enhancement of urban transport sustainability in japan
TRANSCRIPT
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European Conference of Ministers of Transport
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and TransportJapanese Government
2-3 March 2005 Akasaka Prince Hotel, Tokyo
Enhancement of Urban Transport SustainabilityEnhancement of Urban Transport Sustainabilityin Japanin Japan
A Brief Overview on Basic Policy FrameworkA Brief Overview on Basic Policy Frameworkand Future Direction of Urban Transportand Future Direction of Urban Transport
Shigeru MORICHI, Dr. of Eng.
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Enhancement of Urban Transport Sustainability in Japan
A Brief Overview on Basic Policy Framework and Future Direction of Urban Transport
Shigeru Morichi, Dr. of Eng
National Graduate Institute for Policy StudiesDirector of Development Policy Program, Professor
Institute for Transport Policy StudiesPresident
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Contents
I. IntroductionII. Urban Transport Policy Framework
III. Major Institutions for Urban TransportIV. Japanese Policy Related to ECMT
Recommendations
V. Concluding Remarks
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I. Introduction
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1.01
1.13
1.34
1.82
7.84
15.99
30.15
Population(million, 2000)
Sendai
Hiroshima
Fukuoka
Sapporo
Chukyo Metropolitan Area
Kinki Metropolitan Area
Tokyo Metropolitan Area
Modal Share(Trip, %)
High Share of Rail in Urban Transport
Rail Bus Auto BicycleMotorcycle
Walk
25.5 33.1
18.9 31.4
13.7 50.3
8.9 46.8
3.7 38.8
8.3 48.0
10 56.3
Source: ITPS (2004)
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0.55Kagoshima
0.66Kumamoto
0.42Nagasaki
0.40Gifu
0.47
0.63
1.01
Population(million, 2000)
Kanazawa
Okayama
Kitakyusyu
Modal Share(Trip, %)
High Share of Rail in Urban Transport
48.91.9
59.31.1
51.71.3
49.08.3
56.43.8
59.22.0
55.77.7
Rail Bus Auto BicycleMotorcycle
WalkSource: ITPS (2004)
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Time-Series Trend of Urbanization
Net-inmigration to 3 metropolitan areas
Net
-inm
igra
tion
to 3
met
ropo
litan
ar
eas (
10,0
00)
Pref
ectu
ral i
ncom
e di
spar
ity
(Gin
icoe
ffic
ient
)
8070605040302010
0-10
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Prefectural income disparity (Gini coefficient)0.280.270.260.250.240.230.220.210.200.19
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Tokyo Metropolitan Area
Cyukyo Metropolitan Area
Kinki Metropolitan Area
Rai
lway
Net
wor
k (k
m)
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Railway-Oriented Land Use:Road Network and DID
DID: Densely Inhabited District, population density over 4,000 persons/km2
and resident population of over 5,000.
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Railway-Oriented Land Use:Railway Network and DID
DID: Densely Inhabited District, population density over 4,000 persons/km2
and resident population of over 5,000.
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CO2 Emission in Japan
0200400600800
1,0001,2001,400
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02Transport Industry & Industrial Processing Residential & Commercial Others
19.3%
47.5%
24.3%8.8%
21 %
41.4%
29.1%8.5%
Passenger Car Goods Vehicle Bus Railway Maritime Aviation
050
100150200250300
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 0241.5%
43.5%
15%
50.6%
36.3%
13.1%
CO
2Em
issi
on (M
t-CO
2)C
O2
Emis
sion
(Mt-C
O2) All sector
Transport sector
Source: NIES (2004)
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II. Urban Transport Policy Framework
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Comprehensive Urban Transport Policy
• Person-trip survey & Master plan– 10 year interval for large-scale cities (> 300k pop.)
• Urban railway master plan for three metropolitan areas
• Railway-oriented land-use• Road investment to respond to rapid motorization
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Collaboration among Central, Local Government and Private Sector
1. Railway• Planning process collaboration• Financial burden sharing for investment• Mixture of railway operators
– Japan National Railway Privatized, JR– Teito Rapid Transit Authority Privatized, Tokyo Metro– Operators owned by municipality– Semi-public operators– Private operators
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Collaboration among Central, Local Government and Private Sector con’t
2. Road• Central government
– Japan Highway Public CorporationPrivatizing
• Central and local government– Urban expressway public corporations (Tokyo, Osaka-
Kobe) Privatizing• Local Government
– Highway public corporations(Subsidized by Central government)
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Hierarchical Network StructureRoad• Urban expressway• Arterial road• Distributor, collector• Local street
Railway
20 - 30 km/hr0.5 – 1 kmMonorail / AGT
30 - 35 km/hr0.5 – 1 kmSubway
40 - 45 km/hr1 – 2 kmOrdinary Train
50 - 60 km/hr5 – 6 kmInter-city Train
Express Train
120 -130 km/hr30 – 50 kmShinkansen Railway
Operating
Speed *
Station
Distance
Railway Type
* Includes stoppage time at station
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III. Major Institutions for Urban Transport
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Transport/Land-use PolicySapporo
Nagoya
Hiroshima
Kitakyusyu
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Major Subsidy System for Urban Railway
• Subsidy for : Subway: Monorail: LRT
• Interest free financing for JOBAN-SHINSEN• Subsidy for Newtown Railway• Subsidy for grade separation of rail and road crossing
: Individual intersection: Continuous elevation of railway
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Subsidy for Urban Railway(million US$)
0200
400600
8001,000
1,2001,400
1,600
92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03
Subsidy for subway Subway for Newtown Rail
Subsidy for urban-use improvementof intercity railway
Subsidy for terminal improvement
Subsidy for private railwayInterest free financing for JOBAN-SHINSEN
Source: ITPS
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Burden Sharing for Each Subsidy System
57.3 -31.6%
28.7 -63.3%
Subsidy for grade separation of rail and road crossing
40%less than 20%
40%0%
Interest free financing for JOBAN-SHINSEN: Construction cost: Equity
15%15%Subsidy for Newtown Railway: Construction cost
35%30%33%
35%30%33%
Subsidy for Subway : Construction costfor Monorail: Infrastructurefor LRT : Track, Station etc.
