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Autismcauses kids to experience the world differently from the way most other kids do. It's

hard for kids with autism to talk with other people and express themselves using words. Kids

who have autism usually keep to themselves and many can't communicate without special

help.

They also may react to what's going on around them in unusual ways. Normal sounds may

really bother someone with autism so much so that the person covers his or her ears. eing

touched! even in a gentle way! may feel uncomfortable.

Kids with autism often can't make connections that other kids make easily. "or example! when

someone smiles! you know the smiling person is happy or being friendly. ut a kid with autism

may have trouble connecting that smile with the person's happy feelings.

# kid who has autism also has trouble linking words with their meanings. Imagine trying to

understand what your mom is saying if you didn't know what her words really mean. It is

doubly frustrating then if a kid can't come up with the right words to express his or her own

thoughts.

#utism causes kids to act in unusual ways. They might flap their hands! say certain words over

and over! have temper tantrums! or play only with one particular toy. $ost kids with autism

don't like changes in routines. They like to stay on a schedule that is always the same. They

also may insist that their toys or other ob%ects be arranged a certain way and get upset if

these items are moved or disturbed.

If someone has autism! his or her brain has trouble with an important %ob& making sense of

the world. very day! your brain interprets the sights! sounds! smells! and other sensations

that you experience. If your brain couldn't help you understand these things! you would have

trouble functioning! talking! going to school! and doing other everyday stuff. Kids can be mildly

affected by autism! so that they only have a little trouble in life! or they can be very affected!

so that they need a lot of help.

What Causes Autism?

#utism affects about ( in every ()* kids! but no one knows what causes it. +ome scientists

think that some kids might be more likely to get autism because it or similar disorders run in

their families. Knowing the exact cause of autism is hard because the human brain is very

complicated.

The braincontains over (** billion nerve cells called neurons,say& nur-ahns-. ach neuron

may have hundreds or thousands of connections to other nerve cells in the brain and body.

The connections ,which are made by releasing neurotransmitters- let different neurons in

different areas of the brain areas that help you see! feel! move! remember! and much more

work together.
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"or some reason! some of the cells and connections in the brain of a kid with autism

especially those that affect communication! emotions! and senses don't develop properly or

get damaged. +cientists are still trying to understand how and why this happens.

What Do Doctors Do?

"iguring out if a kid has autism can be difficult. # parent is usually the first to suspect that

something is wrong. $aybe the kid is old enough to speak but doesn't! doesn't seem

interested in people! or behaves in other unusual ways. ut autism isn't the only problem that

can cause these kinds of symptoms. "or example! kids who have hearing problems may have

trouble speaking! too.

sually! lab tests and other medical tests are normal in kids with autism! but doctors may do

them to make sure the kid doesn't have other problems. These medical tests may include

blood and urine tests! a hearing exam! an / ,a test to measure brain waves-! and an $0I ,a

picture that shows the structure of the brain-. Intelligence ,I1- tests also may be done.

2ften! specialists work together as a team to figure out what is wrong. The team might include

a pediatrician! a pediatric neurologist! a pediatric develop mentalist! a child psychiatrist! a

child psychologist! speech and language therapists! and others. The team members study how

the child plays! learns! communicates! and behaves. The team listens carefully to what parents

have noticed! too. sing the information they've gathered! doctors can decide whether a child

has autism or another problem.

How Is Autism Treated?

There is no cure for autism! but doctors! therapists! and special teachers can help kids with

autism overcome or ad%ust too many difficulties. The earlier a kid starts treatment for autism!

the better.

3ifferent kids need different kinds of help! but learning how to communicate is always an

important first step. +poken language can be hard for kids with autism to learn. $ost

understand words better by seeing them! so therapists teach them how to communicate by

pointing or using pictures or sign language. That makes learning other things easier! and

eventually! many kids with autism learn to talk.

Therapists also help kids learn social skills! such as how to greet people! wait for a turn! and

follow directions. +ome kids need special help with living skills ,like brushing teeth or making

a bed-. 2thers have trouble sitting still or controlling their tempers and need therapy to help

them control their behavior. +ome kids take medications to help their moods and behavior! but

there's no medicine for autism.

