English Part II

ANALOGY• Define the relationship that exists between

the words. The best way to do this is use the two words in a sentence. (Gold:club – “Club is used in golf”).

TRY THIS!!!! • GOLF: CLUB:: (A) Boxing:Gloves

(B) Swimming: Goggles (C) Running: Shoes

(D) Badminton: Racket (E) Archery: Arrow

•Answer (D) Badminton: Racket

• Take note that the parts of speech also have to be analogous. Noun to noun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective, etc. This also helps you eliminate the unlikely answers.

TRY THIS!!!! • SMELL: STENCH (A) Touch: MAssage

(B) Speech: Oration (C) Sound: Cacophony (D)

Taste: Sour

•Answer: (C) Sound: cacophony

• Consider all the choices. Even if you think you see the best choice immediately, do spend at least a few seconds considering the other choices in case one of these proves to be even better.

• TRY THIS!!!!• PERFORM: STAGE (A) Play: Trophy

(B) Lecture: Subject (C) Swim: Pool

(D) Watch: Solitude

•Answer: (C) Swim: Pool

COMMON ANALOGY TYPES

COMMON ANALOGY TYPES

SYLLOGISM• Argument consisting of exactly THREE

CATEGORICAL PREPOSITION (2 premises and 1 conclusion)

• Minor term- terms used as the subject of the conclusion of the syllogism

• Major term- whatever is employed as the predicate term of its conclusion

• Middle term- the third term in the syllogism that doesn’t occur in the conclusion

SYLLOGISM• Minor premise- links the middle and minor terms• Major premise- Affirms some relation between its

middle and major terms• EXAMPLE• Only Indians like spicy food. MAJOR PREMISE• Maria likes Spicy food. MINOR PREMISE• Maria is an Indian

Common Logical Fallacies

• False Analogy- takes place when the tatement compares unlike objects or events in order to justify a conclusion supporting a particular cause.

• Example: Just as you dog needs a collar, you need to buy this Tiffany necklace.

• Hasty Generalization- When a statement offers a conclusion basing it on very few examples only.

• -It occurs because it fails to take account of the qualification and possible exceptions to it.

• Example: Boys do not like playing with dolls. Girls like dolls. Therefore all boys do not like girls.

• Non sequitur- literally translating to “it does not follow”

• -takes pace when the conclusion is NOT supported by the evidence presented.

• Example: You should vote me for president because I am pretty.

• Vague Middle Term- The middle term used in a syllogism must have but one meaning. Else, there are technically four terms present and cannot be the basis of a valid conclusion.

• Example: Linda is at the right side of MelissaThe opposite of right is wrong.Melissa is at the wrong side of Linda.

• Appeal to Emotions- form of persuasion under in order to convince a person using emotions and feelings, not logical or rational statements.

• Example: A child not asking her mother to buy her a dress if she really loves her.

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT• Singular subjects need singular verbs; plural

subjects need plural verbs.• Example: My brother is a nurse. My sisters are

physicians.

• Indefinite pronouns such as everybody, everything, anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, nobody, no one, nothing, each, either are ALWAYS SINGULAR and REQUIRE SINGULAR VERB

• Example: Everybody has done her research.

Every or each preceding singular subjects joined by and calls for a SINGULAR VERB. Placed after a plural subject, however, the word each does not affect the verb form.

Example:Every male and female has the right to

take part in an election

• Indefinite pronouns such as all, some are SINGULAR OR PLURAL DEPENDING ON WHAT THEY’RE REFERRING TO.

• Example: Some of the air is gone.

• Neither and either are ALWAYS SINGULAR AND REQUIRES SINGULAR VERBS even though they seem to be referring to two things

• Example: Neither of the two travel lights is working.

• None is an indefinite pronoun that can EITHER BE SINGULAR OR PLURAL• Example: None of you claims

responsibility for this event?

• Expressions such as with, together with, including, accompanied by, in addition to, or as well DO NOT CHANGE THE NUMBER OF THE SUBJECT• Example: The president accompanied

by his daughter is traveling to Austrailia.

• If compound subject contains both a singular and plural noun or pronoun joined by or or, nor, the verb should agree with the part of the subject that is nearer the verb.• Example: The girl or her friends

jog every day.

• There and here are NEVER SUBJECTS• Example: There are two

explanations for this.• There is no explanation for

this.

• Verbs in present tense for third person, singular subjects (he, she, it) have s-endings.• Example: He adores and she

adores and they adore….

• Nouns such as tweezers, trousers, glasses, pants, pliers and scissors REQUIRE PLURAL VERBS unless they’re preceded the phrase pair of (where the word pair becomes the subject)• Example: Those trousers are made of

fur.

• Some words end in –s such as civics, mathematics, dollars, measles, news and appear to be plural but are not really singular and require singular verbs.• Example: The news from the front is

awful.

• Some words ending in –s refers to a single thing but are nonetheless plural and require a plural verb

• Example: The typical worker’s earnings have gone up dramatically.

Fractional expressions such as half of, a part of, a percentage of, a majority of are sometimes singular and sometimes plural depending on the meaning.

Example: Some cars can go faster than the others.

Most tourists don’t visit this part of the town.

PRACTICE, PRACTICE, PRACTICE!!!!• Five years (is, are) a long time to spend away

from your children and friends.• Some research (suggest, suggests) that

Vitamin C may help prevent malignant cells.• Anna, together with Fernando, (is, are) leaving

now.• Neither the patient nor his sisters (remember,

remembers) the name of the medication he was on.

• Most experts (believe, believes) that herbal supplements are mild and somewhat risk-free.

PRACTICE, PRACTICE, PRACTICE!!!!• Five years (is, are) a long time to spend away

from your children and friends.• Some research (suggest, suggests) that

Vitamin C may help prevent malignant cells.• Anna, together with Fernando, (is, are) leaving

now.• Neither the patient nor his sisters (remember,

remembers) the name of the medication he was on.

• Most experts (believe, believes) that herbal supplements are mild and somewhat risk-free.

CASES OF PRONOUNS

NOMINATIVE OBJECTIVE POSSESIVE -Subject of the sentence

-object being acted upon

-Denotes ownership

-I, you, he she, they, we, who

-Me, you, him, her, them, us, whom

-Mine, yours, his, her, their, our, whose

SPECIAL CASES• Predicate Complement: Use only the

NOMINATIVE CASE AFTER THE LINKING VERB• Example: That was he (not him) calling on the

phone booth.

• WHO/WHOEVER- used as subjects• WHOM/WHOMEVER-used as objects of verbs

or preposition

• Example: The question of who is eligible is insignificant.

• Appositives-should be in the same case as the noun/pronoun it defines

• Example: We, you and I, are silly to take this possibility.

• Gerunds-pronoun linked with immediately with a gerund should be in the possessive case.

• Example: She dislikes your being more ordered than she is.