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sludge treatment and disposalTRANSCRIPT
SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
Presented to :- Dr. Baljinder
kaur
Presented by :- sudha chib
Roll no :- 130181107
CONTENTS
SLUDGE CHARACTERISTICS SLUDGE THICKENINGSLUDGE DIGESTION SLUDGE DISPOSAL
SLUDGE
Sludge is the concentrated impurities of waste water into solid form
Secondary
OrganicInorganic
WastewaterPre
Treatment
RockGritPlasticEtc.
PrimaryClarifier
SettleableSuspendedDissolved
SuspendedDissolved
SecondaryClarifier
Effluent
Sludge Sludge
SLUDGE CHARACTERISTICS
Primary settling remove the settleable fraction of raw wastewater solids , the quantity of this solid on the dry mass basis can be determined as:-
Mp = ᶓ *SS * Q
Where Mp= mass of primary solids;kg/d
ᶓ = efficiency of primary clarifier
SS=total suspended solids in effluent
Q = flow rate ; m3/d
Secondary sludge is composed primarily of biological solids , the quantity of which can be estimated by:-
Ms= Y × BOD 5× Q Where Ms = mass of secondary solids , kg/d Y = biomass conversion factor BOD5 =BOD5 removed by secondary
treatment kg/m3 Q = flow rate , m3/d
CHARACTERISTICS
Specific gravity :- sludge have specific gravity of 1.0
Solid concentration:- it defines the relative fracction of solids and liquids in a slurry and expressed as mg/l
SLUDGE THICKENING
Thickening is a procedure used to increase the solid content of sludge by removing a portion of the liquid fraction
Thickening is generally acomplished by physical means including gravity settling , flotation , centrifugation etc
Location of the thickener in a wastewater treatment plant is important.
A thickener operates like a settling tank The feed enters from the middle , are
distributed radially The settled sludge is collected from the
underflow The effluent exits over the weirs The thickening process takes place in settling
tank with long enough solids retention time
GRAVITY THICKENER
Gravity thickeners contain pickets on the scraper cause a horizontal agitation .
It helps to release water trapped in the flocculent structure of the sludge
These are commonly used when suspended culture system sludges are to be thickened
These thickeners have ability to double the solid content of the sludge
SLUDGE DIGESTION
Sludge digestion serves both to reduce the volume of the thickened sludge still further and to render the remaining solids and relatively reduce pathogen
These goals can be achieved by :- Anaerobic digestion Aerobic digestion
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
Anaerobic digestion is the most common method for dealing with the waste water containing primary sludge
The principle function is to convert as much of the sludge as possible to end products such as liquid and gases
Very less residual biomass as possible is produced
The anaerobic sludge digestion often divides the organisms into broad groups :-
Acid formers Methane formers
ACID FORMERS
The acid formers consist of facultative and anaerobic bacteria and include organisms that solubilize the organic solids through hydrolysis
The soluble products are then fermented to acids and alcohols of low molecular weight
METHANE FORMERS
Methane formers consist of strict anaerobic bacteria
Acids and alcohols along with hydrogen and carbon dioxide are converted to methane
Pathway and products of anaerobic digestion
Sludge is fed into the digestor on an intermittent basis and supernatant is withdrawn and returned to secondary treatment unit
A typical standard rate anaerobic digester consisting of a single – stage operation
The conical bottom facilitates sludge withdrawal
Floating cover accommodate volume change due to sludge addition or withdrawl
Sludge separates in the reactorAlthough some mixing occur in the zone of
active digestion and in the supernatant
HIGH RATE DIGESTERS
These are more efficient Require less volumeThe contents are mechanicaly mixed to
ensure better contact between the organics and the microorganisms
Unit is heated to increase the metabolic rate of the microorganisms
Optimum tempurature is around 35 ̊ C
Little gas is generated in the second stage But the second stage is covered and is
equipped for gas recoveryThe second stage reactor is not heated
ADVANTAGES
Waste stabilisationOdour reductionScalable technologyLow capital costFuel based renewable/pack generation
DISADVANTAGES
No useful byproductRequired expertiseAffected by changes in loading and conditions
AEROBIC DIGESTION
This process is essentially a continuation of the aeration process , with the volume being reduced by thickening in the secondary clarifier and sludge thickener
It is an endogenous respiration process
ADVANTAGES
The process is easy to controlIt usually has lower ammonia concentration Explosive gases are not produced
DISADVANTAGES
Aerobic digestion is energy consumptiveTemperature dependentAerobic digestion does not produce energy
SLUDGE DISPOSAL
Several options are available for the ultimate disposal of wastewater sludges, these include:-
IncinerationPlacement in sanitary landfillIncorporation into as a fertilizer
INCINERATION
Combustion process
PLACEMENT IN SANITARY LANDFILL
Disposal in landfills
INCORPORATION INTO AS A FERTILIZER
Injection of sludge into soil
REFERENCES
Environmental engineering by Howard S .Peavy
mimoza.marmara.edu.tr/~orhan.gokyay/enve425/ch2.pdf
www.eea.europa.eu/publications/GH-10-97-106-EN-C/download
http://www.lenntech.com/library/sludge/drying/sludgedrying.htm
www.maths.tcd.ie/~jlennon/miniprojects/biomass.doc
http://www.wrights-trainingsite.com/aerodigestion.html