+tudents with mild autism sometimes can go to regular school. ut most kids with autism

need calmer! more orderly surroundings. They also need teachers trained to understand the

problems they have with communicating and learning. They may learn at home or in special

classes at public or private schools.
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Living With Autism

+ome kids with mild autism will grow up and be able to live on their own. Those with more

serious problems will always need some kind of help. ut all kids with autism have brighter

futures when they have the support and understanding of doctors! teachers! caregivers!

parents! brothers! sisters! and friends

Autism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation,search

Autism

Classification & external

resources

ICD-10 F84.0

ICD-9 2.0

OMIM 208!0

MedlinePlus 00"!2#eMedicine med$%202

ped$"80

Autismis classified &y the World 'ealth (rgani)ation*W'(+ and merican

-sychological ssociationas a developmental disa&ility that results from a disorder of the

human central nervous system."/t is diagnosed using specific criteria for impairments tosocial interaction, communication, interests, imagination and activities.2/1he causes,

symptoms, etiology, treatment, and other issues are controversial.

utism manifests itself &efore the age of three years according to the W'(3s

nternational lassification of 5iseases *56"0+.%/hildren 7ith autism are marked &ydelays in their social interaction, language as used in social communication, or sym&olic

or imaginative play *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders+.4/

utism, and the other fourpervasive developmental disorders*-55+, are all considered

to &e neurodevelopmental disorders. 1hey are diagnosed on the &asis of a triad, or groupof three &ehavioral impairments or dysfunctions: ". impaired social interaction, 2.

impaired communication and %. restricted and repetitive interests and activities.!/1hese

three &asic characteristics reflect 5r. eo 9anner3s first reports of autism emphasi)ingautistic aloneness and insistence on sameness.

From a physiological standpoint, autism is often less than o&vious in that out7ardappearance may not indicate a disorder. 5iagnosis typically comes from a complete

patient history and physical andneurologicalevaluation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#column-one%23column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#column-one%23column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#searchInput%23searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ICD-10_codeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10_Chapter_Fhttp://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/?gf80.htm+f840http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codeshttp://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=299.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMIMhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=209850http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedlinePlushttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001526.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMedicinehttp://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3202.htmhttp://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic180.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-0%23_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-0%23_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-1%23_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-2%23_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-3%23_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-4%23_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Kannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#column-one%23column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#searchInput%23searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ICD-10_codeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10_Chapter_Fhttp://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/?gf80.htm+f840http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codeshttp://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=299.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMIMhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=209850http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedlinePlushttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001526.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMedicinehttp://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3202.htmhttp://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic180.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-0%23_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-1%23_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-2%23_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-3%23_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-4%23_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Kannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology


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(&sessively stacking or lining up cans and other o&ects at a very young age may &e an

early indicator of autism.

1he incidence of diagnosed autism has increased since the "0s.#/;easons offered for

this phenomenon include &etter diagnosis, 7ider pu&lic a7areness of the condition,

regional variations in diagnostic criteria, or simply an increase in the occurrence of /

'o7ever, the classificationof autism as a separate disorder or disease did not occur until"4% 7hen psychiatrist 5r. eo 9annerof the Johns 'opkins 'ospitalin Caltimore
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-5%23_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-5%23_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-6%23_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-7%23_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-8%23_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-9%23_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_autismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-10%23_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-10%23_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-11%23_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-12%23_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-13%23_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Kannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Bleulerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Bleulerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Bleulerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-14%23_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-14%23_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-14%23_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophreniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-15%23_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-16%23_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Kannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Kannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore%2C_Marylandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kanner_kl2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Autism-stacking-cans.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Autism-stacking-cans.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-5%23_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-6%23_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-7%23_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-8%23_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-9%23_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_autismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-10%23_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-11%23_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-12%23_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-13%23_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Kannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Bleulerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Bleulerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-14%23_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophreniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-15%23_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-16%23_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Kannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore%2C_Maryland