Local Government
Central Government
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Subsidy for Grade Separation of Rail and Road Crossing
86-95%RoadElevation of Existing Infrastructure
0%Road
Rail
Rail
Financial burden
100%
Elevation of Expanded Infrastructure
14- 5%
急行 急行
急行 急行 急行 急行
Existing infrastructure
Expanded Infrastructure ・Ensuring comfortable traffic
and Promoting local interaction・Sharing financial burden between road and rail sides
Con
stru
ctio
n co
st
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Subsidy for Urban Bus Operators
• Improvement of bus systems
• Universal service improvement
• Low-emission vehicles
• Introduction of New Bus Service
• Pilot program and research
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Subsidy for Urban Bus Operators
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03
Bus system Improvement Pilot Program & Research Universal service improvementLow-emission vehicles Introduction of New Bus Service
(million US$)
Source: Nihon Bus Association
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IV. Japanese Policy Related to ECMT Recommendations
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Recommendations for National Governments from ECMT, 2001(1)
• Establish a supportive national framework
1. Improve institutional co-ordination and co-operation
2. Encourage effective public participation, partnership and communication
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Recommendations for National Governments from ECMT, 2001(2)
3. Provide supportive legal and regulatory framework
• Ensure a comprehensive pricing and fiscal structure
4. Rationalise financing and investment stream
5. Improve data collection, monitoring and research
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1. Improve institutional co-ordination and co-operation
1.1 Existing institution and its improvement
1.2 New institution for better railway service: from 2005Infrastructure improvement to upgrade function of urban
rail network– Improving accessibility by developing shortest route
Ex: Developing connecting track between Sotetsu & JR
– Upgrading function of terminal• Redevelopment of set of stations for smooth mobility
Ex: Development of Sannomia station
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2. Encourage effective public participation, partnership and communication (1)
2.1 Public Comment Procedure for policy making: from 1999– Provision to seek suggestions from wider section of
citizens.
– Administrative agencies make final decisions taking account of the public comments.
– Administrative agencies must follow the procedure when they formulate new regulation, and revise or abolish existing regulations.
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2. Encourage effective public participation, partnership and communication (2)
2.1 Public Comment Procedure for policy making: from 1999 (con’t)– Ensuring fairness and transparency of policy and
decision making process
2.2 Public Involvement Procedure for road and airport: from 1996– From the first stage of planning
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3. Provide supportive legal and regulatory framework
3.1 Pilot program: from 1999– Environmental Road Pricing
3.2 Automobile NOx and PM Act: from 1992, 1994, 2002
3.3 Regulation for diesel vehicle in Tokyo Metropolitan Area: from 2003
3.4 Revised energy saving law for fuel economy: from 1999
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3.1 Pilot Program
• Trial implementation of policies, which are likely to have big social impact
312Park and rideSystem of car sharing
Promotion of public transport
216Coexistence of pedestrian and vehicle in one way
Multipurpose usage of road. (Ex. Terrace cafe)
Effective use of road space
27Creation of bicycle laneIntroduction of rental bicycle system
Promotion of bicycle
28Limitation of private car entry into tourist site, substitute bus
Comprehensive information system for tourist
Smoother transportation in tourist site
Con’t3Environmental Road PricingEffective use of toll road
14Creation of loading space on road
Guiding trucks parked in the streets into parking lots
Logistics and loading policy
15Road safetyCooperation of road
management
Others
No. Ongoing
No.Impl.
ContentsTheme
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3.1 Pilot Program: Environmental Road Pricing (1)
• Environmental road pricing was introduced to mitigate environmental impacts around residential areas by charging differential tolls to divert traffic to coastal routes
• The tolls for roads located in costal areas are set lower than those for roads running through residential areas.
