

technology for 250 TPD capacity.



CHAPTER 3

DESCRIPTION OF THE

ENVIRONMENT

3.1 STUDY AREA, PERIOD, COMPONENTS & METHODOLOGY

STUDY AREA: An area, covering 10 km radial distance around the project site is

considered as the study area for conducting baseline studies.

PERIOD: Baseline study in this Environmental Impact Assessment report was

conducted for a period of three months during October 2014 to November 2014.

COMPONENTS: Air, noise, water & soil analysis studies were carried out. Survey of

the flora & fauna in the surroundings & demographic pattern of the survey area

were also studied.

METHODOLOGY: Baseline environmental studies were conducted to know the

status of various environmental attributes, viz. climatic and atmospheric conditions,

air, water, noise, soil, land use pattern, ecological, socio-economic environment.

The studies involved conducting field studies and analyzing various parameters that

might be affected due to the plant and conducting socio-economic survey among the

people. Secondary data was collected from State/Central Government

organizations, semi-Government and public sector organizations.

The Topo map of the study area and Site Plan is appended as in fig 3.1 & 3.1 A.



FIG 3.1: TOPO MAP OF THE STUDY AREA

Project site



FIG 3.1 A: SITE PLAN



3.2 ESTABLISHMENT OF BASELINE

3.2.1 METEOROLOGICAL DATA

Assessment of the micro and macro meteorology is important from the standpoint of

understanding the nature and extent of air pollution in the study area. Climate has

an important role in the build-up of pollution levels. The climatic condition of the

area may be classified as moderately or seasonally dry, tropical or temperate

savanna climate with four seasons in a year. Winter is critical for air pollution build-

up because of frequent calm conditions with temperature inversions resulting in

poor atmospheric mixing, natural ventilation and high emission loads.

The classification of months according to the seasons is given in the following table3.0

TABLE:-3.0 SEASONS

Season Period

Summer March to May

Monsoon June to September

Post monsoon October to November

Winter December to February



The metrological data reflecting minimum, maximum temperature in 0C, relative humidity in %, rainfall in mm/hr, wind speed in m/s, mixing height in m, cloud cover in tenths and atmospheric pressure in mb for the year 2013 obtained from modeling studies carried out using U.S. EPA AERMOD dispersion model, 1996 – 2013 Lakes Environmental Software, Version 7.1.0 has been appended as table 3.1.

TABLE 3.1: METEOROLOGICAL DATA OF BANGALORE FOR THE YEAR 2013

Month Temperature 0C

Relative

humidity %

Precipitation

rate (mm/hr)

Atmospheric

pressure (mb)

Wind

speed

(m/s)

Inversion /

mixing

height

(m)

Cloud

cover

(tenths)

Min Max Max Min Min Max Min Max Min Max Day Night Min Max

Jan 12.4 25.6 84.8 58.3 0 1.27 909 919 0 6.7 2303 2477 2 10

Feb 13.1 28.9 76.9 44.8 0 1.52 908 915 0 5.1 2517 1786 2 5

Mar 16.4 29.5 69 38.8 0 1.02 907 917 0 6.2 2798 2057 2 6

Apr 18.2 30.8 76.7 50.7 0 3.81 908 914 0 5.1 2910 1799 2 5

May 18.5 32 82.7 61.0 0 2.54 905 913 0 6.2 3319 2317 2 5

June 17.9 30.9 88.6 71.7 0 4.83 904 913 0 10.3 2828 4000 2 10

July 17.4 29.4 89 75.5 0 3.81 904 912 0 8.7 2691 3638 2 10

Aug 17 28.5 88.9 74.5 0 4.06 904 912 0 7.2 2678 2779 3 10

Sept 17.2 29.5 91.4 75.3 0 2.29 905 912 0 7.2 2802 2801 2 10

Oct 16.8 28.8 88.5 73.5 0 2.03 904 913 0 5.7 2575 2046 3 10

Nov 16.8 25.9 93.5 78.1 0 3.81 905 915 0 6.2 2177 2247 2 10

Dec 11.8 24.4 87.6 66.8 0 1.52 906 914 0 6.7 1756 2522 2 10



3.2.1.1 TEMPERATURE The mean maximum temperature is observed at (32°C) in the month of May and the mean minimum temperature at (11.8°C) is observed in the month of December. In the summer season the mean minimum temperature is observed during the month of March (16.4°C). During the monsoon the mean maximum temperature is observed to be 30.9°C in the month of June with the mean minimum temperature at 17°C during August. By the end of September with the onset of post monsoon season (October - November), day temperatures drop slightly with the mean maximum temperature at 28.8°C in October and mean minimum temperature is observed at 16.8°C for both October & November. The values are presented in table 3.1.

3.2.1.2 RELATIVE HUMIDITY Minimum and maximum values of relative humidity have been recorded. The minimum humidity is observed to be at 38.8% in the month of March and the maximum is 91.4% in the month of September. The mean minimum values of humidity during summer, monsoon, post-monsoon and rainy seasons are 38.8%, 71.7%, 73.5% & 44.8% during the months of March, June, October and February respectively. Similarly the maximum values are 82.7%, 91.4%, 93.5%, 87.6% in the months of May, September, November & December during the summer, monsoon, post monsoon & winter seasons. The values are presented intable 3.1.

3.2.1.3 RAINFALL The monsoon in this region usually occurs twice in a year i.e. from June to September and from October to November. The maximum annual rate of precipitation over this region ranges between 1.02 to 4.83 mm/hr.

3.2.1.4 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The maximum and the minimum atmospheric pressures are recorded during all seasons. In the summer season, the mean maximum and minimum pressure values are observed to be 917 mb in the month of March and 905 mb in the month of May respectively. During monsoon season, the maximum pressure is 913 mb and minimum 904 mb. The maximum pressure during the post-monsoon season is observed to be 915 mb in November and minimum pressure is 904 mb in the month of October. During the winter season the minimum atmospheric pressure is 906 mb in December and the maximum is 919 mb in the month of January. The values are presented in table 3.1.



3.2.1.5 INVERSION HEIGHT

The maximum inversion heights at the project site during the day time & night

time for all the months of the year is as given in the table 3.1. The maximum

mixing height of 4000 m is observed during the month of June during the night

time and 3319 m during the month of May during the day time. The minimum

inversion heights are 1756 m in the month of December during the day and

1786 m during the night in the month of February.

3.2.1.6 CLOUD COVER

The minimum cover measured in the unit of tenths is 2 and the maximum

observed cloud cover is 10.

3.2.1.7 WIND The data on wind patterns are pictorially represented by means of wind rose

diagrams for the entire year as figure 3.2 (for different seasons) and

predominant wind direction is appended in table 3.2.

TABLE: - 3.2 PREDOMINANT WIND DIRECTIONS

Season Period Wind direction Average wind

speed in m/sec

Summer March to May North West 2.73

Monsoon June to September East 4.09

Post monsoon October to November South West 3.26

Winter December to February North West 3.21



FIG 3.2: WIND ROSE DIAGRAMS

1. MARCH TO MAY (SUMMER SEASON)



2. JUNE TO SEPTEMBER (MONSOON SEASON)



3. OCTOBER TO NOVEMBER (POST MONSOON SEASON)



4. DECEMBER TO FEBRUARY (WINTER SEASON)



3.2.2 BASELINE MONITORING

3.2.2A SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

AIR QUALITY

PM10 and PM2.5 have been estimated by gravimetric method. Modified West and

Gaeke Method (IS: 5182 Part – II, 1969) has been adopted for estimation of SO2.

Jacobs – Hochheiser Method (IS: 5182 Part-VI, 1975) has been adopted for the

estimation of NOx. N D I R S (Non-Dispersive Infra Red Spectroscopic) Method

(IS: 5182 Part-X, 1999) has been adopted for the estimation of CO and

Electrochem sensor method has been adopted for the estimation of Ozone.

Spectrophotometric method for ammonia, AAS (Atomic Absorption

Spectrophotometry) method for lead. Summary of the analytical techniques

and their references are appended in table 3.2A

TABLE: 3.2 A: TECHNIQUES ADOPTED/PROTOCOLS FOR AMBIENT AIR

QUALITY MONITORING

SL.

No

Parameters Techniques Technical

Protocol

Minimum

detectable limits

as provided by lab

1 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) West & Gaeke IS:5182 (P2) 4 mcg

2 Nitrogen Dioxide

(NO2)

Jacob & Hochheiser IS:5182 (P6) 1 mcg

3 Particulate Matter PM10 Gravimetric IS:5182 (P15) 5 mcg

4 Particulate Matter PM2.5 Gravimetric - 5 mcg

5 Ozone (O3) Electrochem sensor - NIL

6 Ammonia as NH3 Spectrophotometric Handbook of

air pollution

analysis

NIL

7 Carbon monoxide as

CO

NDIR IS: 5182 (P-10) 10 mcg

8 Lead as Pb AAS IS:5182 (P22) 0.01 mcg



TABLE: 3.2 B: PROTOCOL FOR SURFACE WATER QUALITY

MONITORING

Sl.

No.

Parameter/Test Protocol

Physical parameters

1 pH IS: 3025 (P 11)

2 Suspended solids IS: 3025 (P 17)

3 Color & odor IS: 3025 (P 4&5)

4 Oil & grease IS: 3025 (P 39)

Chemicals parameters

5 Total dissolved solids IS: 3025 (P 16)

6 Ammoniacal nitrogen, as N IS: 3025 (P 34)

7 Total kjeldahl nitrogen, as N IS: 3025 (P 34)

8 Biochemical Oxygen Demand at

270 C for 3 days

IS: 3025 (P 44)

9 Chemical Oxygen Demand APHA

10 Chlorides, as Cl IS: 3025 (P 32)

11 Sulfates, as SO4 IS: 3025 (P 24)

12 Nitrates, as NO3 IS: 3025 (P 34)

13 Phosphates, as PO4 IS: 3025 (P 31)

14 Phenolic compounds, as C6H5OH IS: 3025 (P 43)

15 Total hardness, as CaCO3 IS: 3025 (P 21)

16 Calcium, as Ca IS: 3025 (P 40)

17 Magnesium, as Mg IS: 3025 (P 46)

18 Nitrates, as NO2 IS: 3025 (P 34)

19 Alkalinity, as CaCO3 IS: 3025 (P 23)

20 Fluoride, as F IS: 3025 (P 60)

21 Electrical conductivity APHA

22 Dissolved oxygen, mg/L -



TABLE: 3.2 C: PROTOCOL FOR GROUND WATER QUALITY

MONITORING

Sl.

No.

Parameter/Test Unit Protocol

1 Color True color units IS: 3025 (P 4)

2 Odor - IS: 3025 (P 5)

3 Taste - IS: 3025 (P 8)

4 Turbidity NTU IS: 3025 (P 10)

5 pH - IS: 3025 (P 11)

6 Chlorides as Cl mg/L AN-S-003

7 Total hardness as CaCO3 mg/L IS: 3025 (P 21)

8 Calcium as Ca mg/L IS: 3025 (P 40)

9 Magnesium as Mg mg/L IS: 3025 (P 46)

10 Total dissolved solids mg/L IS: 3025 (P 16)

11 Sulfates as SO4 mg/L AN-S-003

12 Copper as Cu mg/L IS: 3025 (P 42)

13 Iron as Fe mg/L IS: 3025 (P 53)

14 Manganese as Mn mg/L IS: 3025 (P 59)

15 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L AN-S-003

16 Fluoride as F mg/L AN-S-003

17 Phenolic compounds as

C6H5OH

mg/L IS: 3025 (P 43)

18 Mercury as Hg mg/L IS: 3025 (P 48)

19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L IS: 3025 (P 41)

20 Selenium as Se mg/L IS: 3025 (P 56)

21 Arsenic as As mg/L IS: 3025 (P 37)

22 Cyanide as CN mg/L APHA

23 Lead as Pb mg/L IS: 3025 (P 47)

24 Zinc as Zn mg/L IS: 3025 (P 49)

25 Anionic detergents as MBAS mg/L Annex K of

IS:13428

26 Chromium as Cr+6 mg/L IS: 3025 (P 52)

27 Residual free chlorine mg/L IS: 3025 (P 26)

28 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L IS: 3025 (P 23)

29 Aluminum as Al mg/L IS: 3025 (P 55)

30 Boron as B mg/L APHA



TABLE: 3.2 D: TABLE: 3.2 D: EQUIPMENTS USED FOR NOISE & SOIL

MONITORING

Noise levels were measured using integrated sound level meter & soil quality

using pH meter, Conductivity meter, Turbidity Meter, Flame Photometer, Spectro

photometer, Mercury Analyser, Oven, Electronic Balance

3.2.2.1 AIR QUALITY

The baseline air quality was established by monitoring major air pollutants like suspended particulate matter, oxides of sulfur & nitrogen at various locations near the project site. High volume samplers were used for ambient air sampling. Suspended

Particulate Matter (SPM) i.e. PM2.5& PM10, sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of

nitrogen (NOx), NH3, Pb, O3, C6H6, Benzo(a) pyrene in particulate phase, As, Ni

and CO, etc. were determined. Samples were collected continuously from all

the stations for 24 hours. Samples thus collected were analyzed for various

pollutants as above.

Baseline data for ambient air quality was collected during the months of October, November 2014.The sampling stations along with their distance and direction from the project site, ambient air quality monitoring stations, wind rose diagram showing the direction of the blowing wind during the analysis period, ambient air quality analysis data for SPM, SO2

, NOx& National Ambient Air Quality Standards specified by MoEF are detailed subsequently. To study the existing ambient air quality, monitoring was done by Bangalore

Test House, Bangalore, NABL Accredited lab during the months of October &

November 2014.

The observations made during the study period are presented under the

forthcoming sub-sections.



METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THE STUDY

The baseline status of the ambient air has been established through a

scientifically designed ambient air quality monitoring network. The following

criteria were taken into account during selection of the sampling stations:

Topography of the area

Human settlements within the study area

Safety, accessibility and non-interference with general routine of the people residing near the station

Prediction of maximum concentration of the air pollutants through dispersion modeling for the proposed source details using prevailing meteorological conditions in the region

Détails of ambiant air sampling stations are shown in table 3.3.

TABLE 3.3: AMBLENT AIR SAMPLING STATIONS

Sl.

No.

Code no. Name of the station Direction from

the site

Distance from

site (km)

1 A 1 Project site - -

2 A 2 Anikehantana Nagar South 0.35

3 A 3 Channenahalli South West 0.50

4 A 4 Seegahalli Bus Depot North- West 0.65

5 A 5 Seegehalli

(Downwind

direction)

North 0.30

6 A 6 Kannahalli South – East 1.21

Note:

PM10& PM2.5 - Particulate matter; SO2 – Sulfur dioxide; NOx – Oxides of

nitrogen; NH3 – Ammonia ; C6H6 – Benzene; As – Arsenic; Ni – Nickel; Pb –

Lead; O3 – Ozone; CO – Carbon monoxide; ND – not detected



3.2.2.1.2 AIR QUALITY:

Ambient air quality analysis was conducted at 6 locations from October to

November 2014. The analysis reports are appended in the table 3.4 below and

Ambient air quality standards – MoEF as per the notification dated 16th

November 2009 for industrial, residential & rural areas is detailed in table

3.5.

TABLE 3.4: AIR QUALITY DATA ANALYSIS AT ALL LOCATIONS (DURING

OCTOBER 2014)

Sl.

No.

