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IESAcademysM

asterWordList

AAba

ndon

(n.)

careless

disregard

for

consequences

Synonym:wanton

Anto

nym:uphold

[IES-2002]

Use:

Theabandonedsiteisasafeheavenfor

miscreantstocarrytheirunlawfulactivities

Aba

te

(v.)to

reduce

in

amount,degree,

inten

sity,etc.;lessen;diminish

Synonym:Decrease

Anto

nym:Increase

[NTPC]

Use:

Theincreasingtemperatureissureto

abat

ewiththeoncomingraininthenextfew

days.

Abe

rrant(adj.)departingfrom

theright,

norm

al,orusualcourse.

Synonym:unusual

[GAIL]

Anto

nym:Ordinary

Use:

The

dog's

sudden

aberrant

eating

patte

rnsalerteditsownertoapossiblehealth

problem.

Abjure(v.)torenounce,repudiate,orretract,

esp.withformalsolemnity;

Synonyms:Renounce

[GRE,CDS-2010]

Use:

recantthewoman

alsoconfessed

her

shareinthecrimeatFindonandbothabjured

theread.

Abo

minable(adj.)unacceptableandrude

behaviour

Synonym:disgusting,shameless

[IES-2009]

Anto

nym:civilized

Use:

Wewereshockedathisabominableactof

eveteasingtheteacher.

Abo

rigine(n.)Oneoftheoriginalorearliest

know

ninhabitantsofacountryorregion

Synonym:Primitiveinhabitant

Anto

nym:Foreigner

Use:

A

large

population

ofAustralia

were

abor

igines.

Abo

rtive(adj.)failingtoachieveagoal

Synonym:fiasco

Anto

nym:effective,potent

[IES-2009]

Use:Therocketmissionwasabortivebecause

off

aultydesign

Ab

ridge(v.)tocutshort

Synonym:downsize

Antonym:expand,enlarge.

[IES-1997]

Use:The

abridged

passage

could

not

be

understood.

Ab

scond(v.)todepartinasuddenandsecret

ma

nner,esp.

to

avoid

capture

and

legal

pro

secution.

Synonym:Runoff

Use:Thecashierabscondedwiththemoney.

Ab

stemious(adj.)sparingormoderatein

eat

inganddrinking;temperateindiet.

Synonym:Temperate

Moderate

[RAILWAYS-1996]

An

tonym:Unrestrained

Use:Persons

with

abstemious

habitscan

adjustthemselvesinanysocialsetup.

Ab

stinence

(n.)

Restrained

eating

or

drinking,selfdenial

Synonym:Restrainedeatingordrinking

Antonym:Indulgence

Use:The

doctors

have

called

for

a

total

abs

tinencefromalcohol.

Ab

stinence

(n.)

forbearance

from

any

ind

ulgence

of

appetite,Self-restraint,Self-

discipline,Moderation,Asceticism

Synonym:Restrainedeatingordrinking

Antonym:Indulgence

[HCL]

Use:Spiritualascetics

preach

a

complete

abstinencefromtheworld.

Ab

ysmal

(adj.)

of

or

like

an

abyss;

immeasurably

deep

or

great,extremely

or

hop

elesslybadorsevere,Unfathomable

Synonym:Appalling

Bottomless

[DMRC]

Antonym:Superb

Use:

Whenonestudiesmore,oneseesone's

abysmalignorance.

Ac

cede(v.)Comply,Grant,Allow,togive

con

sent,approval,oradherence;agree;

Synonym:Consent

[SAIL]

Antonym:Reject

Use:Theseniorcommanddidnotaccedeto

the

se

requests.

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Synonym:Friendly

Antonyms:Rude

[EIL]

Use:

Accustomed

tocold,aloofsupervisors

Nicholaswasamazedathow

affablehisnew

employerwasaffability,N.

Affluent(adj.)

having

an

abundance

of

wealth,property,or

other

materialgoods;

prosperous;rich

Synonym:Prosperous

[Railways-1993]

Antonym:Poor

Use:Designisvitalto

thecompetitivenessof

businessesandtheafflue

nceofsociety.

Agglomeration(n.)

ajumbledclusteror

massofvariedpartsCollection,Heap

Synonym:Aggregation

Antonym:Dispersal

Use:Ittookweekstoas

sorttheagglomeration

ofmiscellaneousitemsshehadcollectedonher

trip.

Aghast(adj.)Horrified

,Dumbfounded

Synonym:Amazed

Antonym:Unsurprised

[BHEL]

Use:

Teacher

wasa

ghast

at

the

crude

behaviouroftheseniorstudentsattheannual

party.

Agility(n.)Suppleness,Quickness,Dexterity,

thepowerofmovingquic

klyandeasily

Synonym:Nimbleness

Antonym:Slow

Alacrity(n.)cheerful

readiness,promptness,

orwillingness

Synonym:Eagerness

[IES-2009]

Antonym:Sluggishness

Use:Weacceptedtheinvitationwithalacrity.

Alluvial(adj.)physicallyconcerninglandor

itsinhabitants

Synonym:Mortal

Antonym:Immaterial

Aloof(adj.)atadista

nce,esp.infeelingor

interest;

Synonym:Remote

[HPCL]

Antonym:

Use:Shybynature,sheremainedaloofwhile

alltherestconversed.

Altruistic(adj.)show

ingawishtohelpor

bringadvantagestoothe

rpeople

Synonym:benevolent

Antonym:selfish

[IES-2001]

Use:Hermotivesfor

donatingthemoneyare

seeminglyaltruistic.

Amalgamate(v.)tomixormergesoasto

makeacombination;blend;unite;combine.

Synonym:Mix

[S.S.C.-1995]

Antonyms:Separate

[SAIL]

Use:Thedataisalsonowamalgamatedwith

theLibrary'sonlinecat

alog.

Ambivalence

(n.)

Uncertainty

or

fluctuation,esp.when

causedbyinabilityto

makeachoiceorbyasimultaneousdesireto

sayordotwooppositeorconflictingthings.

Synonym:Confusion

Antonym:Decisivenes

s

Use:A

constantthem

eofthesereportsisa

markedambivalenceaboutthenatureofthe

inmates.

Amble(v.)togoata

slow,easypace;stroll;to

walkslowlyinarelaxedway

Synonym:Meander,S

aunter

Antonym:Hasten

Use:Heambledaroundthetown.

Ameliorate(v.)To

makeorbecomebetter,

morebearable,ormoresatisfactory;improve;

meliorate

Synonym:Improve

Antonym:Worsen

[S.B.I.P.O.-1994]

Makeworse[Stenographers'-1994]

Use:A

smile

often

goes

a

long

way

to

amelioratethesituation.

Amiable(adj.)agreeable;lovable;warmly

friendly.

Synonym:Good-natur

ed

[NTPC]

Antonym:Illnatured,

Unfriendly

Use:In

LittleWomenBethistheamiable

daughterwhoseloving

dispositionendearsher

toallwhoknowher.

His

amiable

mann

ers

win

him

respect

everywhere.

Amoral(adj.)havin

gnomoralstandards,

restraints,orprinciples;

Synonym:Immoral

Antonym:Moral

Echical

[EIL]

Use:Jerryisalmosttotallyamoral.Hecares

onlyaboutmakingmo

neyandhavingfunand

couldn'tcarelessabout

rightorwrong.


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Apo

thegm(n.)Pithy,

Synonym:Moral

Use:

CompactsayingProverbsisapothegm

that

hasbecomefamiliarsayings.

App

ease

(v.).Pacify

or

soothe;relieve.

Synonym:ToPacify

Anonym:Agitate

[NTPC]

Use:

Tom

andJodytriedtoappeasethecrying

baby

byofferinghim

onetoyafteranother.

However,hewouldnotcalm

downuntilthey

appe

asedhishungerbygivinghim

abottle,

appe

asement,N.

App

laud(v.)toappreciate;clapfor

Synonym:acclaim,adulation

[IES-1998]

Anto

nym:denounce

Use:

Hispathbreakingworkwasapplaudedby

hiscolleagues.

App

osite

(adj.)

suitable;

well-adapted;

perti

nent;relevant;

Synonym:Appropriate

[NTPC]

Anto

nym:Inappropriate

Use:

The

term

"lifeless

pallor"

seem

sveryapposite.

App

robation(n.)approval

Synonym:Approval

Anto

nym:Disapproval

[IES-2006]

Use:

Wantingherparentsregardshelooked

forsomesignoftheirapprobation.

BenjaminFranklin,thatshrewdobserverof

mankind,oncewrote.Wemustnotin

the

course

of

public

life

expect

immediate

approbation

and

immediate

grateful

acknowledgmentofourservices.

Aqu

iline(adj.)shapedlikeaneagle'sbeak;

hook

ed

Synonym:Curved

Hooked

Anto

nym:Straight

Use:

Theprofileoftheheadisslightlyaquiline,

with

agrey/brownmuzzle.

Arable(adj.)fitforgrowingcrops.

Synonym:Suitableforplaguing

[SAIL]

Use:

Thefirstsettlerswrotehomegrowing

reportsoftheNew

World,praisingitsvast

acresofarablelandreadyfortheplow.

Ar

duous(adj.)Hard,Strenuous,Difficult;

Arduousmeansinvolvingalotofeffortand

ene

rgy.

Synonym:Difficult

An

tonym:Facile

Use:Her

arduous

efforts

had

sapped

her

ene

rgy.

Ar

raign(v.)Chargeincourtindict

Synonym:Indict

[UPSC,CDS]

An

tonym:Pardon

[IES-2009]

Use:AfterhisindictmentbytheGrandJury,

the

accusedmanwasarraignedintheCountry

CriminalCourt.

Ar

rant(adj.)downright;thorough;notorious

Synonym:Unmitigated

[NTPC]

An

tonym:Mitigated

Ar

tifact(n.)Objectmadebyhumanbeings,

eitherhandmadeormass-produced.