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reported on "" child patients 7ith striking &ehavioral similarities and introduced the la&elearly infantile autism."8/'e suggested the term autism to descri&e the fact that the

children seemed to lack interest in other people. 9anner3s first paper on the su&ect 7as

pu&lished in a no7 defunct ournal called The Nervous Child,"/and almost every

characteristic he originally descri&ed is still regarded as typical of the autistic spectrum ofdisorders.20/

t the same time, an ustrianscientist named 5r.'ans spergermade similar

o&servations, although his name has since &ecome attached to a different higher6

functioning form of autism kno7n as sperger syndrome. Widespread recognition ofsperger3s 7ork 7as delayed &y World War in Dermany, and &y his seminal paper not

&eing translated into Bnglish for almost !0 years. 1he maority of his 7ork 7as not

7idely read until ">.2"/

utism and sperger syndrome are today listed in the 5


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spends a lot of time stacking o&ects, lining things up or putting things in a certain

order.

unconcerned a&out 6 or completely o&livious to 6 dangers around him$her *e.g.,

standing in the middle of the street 7ithout 7orrying a&out getting hit &y a car+.

[edit] $ocial de!elo%ment

&his section called '$ocial de!elo%ment' is missin( citationsand)or

*ootnotes+1his section called


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surroundings. t is not uncommon for these individuals to eAhi&it poorly modulated&ehaviors, increased levels of self6stimulatory &ehavior, self6inury, or eAtensive

7ithdra7al in over7helming situations.citation needed/'o7ever, as an affected individual

matures and receives specific sociali)ation education and training, skill may &e attained

in the recognition of &ehavioral triggers and more appropriate means of coping 7ill &eavaila&le for difficult social circumstances.citation needed/

[edit] $ensory system

ndicators of autism include oversensitivity or under reactivity to touch, movement,sights, or soundsM physical clumsiness or carelessnessM poor &ody a7arenessM a tendency

to &e easily distractedM impulsive physical or ver&al &ehaviorM an activity level that is

unusually high or lo7M not un7inding or calming oneselfM difficulty learning ne7movementsM difficulty in making transitions from one situation to anotherM social and$or

emotional pro&lemsM delays in speech,languageor motor skillsM specific learning

difficulties$delays in academic achievement. 'o7ever, it is important to remem&er that7hile most people 7ith autism have some degree of sensory integration difficulty, not

every person 7ho has sensory pro&lems is autistic.

utistic individuals may sometimes also develop o&sessions or routines around foods,

restricting 7hat is eaten to certain colors, teAtures or types of foodM alternatively they mayo&sessively avoid certain foods 7ith similar characteristics.%>/

(ne common eAample is autistic hearing.n autistic person may have trou&le hearing

certain people 7hile other people are perceived as speaking at a higher volume. (r the

autistic person may &e una&le to filter out sounds in certain situations, such as in a largecro7d of people. 'o7ever, this is perhaps a part of autism that tends to vary 7idely from

person to person, so these eAamples may not apply to every autistic person. ?ote that

such auditory difficulties fall under auditory processing disorders, and like sensoryintegration dysfunction, are not necessarily eAperienced &y all people 7ith autism or

indicative of a diagnosis of autism.citation needed/

[edit] Autism and lindness

1he characteristics of a person 7ith &oth an utism


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&his section called '**ects in education' is missin( citationsand)or

*ootnotes+1his section called Bffects in education contains insufficiently sourced phrases. =sing inline

citationshelps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. Nou may improve thearticleor discuss this issue on thetalk page. 'elpon using footnotes is availa&le. 1his article has

&een tagged since ,eruary 00..

hildren 7ith autism are affected &y their symptoms every day, 7hich set them apart

from unaffected students. Cecause of pro&lems 7ith receptive languageand theory of

mind, they can have difficulty understanding some classroom directions and instruction,along 7ith su&tle vocal and facial cues of teachers. 1his ina&ility to fully decipher the

7orld around them often makes education stressful. 1eachers need to &e a7are of a

student3s disorder, and ideally should have specific training in autism education, so that

they are a&le to help the student get the &est out of his or her classroom eAperiences.