Parameter 24 Hrs concentration (µg/m3)

Monitoring station

A 1 A 2 A 3

A 4 A 5 A 6

1 PM2.5, µg/m3 27.0 29.1 26.6 29.0 23.4 28.2

2 PM10, µg/m3 26.5 46.0 28.3 39.5 23.8 44.0

3 SO2, µg/m3 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0

4 NOx, µg/m3 6.8 11.1 13.6 13.7 12.5 10.2

5 NH3, µg/m3 NIL Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

6 Pb, µg/m3 <0.01 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.01

7 O3, µg/m3 NIL Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

8 C6H6, µg/m3 ND ND ND ND ND ND

9 Benzo(a)

pyrene in

particulate

phase, ng/m3

<1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

10 As, ng/m3 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0

11 Ni, ng/m3 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0

12 CO, mg/m3 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil



TABLE 3.4.1: AIR QUALITY DATA ANALYSIS AT ALL LOCATIONS

(DURING NOVEMBER 2014)

Sl.

No.

Parameter 24 Hrs concentration (µg/m3)

Monitoring station

A 1 A 2 A 3

A 4 A 5 A 6

1 PM2.5, µg/m3 43.9 26.3 26.3 30.7 35.1 39.5

2 PM10, µg/m3 62.0 54.3 57.2 63.4 58.0 55.0

3 SO2, µg/m3 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0

4 NOx, µg/m3 7.1 8.0 6.2 8.9 7.0 7.4

5 NH3, µg/m3 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20

6 Pb, µg/m3 0.02 0.006 <0.004 0.01 <0.004 <0.004

7 O3, µg/m3 NIL Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

8 C6H6, µg/m3 ND ND ND ND ND ND

9 Benzo(a)

pyrene in

particulate

phase, ng/m3

<1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

10 As, ng/m3 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0

11 Ni, ng/m3 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0

12 CO, mg/m3 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil



TABLE 3.5: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS – MOEF AS PER THE

NOTIFICATION DATED 16TH NOVEMBER 2009 FOR INDUSTRIAL,

RESIDENTIAL & RURAL AREAS

Air quality parameter Concentration

24 hrs Annual

1 Particulate matter (size less than 10

µm), PM10, µg/m3

100 60

2 Particulate matter (size less than

2.5 µm), PM2.5 ,µg/m3

60 40

3 Sulfur-di-oxide, µg/m3 80 50

4 Nitrogen dioxide, µg/m3 80 40

5 Ammonia (NH3), µg/m3 400 100

6 Benzene (C6H6), µg/m3 - 5

7 Benzo(a) pyrene in particulate

phase, ng/m3

- 1

8 Arsenic (As), ng/m3 - 6

9 Nickel (Ni), ng/m3 - 20

10 Lead (Pb), µg/m3 1 0.5

11 Ozone (O3), µg/m3 180 – 1 hr 100 – 8 hrs

12 Carbon monoxide, mg/m3 4 – 1 hr 2 – 8 hrs

Note:

24 hourly or 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time, they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring

Whenever and wherever monitoring results on two constitutive days of monitoring exceed the limits specified above for the respective category, it shall be considered adequate reason to institute regular or continuous monitoring and further investigation.



3.2.2.1.3 OBSERVATIONS It has been observed that the maximum concentration of all the parameters monitored at all the locations are within the limits specified by MoEF (as per the notification dated 16th November 2009 for industrial, residential & rural areas). Marginally high values at Seegehalli Bus depot are due to the frequent movement of vehicles.

3.2.2.2 NOISE ENVIRONMENT

The proposed project M/s. NobleExchange Environment Solutions Bangalore Private Limited (NEX),will result in moderate increase in traffic during the construction phase due to movement of construction materials, tools and tackles, laborers required for construction.

The lowest & highest noise levels and the limits as per Environmental

Protection Rules, 1986 for both industrial and commercial areas are presented

in the following tables 3.8 and summary of noise levels is shown in table 3.7.

And the Photographs Showing the Noise Monitoring during Baseline Data

Collection October 2014 is shown in fig 3.3

TABLE 3.6: NOISE LEVEL MONITORING STATIONS

Sl. No. Code

no.

Name of the station Direction from the

site

Distance from site

(km)

1 N 1 Project site - -

2 N 2 Anikehantana Nagar South 0.35

3 N 3 Channenahalli South West 0.50

4 N 4 Seegahalli Bus Depot North- West 0.65

5 N 5 Seegehalli

(Downwind direction)

North 0.30

6 N 6 Kannahalli South – East 1.21



TABLE 3.7: SUMMARY OF NOISE LEVELS

Sl. No. Code No. Name of the Station Lowest

dB (A)

Highest

dB (A)

1 N 1 (October) Project site 48.1 50.8

2 N 1 (November) Project site 50.8 66.4

3 N 2 Anikehantana Nagar 42.0 57.2

4 N 3 Channenahalli 62.6 76.1

5 N 4 Seegahalli Bus Depot 50.9 77.9

6 N 5 Seegehalli

(Downwind

direction)

42.4 49.8

7 N 6 Kannahalli 49.8 65.2

TABLE 3.8: LIMITS AS PER ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION RULES, 1986

Limits as per Env. Protection Rules, 1986 in dB(A)Leq

Industrial area Commercial area Residential area

Day Night Day Night Day Night

75 70 65 55 55 45

3.2.2.2.1 OBSERVATIONS

The baseline noise levels have been monitored at different locations as indicated in the table above. It has been observed that the maximum noise levels at all the locations are within the limits specified for industrial areas. Comparatively high noise levels at Seegehalli Bus Depot (77.9 dB (A)) can be attributed to the movement of large number of trucks, lorries, government buses and other vehicles close to the monitoring station.



FIG 3.3 :- PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING THE NOISE MONITORING DURING BASELINE

DATA COLLECTION OCTOBER 2014

PROJECT SITE ANIKETHANANAGAR

CHANNENAHALLI SEEGEHALLI BUS DEPOT

SEEGEHALLI KANNAHALLI



3.2.2.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT

3.2.2.3.1 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

The impact has been assessed on randomly selected surface and ground water sources falling within the impact zone.

In order to assess the existing water quality, the water samples were collected

from five different locations within the study area and analyzed as per the

procedure specified in standard methods for examination of water and

wastewater published by American Public Health Association and Bureau of

Indian Standards (APHA/BIS). Name of the locations, orientation with respect

to the project site along with the type of source, the analytical data for

surface water quality and ground water quality at all locations has been

depicted in the following tables 3.10 & 3.11.

TABLE 3.9: WATER SAMPLING STATIONS

Sl.

No.

Code

No.

Name of the Station Direction

from site

Distance

from

site (km)

Source/ Type

1 W 1 Project site - - Ground Water

2 W 2 Anikehantana Nagar South 0.35 Ground Water

3 W 3 Channenahalli South West 0.50 Ground Water

4 W 4 Seegahalli Bus Depot North-

West

0.65 Ground Water

5 W 5 Seegehalli

(Downwind

direction)

North 0.30 Ground Water

6 W 6 Kannahalli South –

East

1.21 Ground Water

7 SW 7 Kannahalli Lake water South –

East

1.66 Lake Water



3.2.2.3.2 SURFACE WATER The water requirement of about 10 KLD for the proposed Project will be met by

Bore Well water supply source.

There are no major perennial rivers within the study area, which otherwise would have served as a source of fresh water. The results of the analysis of surface water samples collected from Kannahalli lakes is appended in the following table and Kannahalli Lake Water Sampling Photographs During Baseline Data Collection is shown in fig 3.4.



TABLE 3.10: SURFACE WATER QUALITY

Sl. No. Tests Unit Results Maximum

Acceptable

Limits As per

IS:10500-1991

Maximum Permissible

Limits in the Absence of

Alternate Source As Per

IS:10500-1991

W 3

(October)

W4

(November)

1 Odor - Agreeable Agreeable Un-objectionable Un-objectionable

2 Taste - Not

Agreeable

Not Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable

3 Turbidity NTU 7.5 2.2 5 10

4 pH - 6.96 7.72 6.50-8.50 No relaxation

5 Chlorides as Cl mg/L 70.4 85.5 250 1000

6 Total hardness as

CaCO3

mg/L 199.9 289.7 300 600

7 Calcium as Ca mg/L 34.6 50.7 75 200

8 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 27.6 39.7 30 100

9 Total dissolved solids mg/L 378.0 536.0 500 2000

10 Sulfates as SO4 mg/L 12.6 15.0 200 400

11 Copper as Cu mg/L 0.09 <0.05 0.05 1.5

12 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.29 0.06 0.30 1.0

13 Manganese as Mn mg/L <0.1 <0.1 0.1 0.3

14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L <0.1 <0.1 45 No relaxation

15 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.2 0.3 1.0 1.5

16 Phenolic compounds as

C6H5OH

mg/L Absent Absent 0.001 No relaxation

17 Mercury as Hg mg/L <0.001 <0.001 0.001 No relaxation

18 Cadmium as Cd mg/L <0.001 <0.001 0.01 No relaxation

19 Selenium as Se mg/L <0.01 <0.01 0.01 No relaxation

20 Arsenic as As mg/L <0.001 <0.01 0.01 No relaxation

21 Cyanide as CN mg/L Absent Absent 0.05 No relaxation

22 Lead as Pb mg/L <0.001 < 0.01 0.05 No relaxation

23 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.07 0.01 5 15

24 Anionic detergents as

MBAS

mg/L <0.2 < 0.2 0.2 1.0

25 Chromium as Cr+6 mg/L <0.01 <0.01 0.05 No relaxation

26 Residual free chlorine mg/L <0.05 <0.05 0.2 min -

27 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 211.1 281.4 200 600

28 Aluminum as Al mg/L 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.2

29 Boron as B mg/L <0.1 <0.1 1.00 5.0

30 Coliform organisms

/100 ml

- 5400 Lessthan 1 - -

31 E-coli Bacteria/100 ml - Present Absent - -



FIG 3.4 KANNAHALLI LAKE WATER SAMPLING PHOTOGRAPHS DURING

BASELINE DATA COLLECTION

3.2.2.3.2.1 OBSERVATIONS The analysis of samples collected from the Kannahalli Lake for various parameters reveals that the quality of water is within the maximum acceptable limits as per IS:10500-1991.



3.2.2.3.3 GROUND WATER Ground water is the major source of water in the area occurring under water table conditions in the weathered mantle of granite gneisses and in the joints, cracks and crevices of the basement rock. The depth of water is also dependent on topography and varies depending on the depth of weathering. The results of the analysis of Ground water samples collected from the project site and others locations is appended in

the following table and Water Sampling Photographs During Baseline Data Collection is shown in fig 3.5.

TABLE 3.11: GROUND WATER QUALITY

Sl.

No.

Tests Unit Results Maximum

Acceptable

Limits As per

IS:10500-1991

Maximum

Permissible

Limits in the

Absence of

Alternate

Source As Per

IS:10500-1991

W 1

(During

October

month )

W 1

(During

November

month )

W 2

W 3

W 4

W 5

W 6

1 Color True

color

units

<2 <2.0 1 <2 <2 <2 <2 5 25

2 Odor - A A A A A A A Un-objectionable Un-

objectionable

3 Taste - A A A A A A A Agreeable Agreeable

4 Turbidity NTU <0.01 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.5 5 10

5 pH - 6.86 7.06 7.00 7.33 6.97 7.04 6.86 6.50-8.50 No relaxation

6 Chlorides as Cl mg/L 57.4 45.6 97.3 127.7 83.8 114.5 249.1 250 1000

7 Total hardness as

CaCO3

mg/L 392.0 248.9 450.8 402.0 500.0 529.2 784.0 300 600

8 Calcium as Ca mg/L 58.9 49.1 70.7 114.0 114.0 126.0 125.1 75 200

9 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 59.6 30.8 66.7 28.6 52.4 52.4 114.4 30 100

10 Total dissolved

solids

mg/L 602.0 478.0 764.0 720.0 736.0 796.0 1246.0 500 2000

11 Sulfates as SO4 mg/L 25.2 17.8 38.2 28.0 26.8 22.9 95.9



12 Copper as Cu mg/L <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.05 1.5

13 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.12 0.03 0.09 0.09 0.06 0.08 0.13

14 Manganese as Mn mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 0.3

15 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L 2.3 7.7 42.8 28.2 18.2 24.7 55.1

16 Fluoride as F mg/L <0.02 0.4 0.32 0.35 0.5 <0.02 0.2

17 Phenolic

compounds as

C6H5OH

mg/L Absent Absent Absent Absen

t

Absent Absent Absent 0.001 No relaxation

18 Mercury as Hg mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.00

1

<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 No relaxation

19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.00

1

<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.01 No relaxation

20 Selenium as Se mg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 No relaxation

21 Arsenic as As mg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 No relaxation

22 Cyanide as CN mg/L Absent Absent Absent Absen

t

Absent Absent Absent 0.05 No relaxation

23 Lead as Pb mg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.05 No relaxation

24 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.03 0.01 0.2 0.06 0.06 0.13 0.03 5 15

25 Anionic

detergents as

MBAS

mg/L <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 0.2 1.0

26 Chromium as

Cr+6

mg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.05 No relaxation

27 Residual free

chlorine

mg/L <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.2 min -

28 Alkalinity as

CaCO3

mg/L 538.0 336.0 497.4 407.0 578.0 514.0 598.9 200 600

29 Aluminum as Al mg/L 0.035 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.023 0.03 0.2

30 Boron as B mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 1.00 5.0

UO - Un-objectionable; A - Agreeable



FIG:- 3.5 WATER SAMPLING PHOTOGRAPHS DURING BASELINE DATA COLLECTION






3.2.2.3.4 OBSERVATIONS The physicochemical quality of the ground water sources at and around the plant site has been analyzed, which indicates that almost all the parameters analyzed are within the maximum acceptable limits as per IS:10500-1991 standards.

3.2.2.4 SOIL AND GEOLOGY

Soil characteristics, erosion aspects, soil fertility etc., have direct bearing on the

environment. Knowledge of soil parameters is essential for the planning and

implementation of green belt. Hence it becomes important to study the soil

characteristics. Baseline data for land environment was collected at five locations

in order to assess the soil quality of the study area. Soil samples at a depth of one

and half feet were collected using sampling augers, spades and field capacity

apparatus. The list of locations and the orientation with reference to the project

site are listed in table 3.12. Soil sampling locations are shown in the map

appended as fig 3.4. Soil samples were analyzed for physical and chemical

parameters the results of which are given in table 3.13 and Soil Sampling

Photographs during Baseline Data Collection is shown in fig 3.6 and sampling

locations marked in the Google map is shown in fig 3.7.