Synonym:Man-made

[Railways-1995]

An

tonym:Naturalobject

Use:Archaeologistsdebatedthesignificanceof

the

artifactsdiscoveredintheruinsofAsia

Minorbutcametonoconclusion

aboutthe

culturetheyrepresented.

Ascetic(adj.)practicingself-denial;austere.

Asceticmeansnotinvolvinginpleasures.

Synonym:Austere

[BEL]

An

tonym:Extravagant

Use:Thewealthyselfindulgentyoungman

feltoddlydrawntothestrict,asceticlifeledby

membersofsome

monasticorders,alsoN.

asc

eticism,N.

Askance(adv.)withsuspicion,mistrust,or

disapproval

Synonym:Skeptically,Suspiciously

Use:JanelookedaskanceatJohntoseeifhe

werewatchingher."

Asperity(n.)harshnessorsharpnessoftone,

tem

per,ormanner;severity;acrimony:

Synonym:Goodtemper

An

tonym:Harshness

Kindness

[GAIL]

Use:Thecauseofherangerdidnotwarrant

suc

hasperity.

Assent(v.)toagreeorconcur;subscribeto;

Synonym:Consent

Agreement

[C.B.I.1995]

An

tonym:Disagree

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BBabble

(v.)

to

utter

sounds

or

words

imperfectly,indistinctly,

orwithoutmeaning,

Synonym:Burble

Antonym:Quiet

Use:Shebabbles,gurgl

es,giggles,suckson

herbottleandcrieswhen

wakingup.

Badger(v.)Askagain

andagain,Hassle,to

harassorurgepersistently;pester;nag

Synonym:Topesterper

sistently

[IES-2008]

Antonym:Gratify,makehappy,

Use:Ihadtobadgerhim

intocomingwithus.

Baffling(adj.)Unsolved,Inexplicable

Synonym:Mysterious

Antonym:Simple

[HPCL]

Use:Exactlyhowbirds

acquiredtheabilityto

flyhasbaffledscientistsforyears.

Balmy(adj.)Pleasan

t,Mild,Gentle,Soft,

pleasantlywarmandmildinclimate,mildand

refreshing;soft;soothing

Synonym:Temperate

Antonym:Wintry,Hard

Use:Spain'sbalmyclimateallowsforalong

golfseason.

Bamboozle(v.)Todeceiveorgetthebetter

of(someone)bytrickery,

flattery,orthelike;

humbug;

Synonym:Swindle,Dup

e

[HPCL]

Antonym:Behonest

Use:Theybamboozled

usintojoiningtheclub

Banal(adj.)Ordinary

,Dull,Trivial,Facile,

Commonplace,boringlyordinaryandlackingin

originality,devoidoffr

eshnessororiginality;

hackneyed;trite

Synonym:Mundane

Commonplace

[SAIL]

Antonym:Original

Use:Thebanalrealitiesofthefilm

industry

reallydodeterminewhatweseeonscreen.

Bane(n.)Nuisance,Blight,Causeofruin

Synonym:Curse

Antonym:Blessing

Use:Sudha'slittlebroth

erwasthebaneofher

existence,scribblingon

wallswithherlipstick

andpouringhershampoodownthedrain.

Barbarian(n.)somebodywithnointerestin

culture,an

extremely

aggressive

orviolent

person

Synonym:Uncivilized

Antonym:Civilised

Use:IthinkIraqi'slikebeingkilledbyIraqi's

betterthanbyforeignb

arbarians.

Barbaric(adj.)per

tainstocrudenessand

incivility,

Synonym:Beastly,savage

[HCL]

Antonym:Calm

Use:

Whipping

and

torturing

people

is

barbaric.

Barge(v.)atobump

into,collidewith,

Synonym:Intrude

Use:Hestartedtorun

awayandbargedintoa

passer-by.

Baroque

(n.)

th

e

baroque

style

of

architectureandart,o

ritsperiodinEuropean

history

Synonym:Flamboyant

Antonym:Simple

Plain

[Tax&Excise,1990]

Use:TostayattheHotelRitzistostepinsidea

baroque

palace,an

experience

you

won't

forget.

Beatific(adj.)Showing

orproducing

joy,

Innocent,Pure,Adorab

le,Virtuous

Synonym:Saintly

Antonym:Dreadful

Use:WhenJohnnyfirstsawthenewpuppy,a

beatificsmilespreadacrosshisface.

Beaveraway(v.)

toworkhardforalong

time

Synonym:persevere

[IES-2008]

Antonym:indolent

Use:Shehasbeenbeaveringawayatthatessay

forhours.

Beguile(v.)towin

and

hold

somebody's

attention,interest,or

devotion,tomisleador

deceivesomebody

Synonym:Bluff

Antonym:Persuade

[S.S.C.1993]

Use:

Utopianism

is

something

to

which

beguilesagreatmany

people.

Beleaguer(v.)tosu

rroundorbeset,aswith

troubles

Synonym:Harras,Pester


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Bew

ail(v.)toexpressgreatsadnessabout

some

thing,Lament,Bemoan,Regret,Grumble

abou

t,Grieve,Deplore

Synonym:Bemoan,Mourn

[GAIL]

Anto

nym:Joyous,Exalt

Use:

Hissinswerenotgrievous,andhedidnot

bewailthem.

Bew

ilder(v.)toconfuseorpuzzlesomebody

comp

letely

Synonym:Confound

Anto

nym:Explain

[BEL]

Use:

Theseshiftingattitudesbewilderme.

Bifu

rcate(v.)tobesplitorbranchedoffinto

twoparts,orsplitsomethingintotwoparts,

Synonym:Split,

Anto

nym:Converge

Use:

Thereonefindsasimilarbehaviorinthe

local

andtheglobalbifurcation.

Bizzare

(adj.)

amusingly

or

grotesquely

stran

georunusual,unusual

Synonym:Odd

Strange

Anto

nym:Normal

Usual

[EIL]

Use:

Hefoundhimselfinabizarresituation.

Blanch(v.)tobecomepalesuddenly,decolour

Synonym:Bleach

Anto

nym:Darken

Darken

[NHPC]

Use:

Heblanchedatthementionofhername

Bleak(adj.)Dreary,Depressing,Uninviting,

withouthope

or

expectation

ofsuccess

or

impr

ovement

Synonym:Drab

Anto

nym:Bright

[NDA-2009]

Cheerful

[GRE]

Use:

Thecompany'sfuturelooksbleak.

Blemish(n.):marksorscarsonskin

Synonym:disfigure,flaw

[IES-2009]

Anto

nym:beautiful

Use:

Sheisworriedatherskinblemishesas

sheisappearingforafashionshow.

Blit

he(adj.)Carefree,Casual,Unthinking,

Synonym:Cheerful

Anto

nym:Cheerless

[EIL]

Use:

Happy-go-lucky,AmiableEveryoneloved

herforherblithespirit.

Bo

hemian(n.)tobeanon-conformist.

Synonym:unconventional

[IES-1996]

An

tonym:usual

Use:Theactorimpressedtheaudiencewithhis

boh

emianlooksandbehavior.

Bo

isterous(adj.)fullofnoisyenthusiasm

andenergy,andoftenroughnessorwildness

Synonym:Raucous

An

tonym:Calm,Serene

Use:Sheisgoodwithchildrenofallagesbut

mightbealittletooboisterousfortoddlers.

Bo

orish(adj.)lackofgoodmanners,whether

arising

from

ignorance

or

brashness,

unmannered;crude;insensitive

Synonym:Impolite

An

tonym:Well-mannered,Refined

Genteel

[I.Tax&Excise,1993]

Use:Hewasaboorishmanbuthadagood

tasteformusicandbroughtHandeltoEngland.

Bo

uillon(n.)aclearliquidthatistraditiona-

lly

madebyboilingmeat,bones,andvegetables

tog

ether.Itissometimesservedasasoup,but

usuallyused

asastock

forsoupsand

Ste

ws

Synonym:Concoction

Clearsoup

[SAIL]

Use:Youcanusebeeforchicken

bouillon

cub

esforseasonings.

Bo

wdlerise(v.)toremovepartsofaworkof

lite

rature

that

are

considered

indecent

selectivelyremove

Synonym:Ban;

An

tonym:Approve,endorse

Use:Theeditorbowdlerisedthosewordsand

exp

ressionswhich

cannotwith

propriety

be

rea

daloudinafamily.

Br

aggadocio(n.)somebodywhoboastsina

swaggeringself-aggrandizingway,

Synonym:Braggart

An

tonym:Meekness

Br

avura(n.)greatskillthatisshownwhen

som

ethingartisticisdonein

an

excitingor

inn

ovativeway,showystyleorbehavior

Synonym:Courage

[HCL]

An

tonym:Timidity

Use:Thisisabravurapieceoffilmmaking

tha

tdemandstobeseen.

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Cacophony(n.)anu

npleasantcombination

ofloud,oftenjarringsounds,

Synonym:Dissonance

Discord

[BSNL]

Antonym:Harmony

Use:Weweregreeted

bya

cacophony

of

soundasweenteredthe

road.

Cadge(v.)toscrounge

orbegsomethingfrom

somebodyCadgev.beg,mooch;panhandle.

Whilehiscarwasinthe

shop

Synonym:Peddle

Use:Bobhadtocadgea

ridetoworkeachday,

Unwitingtobeacompiecemoocher,however,

heofferedtopayforthegas.

Cajole(v.)to

persu

ade

somebody

to

do

somethingbyflatteryorgentlebutpersistent

argument,

Synonym:Coax

[BEL]

Antonym:Dissuade

[C.B.I.1991]

Use:Chertriedtocajole

herfatherintoletting

herdrivethefamilycarcajolery.

Calamity(n.)adisast

roussituationorevent,

miseryordistressresultingfrom

adisastrous

eventCalarrityN.disaster,misery

Synonym:Catastrophe

Antonym:Boon

Use:Asnewsofthecalamityspreed,offersof

reliefpouredintothestr

ickencommunity.