• This measure is introduced in two routes
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3.1 Pilot Program: Environmental Road Pricing (2)
Rokko Island
Port Island
Maya san 702
2
43Kobe
AmagasakiNishinomiya
Route5:Wangan RouteHGV with ETCUS$9.5 → US$ 7.6
Route 3:Kobe Route
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3.1 Pilot Program: Environmental Road Pricing (3)
wa
409
15
Bay Shore Route
Tokyo I.A.P.
Yokohama
Kawasaki
Aqua Line
HGV with ETCUS$ 11.4→US$ 9
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3.2 Automobile NOx and PM Act (1)
• NOx and PM emission regulation for trucks and bus with diesel engine
• This regulation applies for all diesel vehicles, which are owned and used in regulated areas
• Regulated areas– Tokyo Metropolitan Area– Aichi, Mie prefecture– Osaka, Hyogo prefecture
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3.2 Automobile NOx and PM Act (2)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1998 2003 2008
NOx PM
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
1998 2003 2008
NO
x Em
issi
on (g
/kW
h)
PM E
mis
sion
(g/k
Wh)
Japan EU
USA Japan
EU
USA
Source: various statistics
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3.3 Regulation for Diesel Vehicle in Tokyo Metropolitan Area (1)
• Prohibition of usage of diesel vehicle, which does not satisfy the emission standard
• This regulation came into force on October 2003
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3.3 Regulation for Diesel Vehicle in Tokyo Metropolitan Area (2)
• Main contents of regulation – Setting PM emission standard– Obligation of introducing low-emission vehicle
for company bigger than given size– Submission of vehicle management plan– Compliance with idling stop
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3.3 Regulation for Diesel Vehicle in Tokyo Metropolitan Area (3)
• Recent results of the regulation at Tokyo
68% 62 - 84% 36%44%Elemental Carbon Polyaromatic HC Elemental Carbon Polyaromatic HC
In Tunnel Roadside
Iogi tunnel Osaka-bashi Meguro Street2001 2004 2001 2004 2001 2004 2001 2003
Source: Tokyo Metropolitan Government (2005)
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3.4 Revised Energy Saving Law for Fuel Economy (1)
• Automakers must achieve regulated level for fuel economy until 2005 or 2010
– Gasoline car: 22.8% above 1995 level– HDV:14.9% above 1995 level
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3.4 Revised Energy Saving Law for Fuel Economy (2)
• Average fuel economy of new gasoline vehicle has been improved.– 12.3(km/l) to 14.6 (km/l)– Increase of 19% above
1995 level
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02Year
Fuel
Eco
nom
y (k
m/l)
New Vehicle Average
12.3
14.6
Source: MLIT (2004)
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4. Rationalise financing and investment stream
4.1 Diversified use of earmarked road funds– Depending on social circumstances, diverting a
part of earmarked funds to • Development of information networks• Development of ITS• Improvement of roadside environment• Universal service improvement
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4.2 Subsidy for Environmental-Friendly Technology (1)
• Central Government– Automobile Green Tax: from 2002
– Subsidy or tax exemption for introducing low-emission vehicle
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4.2 Subsidy for Environmental-Friendly Technology (2)
• Local Government– Subsidy for Diesel Particulate Filter– Subsidy for low-emission vehicles– Tax exemption for introducing low-emission
vehicle– Subsidy for natural gas station
• Soft loan from government-affiliated financial institution
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5. Improve data collection, monitoring and research
• Person-trip survey– Aiming for grasping “Person Movement” as
Traffic Subject– Data from this survey is utilized for Master
plan
• Urban Transportation Census: every 5 years from 1960– Aiming for grasping the usage of mass rapid
transit in three major metropolitan areas
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V. Concluding Remarks
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1. Three Major Metropolitan Areas(1)
• Urban railway improvement brought higher modal split of rail, especially in three major metropolitan areas.
• Urban Expressway policies contributed to reduce the pollution through the improvement of congestion.
• High toll rate is working like the road pricing policy and the ITS technology is expected to be effective for environmental management.
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1. Three Major Metropolitan Areas(2)
• Remaining problems are high modal split of automobile for passenger transport in suburban areas and for freight transport.
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2. Mid-size and Small Cities (1)
• In the cities with more than one million population including suburban area, Urban railway had been constructing.
• However, in smaller cities LRT policies is expected to improve the urban transport system.
• Better bus service with lower fare had been introducing especially in down town areas.
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2. Mid-size and Small Cities (2)
• Auto restricted zone in city-center is so limited in Japan.
• Pedestrian Mall and Transit Mall are not accepted by citizens and storekeepers.
• Without control of car-usage, LRT and bus share could not increase especially in mid-size and small-size cities.
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3. CO2 Mitigation Policy (1)
• While central government tightened regulations for supply side, it seems that additional efforts are necessary to achieve the targets set under Kyoto Protocol.
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3. CO2 Mitigation Policy (2)
• Comprehensive economic measures for demand side and CO2 reduction target have been vigorously discussed.– Introduction of Environment Tax– Allocation of CO2 reduction target
• Central government revises target for each sector. Target for local government, region and corporation is under discussion.