TABLE 3.12: SOIL SAMPLING STATIONS

Sl. No. Code No. Name of the Station Direction from site Distance from

site (km)

1 S 1 Project site - -

2 S 2 Anikehantana Nagar South 0.35

3 S 3 Channenahalli South West 0.50

4 S 4 Seegahalli Bus Depot North- West 0.65

5 S 5 Seegehalli

(Downwind

direction)

North 0.30

6 S 6 Kannahalli South – East 1.21



TABLE 3.13: PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL

Parameter Results (on dry basis)

S1 (during

October)

S1 (during

November)

S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6

Description Pale yellow

coloured moist soil

Brown coloured moist soil

Reddish brown

coloured moist soil

Brown colored Moist soil

Dark Brown colored moist Soil



pH 20% suspension 7.16 7.23 6.50 8.0 8.10 7.62 6.90

Organic solids, % 3.5 3.1 3.6 5.8 7.60 6.70 3.60

Inorganic solids, % 96.5 96.9 96.4 94.2 92.4 93.3

Chlorides as Cl, % 0.023 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.009 0.009 0.009

Phosphorous as P, % 0.023 0.004 0.004 0.044 0.03 0.74 0.024

Nitrogen as N, % <0.01 0.01 0.04 0.08 0.17 0.09 0.09

Potassium as K, % 0.54 1.25 0.14 0.21 0.35 0.15 0.10

Iron as Fe, % 2.7 4.3 1.9 1.7 3.4 5.1 1.70

Sulfates as SO4, % 0.01 0.005 0.001 0.08 0.11 0.065 0.05

Calcium as Ca, % 0.80 0.20 0.03 0.25 0.73 0.13 0.05

Magnesium as Mg, % 0.40 0.99 0.07 0.12 0.34 0.04 0.11

Conductivity, microomhos/cm (20% suspension)

121.0 106.0 21.0 114.0 186.0 123.0 47.0

Moisture, % 5.06 4.3 5.6 8.2 13.7 12.3 10.9

The results of the analysis show that the nature of the soil is neutral.



FIG: - 3.6 SOIL SAMPLING PHOTOGRAPHS DURING BASELINE DATA

COLLECTION






FIG 3.7: GOOGLE MAP SHOWING SAMPLING LOCATIONS

Table 3.14: LOCATION OF SAMPLING STATIONS Code no. on

Google map

Name of the Station Direction from

site

Distance from site

(km)

Sampling location

code

A1 Project site - - A1, N1, W1, S1

A2 Anikehantana Nagar South 0.35 A2, N2, W2, S2

A3 Channenahalli South West 0.50 A3, N3, W3, S3

A4 Seegahalli Bus Depot North- West 0.65 A4, N4, W4, S4

A5 Seegehalli

(Downwind direction)

North 0.30 A5, N5, W5, S5

A6 Kannahalli South – East 1.21 A6, N6, W6, S6

SW1 Kannahalli Lake South – East 1.66 SW1



3.2.2.5 ECOLOGY

Natural flora and fauna are important features of the environment. They are organized into natural communities with mutual dependencies among their members and show various responses and sensitivities to physical innocence. The integrated ecological thinking and planning process is an urgent need in the context of natural environment's deterioration which has a direct bearing on socio-economic development. Ecology of the study area includes the flora and fauna studies within the study zone. The investigation included field observations, discussions with local people, forest officials etc.

3.2.2.5.1 FLORA

Land within the study zone is moderately dry, barren with patches of green fields surrounding the rural village settings. Tree species attaining moderate to considerable height are found to be present in sparsely distributed area. Eucalyptus plantations raised under various social forestry or afforestation schemes are also found in the area. The biodiversity of vegetation in the area is not very high due to intense agro ecosystem. The soil in this area is low to medium fertile with reference to its agricultural potential. The soils are shallow in depth and the alluvial soils are rarely found and also they are low in organic content. The flora found in the area includes commercial plantations like Beetle, Casurine, Areca, Coconut, Mulberry, Neelgiri etc. apart from other botanical species found in the study area. The naturally growing plants, vegetation & grasses found in the study area are as

appended below table 3.15.



TABLE: - 3.15 PLANTS, VEGETATION & GRASSES Sl.

No.

Botanical name Local name Distribution

1 Bambusa bamboo Big-Bamboo Occasional

2 Azadirachta indicia Bevu Common

3 Acacia suma Bilijali Rare

4 Casuarinas equsetifolia Galimara Occasional

5 Alangum lamrkil Ankola Rare

6 Parthenium hystresporus Congress grass Common

7 Ficus religiosa Arali Predominant

8 Mangifera indica Mavu Predominant

9 Vitex negundo Lakki-gida Rare

10 Bauhinia variegate -- Common

11 Ficus mysotrensis Gonimara Common

12 Pongamia pinnata Honge Common

13 Cleredendron inerne -- Occasional

14 Artocarpus integrifolia Halasu Rare

15 Acacua Arabica Gobli Rare

16 Asparagus recemosa -- Rare

17 Terminalia catapa -- Common

18 Michaelia chamara Sampige Occasional

19 Barleria buxifloria -- Rare

20 Eucalyptus teretilmonis Neelagiri Common

21 Govofiar ottleformis Buthale Rare

22 Acacia ferruginea Kaggali Common

23 Bombax ceiba (Bombax

malabaricum)

Burga Common

24 Tinospora cordifolia -- Occasional

25 Cymbopogon felxuosos Ginger grass Occasional

26 Dendrocalamus strictus Small bamboo Occasional

27 Crotalaria verrucosa -- Occasional

28 Emblica officinalis

(Phylanthusembilaca)

Amla, Nalli Occasional

29 Teprosia purpuria -- Common

30 Albizzia amara Chukkiau Common

31 Cymbopo nardus Citronella grass Common

32 Erythrine variegate (Erythrina

indica)

Hongarike Common

33 Delbergia latifolia Beete Occasional



3.2.2.5.2 FAUNA

The fauna found in the region does not show much diversity, as there is no suitable

habitat for the occurrence of ecologically important fauna. Fauna observed in the

region include domestic animals, reptiles and birds. The composition of fauna in

the study area is presented in the table 3.16 below.

TABLE 3.16:- FAUNA IN THE STUDY AREA

Sl.

No.

Zoological Name Common Name

Mammals

1 Bos indicus Cow

2 Babulus indicus Buffalo

3 Lepus nigrocollis Indian hare

4 Pteropus gigantus Bats

5 Equus cabulus Donkey

6 Funambulus ponnanti Squirrel

Avian

7 Pavo cristatus Pea fouls

8 Corvus splendens Common crow

9 Psittacula cupatria Indian parakeet

10 Acrodopthesus tristis Indian myna

11 Conturnix coturnix Common quails

Reptiles & Amphibians

12 Rana tigrina Frog

13 Bufo melanosticus Toad

14 Hemidoctylus brookie Common lizard

15 Ptyas mucosus Rat snake

16 Calotes versicolor Garden lizard

3.2.2.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

The baseline data referring to the socio-economic environment is collected by way

of secondary sources such as census records, statistical hand book and relevant

official records with the government agencies and primary sources such as the

socio-economic surveys conducted by different Govt. & Non Govt. Agencies.



The growth of industrial sectors and infrastructure development in and around the

agricultural area i.e. villages and semi-urban settings and towns is bound to create

certain socio-economic impacts on the local populace. The impacts may be either

positive or negative depending on the nature of development. To assess such

impact it is necessary to know the existing socio-economic order of the study area,

which will be helpful in improving the overall quality of life.

3.2.2.6.1 DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE

The information collected from the secondary sources are from the district census

statistical hand books and the records of the National Informatics Center, New

Delhi in respect of the population, infrastructure facilities available and the

occupational structures of the study area.

The study has been conducted for Seegehalli village which is presented

subsequently.

The distribution of population in the study area as per the census record of the

2001 and population forecasted for 2011 are presented subsequently in the below

table 3.17.

TABLE 3.17: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION

Particulars Seegehalli

2001 2011

Total residential houses 61 90

Total population 305 447

Population male 157 230

Population female 148 217

Schedule caste male 78 114

Schedule caste female 82 120

Schedule tribe male 0 0

Schedule tribe female 0 0

Literates male 111 163

Literates female 74 109

Main workers male 92 135

Main workers female 37 54

Marginal workers male 6 9

Marginal workers female 11 16

Non workers male 59 87

Non workers female 100 147

Source: District census handbook



Note: The percentage decadal growth rate for Bangalore during 2001 – 2011 is 46.68% (from http://censuskarnataka.gov.in/) Male population – 51.45 % Female population – 48.54 %

LITERACY LEVELS

The literacy level in the study area is as appended in table 3.18 below

TABLE 3.18: DISTRIBUTION OF LITERATES AND LITERACY LEVELS IN THE

STUDY AREA Particulars Seegehalli

2001

Total population 305

Total literate 185

Literate male 111

% of Male literate 60

Literate female 74

% of Female literate 40

Source: District census hand book

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABLE

The infrastructure and amenities available in the area reflects the economic well-

being of the region.

EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES: The educational facilities available in and

around the study area include primary, middle, high schools and colleges

with good facilities apart from Anganwadies in rural sectors, the details of

which are depicted in the Google map appended as fig 3.9.

COMMUNICATION FACILITIES: The study area and its surroundings have

sufficient post and telegraphs offices.

In addition to the above the study area and the villages surrounding it have

been provided with good electrical power supply for domestic, industrial

and agricultural purposes.



HOSPITALS: Hospitals & other health-care facilities are found in the

surroundings of the project site, the details of which are depicted in the

Google map appended as fig 3.8.List of infrastructural facilities in the

surroundings are presented in the below table 3.19.

TABLE 3.19: LIST OF INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES IN THE

SURROUNDINGS Sl.

No.

Hospital Distance from the

Plant

Direction

w.r.t. the

Plant

1 Pooja Hospital 2.71 North

2 Tejas Hospital 3.95 South East

3 East West College of

management

4.08 North East

4 Nirman International public

school

4.49 East

5 Bangalore city railway station 17 East

6 Bengaluru International

Airport

39 North – East



FIG 3.8: GOOGLE MAP SHOWING SURROUNDING HOSPITALS



FIG 3.9: GOOGLE MAP SHOWING SURROUNDING SCHOOLS & COLLEGES

3.2.2.6.2 CONNECTIVITY

The Site is located to the West of Bangalore city. It is next to Sheegehalli bus depot

and has very good connectivity by public transport to city. The site is connected by

Magadi Road which is a State Highway and an internal concrete road from the Main

road which is of 2 Km in length approximately. The site location is around 17 Km

from city center bus stop called the Majestic Bus stop and the Google map showing

connectivity shown in fig 3.10.



TABLE 3.20: CONNECTIVITY FROM THE PROJECT SITE

Sl.

No.

Road Distance from the

project site (km)

Direction

w.r.t. project

site

1 Sheegehalli Main road 0.1 North

2 Magadi Main road 1.69 North

3 Nice Ring road (Toll Road) 3.31 North East

7 Bangalore city railway station 17 East

8 Bengaluru International Airport 39 North – East

Note: All distances mentioned are aerial.



FIG 3.10: GOOGLE MAP SHOWING CONNECTIVITY

3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES

The proposed project site is in the eastern part of Bangalore at Latitude - 12o 58`

14.88‖ N Longitude - 77o 26` 48.48‖ E 962 m above MSL. The total plot area is 8

Acres. The general topographical features of the area reveal that the proposed

project site and its surroundings is generally a plain land. The Topo map covering a

radial distance of 15 km around the project site showing contours and general

features of the land is appended as fig 3.11. The Google map covering an aerial

distance of 1 km, 5 km & 10 km radials from the project site and delineating the

environmental sensitive areas is appended as fig 3.12, 3.13 & 3.14. Land use map

of the project site is shown in fig 3.15.



FIG 3.11: TOPO MAP COVERING 5 KM DISTANCE FROM THE PROJECT

SITE

Source: Survey of India; Scale: 1:50000



3.4 BASE MAPS OF ALL ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS

TABLE 3.21: EXISTING LAND-USE PATTERN

Sl.

No.

Particulars Details Distance

from the

project

site (km)

Direction

w.r.t.

project

site

1 Agriculture Minor activities - scattered - -

2 National park,

forest

Bannerghatta National Park 25.60 South West

3 Water bodies Kannahalli lake 1.54 West

Note:

a) All distances mentioned are aerial.

b) Land documents are appended as Annexure - B.



FIG 3.12: GOOGLE MAP COVERING 1 KM AERIAL DISTANCE FROM THE

PROJECT SITE



FIG 3.13: GOOGLE MAP COVERING 5 KM AERIAL DISTANCE FROM THE

PROJECT SITE



FIG 3.14: GOOGLE MAP COVERING 10 KM AERIAL DISTANCE FROM

THE PROJECT SITE



FIG 3.15: LAND USE MAP OF THE PROJECT SITE



3.5 SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES

Baseline environmental survey forms the basis for evaluation of the feasibility of the

proposed development in the existing conditions. This survey can be broadly grouped

into physical, social, aesthetic & economic environment. Physical environment

includes air, water, land, aquatic & terrestrial flora & fauna, civic infrastructure,

public services, etc; social environment includes demography, community facilities &

services, community characteristics, employment, commercial facilities; aesthetic

environment includes historical monuments, archaeological or architectural sites at &

in the vicinity of the proposed project activity and economic environment covers

employment levels, sources & levels of income, economic base of the area, land

values, land ownership etc. Table 3.22 gives various environmental attributes

considered for formulating environmental baseline.

TABLE 3.22: SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES

Sl.

No.

Environmental

attribute

Parameter Source of data

1 Ambient air quality PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, CO Ambient air quality

monitoring at 6 locations.

2 Noise levels Noise levels in db(A) Noise level monitoring at 6

locations

3 Geology Geological history Secondary sources.

4 Water quality Physical, chemical and

biological parameters

Grab samples are collected at

6locations.

5 Soil Soil types and samples

analyzed for physical and

chemical parameters.

Data collected from

secondary sources and soil

sample analysis at 6 locations.

6 Ecology Existing terrestrial flora and

fauna within 5 km radius of

project influence area.

Secondary sources.

7 Socio –

economic aspects

Socio-economic characteristics

of the affected area.

Based on field survey and

data collected from

secondary sources.

8 Land-use Trend of land use change for

different categories

Master Plan 2015.



CHAPTER 4

ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS &

MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 DETAILS OF INVESTIGATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS DUE TO

PROJECT LOCATION, POSSIBLE ACCIDENTS, PROJECT DESIGN, PROJECT

CONSTRUCTION, REGULAR OPERATIONS, FINAL DECOMMISSIONING OR

REHABILITATION OF COMPLETED PROJECT

Environmental components due to the construction and operation of the proposed

project. It details all the potential impacts on biophysical and socio-economic

components of the local environment due to the proposed activities and sub-

activities.

Prediction of impacts is the most important component in the Environmental Impact

Assessment studies. Several qualitative and quantitative techniques and

methodologies are used to conduct analysis of the potential impacts likely to accrue

as a result of the proposed development activities on physical, ecological and socio-

economic environments. Such predictions are superimposed over the baseline (pre-

project) status of the environmental quality to derive at the ultimate (post-project)

scenario of environmental conditions. The prediction of impacts helps to minimize the

adverse impacts and maximize the beneficial impacts on environmental quality during

pre and post project execution.



The proposed project will create impacts on the environment in two distinct phases:

During the construction phase which may be regarded as temporary or

short – term.

The other during the operation stage which would have long – term

effects.

The environmental impacts in this section have, as such, been discussed separately

for the construction phase and the operation stages of the proposed project. The

environmental impact assessment approach used to evaluate the proposed project

comprises of three sequential elements. These are impacts identification, prediction

and evaluation.

The first step of the impact assessment process involves identifying the key issues

associated with the construction and operation phases of the project. Issues and

concerns of the proposed project are scoped based on the knowledge and experience

with respect to environmental setting and project elements. Accordingly, the existing

environmental system is described and the components of the project are

determined.

This step involves identification of the environmental modification that may be

significant, forecasting of the quality and spatial dimension of change in the

environment identified and estimation of the probability that the impact will occur.