Callous(adj.)showing

noconcernthatother

peopleareormightbehurtorupset,Callous

Adj.hardened;unfeeling.

Synonym:Uncaring

Antonym:Warmhearted

Sensitive

[S.S.C.1993]

Use:Hehadworkedint

hehospitalforsomany

yearsthathewascalloustothesufferinginthe

wards,callus.

Callow

(adj.)

y

outhful;

immature;

inexperienced.Asafresh

man,Jackwassurehe

wasamanoftheworl

d;asasophomore,he

madefunoffreshmenas

callowyouths.

Synonym:Immature

[MTNL]

Antonym:Sophisticated

Use:Inbothcases,his

judgmentshowedjust

howcallowhewas.

Candid(adj.)honestordirectinawaythat

people

find

eitherrefreshing

ordistasteful,

forthright,straightforwa

rd.

.Synonym:Outspoken

[GAIL]

Frank

[Steno,Exam,1994]

Antonym:Guarded

Secretive

[BankP.O.1990]

Use:Heisacandidpolitician

Cantankerous(adj.)easily

angered

and

difficulttogetalongwith,difficulttoworkwith

oruse.

Synonym:Badtemper

ed

[SAIL]

Quarrelsom

e

[Asstt.Grade,1996]

Antonym:Pleasant

Use:Thedoctortoldtheyoungmantogoout

and

find

the

ugliest,most

cantankerous

womanhecouldfindandmarryher.

Capacious(adj.)b

igenough

tocontaina

largequantity,

Synonym:Voluminous

Antonym:Limited

[M.B.A.1994]

Use:Sarahpromised

toopentheroom,andat

theopeningmeeting

thecapaciousbuilding

wascrowded.

Caprice(n.)atende

ncytosuddenimpulsive

decisions

or

changes

of

mind,

a

sudden

unexpectedactionorch

angeofmind

Synonym:Impulse

Suddenchangeinattitude

[IES-2006]

Antonym:Steadfastne

ss

Steadybehaviour

[I.E.S2008]

Use:Itisnothumancaprice,butaprincipleof

publicorder,whichcon

trolsproperty.

Capricious(adj.)t

endingtomakesudden

unexpectedchanges.

Synonym:Whimsical

Antonym:Predictable

Steadfast

[U.D.C.

1995]

Use:

He

proved

utterly

capricious

in

his

dealingswithhisfriends.

Carnal(adj.)fleshly

is

the

public

more

interestedincarnalpleasuresthaninspiritual

matters?

Synonym:Sensual

Antonym:Chaste

[IES-2009]

Spiritual

Use:Comparethenumberofpeoplewhoroad

Playboydailytothenumberofthosewhoread

theBibleeveryday.

Castigation

(v.)

to

criticize

or

rebuke

somebody

or

somebo

dy's

behavior

severely,

Chastisement,

Synonym:Reprimand

[BSNL]


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Use:

scold,GrendmabegantochideStevenfor

hislying.

Chivalrous(adj.)relatingtoorreflectingthe

valuesofthemedievalcodeofknighthood,

especiallycourtesy,self-sacrifice,andasenseof

fairplay,

Synonym:Gallant

Anto

nym:Boorish

Use:

Essentially,youstartoffasalowlysquire

andworkyourwayuptheladdersofsocietyby

perfo

rmingchivalrousdeeds.

Cho

leric(adj.)showingortendingtoshow

ange

rorirritation,

Synonym:Irritable

[VIZAG]

Anto

nym:Calm

Even-tempered

[IES-2006]

Use:

Hehasahighlycholerictemperament

Chu

rlish(adj.)characteristicofsomebody

with

badmanners,Churlish

Adj.boorish;

rude.

Synonym:Rude

Impolite

[EIL]

Anto

nym:Courteous

Polite

[Tax&Excise,1990]

Use:

Dismayedbyhischurlishmannersatthe

party,thegirlsvowednevertoinvitehimagain.

Circuitous

(adj.)

lengthy

because

very

indir

ect,

Synonym:Roundabout

Indirect

[BSNL]

Anto

nym:Direct

Use:

Riversareoftenuneven,untidyandtake

circuitouscourses.

Circumspect(adj.)

Judicious,Vigilant,

watchfuland

discreet;prudent,circumspect

beha

vior,well-considered

Synonym:Cautious

Anto

nym:Reckless

Use:

CircumspectAdj.Prudent;Investigating

befor

e

acting.

She

tried

always

to

be

circu

mspect.

Clandestine(adj.)needingtobeconcealed,

usua

llybecauseitisillegalorunauthorized

Clan

destine(adj).Secret.

Synonym:Secret

[EIL]

Anto

nym:Open

Use:

Afteravoidingtheirchaperon,thelovers

hadaclandestinemeeting

Clemency(n.)toforgivetheguiltdone

Synonym:mercy,compassion

[IES-2009]

An

tonym:harsh

Use:Theclemencypetitionofthewarcriminal

hasbeenrejected.

Classterphobia(n.)fearofbeinglockedin.

Synonym:Fearofclosedplaces

[HPCL]

Use:Hisfellow

classmateslaughed

athis

claustrophobiaandoftenthreatenedtolockhim

inhisroom.

Clique(n.)a

close

group

offriends

or

cow

orkerswith

similarinterestsand

goals,

whom

outsiders

regard

as

excluding

them

CtiqueN.small,exclusivegroup.

Synonym:Elite

Use:Fitzgeraldwishedthathebelongedtothe

criqueofpopularathletesand

bigmen

on

cam

puswhoseemedtorunPrincetonssocial

life

.

Co

erce(v.)tomakesomebodydosomething

aga

insthisorherwillbyusingforceorthreats

Synonym:Compel

Force

[NHPC]

An

tonym:Persuade

Use:A

leader

doesn'tcoerce

people

into

cha

ngethattheyresist.

Co

gent(adj.)touseeffectivelanguage

Synonym:compelling

An

tonym:unconvincing,ineffective[IES-2000]

Use:Shearguedmostcogentlyforarelaxation

oft

hesanctions.

Co

gitate(v.)tothinkdeeplyandcarefully

abo

utsomething.

Synonym:Consider

Tothinkdeeplyaboutsomething

[IES-2005]

An

tonym:Ignore

Use:The

philosopher

cogitated

about

the

meaningoflifeverydeeply.

Co

gnizance(n.)knowledgeorawarenessof

som

ething,

the

extent

or

range

of

what

som

ebodycanknowandunderstandCognizance

N.knowledge.

Synonym:Knowledge

[SAIL]

An

tonym:Ignorance

Use:Duringtheelectioncampaign,thetwo

can

didateswerekeptinfullcognizanceofthe

internationalsituation.

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Synonym:exhaustive

Antonym:superficial,selective.

[IES-1996]

Use:

The

taxationr

eforms

initiated

are

comprehensiveinnature

andscope.

Conciliatory(adj.)tendingtoconciliate:a

conciliatory

manner;c

onciliatory

comments.

resolve

differences,to

work

with

opposing

partieswiththegoalo

fbringingthem

toan

agreementorreconciliation,

Synonym:Foolish

[UPSC]

Antonym:Provocative

Use:Hehasnotseentheneedtochangehis

waysorbecomemoreconciliatory.

Concise(adj.)preciseandrelevant.

Synonym:nutshell

Antonym:verbose;elucidate.

[IES-1995]

Use:Theanswerswrittenintheexam

were

concise.

Concoct(v.)preparebycombining;makeup

inconcert.

Synonym:Formulate

Invent

[VIZAG]

Use:How

didtheinversivechefeverconcoct

suchastrangedish?Con

coction.n.

Concur(v.)tohave

thesameopinion

as

somebody

else,

or

reach

agreement

independentlyonaspecificpoint,

Synonym:Agree

Antonym:Conflict

Use:Wearein

broad

agreementwith

the

recommendationsand

arehappytoconcur

with

the

conclusionson

thekey

issuesas

identified.

Condign(adj.)welldeservedandcompletely

appropriate,

Condign

Adj.

appropriate;

deserved

(almost

alwa

ys,in

the

sense

of

deservedlysevere,asincondignpunishment).

Use:

To

be

concerned

about

a

possible

miscarriageofjusticeisrational;tobroodovera

guilty

mans

justand

condign

punishment

makesnosense.

Confirm(v.)tovalida

te

Synonym:ratify.

Antonym:deny,reject.

[IES-1997]

Use:Thepresenceofu

ntestedchemicalswas

confirmedbytheinspectors.

Confiscate(v.)totakesomebody'sproperty

with

authority,orappropriate

property

for

personaluseasifw

ith

authority,toseize

propertylegallyforfeitedtothepublictreasury

asapenalty.

Synonym:Impound

Deize

Toseizebyauthority

[SSC]

Antonym:Restore

Use:Thegoodswereconfiscatedbycustoms.

Conjecture(n.)the

formationofjudgments

or

opinionson

the

basis

ofincomplete

or

inconclusiveinformatio

n.

Synonym:Guess

[HCL]

Antonym:Fact

Use:Theoriginofth

isritualisamatterof

conjecture.

Connoisseur(n.)a

personwhoisespecially

competenttopasscriticaljudgmentsinanart,

particularlyoneofthefinearts,orinmattersof

taste

Synonym:ExpertAuthority,Specialist

Loverofart

[EIL]

Loverofart

[Railways,1996]

Antonym:Ignoramus

Use:Iam

becomingaconnoisseurofthese

sermonsovertheyears

.

Connubial(adj.)rel

atingtomarriage,

Synonym:Nuptial

[HPCL]

Antonym:Divorce

Use:ConjugalMarria

gesinyoutharemore

likelytoproduceconnu

bialhappiness.

Consanguinity(n.)relationshipbydescent

fromthesameancestor,andnotbymarriageor

affinity,acloserelation

shiporconnection

Synonym:Kinship

Use:Issuesofconsan

guinityariseinseveral

aspectsofthelaw;itisdirectlyrelevantin

determiningwhethera

couplecanmarry.

