the enlightenment causes of revolution. what are the main ideas of the enlightenment philosophers?...
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The EnlightenmentCauses of Revolution
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What are the main ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers?
How do they challenge the powers of Absolute Monarchs?
John LockeThomas Hobbes
Voltaire
Objectives
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Thomas Hobbes
Leviathan (1651)
Englishman
Man motivated by power & fear –> needed an all-powerful sovereign◦ Without one, life would
be “solitary, nasty, poor, brutish & short”
Politics as a science
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John LockeIndividual must become
rational, man innately good – TABULA RASA
Virtue can be learned & practiced
“Divine right of kings” is nonexistent
“Two Treaties of Civil Government”
Natural rights given to all◦Life, liberty & property
Favored a republicSocial contract btw people
& government (what is influenced by this idea??)
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Baron de Montesquieu (Charles de Secondat)
1st of the French Philosophes“The Spirit of the Laws” (1749)Separation of powers ensures freedom &
liberty3 types of government= monarchy,
despotism & republic
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Voltaire (AKA Francois Marie Arouet)
Author & poet
“Candide” (1759)
Men are born equal-virtue makes the difference
Directly critiqued French crown so fled
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
“The Social Contract” (1762)Virtue exists in nature, not in
society“Man is born free, yet
everywhere he is in chains.”
Government is necessary Liberty, equality, fraternity
(brotherhood)General will= with each
other, not rulersRepublican government with
direct democracy◦No legal protections for
individual rights Influenced French
revolutionaries & Karl Marx
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Mary Wollstonecraft
• Vindication of the Rights of Woman
•English writer, philosopher
•Men & women are equal
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Salons
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Aftermath…Revolution?
New forms of civil society arose◦Literacy increasing
Reform & critique couldn’t stop
Birth of the “individual”◦Natural rights
Implications??
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Conclusion & Connections
So…◦What are the main ideas of the Enlightenment
philosophers?
◦How do they challenge the powers of Absolute Monarchs?
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Enlightenment Primary Source Documents
Answer the following questions after you’ve read the documents:
(group-work is ok, but I only need 1 paper per group):◦How would these writers have come up with their point of
view?◦What is Hobbes main argument? Include details.◦What is Locke’s main argument/message? Provide details.◦What are the major tenets/beliefs of Montesquieu &
Rousseau?
Answer individually (& turn in by the end of class):◦Describe how 2 Enlightenment thinkers directly
challenged absolutism (absolute monarchy). Be specific & give examples from the text.