This step involve determination of the incidence of benefit to user groups and

population affected by the project, specification and comparison of effects between

various alternatives, and assessment of the likely effect of the project on the

environmental, economic and social components indicating the nature of effects.

4.1.1 PROJECT LOCATION

Major environmental impacts due to project location is not anticipated because

The Proposed ―Sustainable Waste Management and Renewable Energy‖ project


generators) is located at Survey No. 85, Kannahalli Village, Yeshwanthpura

Hobli, Seegehalli Cross, Magadi Road, Bangalore – 560 091.

The site is located towards West of Bangalore city, next to the Seegehalli bus

depot and has very good connectivity by public transport to city.

No national park is located in the vicinity (10 km radius - aerial).



The project emphasizes on the ―resource Recovery‖ concept of waste

management; involving the food waste processing and in turn extraction of

biogas.

Environmental impacts due to the construction and operation stages of the

project were predicted. The impacts during the construction phase will be

temporary in nature for a short construction period.

Adequate environmental management measures were incorporated during the

entire planning of construction and operation stages of the project to minimize

the adverse environmental impacts and assure sustainable development of the

area.

4.1.2 POSSIBLE ACCIDENTS

The proposed project is ―Sustainable Waste Management and Renewable Energy‖

project. Utmost care & precaution will be taken both during construction & operation

phases to prevent any possible accidents that might impact the environment.

4.1.2.2 OPERATION PHASE

Personal Safety (PPE)

The following Personal Protection Equipments (PPE) are proposed to be provided

1. Helmet

2. Goggles

3. Nose masks

4. Uniform

5. Aprons

6. Hand gloves

7. Safety shoes

Plant safety

The following measures and initiatives are proposed to ensure plant safety

1) Safety manual

2) MSDS



3) Onsite emergency plan

Fire extinguishers

Flame-proof fittings

Emergency no.s

4) Insurance coverage in case of fire (PLI)

5) Electric safety, audit

Environment safety

The following measures are taken for environmental safety in case of accidents

1) Important telephone no.s

2) MSDS

3) Environment policy

4) Evacuation procedure

Safety audit

1) Internal audit

2) Safety training

3) First-aid training

4) Mock drill in case of emergency with respect to fire accident and handling of

extinguishers.

Health safety

1) Annual medical check –up

2) Medi-claim scheme for all employees.

4.1.3 PROJECT DESIGN

The biogas plant is designed with utmost consideration to the environment. The

trucks are designed as drip free and odor free.



4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS DUE TO THE PROJECT CONSTRUCTION,

REGULAR OPEARTIONS AND MEASURES FOR MINIMIZING &/OR OFFSETTING

ADVERSE IMPACTS IDENTIFIED & MITIGATION MEASURES

The Environmental Impact Statement enumerates the likely impacts due to the

implementation of the project on the six basic environmental parameters, which

are listed below.

1. Air environment

2. Noise environment

3. Water environment

4. Land environment

5. Biological environment

6. Socio-economic environment

The impacts on the above parameters have been identified, analyzed and

classified as adverse, beneficial impacts and the impact matrix is presented later

in the report.

4.2.1 ACTIONS LIKELY TO AFFECT THE ENVIRONMENT

Table 4.1 enumerates the activities of biogas plant which are likely to have

impact on the various environmental parameters. The impact matrix appended as

table 4.2, identifies all such impacts.

4.2.1.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT

4.2.1.1.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Impacts

Following impacts are anticipated during construction phase.

Increase in gaseous emissions by heavy construction equipments and vehicles.

Increase in dust by construction activities. Earth excavation work, material

storage, transportation and handling of construction materials, and wind erosion



are the major factors that would produce a temporary, localized increase in SPM

levels.

The increased movement of heavy vehicles carrying construction Material.

Operation of DG sets as standby power back up system would generate gaseous

emissions. The degree of dust generated will be depending on the soil compaction

and moisture content of the ground surface during construction.

Dust and exhaust particulate emissions from heavy equipment operations will

be temporarily degrade air quality in the immediate construction zone.

Mitigation Measures

A dust control plan is implemented viz. regular daily spraying of water on the

roads and dust emission area in the project site.

Regular maintenance of vehicles and equipment is carried out. The vehicles

having PUC is used during the construction period and an agreement with the

contractor for water spraying and use of vehicles with PUC as well as use of

environmental friendly methods during construction phase is made.

GI sheets are provided to a height of 5 m all around the project site to control

dust;

Water is sprinkled at regular intervals;

SO2 emissions from diesel generators are expected to be low because of usage

of low sulfur content diesel;

Use of efficient machinery and schedule maintenance of the Construction

vehicles and equipments.

4.2.1.1.2 OPERATION PHASE

Impacts

Project being biogas plant, there will not be any need of combustion

process except occasional operation of DG set in case of failure of power.

Hence there will be not any regular and continuous point source of flue gas

emission.

Mitigation measures

The DGs will be operated only during emergencies when there is failure of

power supply from BESCOM.



The generators would be provided with a stack of proper height (as per E (P)

Rules, 1986, item 96) for the proper dispersal of pollutants emitted from the

stack.

As the food waste, proposed to be processed is brought from hotels on day

to day basis the fresh waste will only be collected from the generation and

fed to the plants. The waste can odors only and therefore nuisance of

odour is not expected while transport of waste.

The anaerobic digestion and continuously stirred reactor technology for

processing of waste will not generate odor. The project emphasizes on resource

recovery i.e. the biogas extracted from the waste is sent for the fuel usage as a

substitute to LPG. The slurry will be sent to polyhouse to extract out moisture

and use it as manure. Thus the major cause of foul smell has been eliminated.

4.2.1.2 NOISE ENVIRONMENT


Impacts

The noise will be produced by transporting trucks, concrete mixer etc.

Mitigation measures

Construction work is carried out during day time only.

The workers near noise producing machine and noisy area is provided with

ear plugs.

Construction equipment and vehicles is maintained in good running

condition.

Providing noise reduction gadgets, providing PPE to construction workers to

prevent its effect on them.




Impacts

During the operation phase, the source of noise shall be equipments under

working such as pumps, blowers, DG sets and treatment machinery.

Noise generated from the loading and unloading activities.

Noise generated from transportation.

Mitigation measures

The diesel generator sets should be provided with integral acoustic enclosure

at the manufacturing stage itself. Accordingly, DG sets with integral acoustic

enclosure are be purchased and installed.

The noise producing machinery placed in acoustic enclosures/acoustic rooms to

reduce the noise levels.

Workers working near noisy area will be provided with ear plugs.

4.2.1.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT


Impacts

The wastewater produced from laborers may be a concern for the public

health.

Storm water with sediments from excavated material

Mitigation measures

Care is taken to securely store the excavated material and to reuse it as early

as possible in landscaping.

Drinking Water requirement of laborers is met by Bore well Sources.




During the operation phase, wastewater will be generated from the Septic tank and

Leachate will be generated from the process.

The plant has proper system for the collection of waste water generated from

all sources. Approximately 269 KLD of waste water will be generated and

further it will be treated in 300 KLD ETP. The 148 KLD nutrient rich water will

be used in plantation.

Wastewater generated due to operation & maintenance staff will be treated

in ETP.

Rain water harvesting will be practiced at the plant site.

Hence, no negative impact on surface and ground water environment quality is

Expected due to the proposed project activities.

4.2.1.4 LAND ENVIRONMENT


Impacts

There may be change in land use pattern

Mitigation measures

The project site is a land already earmarked for treatment of waste and is an

area without vegetation or human activity; therefore major/significant changes

in land use pattern is not anticipated.




Impacts

Slurry produced during the waste processing in the digester will be handled in

polyhouse.

Mitigation measures

Processed slurry will be used as manure only after physic-chemical testing and

complying with the norms of manure for crops or green belt.

4.2.1.5 ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

There is no wildlife sanctuary located within 10km radius of the project site. There

are no known rare, endangered or ecologically significant animal and plant species.

The development of green belt at the project vicinity minimizes the impact on the

ecology.


Impacts

No impact is envisaged on the flora and fauna of the area due to the operation

of proposed biogas plant.

Mitigation measures

Biogas plant will have beneficial effect on the environment due to reduced

pollution load

The immediate effect of biogas plant would be reduced dumping of

biodegradable organic food waste on the landfill and reducing the emission of

GHGs.

The excess wastewater discharged would comply with the norms aimed; with

the stipulated norms of MoEF and will not be harmful to the receiving body.



No biological sensitive area is present within 10 km radial area.

All the activities related to construction work shall be confined to the project

site only; hence no adverse social impacts are envisaged in the surrounding

area due to the project.

4.2.1.5.2 ODOUR MANAGEMENT

Mitigation measures for Odour Management in the Biogas Plant to be built at

Kannahalli, Magadi Road.

1. Waste disposal – The waste generated by hotels and restaurants is packed and

disposed in Garbage bags. These bags are tied and they do not allow the odour

to spread. These garbage bags will be placed in waste container at every waste

generator‘s end to ensure hygiene and easy handling of waste. These

containers will be weighed before pick up in the special trucks and unloaded

into the completely enclosed trucks. This avoids any spillage, leachate leaks

and odour during transportation of the waste to the site for processing.

2. Waste pick up process - The odour in food waste is generated not because of

the waste but because of the acids that form in the food waste. Technically

acid formation will begin at 30○ C temperatures after 14 hours of storage of

food and exposure to air. Generally the waste bins at home kitchens also do

not smell before 12 hours of storage. Beyond this, the formation of acids reach

a level where the smell and odour start getting generated. The waste

generated from the hotels/restaurants/bulk generators will be picked up by

Noble Exchange twice in a day. This disallows the waste to stay in a bin or a

bag beyond 12 hours every single day. The bags are picked up and brought to

the site without compacting them. This disallows any leachate floe from the

bags and neither are the bags torn and opened.

3. Site handling process – The waste picked up and brought to the site through

the bags is directly unloaded into waste collection hoppers. Each hopper is of

40 CBM capacity and can hold waste up to 32 tons. The waste is collected in



two shifts every day. Morning shift starts at 6 a.m. and ends at 9 a.m. The

waste is transported to the site between 7.00 a.m. and 11.00 a.m. 70% waste is

collected during morning shift and 30% during afternoon shift as per the waste

generation data collected by Noble Exchange so far. The working shift begins

every day at 9.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m. The afternoon collection happens between

2.00 p.m. and 4.00 p.m. The afternoon waste is processed up to 6.00 pm. The

unloaded waste is started to be processed at the rate of 15 tons/hour and

continues for 8 hours/day. This enables the waste being collected fresh and

processed fresh at the site. The problem of odor at site does not occur as the

hoppers are covered with PVC sheet. After waste being unloaded, the sheets

covers are pulled up to cover the hopper as per figure below. This avoids birds

and dogs to try and pick up the waste and spillage henceforth. No allowance

for unloading waste anywhere except the hoppers is allowed. This avoids the

employees any scope to unload the waste at site. Unlike any other waste

handling site, Noble Exchange is considering the complete in vessel unloading

of waste at site.

Fig 4.1 VESSEL UNLOADING OF WASTE AT SITE.

4. Other utilities for odour control – The project also includes a air ionization

system which is incorporated inside the segregation shed which will help keep

air odour under control. Also auto sprays with de-odorants are installed.

Outside the shed near the hopper the odour absorbing cakes will be installed

and replaced at periodical intervals. The plant varieties such as citronella



grass, jasmine plants, lemon grass, vetiver will be planted as these plants are

known for odour absorption. Plants act as filters because they absorb the toxins

through their leaves, especially those with the largest leaves. Sight barrier

trees and tall grass such as Bamboo and Ashoka (also works as a lightning

arrester) will be planted at the compound wall. Other species of odour

absorbent plants can also be selected as below.

a. Areca palm

b. Citronella

c. Indian cock tree

d. Reed palm

e. Rubber plant - good for filtering a range of nasties, such as

formaldehyde, benzene and ammonia.

4.2.1.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT: ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL

IMPACTS

4.2.1.6.1 IMPACT ON POPULATION COMPOSITION

The impact of proposed biogas plant on population composition will be either nil or

negligible as only a few skilled and managerial staff will be recruited from outside

and the rest unskilled labors would be hired from local community.

4.2.1.6.2 IMPACT ON EMPLOYMENT GENERATION

The plant is expected to provide employment opportunities to about 75 people;

including skilled and unskilled workers. It is understood that all the persons to be

deployed for various activities will be recruited locally and there is very little scope

for migration of people from outside the study area.

The employment potentiality of the project is expected to ameliorate economic

condition of the families of those persons who will get employed in the plant. This is a

positive impact associated with the proposed project.



4.2.1.6.3 IMPACT ON INCOME

The family income of those who will be employed in the proposed ―Sustainable Waste

Management and Renewable Energy‖ project will get substantial boost. Similar, is the

case with others who will get benefited by indirect employment. This is a positive

impact of the proposed project.

4.2.1.6.4 IMPACT ON HISTORICAL, ARCHEOLOGICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL

SITES

There are no historical or archeological monuments of significance within the study

area. Hence, no negative impact is anticipated in this regard.

4.2.1.6.5 IMPACT ON LAW & ORDER

As local people will be employed to run the biogas plant, no law & order problem is

envisaged. It is expected that the workers will attend to their duties from their

residence and return to their homes after the day‘s work is over. There would have

been law & order problem if the workers were migrants and lived in shanties close to

the area.

4.2.1.6.6 PUBLIC PERCEPTION ABOUT THE PROJECT

Visit to villages/area in the study area has revealed that no one is against the

proposed biogas plant project, as it would be a seviour of health and also a provider

of employment to local people. They hope that the project will definitely increase

their income which in turn will increase their purchasing power. They however, have

demanded that only local people should be provided with employment and no one

else.

4.2.1.6.7 PUBLIC HEALTH

Construction workers will be provided with basic amenities like low cost

sanitation facilities, first aid, safe drinking water supply and personal protective



equipment etc. The workers will be provided the medical assistance whenever

required.

The workers will be provided regular medical check-up camps and hospital

facility.

The workers will be provided with skill development training and training in

risk

Assessment and disaster management. Adequate mitigation measures will be

ensured to reduce odor emissions from plant.

4.3 IRREVERSIBLE & IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL

COMPONENTS

There are no irreversible or irretrievable commitments of the environmental

components as adequate care will be taken to prevent any major impact on the

environmental parameters.

4.4 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACTS (CRITERIA FOR

DETERMINING SIGNIFICANCE, ASSIGNING SIGNIFICANCE)

The significance of the impacts identified in the previous sections for various

environmental parameters is detailed in this section.

4.4.1 IMPACT MATRIX

The impact matrix for the actions identified in table 4.3 along with various

environmental parameters. A rating scale has been devised to give severity of impacts

in the following manner.

A : Strongly beneficial (positive) impact

B : Low beneficial impact

C : Low adverse impact (localized in nature)

D : Strong adverse (negative) impact

- : No conceivable impacts on environment



TABLE 4.1: ACTIONS LIKELY TO AFFECT ENVIRONMENT

Sl. no. Actions Envisaged for the following

Construction phase

1 Civil works Construction of Plant and structures.

2 Fabrication and erection Plant, utilities

3 Commissioning Plant, utilities

Operational phase

1 Treated waste water and Slurry

from ETP

Nutrient Rich water will be used for

gardening and the produced sludge will be

used as manure that is found as suitable

for agriculture / horticulture activity



4.4.2 ENVIRONEMNTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TABLE 4.2: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Table 4.2 gives the overview of the potential impacts due to project location, construction and operation of the project.

