environmental aspects of a biobased economy bioworld 2013 _bram...6/26/2013 bram brouwer, ceo of...
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6/26/2013
Bram Brouwer, CEO of BioDetection Systems B.V. & Managing Director of BE Basic Foundation
Environmental aspects of a biobased economy
6/26/2013
•chemicals
•materials
•food/feed
•energy
•fuels (s,l,g)
•nutrients
•CO2
agro/forestry
harvest
•structured around integral biomass value chain & sustainability
soil/water/air quality & nutrient/carbon recycles
logistics &
biorefining
conversion &
purification
socio-economics,sustainability,training,comm
•Biomass
•biodiversity
•land (use)
•fertiliser
•water
BE-Basic is focused on R&D & Innovation in Biobased
processes (volume of 45 M€/year)
•μ • LS
6/26/2013
BE BASIC focus on production of chemical building
blocks and biofuels from biomass
Focus on biofuels
•OH
•OH
•O
•biomass
•2,3-butanediol
•methylethylketone
•butadiene
•fermentation
•Production of butadiene and MEK from biomass
Focus mostly on
building blocks
6/26/2013
•Decline in: Lead to:
•soil carbon soil erosion
•biological activity soil compaction
•soil biodiversity reduced resistance to pests
•nutrient retention eutrofication
• How can we monitor and use information on soil biodiversity to improve soil quality in a biobased economy ?
How to avoid agriculture and soil threats
in a biobased economy ?
• How can agricultural land be transformed from a source of greenhouse gases into a sink for carbon dioxide ?
6/26/2013
How to avoid global transport of pesticide residues in
biobased production processes ?
Global use of pesticides in agriculture 800.000 tons *
Canada
USA
China
Brazil
Malaysia
Chile
Colombia
India
Korea
Thailand
Vietnam
* Ecobichon D.J., Pesticide use in developing countries, Toxicol 2001, vol 160 (1-3), 27-33
6/26/2013
How to control safety & quality of biowaste as
feedstock for biobased processes ?
6/26/2013
HTS monitoring tools
•Hazard identification
Hazard reduction,
bio-degradation Emission reduction
product
Product safety
Feed stock product
Monitoring & assessment of the safety of bio-based
raw materials, processes and chemicals
Feedstock & waste safety
Contaminant
Removal & remediation
biowaste
6/26/2013
Total ion chromatogram of 101 pesticides carrot extract analysis GCxGC-TOFMS
How to monitor cocktails of hundreds of natural
compounds & chemical contaminants in biomass ?
How to interpret these complex analytical chemical patterns
of compounds in terms of safety ?
6/26/2013 •AOAC meeting Santiago, Chile,
•9
Solution: Paradigm shift from chemical to effect
oriented analysis
•Chemical oriented,
•Compound by compound
•Effect oriented,
• complex mixtures
•To know if our soup is safe, rather than what exactly is in it
6/26/2013
Disruption of cell signalling pathways by chemicals:
Targets for cell-based monitoring system development
•Dioxins, PAH
•Toxic metals & metalloids
•PPAR activators
•Hormones and other endocrine disrupting compounds
•Mutagens, clastogens,
•aneugens
•Non-genotoxic mechanisms
•Genotoxic mechanisms
•Dioxin receptor
•ROS
•Endocrine disruption
•(oxidative) DNA
damage
•Carcinogenesis
•Developmental toxicity
•Reproductive toxicity
•Apoptotic resistance
•Hormone receptors
•Oxidative stress pathway
•DNA damage pathway
6/26/2013
Comparison of results from bioassay with analytical
chemical methods
•DR CALUX® vs HR-GC/MS
y = 0.9565x
R2 = 0.9889
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
•HRGCMS
•D
R-C
ALU
X®
•pg 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ/g fishoil
•Total dioxin-levels (PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like (dl)-PCBs) in fishoil
6/26/2013
•Bio-based
economy
•Pharma •Food &
feed, raw materials
•Chemical safety
•Environ-ment
Case: Contamination of food by illegal mixing of animal
feed with fats from biofuels production
•Bio-based
economy
• Environ
ment
•Pharma
•Chemical safety
6/26/2013
•Source: German Ministry of food, agriculture and consumer protection. Presentation. Situation Report of the Federal Government & First Conclusions per 21. January 2011
4 lots highly contaminated
all lots above EU limit of 0.75 ng TEQ/kg for feed fat
•NKVET 06-10-2011 •34
Contamination of technical Fatty acids
6/26/2013
For this biodiesel production, fat from different origin were used.
Bottom triglyceride was contaminated with dioxins
•Waste
•frying
•fats &
•other
•food
•fat/oils
•Destillate:
•Fatty acids
•Bottom:
•Triglyceride
•Marketed as
•technical fat
•Biodiesel production
•Triglyceride + KOH
•+ Methanol
•(Transesterification)
•NKVET 06-10-2011 •35
Which fat component was contaminated?
Where did the dioxins originate from?
6/26/2013
The most probable source for the contamination of the oil are PCDD-contaminated pesticides on the basis of highly chlorinated phenols (or related aromatics with chlorophenol contamination/intermediates).
In the current case chlorophenols/related pesticides might have been applied either as pesticides in plantations for oil crops or as fungicide for storage of seeds (oil palm, soya or rape seeds).
•NKVET 06-10-2011 •40
Possible source of dioxin contamination in
Fatty Acids from biowaste
6/26/2013
•Bio-based
economy
•Pharma •Food &
veterinary risk
•Chemical safety
•Environ-ment
Monitoring of smoke stack emissions
•Bio-based
economy
• Food & feed
•Pharma
Chemical safety
6/26/2013
Dioxin Emissions in Japan
0
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
7.000
8.000
9.000
'97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 Target
Year
Em
issi
ons
(g-T
EQ
/ye
ar)
others
Industrial Sources
Unregulated Small-ScaleIncinerationIndustrial Waste Incineration
Municipal Waste Incineration
•What is the impact of biofuels on dioxin emission?
6/26/2013
•Bio-based
economy
•Pharma •Food &
veterinary risk
Chemical safety
•Environ-ment
Monitoring release of chemicals from food
packaging & related polymers
•Bio-based
economy
• Food & feed
•Pharma
Environ
ment
6/26/2013 •22
Activity profiling of several plastic additives in the
CALUX panel
What is activity profile of biobased chemicals?
6/26/2013
Example: Monitoring of bottled drinking water
- Switzerland: Drinking water in PET- and glass bottles: 50% of the samples slightly exceeded the limit of 3.6 pg EEQ/l water measured by ER CALUX, but there was no significant difference between PET- and glass bottles (Brueschweiler et al 2011)
- France: Drinking water in PET bottles were below the detection limit of the ER CALUX assay (80 pg EEQ/ l water, Narbonne et al. 2010)
- Australia: All kinds of waters (recycles, bottled, tap, rain) showed a low activity in a panel of CALUX tests (+/- ER; +/-AR; +/-GR; TR and PR; Leusch et al. 2011)
•23
6/26/2013
Avoid contaminated biowastes to enter biobased processes by a
monitoring scheme related to food safety control
•Collect waste
• or biomass •Screen with
in vitro bioassay
•Identify toxicant by chemical
analysis
•No further testing
required
•Exceed trigger values
•Routine chemical analysis
•Remove/ remediate
+
-
Proposed Integrated Safety screening Strategy (ITS) for biomass and biowastes
6/26/2013
Contact us
BE-Basic Foundation
Mijnbouwstraat 120
2628 RX Delft
The Netherlands
Tel:+31-15-2789873
www.be-basic.org