Conscientious(ad

j.)controlledbyordone

accordingtoconscience

;scrupulous,meticulous;

careful;pains-taking;

particular,Meticulous,

Hard-working,

Synonym:Careful

[IES-1993]

Thorough

Diligent

Antonym:Careless

Use:Heisaconscientiousworker.

Conservation(n.)

protectionofflora,fauna

ormonuments

Synonym:preservation

[IES-2002]


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Use:

TheCourtwilldecideifyourfailuretopay

isdu

etowillfulrefusalorculpableneglect.

Cum

bersome(adj.)awkwardtocarryor

hand

le

because

ofweight,size,or

shape;

diffic

ulttouseordealwithbecauseoflengthor

comp

lexity

Synonym:Unwieldy

Anto

nym:Manageable

Use:

Itisunlikelytheywouldhavetakentheir

lapto

psbeforeastheyaretoocumbersometo

carry

alldaylong.

Cyn

osure(n.)the

center

ofadmiration,

atten

tion,orattraction,somebodyorsomething

actin

gasaguideorusedfordirection

Synonym

Anto

nym:Abomination

[EIL]

Use:

Guidebooksare

the

cynosure

ofthe

inexperiencedtraveler.

DDainty

(adj.)delicate

and

pretty,choice,

delicious,ortasty,excessively

fastidiousor

particular

Synonym:Smallandgraceful

Anto

nym:Tastless

[Railways-1995]

Use:

Swiftly

and

skillfully,asifaided

by

invis

ible

hands,herdainty

fingersopened

curta

inandwindow.

Dam

nation(n.):theactofsendingsomeone

thes

tateofbeinginhell

Synonym:curse

Anto

nym:salvation

[IES-2009]

Use:

Hebelievedthathewouldbecondemned

toeternaldamnationforwhathehaddone.

Dam

pen(v.)tolosestrength

Synonym:undermine

Anto

nym:strengthen

[IES-1999]

Use:

Theteam

wasdampenedbytheinjuryof

players.

Dan

k(adj.)wet,coldandunpleasant

Synonym:damp;drippy

[IES-2007]

Anto

nym:dry

Use:

Wehadtosuspendthematchduetodank

weat

her.

Da

pper(adj.)describesamanwhoisneat

andelegantindressandmanner;alertand

livelyorbrisk

Synonym:Elegant

An

tonym:Scruffy

Untidy

[GAIL]

Use:

Dressing

tastefully,

he

gave

the

impressionofadappergentleman.

Da

unt(v.)immediate;frighten,Boastallyou

likeofyourprowess.

Use:Merewordscannotdauntme,thehero

answeredthevillain.

Da

untless(adj.)bold.Despitethedangerous

natureoftheundertaking

Synonym:Fearlessanddetermined

[HPCL]

An

tonym:cowardly

[IES-1999]

Use:Thedauntlesssoldiervolunteeredforthe

ass

ignment.

Da

wdle(v.)towalk

ormoveslowlyand

reluctantlyoridly,tospendfarmoretimethan

isn

ecessaryindoingsomething

Synonym:Loiter

[MTNL]

An

tonym:Hurry

Use:We'llgetthere

in

time

ifyou

don't

dawdle.

Da

zed(n.)astateofconfusionandunclear

thinking,oftentheresultofabloworshock,to

leavesomebodywhollyorpartlyunconsciousor

unabletothinkclearly,especiallyasaresultof

abloworshock

Synonym:Shocked

[EIL]

An

tonym:Expect

Use:ThingshappenedsoquicklyIwasleftina

daze.

De

arth(n.)ascarcityofsomething

Synonym:Deficiency

Scarcity

[S.S.C.1991]

An

tonym:Glut

Abundance

[GRE,C.B.I.1990]

Use:Thereisadearthofbudgettorunthe

pro

ject

De

bacle(n.)asuddendisaster,defeat,or

humiliatingfailure;asuddenbreakupofriver

ice

inthespringthaw,causingaviolentrushof

waterandice

Synonym:Fiasco

An

tonym:Boon

Progress

[BHEL]

Rise

[U.D.C.1995]

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Synonym:Redundant,E

xtinct

[Stenog

raphersExam,1994]

Antonym:Current,mod

ern

Use:Pleaseinform

me

ofanybrokenlinksor

defunctsites.

Deify(v.)turnintoag

od;idolize.Admirethe

rockstaratyouwant;ju

stdontdeifyhim.

Synonym:Worship

[C.B.I.1995]

Antonym:degrade

Deleterious(adj.)having

a

harmfulor

damagingaffectonsomebodyorsomething,

Synonym:Lethal

Antonym:Harmless

[DMRC]

Use:Nodeleteriouseffectsontheeyeshave

beenreported.

Delineate

(v.)

to

describe

or

explain

something

in

detail,

to

sketch

or

draw

somethinginoutline,toindicatethephysical

boundariesofsomething

Synonym:Demarcate,d

escribe

Antonym:unite

Use:HedelineatedthestateofTexasonthe

mapwitharedpencil.

Delirium

(n.)astat

emarkedbyextreme

restlessness,

confusion,

and

sometimes

hallucinations,causedbyfever,poisoning,or

braininjury;astateof

extremeexcitementor

emotion

Synonym:Disorientatio

n

Antonym:Dejection

[VIZAG]

Use:Scientists,publish

ersandlibrariansall

seem

tosufferdeliriu

m

when

itcomesto

electronicpublishing.

Demagogue(n.)aperson,esp.anoratoror

politicalleader,whogain

spowerandpopularity

by

arousing

the

emotions,

passions,

and

prejudicesofthepeople,

Synonym:rabble-rouser

Use:AdolfHitlerwasconsideredademagogue

becauseofhisabilitytoi

ncitethepeople.

Demeanor

(n.)

somebody's

behavior,

manner,orappearance,

especiallyasitreflects

oncharacter

Synonym:Conduct

[NTPC]

Antonym:deject

Use:Shegetsalongm

uchbetterwithPayal

whohasagentledemeanor.

Demise(n.)thedeathofsomebody,especially

whenithappensslowly

andpredictably;theend

ofsomethingthatused

toexist,especiallywhen

ithappensslowlyandp

redictably

Synonym:End

Antonym:Creation

Use:Easyaccessto

resourcesforhomework

answers

could

mean

the

demise

of

real

learningineducation.

Demotic(n.)theco

lloquialform

ofmodern

Greek,adoptedastheofficialvarietyofthe

language,relatingto

or

involving

ordinary

people,of

or

pertaining

to

the

ordinary,

everyday,

current

form

of

a

language;

vernacular:apoetwithakeenearfordemotic

rhythms.

Synonym:popular.

Antonym:Standard

Use:Thisisa

shor

t,lively,and

readable

introductiontorecentd

evelopmentsindemotic

language.

Denigrate(v.)bla

cken.Allattempts

to

denigratethecharacterof

Synonym:blacken

[EIL]

Antonym:Praise

Use:Ourlatepresiden

thavefailed;thepeople

selllovehimandcherishhismemory.

Denouement(n.)afinalpartofastoryor

dramainwhicheverythingismadeclearandno

questionsorsurprisesremain;thefinalstageor

climaxofaseriesofevents

Synonym:Finish

Antonym:Start

Use:Thispoliticianha

splentyofdramaanda

climaxbutneveraden

ouement.

Depravity(n.)asta

teofmoralcorruption,a

morallycorruptorwick

edact

Synonym:Immorality

Antonym:Righteousness

Use:TheBibleteachesusthattheanswerlies

inthedepravityofthehumanheart.

Depredation

(n.)

an

attack

involving

plunderandpillage

Synonym:Ravages

Antonym:Boon

Use:Evenafterthed

epredationsofthewar

withIran,itremained

astatewhoseprovision

ofwelfarewasmassive

andefficient.

Depress(v.)sorrowful;painful.


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Dictum

(n.)

an

authoritative

saying,

state

ment,orpronouncement;

Synonym:Adage

Use:

OneofEinstein'sdictumswastomake

everything

as

simple

as

possible,but

no

simp

ler.

Digress(v.)tomoveawayfrom

thecentral

topic

orlineofargumentinspeakingorwriting,

usua

llytemporarily

Synonym:Deviate

[EIL]

Anto

nym:continue

Use:

In

ordertoexplain

Ineed

todigress

sligh

tly.

Dila

pidated(adj.)partlyruinedordecayed,

especiallyasaresultofneglect

The

dilapidated

apartmentflew

to

pieces

duringtheartillerybarrage.

Synonym:Ramshackle

Anto

nym:Pristine

Renovated

[HPCL]

Dila

pidated(adj.)partlyruinedordecayed,

especiallyasaresultofneglect,

Synonym:Ramshackle

Anto

nym:Broken-down

[NTPC]

Use:

Thedilapidatedapartmentflewtopieces

duringtheartillerybarrage.

Dile

ttante(n.)somebodywhotakesupa

subjectorinterestinasuperficialordesultory

way,

somebodywhoisveryinterestedinthe

finearts,relatingtosomebodywhohasonlya

superficialunderstandingofsomething

Synonym:Amateur

[StenographersExam,1995]

Anto

nym:Stupid

[BankP.O.1996]

Use:

Hisambitionswerehigh,buthebecamea

dilettante.

Dili

gent(adj.)showingpersistentandhard-

work

ingeffortindoingsomething

Synonym:Industrious

[U.D.C.1994]

Anto

nym:Lazy,Careless

Use:

Adiligentsearchwasmade,butwithout

result.

Dim

inution(n.)alessening,decreasing,or

reductionofsomething;

Synonym:Attenuation

Anto

nym:Growth

Orderliness

[HCL]

Use:Thereisagradualdiminutionwithage

in

the

power

ofsome

spinalreflexes,for

exa

mpletheknee-jerkreflex.