Sl. no.

Environmental components

Predicted impacts

Probable source of impact

Mitigation measures Remarks

A CONSTRUCTION PHASE:

1 Air emissions Minor negative impact.

• Land preparation and construction activity. • Vehicular traffic.

• Water spraying on roads in project site • Regular maintenance of vehicles

• No remarkable increase in dust emission and other air pollutants

2 Noise Minor negative

impact.

Heavy machineries and truck movement

• Construction work during day time only • Ear plugs to workers • Regular maintenance of machineries and trucks.

• Noise will be below stipulated standard

3 Water Quality

Minor negative

impact.

• Wastewater produced from labourers • Excavated material

• Treatment of wastewater There is no Labour colony will be provided, as the local employees will be engaged for construction period

4 Land Quality

Land preparation and construction activity

• Change in land use pattern • Overburden & construction waste may pollute soil

• Project site is open land allotted for waste management so no change in land use pattern • Reuse of construction waste in construction for backfilling

• Quantum of excavated soil. & construction waste will be small.

5 Ecology (Terrestrial and aquatic)

Minor negative

impact.

Land preparation for construction of plant

Construction work during day time only and vehicles will be maintained in good condition.

Increase in noise will be very small



6 Socio- Economic

No adverse impact

- Direct and indirect employment opportunities Aesthetic and hygienic environment will be created.

Improvement in Socioeconomic status of local people. Solid waste problem of the city will be reduced.

B OPERATION PHASE:

1 Ambient air quality

Minor negative impact.

Particulate and gaseous emissions from DG set.

Odor from the Anaerobic digester.

The emissions from DG will be let out through stack of heights 3 m AGL.

The anaerobic digester will be air tight with sealant and other inflating bags. The methane gas after generation will be stored in secured manure.

DG sets shall be used only during power failure. Occupationally during the venting and maintenance which is temporary.

2 Noise Minor negative impact near noise generation sources inside the premises.

Operation of Equipment (Pumps / Blowers)

Operation of DG set.

Acoustics will be provided for noise generating equipments of the plant

DG set will be provided with acoustic enclosure.

-

3 Water quality Positive impact is envisaged as the effluent will be treated to the on land discharge standards.

Nil NA as the treated effluent will be treated.

NA



TABLE 4.3: IMPACT MATRIX

Sl.

No.

Environmental parameter Positive impact Negative

impact

No

impact

Short

term

Long

term

Short

term

Long

term

A Project setting

i Displacement of people

ii Change of land use

iii Loss of trees/vegetation

iv Shifting of utilities

v Impact on archaeological property

B Construction phase

i Pressure on local infrastructure

ii Impact on air quality including dust

generation

iii Noise pollution

iv Traffic congestion and loss of access

v Impact on the land/soil environment

vi Stacking and disposal of construction

material

vii Impact on water quality

viii Public health and safety

ix Social impact

C Operational phase

i Increase in air pollution and noise levels

ii Water harvesting and recharge

iii Disposal of solid waste

iv Induced infrastructure development

v Quality of life

vi Increment in the green-cover



CHAPTER 5

ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

(TECHNOLOGY & SITE)

5.1 ALTERNATIVES FOR TECHNOLOGY

The site in which biogas plant is established is basically owned by BBMP with the

land earmarked for treatment of waste. Amongst this, the 5 acres wherein the

proposed plant is set up, is being granted to BBHA as permissive use for 20 years.

The treatment technology and treatment scheme for the waste from 400 number

of hotels has been finalized on the basis of detail data collection on quality and

quantity of the effluent produced by the industries. The hotels contributing to

biogas plant feed material is located within city from the project site.

5.1.1 TECHNOLOGY BRIEF

Anaerobic digestion is the prominent technology used for degradation of

biodegradable organic waste; employing Continuously Stirred Reactors (CSTR).

5.1.1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESS

Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is a biological process that happens naturally when

bacteria breaks down organic matter in environments with little or no oxygen. It is

effectively a controlled and enclosed version of the anaerobic breakdown of

organic waste in landfill which releases methane.



Almost any organic material can be processed with AD, including food scraps, fats,

oils & grease (FOG), tissue paper, garden waste, sewage and animal waste.

The two main products of AD are biogas & a solid residual.

An anaerobic digestion system is the central processing plant that converts the

organic waste slurry into Biogas, which is further converted into Compressed Bio

gas (CBG) /Electricity. Waste water from the system is re-circulated to ensure

zero fresh water requirement or discharge. By-product generated from the process

will be nitrogen rich, organic fertilizer that replaces conventional chemical

fertilizers for farming and gardening purpose.

This eco-friendly gas can be used either for cooking purpose or producing

electricity as per the client‘s requirement. The plant also produces odorless and

nitrogen rich Organic Manure as by-product of the process on daily basis. The

organic manure is a cost effective and eco-friendly replacement to conventional

chemical fertilizers used for gardening and landscape purpose.

The digestion process begins with bacterial hydrolysis of the input materials in

order to break down insoluble organic polymers such as carbohydrates and make

them available for other bacteria. Acetogenic bacteria then convert the sugars and

amino acids into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia, and organic acids. Acetogenic

bacteria then convert these resulting organic acids into acetic acid, along with

additional ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. Methanogens finally are able

to convert these products to methane and carbon dioxide.

There are a number of bacteria that are involved in the process of anaerobic

digestion including acetic acid-forming bacteria (acetogens) and methane-forming

archaea (methanogens). These organisms feed upon the initial feedstock, which

undergoes a number of different processes converting it to intermediate molecules

including sugars, hydrogen & acetic acid before finally being converted to biogas.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_polymer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidogenesis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetogen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea




Different species of bacteria are able to survive at different temperature ranges.

Ones living optimally at temperatures between 35-40°C are called mesophiles or

mesophilic bacteria. Some of the bacteria can survive at the hotter and more

hostile conditions of 55-60°C, these are called thermophiles or thermophilic

bacteria. Methanogens come from the primitive group of archaea. This family

includes species that can grow in the hostile conditions of hydrothermal vents.

These species are more resistant to heat and can therefore operate at

thermophilic temperatures, a property that is unique to bacterial families.

As with aerobic systems, the bacteria in anaerobic system while growing and

reproducing microorganisms within them require a source of elemental oxygen to

survive.

In an anaerobic system there is an absence of gaseous oxygen. In an anaerobic

digester, gaseous oxygen is prevented from entering the system through physical

containment in sealed tanks. Anaerobes access oxygen from sources other than the

surrounding air. The oxygen source for these microorganisms can be the organic

material itself or alternatively may be supplied by inorganic oxides from within the

input material. When the oxygen source in an anaerobic system is derived from the

organic material itself, then the 'intermediate' end products are primarily alcohols,

aldehydes, and organic acids plus carbon dioxide. In the presence of specialized

methanogens, the intermediates are converted to the 'final' end products of

methane, carbon dioxide with trace levels of hydrogen sulfide. In an anaerobic

system the majority of the chemical energy contained within the starting material

is released by methanogenic bacteria as methane.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesophile

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophile

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehyde



Populations of anaerobic microorganisms typically take a significant period of time

to establish themselves to be fully effective. It is therefore common practice to

introduce anaerobic microorganisms from materials with existing populations. This

process is called 'seeding' the digesters and typically takes place with the addition

of sewage sludge or cattle slurry.

The methane producing bacteria consume these to produce methane and carbon

dioxide.

FIGURE 5.1 SCHEME OF REACTIONS PRODUCED DURING ANAEROBIC

DIGESTION



TABLE: - 5.1 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

Advantages Limitations

Available resources: The starting material for anaerobic digestion is

normally some form of waste unless

biomass has been produced

specifically for use as a feedstock.

Environmental sensitiveness: Several parameters (pH, temperature, salts,

alkalinity) need to be tightly

controlled in order to achieve

optimum performance.

Useful products: AD is primarily of

interest to renewable energy

technologists as it produces methane

which on combustion produces heat

and power.

Fluctuating loads: Anaerobic digestion

is pH sensitivity process and affects

the activity of methanogens.

Gas production: Obvious benefit of

AD is the production of methane

rich biogas which offers a renewable

alternative to the consumption of

fossil fuels.

Capital investment: High initial costs

required for implementation.

Fertilizer production: Organic fertilizer produced by AD offer a

considerably cheaper alternative to

the chemical fertilizers and

agrochemicals used in agriculture.

Required expertise personnel to operate

Pathogen removal: Potential

advantage of AD is the removal of

bacteria, tapeworm, parasites etc.

present in the untreated waste.

-

Odour reduction: A well-known drawback of the spreading of raw

slurries on land is the unpleasant

smell. The smells from decomposing

faecal wastes are usually created by

the release of compounds such as

ammonia, volatile organic acids, and

sulphides. Anaerobic digestion can

reduce odour nuisance during land-

spreading by up to 80%.

Persistence of Heavy metals



5.1.1.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF OTHER METHODS OF

SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

COMPOSTING

Advantages

Concentrates Nutrients

Easier to transport

Composting Kills Parasites

Usable in organic systems.

Usable on land where food is grown for direct human consumption

Kills weed seeds

No odor when spread

Disadvantages

Loses about half the available nitrogen

Releases greenhouse gases

Need to have a composting area

Need to control rainfall runoff from the composting area

Difficult to do with liquid manure

Some manures might need a carbon source

Lot of area required

Scares commodity in urban cultures.

Labor intensive

Slow process

OCEAN DUMPING

Advantages

Convenient

Inexpensive

Source of nutrients, shelter and breeding‘



Disadvantages

Ocean overburdened

Destruction of food sources

Killing of plankton

Desalination

SANITARY LANDFILL

Advantages

Volume can increase with little addition of people/equipment

Filled land can be reused for other community purposes

Disadvantages

Completed landfill areas can settle and requires maintenance

Requires proper planning, design, and operation

Issue of segregation

Labor intensive If not proper management leads to public nuisance.

Land requirement leads to public issues.

INCINERATION

Advantages

Requires minimum land

Can be operated in any weather

Produces stable odor-free residue

Refuse volume is reduced by half

Disadvantages

Expensive to build and operate

High energy requirement

Requires skilled personnel and continuous maintenance

Unsightly - smell, waste, vermin



OPEN DUMPING

Advantages

Inexpensive

Disadvantages

Health-hazard - insects, rodents etc.

Damage due to air pollution

Ground water and run-off pollution

RECYCLING

Advantages

Key to providing a livable environment for the future.

Disadvantages

Expensive

Some wastes cannot be recycled

Technological push needed

Separation of useful material from waste difficult

BIO GAS PLANT ADVANTAGES

1) It‘s a renewable source of energy.

2) Its a comparatively lesser pollution generating energy.

3) Biomass energy helps in cleanliness in villages and cities.

4) It provides manure for the agriculture and gardens.

5) There is tremendous potential to generate biogas energy.

6) Biomass energy is relatively cheaper and reliable.

7) It can be generated from everyday human and animal wastes, vegetable and

agriculture left-over etc.

8) Recycling of waste reduces pollution and spread of diseases.



9) Heat energy that one gets from biogas is 3.5 times the heat from burning wood.

10) Pressure on the surrounding forest and scrubs can be reduced when biogas is

used as cooking fuel.

11) It is a more cost effective means of acquiring energy as compared to oil

supplies. As oil supplies are getting depleted day by day, it is becoming a costly

commodity.

12) Growing biomass crops use up carbon dioxide and produces oxygen.

13) Anaerobic digestion inactivates pathogens and parasites, and is quite effective

in reducing the incidence of water borne diseases.

14)Environmental benefits on a global scale: Biogas plants significantly lower the

greenhouse effects on the earth‘s atmosphere. The plants lower methane

emissions by entrapping the harmful gas and using it as fuel.

5.1.2 HEALTH ASPECTSA/ACCEPTANCE

AD is a centralized treatment technology that must be operated and maintained by

professionals. As with all waster processes, operators should take proper health

and safety measures while working in the plant.

5.1.3 MAINTENANCE

The sludge/slurry will be collected and disposed scientifically. The effluent stream

being organic in nature, Aerobic Digester technology is selected for treatment of

waste and also for resource recovery.

5.2 ALTERNATIVES FOR SITE

The land selected for establishment of biogas plant is very much suitable due to

the following reasons.



1. The site is located in the area earmarked for treatment of waste.

2. The area is owned by BBMP as is granted for permissive use of 20 years to

BBHA to process the generate food waste.

3. The area in which biogas plant is set-up is away from human settlements.



6.1 MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY

Environmental Monitoring / sample analysis will be carried out

a) Ambient air monitoring: Bangalore Test House, Bangalore

b) Water quality: Bangalore Test House, Bangalore

c) Wastewater quality: Bangalore Test House, Bangalore

d) Soil quality: Bangalore Test House, Bangalore

e) Noise monitoring: Bangalore Test House, Bangalore

6.2 FREQUENCY, LOCATION, DATA ANALYSIS, REPORTING SCHEDULES,

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

The Proposed “Sustainable Waste Management and Renewable Energy” project


generators) is located at Survey No. 85, Kannahalli Village, Yeshwanthpura Hobli,

Seegehalli Cross, Magadi Road, Bangalore – 560 091. The site is located towards

West of Bangalore city, next to the Seegehalli bus depot and has very good

connectivity by public transport to city.

CHAPTER 6

ENVIRONMENTAL

MONITORING PROGRAMME



In the project ―Sustainable Waste Management and Renewable Energy‖, the

influent weight of waste is monitored by placing the bins on an auto weighing

platform called the ―off-loader‖.

A comprehensive monitoring program is suggested in below table 6.1.

TABLE 6.1: MONITORING SCHEDULE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS

(CONSTRUCTION & OCCUPANCY PHASE)

Sl.

No.

Particulars Monitoring

frequency

Duration of

monitoring

Important

parameters for

monitoring

I Air quality

Ambient air monitoring

1 Project premises Once in a

month

24 hourly

sample

RSPM, SPM, SO2,

NOx

2 Stack monitoring Once in 6

month

Grab SPM, SO2, NOx,

HC, CO

II Water and wastewater quality

1 Water quality

i Groundwater at two

locations (up-gradient

and down-gradient)

Once in a

month

Grab As per KSPCB

requirements

2 Wastewater quality

i Domestic sewage at the

outlet of the Sewage

Treatment Plant

Once in a

month

Grab As per KSPCB

requirements

III Soil quality

1 Within project premises

at 1 location

Once in six

months

Composite

sample

As per KSPCB

requirements

2 Ecological preservation

and up-gradation

Seasonal Visual

observations

Survival rate

IV Noise monitoring

1 Project premises Once in six

months

Day and night As per KSPCB

requirements



The Structure of onsite emergency preparedness and response, Emergency

organization structure and Emergency coordinates are shown in fig 6.1, 6.2 & 6.3.

6.2.1 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

FIG 6.1 STRUCTURE OF ONSITE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND

RESPONSE

Plant Level Worker

noticing an emergency

situation

Shift In-charge

1. If necessary, shutdown

the plant.

2. Contact the emergency

declarer

If emergency is off

site contact

concerned authority

and handover the

charge of emergency control operations.