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". total of siA *or more+ items from *"+, *2+ and *%+, 7ith at least t7o from *"+, and oneeach from *2+ and *%+:

". Kualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested &y at least t7o of the

follo7ing:

". marked impairment in the use of multiple nonver&al &ehaviors such as eye6to6eyega)e, facial eApression, &ody postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction

2. failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to developmental level

%. a lack of spontaneous seeking to share enoyment, interests, or achievements 7ithother people *e.g., &y a lack of sho7ing, &ringing, or pointing out o&ects of interest+

4. lack of social or emotional reciprocity2. Kualitative impairments in communication as manifested &y at least one of the

follo7ing:

". delay in, or total lack of, the development of spoken language *not accompanied &y

an attempt to compensate through alternative modes of communication such as

gesture or mime+2. in individuals 7ith adeKuate speech, marked impairment in the a&ility to initiate or

sustain a conversation 7ith others

%. stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language4. lack of varied, spontaneous make6&elieve play or social imitative play appropriate to

developmental level

%. restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of &ehavior, interests, and activities, asmanifested &y at least one of the follo7ing:

". encompassing preoccupation 7ith one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of

interest that is a&normal either in intensity or focus2. apparently infleAi&le adherence to specific, nonfunctional routines or rituals

%. stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms *e.g., hand or finger flapping or

t7isting, or compleA 7hole6&ody movements+

4. persistent preoccupation 7ith parts of o&ects2. 5elays or a&normal functioning in at least one of the follo7ing areas, 7ith onset

prior to age % years:

". social interaction

2. language as used in socialcommunication

%. sym&olic or imaginative play.%. 1he distur&ance is not &etter accounted for &y ;ett3s 5isorderor hildhood

5isintegrative 5isorder.

1hese are rules of thum& and may not necessarily apply to all diagnosed autistics.

[edit] &y%es o* autism

utism presents in a 7ide degree, from those 7ho are nearlydysfunctionalandapparently mentally disa&ledto those 7hose symptoms are mild or remedied enough to

appear uneAceptional *normal+ to others. lthough not used or accepted &y

professionals or 7ithin the literature, autistic individuals are often divided into those 7ithan RS80 referred to as having lo76functioning autism *F+, 7hile those 7ith RT80

are referred to as having high6functioning autism *'F+.48/o7 and high functioning

are more generally applied to ho7 7ell an individual can accomplish activities of dailyliving, rather than to R. 1he terms lo7 and high functioning are controversial and not all

autistics accept these la&els. dditionally, a recent revie7 Kuestioned the validity of R

testing of autistic people.4/!0/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rett_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_Disabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_Quotienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-46%23_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-47%23_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-48%23_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rett_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_Disabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_Quotienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-46%23_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-47%23_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-48%23_note-48


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1his discrepancy can lead to confusion among service providers 7ho eKuate R 7ithfunctioning and may refuse to serve high6R autistic people 7ho are severely

compromised in their a&ility to perform daily living tasks, or may fail to recogni)e the

intellectual potential of many autistic people 7ho are considered F. For eAample,

some professionals refuse to recogni)e autistics 7ho can speak or 7rite as &eing autisticat all, &ecause they still think of autism as a communication disorder so severe that no

speech or 7riting is possi&le.

s a conseKuence, many high6functioning autistic persons, and autistic people 7ith a

relatively high R,are under diagnosed, thus making the claim that autism impliesretardation self6fulfilling. 1he num&er of people diagnosed 7ith F is not rising Kuite

as sharply as 'F, indicating that at least part of the eAplanation for the apparent rise is

pro&a&ly &etter diagnostics. @any also think that


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foremost scientists, may have &een autistic. Deorge Wilson,a nota&le chemist andphysician, 7rote a &ook a&out avendish entitled, The $ife of the %onourale %enryCavendish, pu&lished in "8!". From Wilson3s detailed description it seems that 7hile

avendish may have eAhi&ited many classic signs of autism, he nevertheless had an

eAtraordinary mind.!%/

[edit] Autism as a s%ectrum disorder

'or more details on

this topic( seeAutistic spectrum)

nother vie7 of these disorders is that they are on a continuum kno7n as autistic

spectrumdisorders. utism spectrum disorder is an increasingly popular term that refersto a &road definition of autism including the classic form of the disorder as 7ell as

closely related conditions such as -556?(< and sperger3s syndrome. lthough the

classic form of autism can &e easily distinguished from other forms of autism spectrum

disorder, the terms are often used interchangea&ly.

related continuum,


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;eported increase 7ith time

1he num&er of reported cases of autism increased dramatically over a decade.