Dirge(n.)asongofmourningorlament,

esp

eciallyoneaboutdeathorintendedfora

fun

eral,asongorpieceofmusicthatsounds

sad

ordepressing

Synonym:Lament

An

tonym:Praise

Use:Afterhisdeaththemourningpupilwrote

afuneraldirgeinmemoryofhismaster.

Dirge(n.)asongofmourningorlament,

esp

eciallyoneaboutdeathorintendedfora

fun

eral;asongorpieceofmusicthatsounds

sad

ordepressing

Synonym:Lament

Use:Afterhisdeaththemourningpupilwrote

afuneraldirgeinmemoryofhismaster.

Disconsolate

(adj.)

miserable

or

disappointedandunabletobecheeredup,

Synonym:Dejected

An

tonym:Content,Cheerful

[HPCL]

Use:Thedisconsolatesoul(thatwas,atRoad)

her

efoundpeaceandpardon,andrejoicedwith

joy

unspeakable.

Disdain(n.)totreatsomeonedowngraded

Synonym:antipathy

An

tonym:admiration,respect

[IES-1999]

Use:Hewasletdownbyhisbosssdisdainful

treatment.

Disdainful(n.)extremecontemptordisgust

for

somethingorsomebody,toregardsomebody

orsomethingasnotworthyofrespect

Synonym:Dismissive

[SAIL]

An

tonym:Respectful

Use:Hetellsarevealinganecdoteaboutthe

dis

dainfulattitudeofthethenUnitedStates

cap

tain,ArnoldPalmer.

Disgorge(v.)topouroutliquid,gas,orother

con

tentsinagushingstream;toletalarge

numberofpeoplecomeoutofabuildingor

veh

icleatthesametime;tovomitorregurgitate

foodthathasbeeneatenorpartlyeaten,as

som

ebirdsandmammalsdotofeedtheiryoung

Synonym:Expel

An

tonym:Retain

Use:Living

plants

have

been

disgorging

millionsoftonsofthepotentgreenhousegas

intotheatmosphereeveryyear

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Dormant(adj.)inaninactivestate,when

growthanddevelopmentsloworcease,inorder

to

survive

adverseenvironmentalcondition,

temporarilyinactiveor

notinuse,describesa

volcanothatisnoterupting,butnotextinct

Synonym:Latent

[IES-1997]

Antonym:Active

[U.D.C.1994]

Use:Removal

of

the

seed

coat

promotes

germinationindormantseed.

Doughty

(adj.)

bra

ve

and

determined,

steadfastlycourageousandresolute;valiant

Synonym:Braveandstrong,Valiant

Antonym:Feeble

Use:Hewasadoughtywarriorandfounda

deepjoyinbattle.

Dour(adj.)severeorgloomy,andunfriendly

andunresponsivetowardothers;grimlyand

stubbornlydetermined

Synonym:Unfriendly

Antonym:Kindly

Use:The

home

side

were

neverreally

in

contentionandtheirinningsdriftedintoadour

struggleforadraw.

Dregs

(n.)

the

least

valuable

or

most

unpleasantpartofso

mething,especially

a

groupofpeople;thelas

tremaining,andoften

leastattractivepartofso

mething;

Synonym:Residue

Use:Theinviteessatthroughthedregsofa

longboringevening.

Dubious(adj.)notsureaboutanoutcomeor

conclusion;

likely

to

be

dishonest,

untrustworthy,ormora

llyworrisomeinsome

way

Synonym:Suspicious

Doubtful

[Railways,1991]

Antonym:Certain

Use:Iwasalittledubiousaboutwhetheror

nottotrusthim.

Dulcet(adj.)pleasan

tto

hear,especially

becauseofbeingsoftors

oothing

Synonym:Melodic

Antonym:Harsh

[MTNL]

Use:Thedulcetsoundsofthebirdsatdawn

weresoondrownedoutbytheroaroftrafficin

thecity.

Dupe(v.)topersuade

orinducesomebodyto

dosomethingbytrickery

ordeception,

Synonym:Hoodwink,fo

ol

Antonym:Cognizant,aware

Use:Hewasduped

intothinkingthatthey

intendedtopay.

Duress(n.)theuseofforceorthreatstomake

somebody

do

something;

illegal

force

or

coercion,asusedagainstacriminalsuspectora

prisonerinlawfulcustodybeforetrial

Synonym:Compulsion

Antonym:Persuasion

Use:The

statement

you

gave

should

be

inadmissablein

courtbecauseitwasgiven

underduress.

Dwindle(v.)todecreaselittlebylittlein

size,number,orintens

ityandapproachzero,or

makesomethingdecrea

seinthisway

Synonym:Diminish

Antonym:Increase

Use:Asthesunsetsthelightintheskyslowly

dwindlesintodarknes

s.

EEarnest(adj.)intens

elyorexcessivelyserious

andgraveinmannerorattitude;undertakenor

made

in

a

spirit

of

deep

sincerity

and

conviction,orwithdeepfeeling

Synonym:Solemn

Antonym:Frivolous

Use:Hespokeearnestly

lastnightatthe

meeting.

Eccentricity

(n.)

a

quality

of

being

unconventional,especiallyinawhimsicalway;

Synonym:Strangeness

Antonym:Normality

Use:

No

one

can

deny

that

there

has

beenconsiderableecce

ntricity

in

his

treatmentofhisson.

Ecclesiastical(a

dj.)

belonging

to

or

involvingtheChristian

Churchorclergy,

Synonym:Priestly

Antonym:Secular

Use:Herwork

isma

inlyecclesiasticaland

canbeseeninmanych

urchesinEastAnglia.

Echelon(n.)alevelofauthorityorrankinan

organizationorsystem,

Synonym:Stratum


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Elegy(n.)amournfulorreflectivepoem,a

poem

writteninelegiaccoupletsorstanzas

Synonym:Composition

Use:

Thefilm

isabeautifulelegyon

being

different.

Eloquent(adj.)saidorsayingsomethingina

force

ful,

expressive,

and

persuasive

way,

expressing

a

feeling

or

thought

clearly,

mem

orably,ormovingly

Synonym:Fluent

[IES-2010,HPCL]

Anto

nym:inarticulate

Use:

Iwouldrequiretobeveryeloquenton

theo

ccasioninordertobesuccessful.

Elude(v.):toavoid;escape.

Synonym:flee,circumvent.

[IES-1995]

Anto

nym:entice.

Use:

Thebusinessmanwasshrewdenoughto

eludetaxauthorities.

Elusive(adj.)difficult

to

find

or

catch,

diffic

ulttounderstand,define,oridentify,not

easilycalledtomindormemory,Hardtoget

hold

of,Hardtopindown

Synonym:Indefinable,evasive

Anto

nym:enticing

[HCL]

Use:

Aclearunderstandingofhowfibermight

prote

ctagainstcoloncancerriskremainssome

whatelusive.

Emaciated(adj.)extremelythin,especially

becauseofstarvationorillness,

Synonym:Withered,thin

Anto

nym:heavy

Use:

Deepdownintherecessesofthecoffinlay

anemaciatedfigure.

Embargo(n.)agovernmentorderrestricting

orprohibitingcommerce,especiallytradeina

given

commodityorwithaparticularnation,

anyofficialrestraintorprohibition,

Synonym:Ban

Anto

nym:allowance

Use:

Organizers

have

imposedstrictdrinks

embargoonpartygoers.

Embellish(v.)toincreasethebeauty

of

some

thingbyaddingornamentsordecorations,

tom

ake

an

account

or

description

more

inter

estingbyinventingorexaggeratingdetails,

Synonym:Adorn

[HPCL]

Anto

nym:deface

Use:Everyyear,thechildrenwouldembellish

the

Christmastreewithornamentsandcandy

can

es.

Em

bezzlement(v.)totakeforpersonaluse

moneyorpropertythathasbeengivenontrust

by

others,

without

their

knowledge

or

per

mission;

Synonym:Misappropriation

An

tonym:return

Use:Itwillbenice;itwillbealmostparadise

when

President

Obama

incarcerates

many

hea

dsofimportantfinancialinstitutionsforthe

crimesofembezzlementwhichtheycarelessly

undertookagainstAmerica'sworkingcitizens.

Em

broil(v.)toinvolvesomebodyoryourself

in

trouble,disagreement,orconflict;tomake

som

ethingconfusedoroverlycomplicated

Synonym:Enmesh,entangle

An

tonym:exclude

[SAIL]

Use:Thousandsofworkersin

Thailandare

cur

rently

embroiled

in

a

row

overenergy

privatization.

Em

olument(n.)apaymentforworkdone,

Synonym:compensation

Use:

The

Chairman

and

Convenor

work

voluntarily,while

the

Secretaryreceivess

a

smallemolumentforapart-timejob.

En

counter(n.):tomeetortofacesomeone

orsomething

Synonym:confront.

[IES-1993]

An

tonym:evade.

Use:Onehastoencounterhardshipsintheir

lives.

En

deavour(n.)putconsiderableeffortto

suc

ceed.

Synonym:strive,thrive

[IES-1993]

An

tonym:indolent.

Use:Thestudentsendeavouredtosucceedin

the

irproject.

En

ervate(v.)Sapyourstrength;toweaken

som

ebody'sphysical,mental,ormoralvitality

Synonym:Debilitate

An

tonym:empower

Use:Iwasfeelingquiteenervated

bythe

strainofmoving.

En

ervate(v.)toweakensomebody'sphysical,

mental,ormoralvitality

Synonym:Debilitate

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Eschew

(v.)

to

av

oid

doing

or

using

somethingonprincipleorasamatterofcourse,

Synonym:Abstainfrom

,Avoid

[Stenog

raphersExam,1995]

Antonym:Participate

Use:Themomentyou

eschewevil,lovewill

automaticallyenteryour

heart.

Eulogistic(adj.)full

ofpraiseforsomebody

orsomething,

Synonym:Laudatory

[GAIL]

Antonym:Critical

Use:Atthistimewealsofindthefirstrecordof

narrativeratherthaneu

logisticpoetry.

