english 298: texts in history 1848: revolution and the rise of women’s writing
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English 298: Texts in History
1848: Revolution and the Rise of Women’s Writing
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Key Dates for 1848
• January 24 - California Gold Rush: James W. Marshall finds gold at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California.
• February 2 - Mexican–American War: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed, ending the war and ceding to the United States virtually all of what is today the southwest of that country.
• February 21 - Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto.
• February 22 - In Paris, revolt erupts against King Louis Philippe. Two days later he abdicates, leading to the Second Republic.
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http://www.hermes-press.com/marx_engels2.jpg
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• March 4 - Carlo Alberto di Savoia signs the Statuto Albertino that will represent the first constitution of the Kingdom of Sardinia and later of unified Italy.
• April 10 - A Chartist 'Monster Rally' is held in Kennington Park London, headed by Feargus O'Connor. A petition demanding the franchise is presented to parliament.
• May 15 - Radicals invade the French Chamber of deputies.• May 18 - The first German National Assembly
(Nationalversammlung) opens in Frankfurt, Germany.• July 19 - Women's rights - Seneca Falls Convention: The 2-
day Women's Rights Convention opens in Seneca Falls, New York and the "Bloomers" are introduced at the feminist convention.
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Great Chartist Meeting on Kennington Common, April 10, 1848, photograph taken by William Kilburn.
www.jbentham.com/02-works-by-benthamites/
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drbeardmoose.com/_wsn/page4.html
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homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/.../aqwg87.htm
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• July 26 - Matale Rebellion against British rule in Sri Lanka.• July 29 - Irish Potato Famine - Tipperary Revolt: In Tipperary,
an unsuccessful nationalist revolt against British rule is put-down by a government police force.
• August 28 - Mathieu Luis becomes the first black member to join the French Parliament as a representative of Guadaloupe.
• September 12 - One of the successes of the Revolutions of 1848, the Swiss Federal Constitution, patterned on the US Constitution, enters into force, creating a federal republic and one of the first modern democratic states in Europe.
• November 4 - France ratifies a new constitution. The Second Republic of France is set up, ending the state of temporary government lasting since the Revolution of 1848.
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• November 7 - U.S. presidential election, 1848: Whig Zachary Taylor of Louisiana defeats Democrat Lewis Cass of Michigan in the first US presidential election held in every state on the same day.
• December 2 - Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria abdicates in favor of his nephew, Franz Josef I.
• December 10 - Prince Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte is elected first president of the French Second Republic.
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1848 also saw (mostly failed) revolutions in:
Italy/Italian States, France, Germany/German States, Habsburg Empire (Austria, Hungary, portions of Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, more), Hungary, Switzerland, Poland, Wallachia (now Romania), Schleswig (now part of Denmark), Brazil, Sri Lanka.
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Relevant Dates in Women’s History, 1837-1857
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1837 William IV dies, succeeded by niece, Princess Victoria Sarah Moore.Grimke: Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women.
1838 Sarah Ellis: The Women of England, Their Social Duties and Domestic Habits.Harriet Martineau: How to Observe; Morals and Manners (one of the first introductions to sociological methodology).
1839Child Custody Act (now possible for a mother to be given custody of her children under seven).
1840 Queen marries her first cousin, Albert, Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.Judge upholds a man's right to lock up his wife and beat her in moderation.Sydney Owenson Morgan: Woman and her Master, 2 volumes.
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http://www.patourism.co.za/images/Queen_Victoria__Albert_1854.JPG
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1842 Ashley's Mines Act (women and children excluded from the mines).Louis Aime-Martin: The Education of Mothers of Families; or, The Civilisation of the Human Race by Women.
1843Association for the Aid of Milliners and Dressmakers founded.Mrs. Hugo Reid: A Plea for Woman, Being a Vindication of the Importance and Extent of her Natural Sphere of Action.
1844 Factory Act (women and children).Elizabeth Barrett: "Cry of the Children"; Poems.
1845Margaret Fuller: Woman in the Nineteenth Century.
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1846Mary Ann Evans (George Eliot): translation of Strauss' Das Leben Jesu (Life of Jesus).Anna Jameson: "'Woman's Mission' and 'Woman's Position"' "On the Relative Social Position of Mothers and Governesses."
1847 Chloroform first used in childbirth.Factory Acts [also 1850](women and children restricted to 10 1/2 hour day).Charlotte Brontë: Jane Eyre.Emily Brontë: Wuthering Heights.Ann Brontë: Agnes Grey.
1848 Queen's College, London, established for women who intend to teach.Women's Rights Association founded in United States.Elizabeth Gaskell: Mary Barton.
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http://www.haworthbrontecottages.com/bronte_sisters.gif
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1849Bedford College for Women founded.Charlotte Brontë: Shirley.
1850Emily Shirreff and Maria G. Grey: Thoughts on Self-Culture: Addressed to Women.First National Women's Rights Convention, Worcester, Massachusetts.
1851 Harriet Taylor: "The Enfranchisement of Women."Women's Suffrage Petition presented to the House of Lords.
1852 Judge rules that a man may not force his wife to live with him.Anna Jameson: Legends of the Madonna, as presented in the fine arts.G.H. Lewes: "The Lady Novelists."
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1853Queen Victoria given chloroform during childbirth.Charlotte Brontë: Villette.
1855 George Eliot: "Margaret Fuller and Mary Wollstonecraft."Stephen Fullom: The History of Woman, And her Connexion with Religion, Civilization, and Domestic Manners, from the earliest period (denounced by George Eliot).Elizabeth Gaskell: North and South.Harriet Martineau: Autobiography.
1856 Caroline Frances Cornwallis: "The Property of Married Women."Bessie Parkes: Remarks on the Education of Girls.Emily Shirreff: Intellectual Education, and its influence on the Character and Happiness of Women.
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1857Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Aurora Leigh.Barbara (Leigh Smith) Bodichon: Women and Work.Matrimonial Causes Act (legally separated wife given right to keep what she earns; man may divorce wife for adultery, whereas wife must prove adultery aggravated by cruelty or desertion).
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Sources for timelines:Wikipedia.orgVictorianweb.org
Image sources given on slide pages