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5ue to the recent pu&licity surrounding autism and autistic spectrum disorders, anincreasing num&er of adults are choosing to seek diagnoses of high6functioning autism or

sperger3s syndrome in light of symptoms they currently eAperience or eAperienced

during childhood. 0/

study of ""2 children *!# 7ith autism and !# 7ithout+, pu&lished in theJournal of Child

Neuropsychology, found those 7ith autism to have more pro&lems 7ith compleA tasks,such as tying their shoelaces or 7riting, 7hich suggests that many areas of the &rain are

involved.>"/hildren 7ith autism performed simple tasks as 7ell as or &etter than those

7ithout. n tests of visual and spatial skills, autistic children did 7ell at finding small

o&ects in compleA pictures *e.g., finding the character Waldo in Where3s Waldo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_therapieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_therapieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_therapieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-61%23_note-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-62%23_note-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-62%23_note-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Behavior_Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-63%23_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_autismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_autismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_autismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_autism#Vaccine_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_autism#Vaccine_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-64%23_note-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-65%23_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-65%23_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-66%23_note-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-67%23_note-67http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-68%23_note-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-Flaw%23_note-Flawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where's_Waldohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_therapieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_therapieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-61%23_note-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-62%23_note-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Behavior_Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-63%23_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_autismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_autismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_autism#Vaccine_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-64%23_note-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-65%23_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-66%23_note-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-67%23_note-67http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-68%23_note-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-Flaw%23_note-Flawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where's_Waldo


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pictures+. 'o7ever, they found it difficult to tell the difference &et7een similar6lookingpeople. hildren 7ith autism tended to do 7ell in spelling and grammar, &ut found it

much more difficult to understand compleA speech, such as idioms or similes 7hen the

meaning of the phrase is figurative. 1hey 7ould, for eAample, not understand that 'e

kicked the &ucket meant someone had died, or 7ere likely to actually hop if told to hopto it.

1he inference from this research, according to researchers at the -itts&urgh "/

1he research from this perspective has a num&er of implications:

utism is more than likely a glo&al disorder 7hich affects ho7 the &rain processes

the information it receives, 7hile compleA information tends to make this more

readily apparent.

?eurological U7iringQ in people 7ith autism manifest a&normalities in the areas of

the &rain that communicate 7ith each other.

(&served a&normalities provide a reasona&le eAplanation for 7hy children 7ith

autism have pro&lems 7ith compleA tasks 7hich reKuire multiple areas of the &rain

to 7ork togetherM autistic people tend to do &etter in tasks that only reKuire oneregion of the &rain.

1he causes of autism are possi&ly more pervasive than previously &elievedM for

eAample, more areas of the &rain are affected than ust those involving socialinteraction, communication, interests, and imagination.

utism may not &e primarily a disorder of social interactionM research must no7

take into account non6social aspects.

possi&le eAplanation for the characteristics of the syndrome is a variation in the 7ay

the &rain itself reacts to sensory input and ho7 parts of the &rain then handle the

information. n electroencephalographic *BBD+ study of %# adults *half of 7hom had

autism+ at Washington =niversity in 2/

%/indicate a&normalities in the amygdala,hippocampus,

septum, mamillary &odies,lim&ic system,and the cere&ellum.

utistic &rains are slightly larger and heavier and a larger than normal head

circumference is commonly noted.

n the lim&ic system, there is an eAcess of cells and they are too small. 1he neurons

themselves appear to &e underdeveloped. 5endritic trees 7hich provide the &asis for

connections &et7een neurons are truncated *i.e. shortened+.

n the cere&ellum,purkine cellsare 7idely affected. 1he anatomic differences

correlate to the curtailment of development earlier than %0 7eeks gestation. n other7ords, the development of the cells appears to have stopped at some time &efore the