Eulogy(n.)aspeechorpieceofwritingthat

praisessomebodyorsomethingveryhighly,

especially

a

tributeto

somebody

who

has

recentlydied,

Synonym:Tribute

[GAIL]

Antonym:criticism

Use:

This

Saturday,

I

have

been

asked

todelivertheeulogyat

hismemorialserviceat

StGilesCathedralinEdinburgh.

Euphemism

(n.)aw

ordorphraseusedin

placeofaterm

thatm

ightbeconsideredtoo

direct,harsh,unpleasan

t,oroffensive;theuse

ofawordorphrasethat

ismoreneutral,vague,

or

indirect

to

replace

a

direct,

harsh,

unpleasant,oroffensiveterm.

Synonym:Delicacy

Use:

Being

treated

'

like

a

girl

'

is

acommoneuphemism

for

notbeing

taken

seriously.

Euthanasia(n.)theactorpracticeofkilling

somebody

who

hasan

incurable

illnessor

injury,orofassistingtha

tpersontodie.

Synonym:annihilation

Antonym:existence

Use:Euthanasiaisillegalinmostcountries.

Evoke(v.)tobringtomindamemoryor

feeling,especiallyfrom

thepast,toprovokea

particularreactionorfee

ling

Synonym:Inducing

Antonym:halt

Use:Herquestionevokedabitterretort.

Exacerbate(v.)tom

akeanalreadybador

problematicsituationwo

rse,

Synonym:Aggravate

[BankP.O.1996]

Antonym:Improve

Use:Her

silencemerely

exacerbated

the

problem.

Exaction

(n.):to

demand

often

through

intimidation

Synonym:hushmoney

[IES-2007]

Antonym:

Use:

Rouge

elements

routinely

resortto

exactioninthismarketarea.

Excruciating

(ad

j.)

extremely

painful,

physically

or

em

otionally;

intolerably

embarrassing,tedious,

orirritating,

Synonym:Unbearable

Antonym:Mild

Use:Thefirstactwasbadenough,butthe

secondwasjustexcruciating.

Exculpate(v.)tofreesomebodyfrom

blame

oraccusationofguilt,

Synonym:Absolve

Antonym:Convict,bla

me

Use:Sometimesthelineisveryfinebetween

empathically

understanding

the

motives

of

historicalactorsandm

orallyexculpatingtheir

actions.

Exhaustive

(adj.)

provide

complete

information

Synonym:comprehensive,lengthy[IES-1999]

Antonym:concise

Use:Thesurveywasexhaustivelydocumented.

Exculpate(v.)Free

from

blame;tofree

somebodyfromblameo

raccusationofguilt

Synonym:Exonerate

Antonym:Convict,bla

me

[EIL]

Use:Sometimesthelineisveryfinebetween

empathically

understanding

the

motives

of

historicalactorsandm

orallyexculpatingtheir

actions.

Exhort(v.)tourge

somebodystronglyand

earnestlytodosomething;togivesomebody

urgentorearnestadvic

e

Synonym:Urge

Use:

Theartistsrealfunctionismerelyto

exhibitthings.Heshouldnotprovethingsnor

exhortmentogoodworks.

Exhume(v.)toprais

esomebodyorsomething

with

greatenthusias

m

and

admiration;to

reveal,reestablish,orreferagaintosomething

longforgottenorneglected

Synonym:Unearth(B

ankP.O.1995)

Antonym:Bury,inter

[BEL]


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Use:

Sandra

wassoenamored

ofhernew

boyfriendthatshewasconstantlyattemptingto

exto

lhisvirtuestoallherfriends

Extravaganza(n.)alavishandspectacular

entertainment,any

spectacularorelaborate

display

Synonym:Burlesque,Spectacularshow

[Railways,1995]

Use:

Peoplevisitedthemallinhordestowatch

thee

xtravaganzaofnewhousewares.

Extravert(n.)personinterestedmostlyin

externalobjectsandactions.

Synonym:Gregarious

Anto

nym:introvert

[BHEL]

Use:

Agoodsalespersonisusuallyanextrovert

wholikestominglewithpeople.

FFacetious(adj.)intendedtobehumorousbut

often

sillyorinappropriate,Tongueincheek

Synonym:Teasing

Anto

nym:formal

Use:

Itriedtobenicetothejerk,buthewas

very

facetiousandjustkeptmakingtrouble.

Factotum

(n.)somebodyemployedtodoa

varie

tyofjobsforsomebodyelse

Synonym:personalassistant

Use:

Mybosshadjusthiredafactotum

todo

varie

tyofjobs.

Fallacious(adj.)Deceptive;containingor

involvingamistakenbelieforidea,misleading

Synonym:Erroneous

Use:

Damagefrom

addictivesubstancesand

processes

is

mostly

dose

related

butitis

falla

cioustoassumethataddictsnecessarily

uset

hegreatestquantities.

Fallible(adj.)liabletomakemistakes,liable

tobe

wrongormisleading

Synonym:Unsound

Anto

nym:Perfect

Use:

JTisfalliblewhenhetakesatest.

Fan

tastic

(adj.)

impressive

though

imag

inary.

Synonym:whimsical,wonderful.

[IES-1993]

Anto

nym:ordinary.

Use:TheAvatarmoviehadmanyfantastic

scenes.

Fa

stidious(adj.)givingtoomuchattention

tosmalldetails

Synonym:meticulous

[IES-2001]

An

tonym:uncritical

Use:Heisveryfastidiousabouthowapartyto

bearranged.

Fa

tigue(n.)extremetirednessorweariness

res

ultingfrom

physicalormentalactivity,the

tem

poraryinabilityofsomebodytorespondtoa

situation

as

a

result

of

overexposure

or

exc

essiveactivity

Synonym:Exhaustion

An

tonym:Energy

Weariness


Use:Rahulbecameweakwithfatigueafterthe

lon

gmarch

Fa

tuous(adj.)showingalackofintelligence

or

thought

combined

with

complacency

Synonym:Absurd

An

tonym:Sensible

[BHEL]

Use:Theemployeewasfiredforhisfatuous

andunprofessionalattitudetowardcustomers.

Fa

tuous(adj.)showingalackofintelligence

orthoughtcombinedwithcomplacency,

Synonym:Absurd

[SAIL]

An

tonym:Sensible

[HPCL]

Use:Inthosecircumstances,theideathatthe

US

andtheBritisharegettingtheirhandson

Ira

qioiliscompletelyfatuous.

Fa

uxPas(n.)anembarrassingmistakethat

bre

aksasocialconvention,

Synonym:Blunder

Use:committedaterriblefauxpasattheoffice

ChristmasPartywhen

Icommented

tomy

frie

nd

thatIdidn'tlikemybosswhowas

sta

nding

directlybehind

meand

heard

the

con

versation.

Fa

wning(v.)apaleyellowishbrowncolor;to

see

kattentionortrytowinfavorbyflattery

andobsequiousbehavior;toattempttoplease

som

ebodybyshowingenthusiasticaffection

Synonym:Submissive

An

tonym:Assertive

Use:Hestartedfawningallovermeassoonas

Iw

alkedin

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Failure

[

CentralExcise,1994]

Use:Iwasoneofthecrowdswhosawthis

famousfiasco.

Fickle(adj.)likelyto

changeonesfeelings

suddenly

Synonym:mercurial

Antonym:constant,stea

dy

[IES-2010]

Use:Theworldofpopularmusicisnotoriously

fickle.

Fickle(adj.)likelyto

change,especiallyin

affections,intentions,loy

alties,orpreferences

Synonym:Erratic

Antonym:Consistent

Changeable

[Stenog

raphersExam,1993]

loyal

[DMRC]

Use:Joan

grew

tired

ofherfriendsfickle

behaviorwhenherfrien

dchangedclothesfive

timesbeforetheyleftthe

house.

Filch(v.)tostealsome

thingopportunistically,

usuallyasmallitemora

mountoflittlevalue

Synonym:Snatch

Antonym:Contribute

Purloin

[GAIL]

Use:Youcan'ttrusthim,Isawhim

filchthis

guyswallet.

Filthy(adj.)extremelyordisgustinglydirty,

consideredextremelym

orallyobjectionableor

obscene,usedtoexpresscontemptorstrong

disapproval

Synonym:unclean

Antonym:Clean

[S.S.C.1995]

Use:Yourhandsarefilthy.

Flabby

(adj.)having

excess

body

fator

saggingflesh,donewitho

utvitalityorforce

Synonym:Flaccid

Antonym:Fit,Athletic

[BSNL]

Use:

We

all

have

hang-ups

about

our

appearance,whetherit'sourflabbyarmsor

discoloredteeth.

Flaccid(adj.)soft,lim

p,orlackingfirmness;

lackingenergy,enthusiasm,orcompetence

Synonym:Loose

Antonym:Firm

Taut

[AssistantGrade,1998]

Use:Hissedentarylifeh

adlefthimwithflaccid

muscles.

Flamboyant(adj.)

showyanddashingina

self-satisfiedway,brightlycoloredandstriking,

elaborateorrichlydecorated,unrestrainedby

prevailing

standards

of

propriety

Synonym:Gaudy

Antonym:Reserved

Quiet

[SSC]

Use:Tamekawasflamboyantwithherover-

the-topgesturesandph

ysicaldrama.

Fledgling(n.)ayou

ngbirdthathasrecently

become

capable

of

flight,

a

young

or

inexperiencedperson

Synonym:Hatchling

Antonym:Expert

beginning

[NHPC]

Use:Luckily,thefle

dgling

pilot'segregious

blunder

was

discove

red

before

the

plane

departed.

Flippant(adj.)show

ingalackofseriousness

thatisthoughtinappro

priate

Synonym:Frivolous

Disrespectful

[IES-2009]

Antonym:Serious

Use:lackingpropers

eriousness.Whenmark

told

Mona

heloved

her,shedismissed

his

earnestdeclarationwithaflippantOh,yousay

thattoallthegirlsflip

pancy,N.

