english linguistics 1. so far: 4. meaningful building blocks: morphology 4.1 morphological analysis...
TRANSCRIPT
Session 6 2
so far: 4. Meaningful building blocks: morphology4.1 Morphological analysis4.2 Typology of morphemes4.3 Word formation 4.3.1 New meanings in new forms4.3.1.1 Coinage, invention4.3.1.2 Borrowing
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new:
4.3.2 Old meanings in new forms4.3.2.1 Clipping4.3.2.2 Acronyming4.3.2.3 Blending
4.3.3 New meanings in old forms4.3.3.1 Derivation4.3.3.2 Zero derivation4.3.3.3 Backformation4.3.3.4 Compounding
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4.3.2 Old meanings in new forms e-mail – shortened form of
... e – new, the meaning ...
principle of limited novelty: ...
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sometimes connotational (stylistic) difference between the two formsshorter form -new form may fully replace the original,better suited for new composite words:
e-mail administrator vs. …
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4.3.2.1 Clipping shortening or clipping the spoken form of a word
pubfan -
- ...
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...
…...
pet
lab, intro, flu, pram try to find the full forms
classification according to position• ... : foil hydrofoil• ... : detox detoxification• ... : vegan vegetarian
(semantically different!)
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…
4.3.2.2 Acronyming a phrase is replaced by a word based on the first letters of its words
two types(1) Spelling acronyms / initialisms(2) Word acronyms
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ad (1) Spelling acronyms pronounced as sequence of letters PR - public relationsCD - compact discLP -ID -
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......
Subcategory of word acronyms:word suggests some aspect of the organization's / group's purpose (semantic link)
NOW - National organization of Women may suggest 'impatience'?
WAR -
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...
4.3.2.3 Blendingreplaces two words of phrase with parts of both motel motor + hotelchunnel smog sitcom
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...
......
edutainment glassphalt
original relationship may become obscured
try to find recent blends used in the media
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......
4.3.3 New meanings in old forms 1. Derivation2. Zero derivation3. Backformation4. Compounding
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when morphemes are combined to form new words→ not only linear relationshipe.g. gold + fish → goldfish
in + precise + ion → imprecision
syntagmatic combination always implies a hierarchical relationship between the elements
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Syntagmatic relationships the elements of a word or composite form characterized as modifier vs. headdeterminant vs. determinatumG Determinans vs. Determinatum
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e.g. video film teacherdecentralize
what is modifier, what is head?
de - centr- al - iz - ation
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4.3.3.1 Derivationcreation of new words by adding derivational affixes to other words or morphemes [ ≠ inflectional affixes]
meaning:-ment: government, settlement …-able: readable …un-: unbalanced …
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derivational suffixes change the class of the element they are attached to
white + en = whitenwrite + er = writerextreme + ist = extremistclass-changing
Exercise: find more examples for other word classes
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...
……
derivational prefixes don't change the class: write
fair class-maintaining
three exceptionsa- N, V A be- N Ven- A/N V
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....
...
...
......
derivation – most productive word formation process
E derivational suffixes
native (derive from OE) or foreign (borrowed)
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where do native derivational affixes come from?-ful, -less, - ship, -ly often from full words / free morphemes -gradually affixes= process of grammaticalization (in the lexicon, also in syntax)more generalized and more abstract meaning
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e.g. careful, beautiful, hopeful
-ful first used in compounds as mouthful(l), spoonful(l) (e.g. Shakespeare)………careful, trustful, hateful
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...
in many cases grammaticalization so that origin is no longer understandable
-ship in hardship, craftsmanship, friendshiprelated to old Germanic form ...related to ...
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Productivity (of affixes) range: from very limited to extensive -th...
-able...
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competition between suffixes-ist, -ian, -ite, -er
what in common?....cyclist, balloonist, skater, pedestrian, socialist, socialite, suburbanite ? motor-, ski-, race-, boat-?,
Darwinian, Darwinist, Darwinite
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4.3.3.2 Zero derivation / Nullableitung(to) run, drive, walk (V)(the) run, drive, walk (V N)
assumption:a zero derivational suffix is added (remember: usual for suffixes to change word class!)
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V + Ø
V N N V A VN A A NPrt V
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…
…
run, drive, walk head, telephone, contactbetter, empty, bare
...
alternative term for zero derivation:
functional shift, conversionconversion of one word class to another without the addition of a suffixconsequence: not part of derivation
often difficult to know which is the basic form,
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some sets of zero derivations show a difference in stress
V Ncon'duct 'conductre'bel 'rebelper'mit 'permitim'port 'import
but: control, acclaim, account, accord, dissent, divorce; distance
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4.3.3.3 Backformation / Rückbildung
a new word is derived from a more complex form
stage-manager to stage-manage (result looks like compound)
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backformation = opposite of derivation
self-destruction sedative
without knowledge of history of a word impossible to distinguish –back formation or derivation ?
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to ...to ...
some cases: presumed affix-ar, -or, -er - no agentive suffix but part of the root morpheme:burglar editor lecher pedlar/peddler oremotion
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to ...
to ...to ...
to ...
to ...
4.3.3.4 Compounding / Komposition
A compound (G Kompositum) consists of at least two free morphemesfruit juicewheelchair patientone-way
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Characteristic features of compounds
• 1st element - main stress• 2nd element - determines the compound's new
word class• conceptual / semantic relations between
components not predictable• syntagmatic relations ~
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blackbird to vacuum-clean colour-blind
noun compounds, verb -, adjective -Nominalkomposita, Verb-, Adjektiv-
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...
...
...
head of the compoundmodifier-head structureG Determinativkompositum..................
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dogfood, steamboat, airplanerocking chair
highlightsleep-walkhighchair
dark-blue
rare: class of compound not inferable from head
make-believe V+V N, Alift-off V+ Adv N
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a. leather shoesb. alligator shoesc. tennis shoesd. horse shoese. snow shoes
formal equivalents, semantic relationship not predictable from form, which groupings can you
suggest ?
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...
...
draw bridge G Zugbrückeweigh bridge G Brückenwaage
semantically: 'purpose', bridge for drawing, ~ weighing
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majority of compoundsendocentric compounds / headed (modifier + head) goldfield
but:skinhead, paleface, pickpocket……
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Compound versus syntactic groupsyntactic group - a composite syntactic unita black bird distinction between comp. and syntactic g.: orthography unreliable…
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stress pattern
syntactic group primary stresssecondary stress
a ,black 'birda ,sweet 'juice
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compare:carrot juice sweet juiceatom bomb atomic bombsmall talk small talkgreenhouse green housepaper basket paper basket
…
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semantic levelsyntactic g.: adding of meaningscompounds: the sum of the individual meanings is not the new meaning, meaning is lexicalized
a brown blackbird (females of the species)
* a brown black bird
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The conceptual role of compounds play a major role in developing taxonomies in the lexiconcf. hyponymy (superordinate term, sub-)
sportscar
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family car ≠city carmicrocarestate car
saloon, sedanstation wagonSUVvanoff roader