%0th 7eek in utero
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-Flaw%23_note-Flawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-69%23_note-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-70%23_note-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamillary_bodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamillary_bodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purkinje_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-Flaw%23_note-Flawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-69%23_note-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-70%23_note-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamillary_bodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purkinje_cells


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n enlarged third ventricleof the &rain appears to accompany autism in those 7ho

are non6mentally retarded, &ut the reasons for this and its effects are still unkno7n.>4/

;esearch has not yet esta&lished eAactly 7hat is specific to autism and 7hat may &e seen

in other disorders ho7ever.>!/

ndividuals 7ith autism are also far more likely to develop epilepsythan 7ould other7ise

&e eApected *estimated "06%0V incidence+.>#/

[edit] 2enetic com%onent

Main article

%eritaility ofautism

Denetic influence comprises a significant aspect of research in the causes of autism.>>/

large data&ase sho7ing theoretical links &et7een autism and genetic locisummarisesresearch indicating that the genetic influence may eAtend to every human chromosome.>8/

t has &een o&served in one t7in6study in Critain that there 7as a&out a #0V concordance

rate for autism in mono)ygotic*identical+ t7ins,>/7hiledi)ygotic*non6identical+ t7ins

and other si&lings comparatively eAhi&ited a&out 4V concordance rates.80/


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autism controlling or causing autism *autism suscepti&ility alleles+ may &e locatedprecisely. nother significant aspect of this research is that these deletions of genetic

material indicate that autism may &e esta&lished in some cases during meiosis *error6

prone meiosis model+ and this places the genesis of autism in some at the very &eginning

of life.

(ne very important Kuestion in this line of research is 7hether or not gene deletions are a

cause or conseKuence of autism6suscepti&ility locilocated else7here in the

chromosomes.

Dene mutations may mean a gene does not function at all or does not function in thenormal 7ay. /88/

orrelated characteristics include glo&al developmental delay, mild to severe delay of

speech, social communication disorders and cognitive a&ilities, autistic like &ehaviour,

high tolerance of pain, and repetitive mannerisms *e.g. che7ing or mouthing+.8/

Dene interaction may also complicate the causes leading to multiple genetic origins ofautism,0/"/n a cascade like effect, 7hen a gene loci is altered or omitted, others are

effected due to change in interaction &et7een genes and$or their functions.

1hough not present in all individuals 7ith autism, these mutations and deletions hold

potential to point the 7ay to more the genetic components of spectrum disorders.2/1heresearch also advanced &asic understanding in the genetic architecture of the genome of

autistic individuals and 7ill help in focusing future research.

(ne practical aspect of this type of research may &e the development of a test that 7ould

confirm the autism diagnosis in children eAhi&iting symptoms and identify families 7hocarry genetic defects that could &e inherited &y their children.

[edit] Mirror neurons

theory featuring mirror neurons%/4/states that autism may involve a dysfunction of

speciali)ed neurons in the &rain that should activate 7hen o&serving other people. ntypically6developing people, these mirror neurons are thought to perhaps play a maor

part in social learningand general comprehension of the actions of others.

[edit] $ociolo(y

5ue to the compleAity of autism, there are many facets of sociologythat need to &econsidered 7hen discussing it, such as the culture 7hich has evolved from autistic

persons connecting and communicating 7ith one another. n addition, there are several

su&groups forming 7ithin the autistic community, sometimes in strong opposition to one

another.

[edit] Community and %olitics

'urther information

Autistic community
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-80%23_note-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-80%23_note-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-81%23_note-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-82%23_note-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-82%23_note-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-83%23_note-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-84%23_note-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-85%23_note-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-86%23_note-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-87%23_note-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-87%23_note-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-88%23_note-88http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_neuronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_neuronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-89%23_note-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-90%23_note-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic_communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-80%23_note-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-81%23_note-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-82%23_note-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-83%23_note-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-84%23_note-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-85%23_note-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-86%23_note-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-87%23_note-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-88%23_note-88http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_neuronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-89%23_note-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-90%23_note-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic_community


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andAutism rights

movement)

uring autism is a very highly controversialandpolitici)ed issue.What some call the

autistic community has splintered into several strands.