Flounder(v.)toactinawaythatshows

confusionoralackof

purpose,tohaveserious

problemsandbeclosetofailing

Synonym:Dither

Use:

struggle

and

thrash

about,

proceed

clumsilyorclumsilyof

falter,uptohimkneesin

the

bog.

Floyd

floundered

about,

Flow

foundereduntilJan

showedherhow

toget

started.

Fluke(n.)something

surprisingorunexpected

that

happens

byaccident,Stroke

ofluck

Synonym:Coincidence

Antonym:certainty

Use:Thatwasafluke;IgotanA

without

studying.

Foe(n.)anenemyor

opponentofsomebodyor

something

Synonym:Antagonist

[GAIL]

Antonym:Friend

Use:Heisneitherafriendnorafoe.

Foment(v.)tocauseorstiruptroubleor

rebellion,


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Fru

gality(n.)tocauseorstiruptroubleor

rebellion,involvingverylittleexpense,

Synonym:Penny-pinching

[HPCL]

Anto

nym:Generosity

Use:

Themanwasfilledwithfrugalitythathe

orderedacheapmeal.

Fur

or(n.)an

angry

or

indignantpublic

reaction

to

something,a

state

ofintense

excitementoractivity,

Anto

nym:calm

Excitement

[HCL]

Use:

Theverdictofnotguiltycreatedafurorin

thec

ourtroom.

Fur

tive(adj.)doneinawaythatisintended

toes

capenotice;presentingtheappearance,or

givin

gtheimpression,ofsomebodywhohas

some

thingtohide

Synonym:Sneaky

Anto

nym:Open


Stealthy

[M.B.A.1991]

Use:

Hegaveafurtivelookatthedeserted

shopsontheoppositesideoftheroad.

Fusillade(n.)thefiringofseveralgunsat

once

orinquicksuccession,tosubjectanenemy

toasustainedburstofgunfire

Synonym:barrage

Use:

Thefusilladecaughtthembysurprise.

GGab

ble(v.)tospeakorsaysomethingrapidly

and

incoherently,tomakethehigh

throaty

soundsthatgeeseandsomeotherbirdsmake

Synonym:Prattle

Use:

Themangabbledloudlyasshestaredinto

space.

Gad

fly(n.)somebodyregardedaspersistently

anno

ying

or

irritating,a

fly

thatirritates

livestock

by

biting

them

and

sucking

their

blood

.

Synonym:Nuisance

[I.Tax,1994]

Use:

Horsefliesareatypeofgadfly.

Gaiety(n.)alightheartedandlivelyfeelingor

way

ofbehaving,Joyfulandlivelyactivityor

festivity,

Synonym:Joviality

[GAIL]

Jollity

An

tonym:Seriousness

Use:

The

showiness

or

bright

colorful

app

earance

ofsomething

such

as

clothing

gaietygivescricketitscharacter.

Ga

ll(n.)impudentboldness,a

feeling

of

bitternessorresentment

Synonym:Infuriate

An

tonym:Please

Use:Andthenhehadthegalltotellusto

leave!

Ga

rgoyle(n.)a

spoutin

theform

ofa

gro

tesqueanimalorhumanfigurethatprojects

fromthegutterofabuildingandisdesignedto

cas

t

rainwater

clear

of

the

building

,a

gro

tesquecarvedfigure,somebodythoughtto

resembleacarvedgargoyle

Use:Themanwasagargoyle,hisangryface

loomingdownfromtheroof.

Ga

rish(adj.)unpleasantlyovercoloured

Synonym:tardy

[IES-2007]

An

tonym:impressive,tasteful.

Use:The

painting

was

patheticas

itthe

dep

ictionwasgarish.

Ga

rrulous(adj.)excessivelyorpointlessly

talkative,usingmanyortoomanywords

Synonym:Talkative

Quaint

An

tonym:Taciturn

Tiresome

Reticent

[SAIL]

Use:Shewasunabletosleepontheflight

bec

auseofthegarrulouspassengersitting

bes

ideher.

Ga

uche(adj.)lackinggraceortactinsocial

situations,

Synonym:Awkward

[NHPC]

An

tonym:Elegant

Use:Somepeopleusea

fork

toeatpizza

bec

ausetheythinkitisgauchetousetheir

fingers.

Ga

udy

(adj.)brightly

colored

or

showily

dec

oratedtoanunpleasantorvulgardegree,

Synonym:Extravagant

Showy

[BHEL]

An

tonym:Tasteful

Ga

unt(adj.)extremely

thin

and

bony

in

app

earance,starkinoutlineorappearance

Synonym:Lean

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Goad(v.)toprovokeo

rincitesomebodyinto

action,toprodananim

alwithalongpointed

stick,alongpointedstickusedforprodding

cattle

and

other

anim

als,

something

that

encouragesan

activity

orprocesstobegin,

increase,ordevelop

Synonym:Stimulate

Antonym:Calm

Use:Hecalvesaredrivenoutoftheircrates

withelectricgoads.

Gouge(v.)tocutorsc

oopaholeorgroovein

something,usuallyusin

gasharptoo,toform

something

by

roughly

cutting

it

out

of

surroundingmaterial,to

attacksomebody'seye

with

thethumb,tocheatsomebody

oract

dishonestly

by

demanding

an

unreasonably

highpriceforgoodsorse

rvices

Synonym:Chisel

Use:Thewoundedsoldierhadagougeinhis

chest,fromthebullet.

Grandiose

(adj.)pretentious;high-flown;

ridiculouslyexaggerates;impressive.

Synonym:Magnificent

Antonym:Simple

[BankP.O.1996]

Use:Theagedmatinee

idolstillhadgrandiose

notionsofhis

supposed

importance

in

the

theatricalworld.

Gratify(v.)tomakesomebodyfeelpleasedor

satisfied,tosatisfyadesire

Synonym:Satisfy

Pacify

[U.D.C.1995]

Antonym:Displease

Use:Iwishicouldgrati

fyyourneedsbutijust

donothavethetime.

Gregarious(adj.)ver

yfriendlyandsociable,

describes

organisms

that

live

in

groups,

describesplantsthatgrowinclusters

Synonym:Expressive

Sociable

Antonym:Shy

Introvert

Use:Billhasagregario

uspersonality.

Groggy(adj.)feelingw

eakordizzy,especially

becauseofillnessorover

indulgence,

Synonym:Unsteady

[S.S.C.1995]

Antonym:Alert

Use:Hewasgroggyafterthelatenightatthe

sleepover.

Grotesque

(adj.)m

isshapen,especiallyina

strangeordisturbingway,seemingstrangeor

ludicrous

throughbeing

out

of

place

or

unexpected,

Synonym:Bizarre

Monstrous

[IES-2010]

Fantastic

[HPCL]

Antonym:Attractive

Natural

Use:Thesceneofthec

rimewasgrotesque.

Grouse

(n.)

tocomplain

regularly

and

continually,

oftenin

a

way

that

is

not

constructive,alargegamebirdthatnestson

thegroundon

moors

andin

forestsandis

usuallyreddishbrown

withfeatheredfeetand

legs.

Synonym:Grumble

Use:Studentstraditionallygrouseaboutthe

abysmalqualityofmysterymeatandsimilar

dormitoryfood.

Grubby(adj.)sligh

tlydirty,infestedwith

grubs,dislikedordesp

ised,especiallyforbeing

sordidordishonorable,

Synonym:Grimy

Unwashed

Antonym:Clean

Use:A

grubbylivesinthefamousGuildford

Countyschoolandspendsmostofhistime

rapingsmallchildren.

Gruesome(adj.)inv

olvingordepictingdeath

orinjuryin

adistur

bingorsickeningway,

involvingordepictingdeath

orinjury

in

a

disturbingorsickening

way

Synonym:Horrific

Frightful

[NTPC]

Antonym:Pleasant

Use:Horrormoviesoften

relyon

gruesome

effectsfortheirshockv

alue.

Gruff(adj.)abrupt,

angry,orimpatientin

mannerorspeech;harsh-soundingorthroaty

Synonym:Brusque

Antonym:Friendly

[GAIL]

Use:Althoughhewa

sbluntandgruffwith

most

people,

he

wa

s

always

gentle

with

children.

Grumpy(adj.)bad-temperedorsullen,

Synonym:Cantankero

us

Bad-tempered

Antonym:Cheerful

Cheerful

[EIL]


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Has

ten(v.)todoorsaysomethingwithout

delay,often

in

ordertocorrectwhatmight

otherwisebeamisleadingimpression,tomake

some

thinghappenmorequickly

Synonym:Hurry

Anto

nym:lag

[EIL]

Use:

Avacationwouldhastenhisrecovery.

Hau

ghty

(adj.)

behaving

in

a

superior,

condescending,orarrogantway,

Synonym:Arrogant

[NHPC]

Anto

nym:Modest

Humble

[IES-1999]

Use:

Thehaughtywaysshedisplayedherwork

turnedoffherpeers.

Haz

y

(adj.)

unclear,

especially

because

partiallyobscuredorobstructedbymist,cloud,

orsmoke,notspecificorclearlyremembered,

show

ingalackofunderstandingorknowledge

Synonym:Misty

[EIL]

Anto

nym:Clear

Use:

Ihaveahazyrecollectionofhavingmet

her.

Hea

dstrong(adj.)tobestubborn.

Synonym:obstinate,swagger.

[IES-1996]

Anto

nym:docile.

Use:

The

rather

headstrong

man

claimed

hims

elftobeagentleman.

Hea

rsay(n.)informationthatisheardfrom

otherpeople

Synonym:Rumor

Anto

nym:Fact

Authentic

[IES-2005]

Use:

Theproblem

whichthehearsayrulehas

forC

hristianityhasbeendiscussedatlength

above.

