English for Journalism & Communcation

Lecturer: Qiu Ling

Teaching Aims

●Professional Acquirement: vocabulary. Books. Classical texts reading

●Practice Acquirement: Reading News and Writing, grasping the characters of English news.

●International Communication Theories and Practice.

Teaching Methods:

Lecture and Participation

Teaching Arrangement: 17 weeks

• Classical texts Reading ------8 weeks ( Student Preview, Focus on one or two passages, Notice main points and words)

• Analysing English News------7 weeks Reading and Writing, Announcer, Anchor&Presenter

• International Communication------2 weeks Theories, International Media Groups

Wilbur Schamm• (1907 – 1987) He is s

ometimes called the "father of communication studies," and had a great influence on the development of communication research in the United States, and the establishing of departments of communication studies in US universities.

• His interests extended beyond the humanistic tradition, and some of his early work examined the economic conditions surrounding the publication of Chaucer's （英国诗人乔叟） tales, and audience reactions to poetry written in different meters. During the Second World War, Schramm joined the Office of War Information to investigate the nature of propaganda, and during this time and after employed largely behaviorist methodologies.

• Schramm was especially influential for his 1964 book

Mass Media and National Development

• （ 1960 ） Mass communications (2nd ed)• (1963). The science of human communica

tion.• (1964).Mass media and national develop

ment• (1997). The beginnings of communication

study in America: A personal memoir. • (1971). The process and effects of mass c

ommunication

• Charles Cooley (1864--1929) was an American sociologist.

• He studied and went on to teach economics and sociology at the University of Michigan, and he was a founding member and the eighth president of the American Sociological Association. He is perhaps most well known for his concept of the looking glass self, which is the concept that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others.

Denis McQuail

• Denis McQuail is an academic and writer within the field of communication theories. He has written over a dozen books since 1968, mostly concerned with mass media. Best known is his contribution to the education of the public, concerning communication theory. His work has centered on explaining communication theories and their applications. He is adamant about informing the public on the benefits and dangers of mass communication.

• he published a book

Communication Models

• McQuail's next book,

• Mass Communication Theory

discusses in greater detail the mass communication concept

McQuail posits six normative theories of media purpose

P5

Authoritarian theory

"In this context the media are servants of state, the mouthpiece of government. If they are perceived to fail in that capacity,by showing a degree of editorial independence ,they are censored or shut down"

Free Press theory

....The "free "claim fearlessness in the pursuit the truth. They take a pride in being the conscience and watchdog over the rights of the people.

• the First Amendment • McQuail asks, as perhaps we all must, exactly w

hose freedom the media are expressing; and how free is free in situations dominated by competition, reliance on advertising and deeply affected by ownship, all operating in wider contexts in which there are conflicting interests and competing definations of freedom.

social responsibility theory

• P6• In party political matters Free Press theory

insists on the right to be biased in favour of one party against another, to flatter the one and disparage the other, whereas the Social responsibility theory would argue that,in the pubilc interest, and in the interests of true representation(or an aspiration to it),both sides of a case should be put.

Soviet theory

• The media in Soviet Russia were the voice of the state,yes,but theoretically they were also the voice of the people.

• the role of media was to mobilise and to sustain the socialist revolution, to defend it against counter-revolution and to protect it from the "evil" influence of capitalism.

• Censorship was accepable if it meant that the people were shielded from ideas and information which might contradict, and therefore undermine,the ruling ideology of communism.

Development theory

• It favours journalism which seeks out good news, in contrast to the Free Press position where journalists respond most readily （乐意地） to stories of disaster, and for whom "bad news is good news "because it commands bigger headlines.

• As an antidote( 解决办法） to the bad news syndrome （这样的现象） , Development theory seeks to accentuate the positive; it nurtures the autonomyof the developing nation and gives special emphasis to indigenous cultures.

• The wealthy capitalist nations, and their media advocates, see the world as their backyard.

• the New World Information Order

Marshall McLuhan

• Herbert Marshall McLuhan, CC (July 21, 1911 – December 31, 1980) was a Canadian educator, philosopher, and scholar—a professor of English literature, a literary critic, a rhetorician, and a communication theorist. McLuhan's work is viewed as one of the cornerstones of the study of media theory.

• McLuhan is known for the expressions "the medium is the message" and "global village". McLuhan was a fixture in media discourse from the late 1960s to his death and he continues to be an influential and controversial figure. More than ten years after his death he was named the "patron saint" of Wired magazine.

The Mechanical Bride (1951)

The Gutenberg Galaxy (1962)

Understanding Media (1964) "Hot" and "cool" media The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effec

ts (1967) War and Peace in the Global Village (1968) From Cliché to Archetype (1970)

Hot and Cold

• A hot medium is one that extends one single sense in "high definition".High definition is the state of being well filled with data.

• A cold medium are high in participations or completion by the audience.

• p9• By putting our physical bodies inside our e

xtended nervous systems, by means of electric media,we set up a dynamic by which all previous technologies that are mere extensions of hands and feet and teeth and boodily heat-controls-all such extensions of our bodies,including cities-will be translated into information systems.

• (November 5, 1894 – November 8, 1952) was a Canadian professor of political economy at the University of Toronto and the author of seminal works on media, communication theory and Canadian economic history.

Harold Adams Innis

Minerval's Owl

• I have attemped to suggest that Western civilization has been profoundly influenced by communication and that marked changes in communication have had important implications.

• p11

• In each period I have attempted to trace the implications of the media of communication for the character of knowledge and to suggest that a monopoly or an oligopoly of knowledge is bulit up to the point that equilibrium is disturbed.

• In the words of Hume:" As force is always on the side of the governed, the governors have nothing to support but opinion. It is, therefore, on opinion that goverment is founded; and this maxim extends to the most despotic and the most military goverments as well as to the most free and most popular."

Photojournalism as Eyewitness to History

• The twentieth century belongs to the photojournalists. They have provided us with a visual history unduplicated by images from any comparable period of human existence.

• The camera, in the hands of well-educated and well-informed photographers, provides us with images of unprecedented power and indisputable information about the world in which we live---its struggles and its accomplishments. (P14)

• To ignore photojournalism is to ignore history.

• Photojournalists sometimes chronicle a world of simple pleasures and rountine existence:a festival, a political campaign, a family reunion.

• photojournalists are rarely objective,they have a collective commitment( 共同的任务） to truth and reality.

■They give a voice to the voiceless,power to the powerless,and help to the helpless.

■freelance photographers

■Still photographs have been characterized as "frozen monments in time"

■ to preserve forever a finite fraction of the infinite time of the unvierse.

• It arrests the eye,invites reflection, provokes emotion. It is the experience share, the moment preserved.