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anyone else. 'o7ever, in practice many autistic people have difficulty 7ith 7orking ingroups, 7hich impairs them even in the most 3geeky3 of situations. 1he connection of

autism 7ith so6called geek or nerd &ehavior has received attention in the popular press,

&ut is still controversial 7ithin these groups.#/

/

[edit] Autistic adults

ommunication and social pro&lems often cause difficulties in many areas of the

autistic3s life. much smaller proportion of adult autistics marry or have children than the

general population. Bven 7hen they do marry, some argue, it is more likely to end in

divorce than the norm,8/although further research should perhaps &e made.?evertheless, as more social groups form, progressively more diagnosed adults are

forming relationships 7ith others on the spectrum.

small proportion of autistic adults, usually those 7ith high6functioning autism or

sperger3s syndrome, are a&le to 7ork successfully in mainstream o&s, althoughfreKuently far &elo7 their actual level of skills and Kualification.


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autistic communitygenerally prefer autistic person for reasons that are fairlycontroversial."00/1his article uses &oth terminologies.

[edit] Autistic sa!ants

Main articleAutistic savant

1he autistic savant phenomenon is sometimes seen in autistic people. . re they married

"8. re those pens hers". We do not understand 7hy it can &e this 7ay.

20. ook, 7ho is talking
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic_communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic_communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-96%23_note-96http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic_savanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-97%23_note-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-98%23_note-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-98%23_note-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Tammethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Brain_Man&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Brain_Man&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-99%23_note-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-99%23_note-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Peekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Hoffmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Hoffmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rett_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rett_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDD_not_otherwise_specifiedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDD_not_otherwise_specifiedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDD_not_otherwise_specifiedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic_communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-96%23_note-96http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic_savanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-97%23_note-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-98%23_note-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Tammethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Brain_Man&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism#_note-99%23_note-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Peekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Hoffmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rett_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDD_not_otherwise_specifiedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDD_not_otherwise_specified


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2". Where 7ill she go22. Where is she

2%. Will she &e happy

24. Will they arrive

2!. s he going to &e a president2#. re they 7orking there no7

2>. s she a student

28. When 7ill she leave2. When she is going to leave

%0. Whom are you talking 7ith no7

". R : 5o you like fishing

: &solutely, like fishing very much2. R : 'o7 old re you

: Nou may guessY Nou can look at my face and predict my age.

%. R : s she your neigh&or : ?o, . R : Whom does she live 7ith

:


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5ear @r.$@s. ounselor,

need your advice to a&out my marriage, should get a divorce

We are on the"0th year together, and no7 am very tired to continue our marriage.

'e is an army officer. do not kno7 7hat the correlation &et7een his o& and his

&ehavior, &ut since the &eginning of our marriage, he treated me as his soldier. 'e iscrude, perfectionist, controlling, dominating, offensive, and demanding. 'e order me

to do much of anything around the house perfectly as am his servant, he control me7hen 7ill visit my parents, also control my o7n salary and never give his salary tome mean7hile he purchase &randed things for himself. 'e yells at me and my kids

7hen he is mad, calls me at least "0 times a day at 7ork and is suspicious of

relationship have 7ith others.

1he condition got 7orse 7hen five years ago my hus&and has numerous illnesses

such as 'epatitis C infection, and the 7orst is cancer. 'is &ehavior is also 7orse.

can not defend myself caused of his sickness. nd also have to &e more patient totake care of him.

feel that trapped in my marriage since promise to my Dod, to myself, to ourparents that 7ill not divorce 7hatever our marriage condition.

am confused 7hat should do. am afraid to get divorce as donQt 7ant to sharecustody of my children. lso take pity on my hus&and caused of his sickness. have

no clue to go out of it.

1hank you for honest advice.

Nours faithfully,

@ Bvy -ur7itasari


24/25

Dictionary". &la)e : (n Fire : . Cound : =nited : @enadi satu

8. Creakdo7n : Failure : 9egagalan

. ensor : Bdit : 5iper&aiki"0. olumnist : Journalist : Jurnalis

"". onsternation : 5ismay : 9ecemasan

"2. onversely : (n the other side of coin :


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