Hee

d

(v.)to

give

serious

attention

to

a

warn

ingoradviceandtakeitintoaccountwhen

actin

g,seriousattentionpaidtosomebodyorto

some

thingsuchasawarning,pieceofadvice,or

request

Synonym:Observe

Anto

nym:Ignore

[SAIL]

Use:

Lameexcuse(falseexcuse):Theteachers

generallydonotpayheedtolameexcusesofthe

students

Her

etic(n.)a

holderoradherentofan

opinionorbeliefthatcontradictsestablished

religiousteaching,somebodywhoseopinions,

beliefs,ortheoriesinanyfieldareconsideredby

oth

ers

in

that

field

to

be

extremely

unconventionalorunorthodox

Synonym:Skeptic

Use:Histeachingstylewasveryheretical,but

it

actually

helped

his

students

learn

the

req

uiredmaterial.

He

retical(adj.)Contrarytoacceptedbelief,

Sacrilegious,Profane

Synonym:Unorthodox,Impious

[GAIL]

An

tonym:Orthodox

Use:Histeachingstylewasveryheretical,but

it

actually

helped

his

students

learn

the

req

uiredmaterial.

He

rmitage(n.)abuildingorshelterwherea

her

mitlivesorwhereagroupofpeoplelivean

isolatedreligiouslife,aplaceofisolationor

solitudewheresomebodycanliveapartfrom

soc

iety

Synonym:Retreat

Use:Thehermitagewashiddentokeepita

sec

retfromthenearbyvillage.

He

w(v.)tocut,break,ordestroysomething,

esp

ecially

wood

or

stone,

with

a

cutting

implement,especiallyanaxe,toform

orcreate

som

ethingbycuttingwoodorstone,tocut

som

ethingofffromalargerblockormass

Synonym:Hack

[NHPC]

Use:Atthisage,he'snotabletohew

trees

anymore;he's

justtoo

old

forthis

highly

physicaljob.

Hiatus(n.)abreakinsomethingwherethere

sho

uldbecontinuity,

Synonym:Interruption,Gap

[HPCL]

An

tonym:continuity

[IES-2005]

Hindrance(n.)somebodyorsomethingthat

pre

ventsormakesitdifficultforsomebodytodo

som

ething,theactofobstructingprogress

Synonym:Impediment

An

tonym:aid

[StenographersExam1995]

Use:Heavy

trafficisa

hindrance

to

my

get

tingtoworkontime

Hinterlands(n.)aregionthatisremote

from

citiesortheirculturalinfluence,theland

tha

tliesnexttocoastlineorariver

Synonym:Frontier

Use:Iwentexploringinthehinterlandwithmy

frie

nds,and

found

many

differentartifacts

hid

denbeneaththeground.

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Use:Afterhis

mother'sdeath,Raviwrote

poetryimbuedwithmel

ancholy.

Immaculate(adj.)absolutelyclean,neat,

and

free

from

blemish

es;showing

faultless

perfection

Synonym:Spotless

[HPCL]

Antonym:Messy

Use:Thesebooksarein

immaculatecondition,

havingonlybeenusedacoupleoftimes.

Immolate(v.)tokill

apersonorananimal,

e.g.asaritualsacrifice,

orcommitsuicideasa

protest,especiallybybur

ning

Synonym:Sacrifice

Antonym:bear

[HPCL]

Use:

Everyone

was

horrified

by

the

immolationthattookpla

ceintheretown.

Impalpable

(adj.)

not

capable

ofbeing

perceivedbythesenses,

difficulttounderstand

orgrasp

Theashissofinethat

itisimpalpabletothe

touchbutitcanbeseen

asafinelayercovering

thewindowledge.

Synonym:Insubstantial

Antonym:significant,substantive.[IES-1997]

Palpable

Use:Therewasanimp

alpableauraofgenius

abouthim.

Impecunious(adj.)

having

little

or

no

money,andsounableto

leadacomfortablelife;

Synonym:Impoverished

Antonym:Well-off

Affluence

[IES-2007]

Affluence

[NDA-2007]

Use:Inmypresentimp

ecuniousstate,iwill

notbeabletopayfordin

ner.

Impecuniousness

(n.)in

a

very

poor

condition

Synonym:destitution

Antonym:affluence,opulence

[IES-2007]

Use:Theimpecuniousnessoftheseragpickers

ishorrifying

Impecuniousness(adj.)havinglittleorno

money,andsounableto

leadacomfortablelife

Synonym:Deprivation

Antonym:Wealth

Affluence[I.E.S.2007,NDA-2007]

Use:WhenIwasanim

pecuniousstudent,I

ekedoutmymeagerme

ansbyofferingprivate

tuitioninelementaryma

thematics.

Impede(v.)tointerferewiththemovement,

progress,or

development

of

something

or

somebody

Synonym:Hinder

[InvestigatorsExam,1988]

Antonym:Facilitate

Use:IhopethattheweightIhavegainedwon't

impedetheprogressI

madeinsports.

Impervious(adj.)remainingunmovedand

unaffected

by

other

people's

opinions,

Argumentsorsuggestions

Synonym:Impermeab

le

Antonym:Pervious

Penetrable

[Steno

graphersExam,1994]

Use:He

was

imperviousto

the

growing

resentmentamongthe

staff.

Impetuous(adj.)actingonthespurofthe

moment,withoutconsi

deringtheconsequences,

done

withoutthoughtasa

reaction

to

an

emotionorimpulse,movingwithgreatforce

andenergy

Synonym:Impulsive

Antonym:Considered

Rash

[Railway

s,1996,S.B.I.P.O.1991]

Use:Shewastheimpetuoustype,whoalways

actedonimpulse,ratherthangivingthoughtto

heractionsbeforehand.

Implore

(v.)

to

plead

before

someone

earnestly

Synonym:crave,bese

ech,entreat[IES-2010]

Antonym:

Use:Hehadtoimplorebeforehimtosecurethe

job.

Importune(v.)toasksomebodycontinually,

repeatedly,

or

forcefully

for

something,

especiallyinatroublesomeway;

Synonym:Harass

Antonym:

Use:Mybrotherknow

showtoimportuneme

togethelpwithhismathhomework.

Impromptu(adj.)notpreparedorplanned

inadvance,inanunrehearsedway,something

doneorsaidwithoutplanning

Synonym:Improvised

Antonym:Prepared

Studied

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Icon

oclastic(n.)somebodywhochallenges

oroverturnstraditionalbeliefs,customs,and

values,somebodywhodestroysreligiousimages

orop

posestheiruseinworship

Synonym:Rebel

Use:

Theiconoclastdoesn'tgotoa

church

becausehedoesn'tbelieveinanyfaiths.

Incubus

(n.)

Something

that

causes

some

bodymuchworryoranxiety,especiallya

nightmareorobsession,

Synonym:devil

Use:The

psychiatrist

concluded

that

the

woman

washallucinating

hernightly

visits

with

anincubus.

Incumbent(n.)somebodycurrentlyholding

an

officialpost,especially

in

a

church

or

politicalorganization

Synonym:Current

Anto

nym:Past

Use:

Incumbentsaregenerallyatadecided

adva

ntageinelections

Incur(v.)tosuffersomethingundesirable

such

asanotherperson'sangerorafinancial

lossasaresultofanaction,tobecomeburdened

with

somethingsuchasadebt

Synonym:Acquire

Use:Driverswhoareconvictedofspeeding

incu

rapenalty.

Indelible(adj.)physicallyimpossibletorub

out,

washout,oralter;impossibletoremove

from

the

mind

or

memory

and

therefore

rema

iningforever

Syn

onym:Ineffaceable

Anto

nym:destructible

Use:

President'sspeech

madean

indelible

impr

essiononus.

Indemnify(v.)toprovidesomebodywith

prote

ction,

especially

financial

protection,

againstpossibleloss,damage,orliability;to

paycompensationtosomebodyforloss,damage,

orlia

bilityincurred

Synonym:Assure

Use:

Thisplanindemnifiesworkersagainst

wage

slostthroughillness

Indict(v.)tochargesomebodyformallywith

comm

issionofacrime,toaccusesomebodyof

wron

gdoing

Synonym:Accuse

Anto

nym:acquit

Accuse

[C.B.I.1995]

Use:Themanwasindictedbythegrandjury

onhisaccountofcapitalmurder.

Indictment(n.)aformalaccusation

ofa

seriouscrime,presentedtoagrandjury,a

sta

tementorindicationthatsomethingiswrong

orsomebodyistoblame,

Synonym:Condemnation

An

tonym:absolution

Use:Theauditormadeastingingindictment

ofo

urprisonsystem

Indignation(n.)angerbecausesomething

see

msunfairorunreasonable

Synonym:Annoyance

An

tonym:Calm

Use:Ashleyfeltindignationwhensheheard

the

badnewsatherjob.

Indolent(adj.)lethargicandnotshowingany

interestor

making

any

effort,describes

a

diseaseorconditionthatisslowtodeveloporbe

hea

led,andcausesnopain

Synonym:Lethargic

An

tonym:Industrious

Lively

[DMRC]

Energetic

[I.Tax,1993]

Us

e:"Mary

was

indolentin

the

heatof

sum

mer."

Inebriate(v.)drunkenstate

Synonym:Intoxicated.

[IES-1996]

An

tonym:normal

Use:Theinebriateddriverdashedhiscaratthe

bridge.

Ineluctable(adj.)impossibletoavoid,

Synonym:Inevitable

An

tonym:Avoidable

Use:Thephrase'familynewspaper'isan

ine

luctablepartofourlives.

Inept(adj.)lackingthecompetenceorskillfor

ap

articulartask;notinkeepingwithwhatis

rightorproperforthecircumstances

Synonym:Incompetent

An

tonym:Competent

Clumsy

[BEL]

Use:Istronglycriticizetheareaofficefortheir

ine

pthandlingofthematter.

Inert(adj.)notmovingornotabletomove;

lackinginenergyormotivation

Synonym:Passive

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