Govt. Authorities

Police

Fire

Accounting of personnel

All clear signal (when

emergency is over)

Incident/Emergency controller

Fire/Security

Team

Rescue/First

Aid Team

Declarer of

emergency

Raise alarm

Inform over phone



FIG 6.2 EMERGENCY ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

SITE CONTROLLER & CHIEF EMERGENCY

DECLARER

(GENERAL MANAGER/PRODUCTION

MANAGER)

INCIDENT CONTROLLER/ALTERNATIVE

EMERGENCY DECLARER

(ADMINISTRATOR)

MAINTENANCE

SUPERVISORS / INCIDENT

EMERGENCY

DECLARER/CONTROLLER

MAINTENANCE

SUPERVISORS /

ALTERNATIVE

EMERGENCY DECLARER



FIG 6.3 EMERGENCY COORDINATES

Detailed budgetary provisions for monitoring program is detailed in the following

table 6.2.

TABLE 6.2: FINANCIAL ALLOCATION/BUDGETARY PROVISIONS FOR

MONITORING PROGRAM

Sl.

no.

Description Number of

samples/year

Cost per

sample

Monitoring

cost

1 Air monitoring

12

12,000

1,44,000 a) Ambient air quality

monitoring

b) Stack monitoring 2 2,000 4,000

2 Water quality

2

1,500

3,000 a) Groundwater quality

3 Treated water from ETP

12

2,000

24,000 a) Treated water

4 Soil quality 2 2,500 5,000

5 Noise monitoring 2 250 500

TOTAL 1,80,500

Contingency at 10 % 18,050

TOTAL 1,98,550

6.3 DETAILED BUDGET

CONCERNED DEPARTMENTS

SECURITY

PERSONNEL

ESSENTIAL & SUPPORT

SERVICES

FIRE FIGHTING

RESCUE



Phased according to the priority, the implementation schedule is presented in the


TABLE: - 6.3 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR EMP

Sl. No. Recommendations Requirement

1 Air pollution control measures Before commissioning of respective Units

2 Water pollution control measures Before commissioning of the project

3 Noise control measures Along with the commissioning of the Project

4 Risk management During commissioning of the project

5 Green belt development Stage-wise implementation

The responsibility of EMP implementation lies with the project promoter for a

period of 3 years. Once the project is established, the EMP responsibility will be

properly handed over with clearly defined procedures and guidelines.

6.4 EMP IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE



7.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION

Amendment of the Environmental Impact Notification No. S.O. 60 (E) dated

27.01.1994, issued by the MoEF, Govt. of India has made mandatory under

Schedule-I of EIA notification for 30 different activities to obtain NOC (No

Objection Certificate) from the State Pollution Control Board and

Environmental Clearance from the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF),

Govt. of India. This amendment to the EIA Notification is effective from

14.09.2006. It is in this context that all such activities need to prepare

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report and also appear before Public

Hearing to ascertain the response of Public for the project based on the

General and Specific conditions in the said notification.

7.2 RISK ASSESSMENT

7.2.1 INTRODUCTION

Environmental risk analysis deals with the identification and quantification of risks,

the equipment and personnel are exposed to, from the hazards present in the

area.

Risk analysis follows hazard analysis (Risk = Hazard x Probability of occurrence). It

involves identification and assessment of risks to the plant personnel and

neighboring populations. This requires a thorough knowledge of failure probability,

CHAPTER 7

ADDITIONAL STUDIES



credible accident scenario, vulnerability of population etc. Much of this

information is difficult to procure. Consequently, the risk analysis is confined to

maximum credible accident studies. The subsequent sections shall address the

identification of various hazards and risks in the operations, which will give a broad

identification of risks involved.

7.2.2 OBJECTIVE & SCOPE

The objective of the study is to carry out risk analysis and prepare disaster

management plan/emergency preparedness plans.

The risk analysis/assessment study covers the following:

(a) Identification of potential hazard due fuel storage.

(b) Assess the overall damage potential of the identified hazardous events and

impact zones from the accident scenarios.

(c) Suggestions and recommendations on the minimization of the accident

possibilities.

7.3 RISK ASSESSMENT & MANAGEMENT PLAN

A. CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Sl.

No.

Potential Mitigation

1 Accidental fire Fire safety gadgets

2 Fall of objects Use of personal protection devices-helmets

3 Working at great heights Protection to prevent fall with life safety belts and

nets.

4 Accidents from

machinery

Personal protection gadgets

5 Electrical mishap Adopting safety measures to prevent any act of

negligence and providing electrical safety measures like

fire extinguishers.



B. OCCUPANCY PHASE

Precautions for risk and disaster management plan:

Once the likelihood of the disaster is suspected, preventive actions should be

undertaken by the project in-charge.

Conditional maintenance of equipments, materials and expertise for use

during emergency.

The electrical systems should be provided with automatic circuit breakers

activated by over-current.

Fire extinguishers will be provided at pre-notified locations inside the

building.

Proper escape routes will be planned and displayed in the public domain.

Selected representatives will be given proper training to guide other

inhabitants during fire accidents.

Periodic awareness program will be conducted for the occupants on their

roles during emergency situations.

Important telephone numbers like police authorities, fire department and

hospitals etc. of use during emergency situations should be made available.

7.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Disaster is an unexpected event due to sudden failure of the system, external

threats, internal disturbances, earthquakes, fire and accidents. Following

subsection describes the measures to be undertaken by the project proponent to

prevent / minimize risk of unexpected event.

Emergency prevention through good design, operation, maintenance and

inspection are essential to reduce the probability of occurrence and consequential



effect of any eventuality. However, it is not possible to eliminate totally such

eventualities and random failures of equipment or human errors due to their

unconscious movements just cannot be ruled out. An essential part of major

hazard control is therefore, concerns with mitigating the effects of such

emergency and restoration of normalcy at the earliest. The overall objective of a

disaster management plan is to make use of the combined resources at the site

and outside services to achieve the following:

a) To localize the emergency and if possible eliminate it;

b) To minimize the effects of the accident on people and property;

c) Effect the rescue and medical treatment of casualties;

d) Safeguard other people;

e) Evacuate people to safe areas;

f) Informing and collaboration with statutory authorities.

g) Provide authoritative information to news media;

h) Initially contain and ultimately bring the incident under control;

i) Preserve relevant records and equipment for the subsequent enquiry into the

cause and circumstances of the emergency;

j) Investigating and taking steps to prevent reoccurrence

The DMP is therefore relates to the identification of sources, from which hazards

can arise and the maximum credible loss scenario that can take place in the

concerned area. The management plan takes into account the maximum credible

loss scenario – actions that can successfully mitigate the effects of losses/

emergency needs to be in a well-planned manner so that the requirement of

efforts to be put in is least.



7.4.1 ACTUATION OF THE PLAN

Any emergency starts as a small incident that may become a major accident, if not

controlled in time. At the initial stage, a fire organization chart (would be

prepared separately for each facility) needs to be put into action. If the incident

goes beyond control, the Main Incident Controller will need to actuate the on-site

plan at the appropriate stage as considered necessary. During idle shift/ holidays,

the security personnel will combat the incident as per the fire organization chart

below and at the same time inform various emergency controllers for guidance and

control the situation. An organization needs to be set up once the site is

operational by appointing key personnel and defining their specific duties that will

be handy in emergency.

7.4.2 EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT

The site controller will maintain a list of emergency handling equipment including

details of fire extinguishers, protective clothing, and personal protective

equipment for emergency handlers etc. Details of fire management services of

Bangalore city and neighboring hospitals will be available with site controller in his

operating checklist.

7.4.3 EMERGENCY RESPONSE

I. DANGEROUS SITUATIONS:

These are defined as the following:

• Any fire or explosion in the facility

• Any fire in the service buildings

• Exercise fire drill.



II. ACTIONS IN THE EVENT OF FIRE:

Basic actions are detailed above.

• Extinguishing fires: A small fire at a point of leakage should be extinguished by

enveloping with a water spray or a suitable smothering agent such as CO2.

Firefighting personnel working in or close to un-ignited vapor clouds or close to

fire, must be protected continuously by water sprays. Fire fighters should advance

towards the fire downwind if possible - BE CAREFUL TO AVOID H2S EXPOSURE.

• In case the only valve that can be used to stop the leakage is surrounded by fire,

it may be possible to close it manually. The person attempting the closure should

be continuously protected by water sprays, fire entry suit, water jet blanket etc.

The person must be equipped with a safety belt and a manned lifeline. In case of

rapid increase in decibel level, evacuate the area, as there would have been over

pressurization.

III. RESPONSE SEQUENCE FOR DANGEROUS SITUATIONS:

Person noticing the fire should attempt to isolate and extinguish the fire with the

available equipment and inform or arrange to inform the leader/ senior

representative regarding the

• Location of the fire

• What is burning

• The extent of fire

• Callers name and number

• Do not disconnect unless the person on the other side repeats the message or

acknowledges it.



A.SECURITY ON DUTY COORDINATORS WILL:

• Respond to the scene of the incident

• Arrange to send the necessary firefighting equipment to the scene of the

incident

• Extinguish the fire with the available equipment.

B.SECURITY OFFICER WILL:

• Sound the Siren as per the Siren Code

• Inform the Site Main / Incident Controller and act as per his instructions.

• To ensure gates are open to regulate traffic in such a way that free movement of

outside assistance like fire tenders, ambulance etc., is available.

A. Security should cordon off the area and local city firefighting staff should

benotified. The facility will have the firefighting water system but may not

be equipped with staff to operate it. Local fire fighters may need to be

notified.

B. All Other Management / Asst. / Labour Staff on hearing the siren, should

STOP their operations/ work, switch off lights, fans, engines, air

conditioners etc., close pipeline valves and line up in front of their working

places and meet at a pre-arranged location. These people will assist in

evacuating the residents if necessary.

IV. POST EMERGENCY FOLLOW UP:

• All cases of fire occurrence, no matter how small, must be reported promptly to

the Coordinator for follow up.



• Under no circumstances should fire extinguishing equipment once used be

returned to its fixed location before it is recharged/ certified fit by the Fire chief/

Safety Manager.

• Used fire extinguishers must be laid horizontally to indicate that they have been

expended.

V. EARLY WARNING / ALARM SYSTEM:

An audible electric alarm (siren) should be located in the main gate. The different

sounds that should be generated by the alarm are:

SMALL FIRE : No Siren

MAJOR FIRE : A wailing Siren for two minutes.

Sirens will be sounded three times for thirty seconds with an interval of 15 seconds

in between

EMERGENCY : Same type of Siren as in case of major fire but the

same will be sounded for three times at the interval of two minutes.

ALL CLEAR (For Fi re) : Straight Run Siren for two minutes.

TEST : Straight run Siren for two minutes.

7.4.5 EMERGENCY CONTROL CENTRE (ECC)

The Control Room will be nominated as the ECC. At the time of the emergency On-

site Controller assisted by other designated coordinators shall take position to

perform their duties. The security office at the gate shall be the standby. The

Emergency Control Center will be the focal point in case of an emergency from

where the overall operations to handle the emergency are directed and

coordinated. It will be located outside the area of potential hazards and easily

approachable.

The Emergency Control Center should have the following resources available:



• Copies of the DMP

• Layout Plan of the complex.

• Information regarding Safety Equipment, Fire Fighting material

• A list of telephones of key and essential staff of the company along with their

residential numbers.

• Copies of the local Telephone Directories.

• A list of important telephone numbers like those of neighboring industries, Fire

Brigade, Hospital s etc.

• Personal Protective Equipment.

• First – Aid Kit.

• Communication equipment – Internal and External telephones and other

communication equipment.

• Requisite stationary items.

• Personnel to act as messengers.

The communication equipment is checked periodically to ensure that they are

functional.

The ECC is capable of being activated within a few minutes upon declaration of an

emergency.

7.4.6 MEDICAL RESOURCES:

The medical management for the possible emergency situations essentially

consists of treatment for burns and maybe some asphyxiation cases. They could

cause burns injuries. Material Safety Data Sheets and other relevant information

would also be available at the facility to enable ready treatment of any casualty,

should the unfortunate need arise. It is also proposed to circulate any important

Health and Toxicology material available through the latest research to all

Doctors.



7.4.7 RESPONSE EVALUATION, TESTING AND UPDATING OF THE PLAN:

Formulation of a Disaster Management Plan cannot possibly be an end by itself. It

needs to be tested by holding of periodical mock emergency simulations and drill.

Any shortcomings revealed during such exercise should thereafter be corrected by

amending the plan. The plan should be for times to come; hence, it must be

reviewed at periodic intervals. The plan should also be reviewed and updated

when:

• Major alteration or extension of plant is carried out.

• Major change in habitation or land use of the neighborhood takes place.

• Important telephone numbers used are altered, facilities are changed.

Mock drills activating the Disaster Preparedness Plan will be conducted

periodically for ensuring its efficiency during emergency as well as for refinement

and updation. These drills based on the plan will help achieve its objectives.

7.4.8 PREVENTIVE ACTION

Once the likelihood of a disaster is suspected, action has to be initiated to prevent

a failure. Engineers responsible for preventive action should identify sources of

repair equipments, materials, labor and expertise for use during emergency.

7.4.9 REPORTING PROCEDURES

The level at which a situation will be termed a disaster shall be specified. This

shall include the stage at which the surveillance requirements should be increased

both in frequency and details. The project in-charge should notify the officer for

the following information

Exit points for the public,

Safety areas at the site,

Nearest medical facilities.



7.4.10 EMERGENCY MEASURES

The proposed project is designed as per the NBC norms and occurrence of

accidents is not envisaged. The emergency measures are adopted to avoid any

failure in the system such as lights, fire, means of escape, ventilation shafts etc.

The aim of Emergency Action Plan is to identify areas, population and structures

likely to be affected due to a catastrophic event of accident. The action plan

should also include preventive action, notification, warning procedures and co-

ordination among various relief authorities. These are discussed in following

sections.

7.4.11 EMERGENCY LIGHTING

Emergency lights operated on battery power should be provided at appropriate

locations. The system should supply power to at least 25 % of the lights at those

locations for a period of 2 hours. Minimum of 2 transformers should be kept

energized and should feed independently alternate rows of lights so that incase of

failure of one transformer, there will not be complete darkness.

7.4.12 FIRE PROTECTION

Fire protection is one of the most essential services to be provided. In design

component of the project adequate measures have to be undertaken as per the

provisions of the National Building Code (SP 7: 1983 Part IV Amendment No. 3 of

January 1997).

The building materials should be of appropriate fire resistance standard. Wood

shall not be used for any purpose, excluding artificial wood products, which are

flame resistant. The materials which have zero surface burning characteristics



need to be used. The electrical systems shall be provided with automatic circuit

breakers activated by the rise of current and by over-current. The design will

include provision for the following:

Fire prevention measures,

Fire control measures,

Fire detection systems,

Means of escape,

Access for fireman &

Means of firefighting.

Accumulation of refuse of any inflammable material like paper, plastic cartons

constitute a major fire hazard and should not be permitted. Smoking should be

strictly prohibited at all public locations.

All aspects of fire prevention and control will be dealt in close collaboration with

the city firefighting authority. Smoke control will be achieved by the following

means

Down stand bulkheads of a minimum depth of 600 mm to provide smoke

containment. These will be provided around openings for escalators, lifts and

stairs in underground stations. Adequate firefighting measures have been taken

into account while designing the distribution system for the area.

7.4.13 SAFETY ASPECTS FOR OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD

1. Fire Hydrant system with storage of 480 m3 of water and with two electric + 1

diesel pumps. Line is distributed to all sides of the plot plant with outlets and

spay nozzles where ever necessary.

2. Firefighting equipment like fire retardant cylinders and fire extinguishing sand

buckets are kept near the CBG area, manure area and the segregation shed.

3. All safety valves, pressure release valves, over and under pressure valves.

4. Gas flare for emergency gas release with ionizer and spark ignition system



5. PLC control for the entire process control

6. All electrical in Zone 2, are ex-proof

7. All cabling is underground

8. Safety distances as per PESO norms are followed in the CBG area.

7.5 FIRE FIGHTING FACILITY:

The site plan includes a fire hydrant tank at the south west corner of the facility.

The excess process water from the separation after manure will be directed to this

tank. The tank hosts 480 m3 water and is of dimensions 7.7 meters width x 15

meters length x 4.5 meters height with 0.3 meters head space. The tank will be

associated with a pumping room which will host 2 Nos. electric pumps and 1 No

diesel pump as a mandatory norm for fire hydrant tank. The entire site will have a

fire hydrant line with spray hoses and fire boxes at required intervals. The CBG

storage area will be covered with a shed and will have spray nozzles for fire

retardant water spraying over the top. Apart from this as per Zone classification

the entire CBG area will have flame proof equipment. Throughout the site, fire

hydrant sand buckets and fire retardant CO2 pressurized canisters will be placed as

required.

7.6 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT R&R ACTION PLANS

The proposed project in a vacant plot which does not have any habitation and

therefore no re-settlement & re-habilitation is envisaged.



CHAPTER 8

PROJECT BENEFITS

8.0 INTRODUCTION

The benefits arising from the project is improved environmental and living

conditions and public health in the vicinity of project site. Benefits are achieved

through more effective removal of waste from in and around inhabitant areas and

prevention of waste leachate entering drains and waterways and sometimes in

broken water supply pipelines. Improved disposal of waste will also result in more

pleasant surroundings through a reduction in odour and an improvement in the

aesthetic quality of drains, waterways, low-lying areas and other areas where

waste is dumped.

8.1 HEALTH BENEFIT

However, quantifying environmental and health benefits are difficult because of

the need for data to establish the magnitude of impacts of the improvements and

to separate out the effects of improved waste collection and scientific disposal

system from other factors such as personal hygiene habits, housing standards,

water quality etc.,



Research findings indicate that sanitation improvements result in more health

benefits, mainly in terms of reducing the waterborne diseases. Sanitation

improvements in urban areas will help to reduce this high incidence of annual

household medical expenditure by reducing the impact of waterborne diseases

considerably. This will apply to the present project town also. The inadequacies

of the waste management system were considered major contributing factors to

personal hygiene and public health conditions. The risk of environmental

sanitation related diseases would be reduced with properly maintained and

functioning waste management together with increased public awareness on the

effects of indiscriminate disposal of wastes into waterways and dumping of rubbish

in open areas.

8.2 ECONOMIC BENEFIT

The economic benefits considered in the present analysis for the waste

management component in Bangalore town include:

(i) Reduction of household medical expenditure due to improved hygienic living

condition.

(ii) Time, Energy, Money savings due to organized scientific Waste Treatment

and Disposal;

(iii) Economic revenue through sales of manure and CBG ;

(iv) Reduction of cost in private and public money for mosquito control;

(v) Positive impact on tourism and tourist-related businesses.

With the coming up of the project there will be many positive impact on the area.

The project benefits are described in different sections of this chapter.



8.3 MARKET POTENTIAL

There is a lot of demand for CBG and manure. Our country having predominance of

agriculture and horticulture is now facing acute shortage of good quality of

compost. Since the required quantities of compost are not available, most of the

users are currently relying on synthetic chemical fertilizer for nourishment of

crops. There is now resistance from consumers of food items against chemically

grown products. The trend in last 7-8 years has shifted in favour of originally

produced food items.

Even horticulturists, landscapers and home garden promoters are reluctant to use

chemical sources of plant nutrients due to their soil sickening effects and possible

toxicity of water resources.

8.3.1 MAJOR MARKETS FOR CBG AND MANURE

BIOGAS, UTILIZATION AND PRICE:

An alternative and sustainable form of energy can be seen in biogas. The main

components of biogas are methane and carbon dioxide along with traces of

hydrogen sulphide, water vapor etc., Biogas occurs naturally and is formed by a

microbiological process of decomposition of organic matter. In controlled

conditions such as in biogas plants the formation process of biogas can be

efficiently established in order to recover energy from biological conversion of

organic matter.

More advanced technologies are being incorporated for using the biogas for

combined heat and electricity production or for the up-gradation of biogas to a

high quality fuel which is of more relevance for emerging economies. In general,

the up-gradation process of biogas implies the removal of carbon dioxide and other

impurities. In this way the methane content in the gas is concentrated to a level of

92% to 99%, depending on the chosen up-gradation technology. After the up-



gradation process the biogas becomes an energy rich fuel, which is generally

marketed as bio-methane or compressed biogas (CBG). Unlike the raw biogas the

up-graded biogas has the quality and the properties to be compressed into

cylinders or to be injected into the natural gas grid. Herein the up-graded biogas

can be distributed to various consumers, replacing for example furnace oil, diesel,

natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas.

The economic evaluation reveals the fact that the highest value generation is in

the replacement of liquid and gaseous crude oil products. Herein biogas gains

relevance for an emerging and oil dependent economy such as India. With a daily

consumption of 3,182,000 bbl/d India is the 5th largest consumer of oil and with

approx. 80% heavily dependent on imports. As per various projections, India‘s

energy needs are expected to grow by 40% in the next five years and more than

triple by the end of 2030. Depending on the biogas plant development biogas may

play an important role in contributing an indigenous source of energy to the

overall demand and reduces the dependency on imported fossil energy.

8.3.2 MAJOR MARKETS FOR CBG AND MANURE

Following are the key areas for consumption of manure generated out of waste

from cities.

Agriculture: In the farming of cereals, vegetables and flowers.

Landscaping: Various grades of soil conditioners, moisture retainers and

nutrient provider.

Horticulture and Plantations: As growing media, soil conditioner, mulching

material, nutrient supplier, alternative to peat, moisture retainer.

Land restoration programme: For soil conditioning effect, to overcome

salinityproblems mulching material to control water evaporation losses.



Silviculture/Afforestation: For biomass/greenification promotion.

Golf course/lawns: Fine quality compost is most essential input for lawn and

golf courses, turfs.

Avenue trees in city beautification: As a nutrient supplier, moisture retainer.

Green houses: As a potting media and root condition.

8.4 RECYCLING OF MATERIALS

The materials like metals, plastic, glass etc. will be segregated first from the

waste generated. The segregated waste will then be sold to authorized vendors to

minimize the raw material consumption.

8.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS

With coming up of the proposed project the employment opportunities

(direct as well as indirect) will increase and local people will be employed

on the priority basis as per their skills.

During operation phase 75 people will get direct employment opportunity.

The transportation of the material will involve a network of persons

engaged in collection and transportation of material, thus developing the

indirect employment opportunity.

The proposed project will help in creating pollution free clean environment

and will generate source of income from otherwise considered waste. This

will help in improving the living conditions of the people.

The project will involve the treatment of waste in scientific way without

causing environmental problems such as odour, health hazard etc.

Rain water will be harvested; it will improve the ground water level.

Local people will be employed in the project. Due to coming of the

proposed project the surrounding environment will not face any problem



related to pollution because appropriate pollution control equipments will

be followed.

During operational phase more than 33% of the plant area will become

green under landscape/land cover.

Conducting Medical Camps for medical examination of the villagers and

distribution of medicines.

Funding the local educational facilities.

The company will also provide funds for the various development activities

of the neighboring villages as and when required.



CHAPTER 9

ENVIRONMENTAL COST

BENEFIT ANALYSIS

9.1 INTRODUCTION

Cost–benefit analysis (CBA), sometimes called benefit–cost analysis (BCA), is a

systematic process for calculating and comparing benefits and costs of a project

for two purposes

to determine if it is a sound investment (justification/feasibility)

to see how it compares with alternate projects (ranking/priority

assignment)

It involves comparing the total expected cost of each option against the total

expected benefits, to see whether the benefits outweigh the costs, and by how

much.

In CBA, benefits and costs are expressed in money terms, and are adjusted for

the time value of money, so that all flows of benefits and flows of project costs

over time (which tend to occur at different points in time) are expressed on a

common basis in terms of their "present value."

ENVIRONMENTAL COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS, refers to the economic appraisal of

policies and projects that have the deliberate aim of improving the provision of

environmental services or actions that might affect (sometimes adversely) the

environment as an indirect consequence.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_value_of_money



9.2 USES OF CBA

CBA has traditionally been applied to big public sector projects such as

new motorways, by-passes, dams, tunnels, bridges, flood relief schemes

and new power stations.

The basic principles of CBA can be applied to many other projects or

programmes. For example, -public health programmes (e.g. the mass

immunization of children using new drugs), an investment in a new rail

safety systems, or opening a new railway line, or the costs and benefits

of the new deal programme designed to reduce long-term

unemployment. Cost benefit analysis was also used during the recent

inquiry into genetically modified foods. Increasingly the principles of

cost benefit analysis are being used to evaluate the returns from

investment in environmental projects such as wind farms and the

development of other sources of renewable energy.

Because financial resources are scarce, CBA allows different projects to

be ranked according to those that provide the highest expected net

gains in socialwelfare - this is particularly important given the

limitations of government spending.

9.3 MAIN STAGES

The main stages in the CBA approach are detailed below

Stage 1(a)

Calculation of social costs & social benefits. This would include calculation of

Tangible benefits and costs (i.e. direct costs and benefits)

Intangible benefits and costs (i.e. indirect costs and benefits – externalities)

This process is very important – it involves trying to identify all of the significant

costs & benefits.

Stage 1(b)

Sensitivity analysis of events occurring i.e. determination of how likely is it that a

predicted outcome will occur? If we are reasonably sure that a benefit or cost will

‗occur‘ – what is the scale of uncertainty about the actual values of the costs and

benefits?

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/5098468.stm



Stage 2

Discounting the future value of benefits - costs and benefits accrue over time.

Individuals normally prefer to enjoy the benefits now rather than later – so the

value of future benefits has to be discounted.

Stage 3

Comparing the costs and benefits to determine the net social rate of return.

Stage 4

Comparing net rate of return from different projects – the government may have

limited funds at its disposal and therefore faces a choice about which projects

should be given the go-ahead.

9.4 DISADVANTAGES

There are several objections to the use of CBA for environmental impact

assessment:

1) Problems in attaching valuations to costs and benefits: Some costs are easy

to value such as the running costs (e.g. staff costs) + capital costs (new

equipment). Other costs are more difficult – not least when a project has a

significant impact on the environment. The value attached to the

destruction of a habitat is to some ―priceless‖ and to others ―worthless‖.

Costs are also subject to change over time – i.e. the construction costs of a

new bridge over a river or the introduction of electronic road pricing.

2) The CBA may not cover everyone affected (i.e. all third parties): Inevitably

with major construction projects such as a new airport or a new road, there

are a huge number of potential ―stakeholders‖ who stand to be affected

(positively or negatively) by the decision. CBA cannot hope to include all

stakeholders – there is a risk that some groups might be left out of the

decision process, for example future generations & ―non-human‖

stakeholders

3) Distributional consequences: Costs and benefits mean different things to

different income groups - benefits to the poor are usually worth more (or

are they?). Those receiving benefits and those burdened with the costs of a

project may not be the same.



4) Social welfare is not the same as individual welfare: What we want

individually may not be what we want collectively. A different value is not

attached to those who feel ―passionately‖ about something (for example

the building of new housing on greenfield sites) contrasted with those who

are more ambivalent?

5) Valuing the environment: Valuation of the public goods such as the

environment where there is no market established for the valuation of

―property rights‖ over environmental resources is very difficult. Similarly

things such as ―nuisance‖ and ―aesthetic values‖ are very ambiguous &

difficult to value.

6) Valuing human life: Some measurements of benefits require the valuation of

human life – many people are intrinsically opposed to any attempt to do

this. This objection can be partly overcome if we focus instead on the

probability of a project ―reducing the risk of death‖ – and there are

insurance markets in existence which tell something about how much

people value their health and life when they take out insurance policies.

7) Attitudes to risk – e.g. a cost benefit analysis of the effects of genetically

modified foods

Precautionary principle: Assume toxicity until proven safe; if in doubt,

then regulate

Free market principle: Assume it is safe until a hazard is identified; if in

doubt, do not regulate.

Despite these problems, most economists argue that CBA is better than other ways

of including the environment in project appraisal.

Cost benefit analysis is basically an appraisal technique that tries to place

monetary values on all benefits arising from a project and then compares the total

value with the project's total cost. It has numerous potential applications although

there are inherent difficulties with the issue of valuation. Essentially the process

of CBA is a comparative one, so that we can perhaps make judgments about which

projects from a limited choice should be given the go ahead.



9.5 DISCOUNTING THE FUTURE

Discounting is a widely used technique as part of cost benefit analysis. The

technique of discounting reflects the following:

the value of a cost or benefit now

the value of a cost or benefit in future years

Discounting reflects this by reducing all future costs and benefits to express them

as today‘s values. The key question being - how to choose an ‗interest rate‘ for

reducing future costs to give them a present value today?

Setting a general discount rate for new projects has important implications for the

environment:

A low discount rate is often favored by economists since they argue that

investing a high proportion of current income is a good way of providing for

the future.

A high discount rate may also be favored since it discourages investment

(and by implication environmental damage) in the present.

Most projects have lifetimes of 20-30 years – with many of the big costs arising

early in a project e.g. from construction whereas the stream of benefits from a

project occur over a much longer period of time. But for many huge construction

projects, some of the costs only become apparent in the long run. Consider the

building of a new nuclear power station. Environmentalists would argue that there

is a long list of costs from waste management and decommissioning which stretch

over 100 years into the future whereas no social benefits exist to offset these costs

beyond year 30 or 40 (where the nuclear power station might reasonably be

expected to be ready for closure).

The value of decommissioning costs over 100 years away is almost negligible no

matter what discount rate we use. This makes discounting difficult to justify.



9.6 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR M/S. NOBLEEXCHANGE ENVIRONMENT

SOLUTIONS PRIVATE LIMITED (NEX)

CBA for M/s. Noble Exchange Environment Solutions Private Limited (NEX) Is

tabulated below table9.1

Table 9.1: CBA for M/s. Noble Exchange Environment Solutions Private Limited

(NEX)

Costs Benefits

Charges paid to Pollution Control Board

for not meeting standards or threat of

closure.

Savings in costs for meeting standards.

DAMAGES CAUSED BY WATER

POLLUTION

a) Waterborne diseases

b) Losses to farmers

c) Degradation of soil fertility and

increase in toxicity

d) Degradation of water aquifer

BENEFITS INCURRED DUE TO WATER

POLLUTION PREVENTION/CONTROL

a) Savings due to water borne diseases

avoided through proper treatment of

both domestic & industrial

wastewater.

b) Degradation of soil fertility & water

aquifer reversed.

DAMAGES CAUSED BY AIR

POLLUTION

a) Airborne diseases.

b) Losses to farmers due to increase in

oxides of sulfur concentrations.

BENEFITS INCURRED DUE TO AIR


a) Savings due to air borne diseases

avoided through proper maintenance

& management of air pollution

sources. b) Losses to the farmers reversed.

DAMAGES CAUSED BY NOISE

POLLUTION

Health & behavioral effects on humans

BENEFITS INCURRED DUE TO NOISE


Health & behavioral effects on humans

reversed.

DAMAGES CAUSED BY

SOLD/HAZARDOUS WASTE

a) Impact on aesthetics.

b) Degradation of groundwater aquifer.

BENEFITS INCURRED DUE TO SOLID

WASTE MANAGEMENT/CONTROL

a) Impacts on aesthetics reversed by

proper management.

b) Degradation of water aquifer reversed

by proper management.

- BENEFITS TO THE SOCIAL/ECONOMIC

ENVIRONMENT

a) Employment and income generation

from industries. b) Infrastructural development benefits

due to proximity of plant.



CHAPTER 10

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

10.1 INTRODUCTION

The Environment Management Plan (EMP) is required to ensure sustainable

development in the area of the proposed project. Hence it needs to be an all

encompassive plan for which the industry, Government, Regulating agencies like

Pollution Control Board working in the region and more importantly the

population of the area need to extend their co-operation and contribution.

It has been evaluated that the project area will not be affected significantly with

proposed project. Mitigation measures at the source level and an overall

Management Plan at the site level are elicited so as to improve the surrounding

environment.

The following mitigation measures are recommended in order to synchronize the

economic development of the project area with the environmental protection of

the region. The construction phase impacts are mostly short term, restricted to

the plot area and not envisaged on the larger scale. In the operational phase the

environmental impacts are due to continuous operation of the project, hence,

the emphasis in the Environment Management Plan (EMP) is to minimize such

impacts.

The emphasis on the EMP development is on the following:



Mitigation measures for each of the activities causing the environmental

impact;

Monitoring plans for checking activities and environmental parameters and

monitoring responsibilities;

Role responsibilities and resource allocation for monitoring.

Following sections describes in brief the environment management plan proposed

for construction and operation phases.

10.2 MITIGATION MEASURES

Each of the activities during Operation phase is critically reviewed for suggestion

of mitigation measures. Based on this, the table 10.1 gives the mitigation

measures for the activities considered to be causing significant environmental

impacts during construction phase & table 10.2 during operation phase. Table 10.3

gives the environmental management plan during waste transportation,

treatment.

In general the best housekeeping practices are incorporated in the design as well

as in operation phase to reduce the short term impacts due to the proposed

activities.



10.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

a. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING CONSTRUCTION

PHASE

Table 10.1: Environmental management plan during construction phase

Activity Environmental

impacts

Mitigation Remarks

Construction &

erection of

plant

Air

Land

Water

Noise

Socio economy

Water spraying during earth

work, PPE’s will be used.

Well maintained vehicles will

be used.

Metalled road for vehicle

movement.

File foundation top soil will

be conserved and be utilized

for landscaping & gardening.

Site barricading will be done

during building & plant

construction.

Well maintained equipment

will be utilized to prevent

noise generation.

Local labor will be hired for

the work so that housing

arrangement for them is

avoided.

Implementation

responsibility:

M/s.

NobleExchange

Environment

Solutions Private

Limited (NEX).,



b. OPERATION OF THE FACILITIES/UTILITIES

Table 10.2: Environmental management plan during operation of the

facilities/utilities


impacts

Mitigation Remarks

“Sustainable

Waste

Management

and Renewable

Energy” Project.

Air

Land

Water

Noise

Ensure proper collection,

transportation and handling of

waste.

Ensure usage of PPE’s by

workers.

Gas detectors with alarm system

will be installed in strategic

locations to detect any fugitive

emission of methane etc.

MSDS of Methane will be

displayed at storage & handling

area.

Water usage will be strictly

regulated by installation of water

meter plant-wise.

Monitored data will be analyzed

and reviewed from time to time

so that correct action can be

taken.

Storage area will be designed in

line with the safety & factories

department requirement.

Nutrient rich water and manure

will be handled properly.

Implementation

responsibility: M/s.

NobleExchange

Environment

Solutions Bangalore

Private Limited

(NEX).,



Operation of DG

sets.

• Air

• Noise

• Water

Provision of adequate stack

heights for DG sets.

Waste water from the plant will

be treated in Effluent Treatment

Plant.

Ensure usage of Personal

Protective Equipments.

Implementation


NobleExchange

Environment

Solutions Bangalore

Private Limited

(NEX).,

Temporary

solid waste

storage and

Handling within

the premises.

• Water

• Land

Install proper facilities for storage

of manure and solid waste.

Implementation


NobleExchange

Environment

Solutions Bangalore

Private Limited

(NEX).,

c. STORAGE, HANDLING & TRANSPORTATION OF WASTE AND

BYPRODUCTS

Table 10.3: Environmental management plan during storage, handling &

transportation of waste and byproducts


impacts

Mitigation Remarks

Collection and

transportation of

waste and

Storage of

byproducts.

• Air

• Water

• Land

The generated food waste to the facility

via specially designed drip free trucks

meant for the transportation of this

feed material.

Food and kitchen waste will be

transported to the site via compacting

trucks which ensure all leachate is

collected in the tank situated

underneath the truck. The collected

leachate is pumped to the biogas

system.

Implementation


NobleExchange

Environment

Solutions

Bangalore Private

Limited (NEX).,



The trucks will be regularly maintained

at a workshop for vehicle maintenance

at the site.

The biogas plant has been designed

based on anaerobic digestion (AD) and

continuously stirred reactor (CSTR)

technology for a capacity of 250 TPD.

Storage area will be designed in line

with the safety & factories department

requirement.

Transportation

of CBG

• Air

• Water

• Land

Trained/Approved Transports will be

engaged for the transportation of the

waste/products.

TREMCARD will be followed to ensure

availability of MSDS of CBG to the off-

site emergency team.

Implementation


NobleExchange

Environment

Solutions

Bangalore Private

Limited (NEX).,

10.4 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

M/s. NobleExchange Environment Solutions Bangalore Private Limited (NEX), Door

No.200, 4th Cross, 5th Main, ITI Layout, Mallathalli, Bangalore. is proposes

establishing “Sustainable Waste Management and Renewable Energy” Project

at Survey No. 85, Kannahalli Village, Seegehalli Cross, Magadi Road,

Yeshwanthpura Hobli, Bangalore – 560 091..

The Board of Directors of M/s. NobleExchange Environment Solutions Bangalore

Private Limited (NEX)., recognize the important responsibility it has towards the

environment, and is committed to:

Complying with all applicable environmental legislation.

Planned evaluation of compliance by external auditors and the

implementation of improvement programmes.



Continuous improvement by following best practice guidance produced by

appropriate regulatory and advisory organisations and aim to get certified

to ISO14001, the internationally recognised Environmental Management

System standard.

Ensuring that all employees are aware of their duty to fellow employees,

customers and those who live in the surrounding community, to act in an

environmentally responsible and safe manner.

Collecting, analysing and publishing key environmental performance metrics

to enable the Group to continually review, assess and improve its

environmental performance.

The Board delegates responsibility for oversight of environmental policy and

performance to all to the Director, Management and employees for local

implementation of this policy. This policy and its implementation will be reviewed

on a regular basis by the Board to ensure that it remains appropriate and relevant

to the organization. The Group is committed to providing the necessary support in

order to ensure that all sites can fulfill the requirements outlined in this policy.

This policy will be communicated to everyone working for or on behalf of the

Group. The noncompliance will be communicated and will be brought to the notice

of all the board of directors during the board meeting.

10.5 DESCRIPTION OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS OF ENSURING

THAT MITIGATIVE MEASURES ARE IMPLEMENTED & THEIR EFFECTIVENESS

MONITORED, AFTER APPROVAL, IMPLEMENTATION AND DURING

OPERATION

In order to maintain the environmental quality within the standards, regular

monitoring network to maintain environmental quality will be implemented.

10.5.1 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT CELL

A separate Environment Management Cell will be established to monitor and

control the environmental quality. Members of the Environmental Cell would be

well qualified and experienced in the concerned field. Some experienced people &

few new people will be appointed to take care of the requirement.



Services of reputed laboratories as well as that of a consultant of repute would be

engaged for various monitoring & other environmental management needs of the

plant.



CHAPTER 11

SUMMARY & CONCLUSION

11.1 OVERALL JUSTIFICATION FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT

The Environmental Impact Assessment studies carried out for the proposed project

of M/s. NobleExchange Environment Solutions Bangalore Private Limited (NEX),has

been completed. The study conducted has covered various facets of the proposed

project starting with the need for project, collection and transportation of waste,

water requirement, availability of land, process involved etc.,

In addition to this the metrological data and baseline environmental features have

been evaluated to understand the environmental setting of the project site. Also

the ecological features of the location including the flora & fauna, socio-economic

environment, the demographic structure have been evaluated.

Based on the above studies an Environmental Impact Statement has been prepared

to ascertain the possible impacts of the proposed project on the environmental

parameters like air, water, land, biological and socio-economic environment. An

impact matrix has also been prepared based on the observations of the impacts on

the environment.

An Environmental Management Plan has been prepared covering the environmental

aspect and the management plan required to be adopted by the management not

only during the course of setting up of the proposed project but also during its

operational phase. An environmental monitoring plan is envisaged deciding

frequency, location, data analysis, reporting schedules.



Detailed risk assessment study is carried out to evaluate the risks involved due to

storage of various solvents & precautionary measures to be taken for

prevention/management of such risks.

The conclusions drawn from the above study relates to the fact that the proposed

project of the “Sustainable Waste Management and Renewable Energy Project

―activity undertaken by the management of the plant has certain level or marginal

impacts on the local environmental setting, which will not affect the natural

environmental setting of the study zone either drastically or otherwise. However,

certain beneficial impacts are anticipated in terms of the employment

opportunities created during the operation of the plant. Also there will be

economic growth at the regional level.

The plant proposes to create Environmental Management Cell in its organization to

monitor and implement programs to improve its environmental status from time to

time and will adopt all such technological advances to reduce the impact due to

its operation on the environment.

Mitigation measures will be undertaken to prevent adverse impacts on the

surrounding environment like air, water, land and biological.

There shall be economic growth and development at the local and regional level.

To put it in a nutshell the management of M/s. NobleExchange Environment

Solutions Bangalore Private Limited (NEX), strongly believes in the concept of

sustainable development and understands the impacts of the proposed project on

the environment from the Environmental Impact Assessment studies conducted. It

is committed to construct and establish the project without giving room for any

adverse impacts on the environment and also lays emphasis on the implementation

of the recommendations of the Environmental Management Plan in true spirits.



11.2 EXPLANATION OF HOW ADVERSE EFFECTS HAVE BEEN MITIGATED

The measures adopted to mitigate the impacts due to the proposed project is

tabulated below table 11.1.

TABLE 11.1 POSSIBLE EFFECTS AND ITS MITIGATIVE MEASURES FROM THE

PROPOSED PROJECT

The measures adopted to mitigate the impacts due to the proposed expansion is tabulated

below

Sl. no. Parameter Mitigation measures

1 Water pollution sources

Domestic sewage Treated in ETP

Wastewater from

Digester

Treated in ETP

2 Air pollution sources

D.G. sets Stacks of adequate heights

3 Noise pollution

sources – DG

sets

In-built acoustic enclosures.

4 Solid/Hazardous waste

Domestic garbage Organic portion will be treated in Digesters & in-organic

portion is sent for recycling.



CHAPTER 12

DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS ENGAGED

12.1 Environmental Consultants:-

M/s. AQUA TECH ENVIRO ENGINEERS,

No. 3391, 6th Main, 3rd Cross,

RPC Layout, Vijayanagar 2nd Stage,

Bangalore – 560 040.

Phone No. 080 23142697, Fax No. 080 23148166

E – mail id – [email protected]

INTRODUCTORY PROFILE

AQUA TECH ENVIRO ENGINEERS is a South India based Environmental Engineering

Consultancy established in the year 2000 with its registered office and works

located in Bangalore. The company is certified with ISO 9001-2008 and is

specialized in Water and Wastewater Management. The Organization is a team of

specialized professionals, technically qualified and competent graduates and post

graduates in disciplines of Environmental, Chemical, Civil, Electrical and

Mechanical Engineering,capable of achieving comprehensivesolutions for pollution

control and Environmental Management.

The infrastructure of the organization includes a modern office backed with 600

Sqmts of manufacturing facility to produce treatment plant equipments

KEY PERSONNEL OF THE ORGANISATION:



Name Qualifications Designation Experience

Mr K.R Sree Harsha B.E (Civil & Env.

Engg)

M. Tech (Env

Engg )

Chief Executive 18 Years.

Mr. C.T Puttaswamy B.E (Chem.),

M Tech (Env.)

Technical Advisor. 15 Years

Dr. Shambanna Siddappa

Hotanahalli

M Sc. Tech,

Ph D. Tech

Technical Advisor 32 Years

Mr. Channakesava B.E (Env.)

Environmental

Engineer.

13 Years

Mr.Hanumantha Raj Urs M Sc (Envi Sc) Environmental

Analyst

9 Years

Mrs. Rohini. S B.E.(Env.) Environmental

Engineer.

8 Years

Ms. Jyothi B.E (Env.)

Environmental

Engineer

Trainee

Ms. Vidhya B.E (Env.)

Environmental

Engineer

Trainee

Mr. Karthik K.M. B.E.(Env.) Environmental

Engineer

Trainee

Mr. Vinay Kumar M Com., MBA Accounts Assistant 9 Years

Mr. Jahirdhar DME Site Engineer 15 Years



FIG: - 12.1 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

AQUA TECH ENVIRO ENGINEERS

Mr. Hanumanth Raj Urs M. Sc., (Env Science)

Env. Analyst

Ms. Rohini BE., (Env. Engg)

Env. Engineer

Mr. J.C Channakeshav BE., (Env. Engg.)

Env. Engineer (Projects)

Mr. C.T. PUTTASWAMY B.E., (Chemical Engg) M. Tech (Env. Engg.)

Technical Advisor

DR. SHAMBANNA SIDDAPPA HOTANAHALLI M Sc. Tech, Ph D. Tech Technical Advisor

Mr. K.R. SREE HARSHA B.E. ( Civil & Env Engg),

M.Tech (Env. Engg.)

Chief Executive

Mr. Jahirdhar DME

Site Engineer

Ms. Vidhya BE., (Env. Engg)

Trainee Engineer

Ms. Jyothi BE., (Env. Engg)

Trainee Engineer

Ms. Karthik K.M BE., (Env. Engg)

Trainee Engineer

Mr. Santosh Kumar (M A) Project Assistant

Mr. G.K. Vinay M Com., MBA

Manager Accounts

Projects Team

Maintenance Team



LABORATORY FOR ANALYSIS:

NAME OF LABORATORY SCOPE OF SERVICES ACCREDITATION

STATUS

M/s. Bangalore Test House

#65, 20th Main,, Marenahalli,

Vijaynagar, Bangalore – 560 040

Monitoring and Analysis of:

1. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

2. Ground and Surface Water Quality

Monitoring

3. Noise Level Monitoring and

4. Soil Quality Monitoring

5. Metrological data collection

M/s. Bangalore Test House is a NABL certified laboratory



Annexure - A

HAZOP Studies and MSDS



ANNEXURE - B

Copy of land records



ANNEXURE - C

Environmental Policy Letter



Annexure1

Topo Map of 15km radius



Annexure 2

Drawings

environmental impact assessment (eia) report for the ... · 2.7 description of the process and...

Documents